Ch?. UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS \Note Title 40/10/2015 _} Order of short civcwit frequonc 4 |= Line -#0- grounol 2- line-t0- din ~ Dow ine-bo - * 4. Balanced thuee- phase » G1 System Representation s % System assumptions: . The power system operates under balanced steady-state condi tions before the fault occurs. Thus the zero-, positive-, and negative- sequence networks are uncoupled before the fault occurs. During unsymmetrical faults they are interconnected only at the fault location. 2. Prefault load current is neglected. Because of this, the positive: sequence internal voltages of all machines are equal to the pre- fault voltage Vj. Therefore, the prefault voltage at each bus in the positive-sequence network equals Ve Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittances are neglected, 4. Transmission-line series resistances and shunt admittances are neglected. , Synchronous machine armature resistance, saliency, and saturation are neglected. 6. All nonrotating impedance loads are neglected. 7. Induction motors are either neglected (especially for motors rated 50 hp or less) or represented in the same manner as synchronous machines. the genera ce: represen] aS. ms aaa i an ‘General three-phase bus ee Zero le ial (Phase. demain) eee eee “ = } = oa: ¥ 7 : z L egive | [a1 Gena sequeree network (6) Thevarin agains as vened ‘tem fat ermine| EXAMPLE 9.1 _Power-system sequence networks and their(Thévenin equivalents) f A single-line diagram of the power system considered in Example 7.3 is shown in Figure 9.3, where negative- and zero-sequence reactances are also given. The neutrals of the generator and A-Y transformers are solidly — grounded. The motor neutral is grounded through a reactance X,, = 0.05 per unit on the motor base. (a) Draw the per-unit zero-, positive-, and negative-— sequence networks on a 100-MVA, 13.8-kV base in the zone of the generator. (b) Reduce the sequence networks to their Thévenin equivalents, as viewed | from bus 2, Prefault voltage is Vr = 1.05/0° per unit. Prefault load current _ and A-Y transformer phase shift are neglected. FIGURE 9.3 1, Pio’ — ee os 1 e-line diagram for Example 9.1 LY ~ne | “ Tan of mre a 100 sive 10 mwa iF 13.8-kVA/138-4VY WBBRV YNS.BKV A og VA — et eee eet meer eee ae X= 0.21 X= 0.10 0.08 per unit | SOLUTION a, The sequence networks are shown in Figure 9.4. The positive-sequence network is the same as that shown in Figure 7.4(a). The negative-sequence network is similar to the positive-sequence network, except that there are no sources, and negative-sequence machine reactances are shown. A-Y phase shifts are omitted from the positive- and negative-sequence networks for this example. In the zero-sequence network the zero-sequence genera- tor, motor, and tran: ances are shown. Since the motor neutral is grounded through a neutral reactance X,.3X,, is included in the zero-sequence motor circuit, Also, the zero-sequence A-Y transformer models are taken from Figure 8.19. FIGURE 1e neworks for 1 mpl 0.1 j0.10 7005, jo.10 10.15 (a) Zero-sequence rework — 10.10 jo.10 tb) Positve-sequence network nwt j0.10 joo 2 i017 (c} Negative-sequence networkb. Figure 9.5 shows the sequence networks reduced to their Thévenin equiv- — alents, as viewed from bus 2. For the positive-sequence equivalent, the Thévenin voltage source is the prefault voltage M = 1.05/0° per unit. — three-phase-to-ground fault at bus 2 FIGURE 9.5 j0250 - poe Thévenin equivalents of * sequence networks for av - Example 9:1 : (a) Zero-sequence network i j0 13893 a + i ¥, 4 (0) Pasitve-sequence netwerk - jo.rase2_ - ma | ve (0) Negative-sequence network From Figure 9.4, the positive-sequence Thévenin impedance at bus 2 is — the motor impedance 0.20, as seen to the right of bus 2, in parallel with — j(0.15 10.10 + 0.105 + 0.10) = j0.455, as seen to the left; the parallel combination is j0.20/ 0.455 — j0.13893 per unit. Similarly, the negative-_ sequence Thévenin impedance is /0.21/j(0.17 + 0.10 + 0.105 + 0.10) 70.21 70.475 = j0.14562 per unit. In the zero-sequence network of Figure 9.4, the Thévenin impedance at bus 2 consists only of /(0.10 + 0.15) =~ 70.25 per unit, as seen to the right of bus 2: due to the A connection of transformer T>, the zero-sequence network looking to the left of bus 2 is ‘open. . EXAMPLE 9.2 Three-phase short-circuit calculations using sequence networks _ Calculate the per-unit subtransient fault currents in phases a,b, and c for a bolted three-phase-to-ground short circuit at bus 2 in Example 9.1. - SOLUTION The terminals of the positive-sequence network in Figure 9.5(b) — are shorted, as shown in Figure 9.6. The positive-sequence fault current is FIGURE 9.6 Ze k=e % b-0 Example 9.2: Bolted. [ie (ET r j0.13893 7 = + | 105,00 © Yea | Ve __1.05/0° 1 = FE AOE = 77.558 por unit - Zy~ F0.13893 Which is the same result as obtained in part (c) of Example 7.4. Note that since subtransient machine reactances are used in Figures 9.4-9.6, the current calculated above is the positive-sequence subtransient fault current at bus 2. ‘Also, the zero-sequence current Jy and negative-sequence current /2 are both zero. Therefore, the subtransient fault currents in each phase are, from — (8.1.16),wy) fi aot 0 7.558/—90° | Tf} =|1 a2 a | | 77558] =| 7558/1502 | per unit a la a@ 0 7.558/30° . Brmin Vo 0 Z 0 0)fto Wl=|vwl-]o “Zz olla Vr 0 0 0 “Allh 9.) Sing fe din -4o-grounol Faw ts FIGURE 9.7 ‘Single line-to-ground fault Fault conditions in phase doman: Yu = Zee Fault conditions ‘in sequence domain: =5 (Wet Yt Va) = 82h hh=h=h Zy+Zi +24 (32ZF) & Fault currents (phase domain) t 3 3 1belesO h=h+h = on Tt Zit Za+QLs) ~ =3h f EXAMPLE 9.3 Single line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using sequence | networks Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA for a bolted single line-to-ground short circuit from phase a to ground at bus 2 in Exam- } ple 9.1. Also calculate the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at faulted bus 2. SOLUTION The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks in Figure B y 9.5 are connected in series at the fault terminals, as shown in Figure 9.8.FIGURE 9.8 Example 9.3 | to-ground fault at bus 0.250 | nae: My — {0.13893 | jo1as62 | ee | + Ve t Since the short circuit is bolted, Zp = 0. From (9.2.7), the sequence currents; — are: | hypoth th 1.05/08 Z 0 12 70-25 + 0.13893 + 0.14562) —f1.96427 per unit From (9.2.8), the subtransient fault current is If = 3(— 1.96427) = — 75.8928 per unit The base current at bus 2 is 100/(13.8/3) = 4.1837 kA. Therefore, | Uf, = (—J5.8928) (4.1837) = 24,65/=90° kA - From (9.1.1), the sequence components of the voltages at the fault are Yo 0 jo2s 0 0 1.96427 F M4 |=|10sfor]—]} 0 jo.13893 0 — 1.96427] [ Va 0 0 0 jo.14562] |—s1.96427] | 0.49107 a 0.77710 | per unit F 0.28604 — | Transforming to the phase domain, the line-to-ground voltages at faulted bus 2are Nog 1 1) 1} | 0.49107 0 Vig }=|1 a a 0.77710 | = | 1.179/231.3° | per unit | Veg 1 a a? | | -0.28604 1.179/128.7° , Note that Vag =0, as specified by the fault conditions. Also Jj! (Power\Norld)FIGURE 9.10 - & fb Faulk conditions + in sequence domain; Line-o-4ne fault - % G-0 - b=-h Fault conditions Ay = Vab = 2h, ‘in phase domain: _ - (a) General three phase bus (b| Interconnected sequence networks ault Currents (Sequerce Components): | Hi = (—1V3)(3.690490") Ve h=-h-=>——— ' Zit Z+ Ze) 2 hh=0 Ih=Iot@h tah =(a?