Equipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit
6.12.2 Viscosity correction factor
The viscosity correction factor will normally only be significant for viscous
liquids, To apply the correction an estimate of the wall temperature is needed. This
can be made by first calculating the coefficient without the correction and using the
following relationship to estimate the wall temperature:
hilt — 1) =U(T 1) 6.7) \
where f= tube-side bulk temperature (mean), WW
1, = estimated wall temperature, SOS
T = shell-side bulk temperature (mean).
Equation (6.7) used regardless of what fluid (hot or cold) Sng to the tube
Usually an approximate estimate of the wall temperatir: cient, but trial and
error calculations can be made to obtain a better a rection is large.
6.12.3 Coeflicients for water
For more accurate estimating of heat t ficients for water, it can be
made by using equations developed spéificall¥. The physical properties are
conveniently incorporated into the co1
hy = 2200.35 + 68)
a?
~~
where hh, = insic fi for water, W/m’, °C,
water tefifperature, °C.
uy gees locity, m/s,
diz ide diameter, mm,
6.124 pressure drop
ire tWo major sources of pressure loss on the tube-side of a shell and
risers the friction loss in the tubes and the losses due to the sudden
contration and expansion and flow reversals that the fluid experiences in flow
through the tube arrangement.
The tube friction loss can be calculated using the familiar equations for
pressure-drop loss in pipes. The basie equation for isothermal flow in pipes
(constant temperature) is:
PVE lela foldee pend Ansell A fl ae
yy = E
ns
Blo cae Ghed rueldl SLMEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit
AP =8j; (=) a (6.9)
ir is the dimensionless friction factor (Stanton friction factor) and Lis the effective
pipe length.
The flow in a heat exchanger will clearly not be isothermal, and this is
allowed for by including an empirical correction factor to account for antee in
physical properties with temperature. Normally only the change AS is
considered:
2
3 enn ae oe
AP = 8j/(L'/dj)ot (& (£)~ “WN
where m=0.25 for laminar flow, Re < 2100, NS)
=0.14 for turbulent flow, Re > 2101 YS
Values of jyfor heat exchanger tubes can We 0}
1? ee eeaeee, ‘
oO from Fig. (6.22).
0 a o wt wt ca
—— Feros aumoer, Be ——>
Figure (6.22) Tube-side friction factors.
Sel cee heed tues se gg salah foe pal fam 21 aleEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit
The pressure losses due to contraction at the tube inlets, expansion at the
exits, and flow reversal in the headers, can be a significant part of the total tube-side
pressure drop.
The loss in terms of velocity heads can be estimated by counting the number
of flow contractions, expansions and reversals, and using the factors for pipe
fittings to estimate the number of velocity heads lost, For two tube pases, there
will be two contractions, two expansions and one flow reversal, The,hea
each of these effects is: contraction 0.5, expansion 1.0, 180 bend]
passes the maximum loss will be:
2*05+2*10+15 =45 velocity he:
= 225
From this, it appears that Frank’s recommen
per pass is the most realistic value to use
gives:
z *
AP, =N, si, \ (x) $25
where AP, = tube-side ss ip. Nin’,
a passes,
Oe
on’ tube, m,
eS Of pressure drop will be the flow expansion and contraction
jet and outlet nozzles. This can be estimated by adding one
velocit ihe inlet and 0.5 for the outlet, based on the nozzle velocities.
of 2.5 velocity heads
his factor with equation 9
.- (6.11)
z
lation of Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient (Kern's method)
his method was based on experimental work on commercial exchangers
with standard tolerances and will give a reasonably satisfactory prediction of the
heat-transfer coefficient for standard designs. The prediction of pressure drop is
less satisfactory, as pressure drop is more affected by leakage and bypassing than
heat transfer. The shell-side heat transfer and friction factors are correlated in a
similar manner to those for tube-side flow by using a hypothetical shell velocity
bower hed seLaistdn PTT snl fhe ps ed J hake
twEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit
and shell diameter, As the cross-sectional area for flow will vary across the shell
diameter, the linear and mass velocities are based on the maximum area for cross-
flow: that at the shell equator. The shell equivalent diameter is calculated using the
flow area between the tubes taken in the axial direction (parallel to the tubes) and.
the wetted perimeter of the tubes: see Fig. (6.23).
Figure (6.23) Equivalent diameter, cross-sectional
‘tted perimeters,
Shell-side jj, and jy factors for use in th given in Figs. (6.24) and
(6.25) for various battle cuts and tube arrangements The procedure for calculating
the shell-side heat transfer coefficient aN ssure drop for a single shell pass
exchanger is given below:
Procedure CS
1, Calculate the area for cro: WA; for the hypothetical row of tubes at the
shell equator, given
aN 8
_ = dale
Pr
As (6.12)
‘“
where py ithe pitch,
“S outside diameter,
Shell inside diameter, m,
cS bafile spacing, m.
‘The t&m (p,- d./p,is the ratio of the clearance between tubes and the total distance
between tube centres.
2. Calculate the shell-side mass velocity G , and the linear velocity w, :
oo Ws
qa
; 5 ,
So ae ileal raed SLM SV ae lA foto peat aro AS fil hale
Fase
GsEquipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six Assist. Prof. Ihsan Habib Dakhit
where IW
p
luid flow-rate on the shell-side, kg/s,
hell-side fluid density, kg/m*.
3. Calculate the shell-side equivalent diameter (hydraulic diameter), Fig. (6.23).
For a square pitch arrangement:
‘ (2 ee)
q 127 :
i= 2 — 0.78542) .
xd, ae ws
For an equilateral triangular pitch arrangement: SS
a
4 G x 0.87p; — itt) fae
= - 2 2 + (6.14)
d= aie 7, ~ 0.9175)
2
where d, = equivalent diameter, m. ot
.
4- Calculate the shell-side iS
5-For the gw -ynolds number, read the value of jj, from Fig. (6.24) for
the sek bi cut and tube arrangement, and calculate the shell-side heat
transfe \Gient A, from
ae ou
= = jpRePr'? (+) ...(6.16)
* given by:
6- For the calculated shell-side Reynolds number, read the friction factor
from Fig. (6.25) and calculate the shell-side pressure drop from:
Beer shed elated ST aly lalegl felses pd ead AN hake
FwHeat transfer factor:
4
Equipment Design - 4" year Chapter Six
Assist, Prof, Ihsan Habib Dakhit
. (Ds\ (LY pe ( a 2 _
AP, =8i;(—) (=) (— M6.
Ga) -en
where 1 =tube length,
Jy = baile spacing.
abe
The term (L/ Jy ) is the number of times the flow crosses mes
(Ns +1), where Np is the number of battles.
10 1 i
SS
Figure (6.24) Shell — side heat transfer factors, segmental baffels.
Blo cae Ghed rueldl SLM Pits
%,
ae fl Aoll /ohaae pent [Reed bl AS — Za RanEquipment Design - 4" year
Chapter Six Assist, Prof, Ihsan Habib Dakhit
soy tterses 2 2 seeress sp seers, sp teeta ps stevens,
10
Fete factor, ——e
a Te
— reynolds minder, Re
Blo cae Ghed rueldl SLM
ig nhl [ola pena feasDY AS = 2 dae
Republic of Iraq قارعلا ةيروهمج Ministry of higher education يلاعلا ميلعتلا ةرازو Al-Muthanna university ىنثملا ةعماج College of engineering ةسدنهلاةيلك chemical department