CHAPTER 5 CASING EQUIPMENT. CCENTRALIZERS. ‘Non Welded Conia Welded Centralize. Rotating Cenralizers. CEMENT BASKETS. Open Top Cement Bashers Derr ORIENTATION MARKER. 2 FLOW ENHANCEMENT TOOLS. ScRATCHERS. FLOxT AND STAGE EQUIPMENT. Guide Shoes Float Shoes. Float Collars Inner STUNG CeneWTING DUFERENTIAL FILL FLOAT EQUIPMENT. MULTPLe Stace CeENTING Toots: Punsp Down Plug Syste Hydraulically Operated Tools ‘VENDOR ILLUSTRATIONS Welded Bow Spring Centralizr. Rigid Cenralizers. Cement Baskets Flow Enhancement Tools. (CENTRALIZER INSTALLATION PATTERNS [API SPECIFICATION FOR CASING CENTRALIZERS CEXTRALIZER SELECTION GUIDE. [API CENTRALIZER STARTING & RESTORING FORCES (CASING BUOYANCY. 'SCRATCHER ILLUSTRATIONS. ‘VENDOR ILLUSTRATIONS, FLOATING EQUIPMENT. Guide Shoes Plug Specifications. Flot Shoes. Insert Equipment Specfieation for Float Equipment. Tubing Floating Equipment. Inner String Cementing Equipment ‘VENDOR ILLUSTRATIONS OF STAGE TOOLS. STAGE TOOL SPECIFICATIONS. Pack-OFF Toots. ILLUSTRATION OF CENTRALIZER SPacING PROGRAM 3:22 523 331CHAPTER 5 CASING EQUIPMENT Centralizers Effective cemalization isa ertcal factor in obtaining a good primary cement jo, In straight hole use one centralizer per joint, 200 ft above and below pay zone. Use one centalizer every thied joint in remainder of cemented zane. See Section 4 for mare deals. CCentralzers should be placed in in-gauge sections ofthe hole as determined by caliper or other logs. ‘In deviated holes centralize placement depends onthe degree of hole deviation (Figure $-1), ae Figure $1 Centalzer spacing in deviated hole. Courtesy of Haliburton Services ‘Starting force should be less than weigh of 40-1 join of easing between centralizes s1Non Welded Centratizers ‘Non welded straight bow centralizers Non welded staight bow assembled, reducing stip Non welded positive centralizer “These centralizes offer significant benefits niralizers have the principal advantage in that they can be field nd storage cos + maximum standoff under high lds, reduce drag in highly deviated holes, ‘+ viral concentrcity in eased holes to facilitate liner hangar and packers setting, multiple sage cementing, slip and packaff installation and casing recovery operations + concave bows for maximum by pass low area Welded Centralizer ‘Welded spring bow centralizes are the most commonly lilized centalizer today and can meet API restoring force requirements Welded centraizers with turbulence inducing fine ‘This type centalizer has the following advantages: + creat a turbulent motion to breakup drilling Quid ané cement channeling ‘+ deflee mud and cement into washed out sections of the wellbore + produce minimum drag and increase hole cleaning Welded positive centralizer ‘The “welded positive centrlizer” is used where the wellbore conditions require high strength lateral suppor and where the centralize is not required tO go through any resincuons. this design gives postive standoff for centralization and can be used in cased or open hole. Rotating Centralizers Rotating type centalizers allow the rotation of pipe of casing withoot rotating the centralier ‘The bow type centralizer that rotates with the casing tends to erode weak formations. The “rotating” type cetralizer prevents this problem. Cement Baskets Cement baskets help protect week formations from excessive pressure exered by the weight of the cement column, They are often used in muldple stage cementing or when grout cementing the annals from the surface, The overlapping metal basket fins allow cement to flow upward yet help prevent it from falling back down,Open Top Cement Baskets This design serves the same purpose asthe cement baskets, but eannot be reciprocated and do not center the easing. These baskets allow Muid and srry to bypass, yet allow the basket 10 always rerun othe original size after being compressed. Depth Orientation Marker “The Weatherford Gemoco company his a patented device for focusing a magnetic field to the inside ofthe cating to assist the easing collar locator tool and provide downhole reference point for future logging purposes. This unit incorporates a cluster of magnets safey behind a "positive centralize” ‘The tool can be used long afer an inital installation and can sil be effective on ecompletions and reperforations years later. The depth orientation marker tool assists in fceurately positioning any tol that relies en casing collars for downhole depth contol inside the casing Flow Enhancement Tools Flow enhancement tools improve displacement efficiency by inévcing a vorex fui flow during circulation and cement placemest. Spiral rigid centralizers assist easing rotation, improve cement flow and promote maximum standoff from the wellbore. Scratchers ‘Wall cleaners or “scratchers" probably help in eroding some soft wall cake and improving bond Recent lab tests closely simulating downhole conditions indicate that the inportant function of, seratchers isnot to “remove the wall cake," but to break che gel strength ofthe mud and to mix Up the mud withthe cement, chs reducing channeling ‘Scratchers improve the cement bond between the formation andthe easing an help renfore the ‘cement column afer it has set. Although seratchers may loosen some of te lose filter ake in the well bore, the greatest benefit is from causing turbulence during pipe rotation ~ thus facilitating te removal of gelled mud. Float and Stage Equipment Guide Shoes. Guide shoes forthe easing nose reinforce the lower end ofthe casing and guide i o cementn epi, Internal possageways are sufficient wallow debris to exit te casing without obstruction. ‘Cement nose shoes have a rounded nase assure smoother runningFloat Shoes Float shoes provide the same function athe guide shoes but also included a one way valve, The valve prevents reverse flow of cement from the annulus imo the casing by closing afer the ement slurry has been pumped dovin the casing and up the annulus. These float shoes ae Available in ether single or double valve designs Float Collars Flos! collars are similar to float shoes except they are intended to be placed two or thre easing joins above the guide shoe. The fat collar wilizes a poppet type valve, Itis recommended for Seviated or horizontal wells where low differential pressure may prevent sealing in other valve types. Some are PDC drilabe, Float shoes and float collars are also available in ball type valve versions. Inner String Cementing Inner string cementing is designed to save the operator rig time ané cementing costs, ile improving cementing hydraulics, The technology provides for cementing large diameter casing strings through tubing or dil pipe, virwally eliminating cement contamination andthe drilling ‘ut of large quantities of cement residue. ‘There are different styles of Toat collars that are used with innerstring cementing. Tn general, they are “stab in lost collar” type, “stab in and latch in Feat collar” type, °stab in float collar ad latch in plug” eype and “serew in Hoat collar” type Differential Fill Float Equipment ‘This equipment is designed to provide controlled filing of the casing 10 approximately 90 percent of the annular fiid level as itis being run into the wellbore to seting dept. There are ‘wo general types: ‘© cixculating differential il shoes + cireulaing diferent fil collars. “The cireulating differential Gl collar seduces the chance of stckigg casing, greatly reduce ‘anmular pressure surges, and permits circulation of debris from the casing prior to dropping ball, reducing plugging Multiple Staged Cementing Tools “These tools ate used when weak formations will not permit circulation af slurry to the surface. A. lower zone (bottom of hole) tothe multistage ool is cemented while the tool is closed. After the 1 stage has developed sufficient strength. the tool is opened 1 allow the cementing ofthe upperPump Down Plug System In this method, plugs are pumped down to open the tools while maintaining annular Avid movement. This saves rig time while reducing initial annular circulating pressures Hydraulically Operated Tools These tools are usd for muliple sage completions in hovizental wells with inclinations of 6010 90 degrees. They have the principle advantage of not requiring free fll plug devices for opening. Note: This document has been derived from Weatherford-Gemeco company literature with their permission,Vendor Illustrations Welded Bow Spring Centralizer Welded Centralizers Gi ESSE NalRigid CentralizersCement Baskets, Cementing Accessories yso-ovseConatng PuceFlow Enhancement Tools Flow Enhancement Tools ‘ear tinh ee eran al fp Fe, ‘Sorel ong rove ep ow 0 Made cng ang corset sharma 1 Use hcoowamrest sy (PA) pun | Mescngn cen cst anun tan STAND.OFF BANDS calvin nsere eae noneCentralizer Installation Patterns RECOMMENDED INSTALLATION PATTERNS auinmasremerers sie a erence tee peor eeaeens ieerwieentemteetaa Soler tae athe etna i enon arena coon Seer een en Secternrimreregeeae Seniemeterece ISS case! For epi canieina te centlne renee oie ea rae Somes at ‘onotane Foropinan caring in dasotirance patente ‘Shia ec Sr A1 bos aereconmanded Ths pefem can Be natal on he ot, Clos teres welded cata ter we neal dep colar, arava aera ‘case m Ins aterateSocecolernce ster, the ena hining Ths pata alow ns coma: eavel and Ses en Oe Sop cal par conan ‘Fouls be pared on ec. case Teta sf ceeaans oe agen ee ment pen conasteaneco ‘iene where STAD bows woul be wedAPI SPECIFICATION FOR CASING CENTRALIZERS EaRARABEE? sulCentralizer Selection Guide ‘80H Seri SELECTION GUNDE- WELDED CENTRALIZERS eran ran tae aaron srAPI Centralizer Starting & Restoring Forces Non-Weld Centralizers ‘ow sPaing SELECTION cuine CCENTRALIZER SELECTION a8Casing Buoyancy (SchoneScratcher Illustrations CTIA AND IA SCRATCHERS Woah CTA deans, neato cghintoumatsradra ee ice sons meant ona cag cig. The od ena Sen inte ik dug heron, er edbonine GF ane A sorter have cute ee eae for ering dri RECIPROCATING WELLEORE WIPERS. cqrentotinaan nang Seance en scn ‘gandovrasprs ec teepeecto wre cae lata "one nrg sre bot ee ne on and eate the nadia cater Arges Wolbore Wipe crazenene oar aaa aaa —_— ge gr - a To Tew Te Ve Tig ban me Lan ROTATING WELLBORE WIPERS tode! 54850) ema tan Tn eo-nen ng sep ae arp toes casnga mana serge nga hemoVendor Illustrations, Floating Equipment Guide Shoes _ esr gue sae rent te aan oh sig ain ng cme th ‘Faxapmnay ee eatoany genio aoe vpongbala ces hake nscese Ss eutbecaong wos cine, “Tet 9s sho Me 20 sie: mous" "Tis se sto (ods 112) bea pe Te gue ato! hat! 05 eames «soe ‘pean tv crgrete yma igh ‘Sager ane ete ie Downietion Plug Speciti Cementing Plug Specifications ares (oO) aes (88) Pops oe Prsyureane suasran waning ntti = ar 2 Sele elelelelel els Treen PRESSES + Pate terae ete Te Danes PEEPSE| © RPTL eo I Se eee ae eee Para © sere ose [eam Pee nel eerie sa tiebach at Tie [ee PREY © HA Pi ee recreate t ee eee | Pee pas Hee eta tae a ae GE ee ee ee pw [ecm Hime pres] + Hef [er Hee [ee fom oar fw we [meres HEEB PSs ember [= pee ee ee eee Se eee Catatntpeer ate uae Cera)Float Shoes Top Pg Fipuore Ok ae mag 23 es ‘Seu ated API Category siInsert Equipment Insert Equipment & . + Aves ern wines ree 320Differential Fill Differential Fill and Auto-Fill Equipment ED eta romance FLL EOUPMENT Minepiesun spony sesso + Trad nsoeaue 3‘Specification for Float Equipment FLOAT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS “Guide Sho, Feat Sho & Flot Calor Sie Type OD.ttn) Dello tD. Flow & Float Collars (Casing 0.0) dn) Gulde Shoes Sk $e go s08.50 aso13%0 Pe, 500998 11.600810 11903510 se 558408, 1200-1800 so0-800 Po $88 seo 1300-1000 ‘300-1800, C wer Sih 505807 4002209 ‘4.002500 ro, 30847877. 002800 7002200 oe Be 7m) gee © 2000:3200 2100-3200 Pa. sac 0003200 2no0-s200 2 Se, esi 2.903500 20009200 Ps. 6270 © 700800 23009800 me 88 a6: 25404710 23402900 Po. Gass 2.404710, 2840-2800 Si 739224004800 2400-800 Ps. 7as —— s200-4900 200-900 ow Sts Bass_ 2.900 22208350 Pe, 10s aso ag.co7180 sn0oseao S| 7s toss 52786870 ‘2785580 Pans a7 ShaoTiA0 100-710 tsi 1278 geo 4200-7400 #0048000 PG, 12751077 sa07100 sa00-7.20 sor Sik tag 27a g.oo-7e00 4900-7200 PG 1428279 © ad.oo@600 48.00.7200 we S,—=1700= $5240 0000 ©———e.00aKO yx sk «zogm= 37755 © ars0-19000 7.040800 Bor Sk] kaCEOD OBO‘Tubing Floating Equipment ‘usine roar cOUpMENT + Fan a ong er ce + trorapreasuen at aeppng vere ware oonInner-String Cementing EquipmentInner-String Cemen! 9 Equipment sont se ae 203) aan role anant er FOC ety. ‘Stave sae anes ode see nh ovens wpe saponin Ft Eqpnant sly ihe ot ge en oroVendor Illustrations of Stage Tools Stage Cementing ToolsKey Features: «© Hycrautcally opened with ntemai casing pressu timinating the free-fall ype opering cone. This saves nig ime and speeds cil eu. © Opening pressure can be adjustes en the rig ste (© Usizes the Eliminators” field proven closing sleeve land lacking devices that prevent premature closure land assure postive seaing. (© canbe utilized asthe lower stage ola thre cementing operation stage © After closing, no pressure imbalance exist that would force the tool open. © imegral box connection and ne welcing erowide ‘extremely high bocy strength © ‘singlo etemal sleeve design slows reduced OD and increased ID configurations 1 Anticrtatnn feanues space el ur times. © POC cirllable models avaiable. Shut Of Pug Bypess Plug Ciesing Pug Shut Off Bette Be‘Stage Tool Specificetions MODEL 754 STAGE TOOL SPECIFICATIONSPack-Off Tools ‘Stage Cementing Tools PACK OFFSTAGE TOOL, miner Pack Slag Ted Festus and Belts «The pater on Puente POST olvesa wean ‘dean shan pssst + Thm Gimrater POS oleae an npr “San Ssenng ‘Gro POST to tng an a ee saa Ina, rere ae et es ros 2 sian ign anerigpeehsaoage ‘uate smrmn a (315Packer Performance Data S13 3/8" This differential pressure graph illustrates the maximum allowable differential pressure which can be exerted across the element. It is calculated with the packer fully inflated and sealed against the wellbore. Differential pressure is the difference between the annuler pressure above and the annular pressure below the packer when in a set position.Illustration of Centralizer Spacing Program 7’ PRODUCTION STRING Dison o wares paaueagadil Recommendation lor centralizer spacing 331we Weatherford Sample 104 Job #2. 7.0000 inch Liner Pipe Data Table Well Data oo [wes oenaty 12000 ia Cement Denety 4 2090 ka Sep et cement obeo00 mt Th fegsested Standot 20% Cmctaton ems Mud sige Mud outside [Pi eect heer tae | Previous Casing Pipe Data Table { Eau ra Solem rd aa ome oma sae] aay wen | fame | a oe pee [ esse stearate woe ea a] EE | ie | oe ee ee OT (rSneE Bae Te moo | ae | HOSS | Eee £5007 [osscr—[ cages [renee [are _| soo | S000 Sa] Soar_[ rao aesre | ete] seen | S00 [eb Hisee arse [terse [oer] semi | erome_| somo Saaee |B oa00|_2s0O | 1arsO_|_warIe_[ S109 35000 [Tom Fraae |e anad[aseet | ostees | we00r | 660.00 (reo oaaaa [amt Fogo | 12060 a OD Sran_p onareTasoor | seoa | azo eo [Ceserpestes [| 2s007_| nee 120 ‘sample.cpa, 05/28/1987 garey Weatherford ‘Sample 104 Job #2: 7.0000 inch Liner Page 3 Hookioad (upstroke) | Hooktoad (state) | Hookioae (downstroke) Required Torque at 7.0. Data at Total Depth eT 96 9451 62.8501 58755 2852.8 flbs. Centralizer Summary Centralizer Data Table a [om | elles lene SRO TSE RT mT ear aaron see [woe [erat + Saeesraee prom eee | Rea son Spee power ere Tea pae [eae mere tafe | vee | Taste to (05/28/1997vy ‘Sample 104 Weatherford Jeb #2: 7.0000 inch Liner Page 10 6001 0000] —— Well Profile Projections 200 00 490.00 £0000 200 of"fogo.0 ore 7a cons Wy 60 ot. soma «oom somo eindchoimiatee Soe OL TG DME WORE TS TOSOATTOG PCO ce vptohe ae Hale wae dom sample.cpp 05/28/1997 Seewr ‘Sample 104 Page 11 Weatherford Job #2: 7.0000 inch Liner 2 Depth vs. Standoff rea F - " [A 1 | | ol joie I ee | Lill al | = | | | —L etter ST AAT ESE oad onan creda oreo sample cpp + 05/28/1997