-ah Ia and I, =Iptah +a?h = (a—a?)h = —Iy EXAMPLE 9.4 _Line-to-line short-circuit calculations using sequence networks Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA for a bolted — line-to-line fault from phase b to c at bus 2 in Example 9.1 FIGURE 9.11 10138834) _ jo.1a562 } Example 9.4: Line-to- EA + a Tine fault at bus 2 se es a | Ve = 1.08 0° Me ve a | SOLUTION The positive- and negative-sequence networks in Figure 9.5 are _ connected in parallel at the fault terminals, as shown in Figure 9.11. From (9.3.10) with Zp = 0, the sequence fault currents are noon 1.05/0°, } 2 FOA3893 + 0.14562) =o From (9.3.11), the subtransi 3.690/__90% nt fault current in phase b is 912180" per unit H 1 = Using 4.1837 kA as the base current at bus 2, Tyl = (6.391 £180°)(4.1837) = 26.74/180° kAUsing 4.1837 kA as the base current at bus 2, iy = (6.391/180°)(4.1837) = 26.74/180° kA Also, from (9.3.12) and (9.3.13), Ih=0 If = 2674/0" kA The line-to-line fault results for this example can be shown in Power- } World Simulator by repeating the Example 9.3 procedure, with the exception — that the Fault Type field value should be “*Line-to-Line.” . 94 Double tine-to-grounol faults FIGURE 9.12 Double tine-to-ground fault Fault conditions fn sequence domain: bthth Wow = Bet We Fu conaons inphase domain a0 re io) Caner thee phase bus & Fault currents (sequen Vis - Zt Cal Zot3Z 7 [ Py ee ON Zo 3ze + Za (gaa) EXAMPLE 9.5 Double line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using sequence networks h Calculate (a) the subtransient fault current in each phase, (b) neutral fault current, and (c) contributions to the fault current from the motor and from L the transmission line, for a bolted double line-to-ground fault from phase 6 to ¢ to ground at bus 2 in Example 9.1. Neglect the A~Y transformer phase +] shifts —— p SOLUTION a, The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks in Figure 9.5 are connected in parallel at the fault terminals in Figure 9.13, From (9.4.12) with Zp = FIGURE 9.13 Example 9.5: Double line-to-ground fault at bus 21,050" Tras, WSOOIT io 13893 +1456 40.25 = —/A.5464- per unit From (9.4.13) and (9.4.14), Tn = (4j4.5464) (atoms) ian oti) jars peri = 728730 per unit wos Transforming to the phase domain, the subtransient fault currents are: Uf] fi 1 17] P4yerse o Uf }=|1 a? a || 74.464 | =]6.8983/158.662] per unit Ut} [1 a a} [4728730] | 68983721.34 Using the base current of 4.1837 kA at bus 2, a 0 0 If | = | 6.8983/158.66° | (4.1837) = | 28.86/158.66 | kA Ur} | 6.8983/1.34° 28.86/21.04° b. The neutral fault current is In = (If + Lf) = 3lo = 75.0202. per unit (45.0202)(4.1837) = 21.0902 kA. «. Neglecting A-Y transformer phase shifts, the contributions to the fault current from the motor and transmission line can be obtained from Figure 9.4, From the zero-sequence network, Figure 9.4(a), the contribu- tion to the zero-sequence fault current from the line is zero, due to the transformer connection. That is, Finca = 0 Instor = Lo = j1.6734 per unit From the positive-sequence network, Figure 9.4(b), the positive ter- minals of the internal machine voltages can be connected, since E;’ = E. Then, by current division, x I XE OP Xn + Xue Xn) 0s ~ 020+ (0.455) i 0.455 mer! 030 + 0455 From the negative-sequence network, Figure 9.4(c), using current division, Tie = (—j4.5464) = — 1.3882 per unit (— 4.5464) = — 3.1982 per unit 021 Fine = FE gaTs 28730) = J0.8808 per unit 0.475, 2 = (72.8730) = 1.9922 i Inower? = TET GATS 28730) = 41.9922 per unit Transforming to the phase domain with base currents of 041837 kA for the line and 4.1837 kA for the motor, Kea] [1 1 1 0 Hex |=]1 a2 a | | -71.3882 M 1 a a} | jo.ssosEXAMPLE 9.6 0.5074/—902 1,9813/172.643" | per unit 1,9813/7.357° 0.2123/—902 0.8289/172.643° | kA 0:8289/7.357° Moca) Pl 1 1] P f.6734 ni 1a? a} | —/3.1se2 mote if 1 a a} | s19922 0.5074/902 4.9986/153.17° | per unit 4.9986/26.83° 2.123902 20.91/153.17 | kA 2 9126.83" Effect of A-Y transformer phase shift on fault currents Rework Example 9.5, with the A-Y transformer phase shifts. included. ‘Assume American standard phase shift. SOLUTION. The sequence networks of Figure 9.4 are redrawn in Figure 9.14 with ideal phase-shifting transformers representing A-Y phase shifts. In . yo10 (6) eromequence nonwork \ ies jon0 i630 15 Weide ] ft asl | _ (@) Positve-sequence network 4 i jo.0 i010 2 anf & | vn accordance with the American standard, positive-sequence quantities on the high-voltage side of the transformers lead their corresponding quantities on the low-voltage side by 30°. Also, the negative-sequence phase shifts are the reverse of the positive-sequence phase shifis.a, Recall from Section 3.1 and (3.1.26) that per-unit impedance is u changed when it is referred from one side of an ideal phase-shifting trans- former to the other. Accordingly, the Thévenin equivalents of the sequence networks in Figure 9.14, as viewed from fault bus 2, are the same as those given in Figure 9.5, Therefore, the sequence components as well as the phase components of the fault currents are the same as those given in Example 9.5(a). b. The neutral fault current is the same as that given in Example 9.5(b). ©. The zero-sequence network, Figure 9.14(a), is the same as that given in Figure 9.4(a). Therefore, the contributions to the zero-sequence full cur- rent from the line and motor are the same as those given in Example 9.5(¢) five = motor 0 = fo = 1.6734 per unit ‘The contribution to the positive-sequence fault current from the line in Figure 9.13(b) leads that in Figure 9.4(b) by 30°. That is, Jie 1 = (—/1.3882)(1/30") = 1.3882/—602 per unit Imoior = —J3-1582 per unit Similarly, the contribution to the negative-sequence fault current from the line in Figure 9.14(c) lags that in Figure 9.4(¢) by 30°. That is, Aine 2 = (70.8808)(1/=30°) = 0.8808/60° per unit Inowor2 = j1.9922. per unit Thus, the sequence currents as well as the phase currents from the motor are the same as those given in Example 9.5(¢). Also, the sequence currents, from the line have the same magnitudes as those given in Example 9.5(c), bbut the positive- and negative-sequence line currents are shifted by 430° and —30°, respectively. Transforming the line currents to the phase domain: Tite a paid 0 Hoey|=|1 a? a | | 1382/60" Hee] [1 a a2} | o.ssosZo0r 1.2166/—21.17° .2690/180° | per unit 1.2166/21.17° 0.5090/=21.17° 0.94907180° | kA 0.5090/21.17° In conclusion, A-Y transformer phase shifts have no effect on the fault currents and no effect on the contribution to the fault currents on the fault side of the A-Y transformers. However, on the other side of the A-Y trans- formers, the positive- and negative-sequence components of the contributions to the fault currents are shifted by +£30°, which affects both the magnitude as well as the angle of the phase components of these fault contributions for unsymmetrical faults .myn A Single ine |, Double ine- | a Trvee-phase | toground | Linetorine | to-ground foutsnougy | fathougn tut woven | fa tveuah Oneconducter, ocanductrs | Zrogrourd | 2 a open open - oe 7 | pes, 3 Tp a4 2. a oe b (> > | & b c [e © c © |. Phase domain |] if Le) I L = = — - {3 s ° Zero 82 | 3 ° ms 1 a | 32 2 i ° 4 | Pesitve a t | FIGURE 9.15 Summary of faults 9. e IMs equivalent Se 2 networks (Fault ot lous 0) Assumptions, For simpli sistances , Shur Yate impedonce leg ted » wa $2 i t an N + +O *@, FO a) fa) Three-phase fault(3) Double line-to-ground fault aBalanced three-phase fault: rs hi=z (9.3.1) ei harks (9.5.2) Single line-to-ground fault (phase a to ground): Ve - te 33 Beebe Fn tna ae (53) LLine-to-line fault (phase b to ¢): ba=— = (9.5.4) ‘ zibZiea tee Oo Ino =0 (9.5.5) Double line-to-ground faut (phase b to € to ground): Inv (9.5.6) ae Zan-0-+ 3p ( h(x + 3Zp + Lan (9.5.7) Zan-2 0 = (tes) (;§—42 5 Ina = (-h Was ze :) (958) ‘Also from Figure 9.16, the sequence components of the line-to-ground volt- ages at any bus k during a fault at bus m are: Ko] fo Zoo 0 0 ][ Ino Yin Ve} -| 0 Zi 0 Int (9.5.9) 0 0 0 Zina [Ina Via EXAMPLE 9.7 Single line-to-ground short-circuit calculations using Zous 0» Zous 1) and Zous 2 power system given in Example 9.1 1.05 per unit. Prefault load current is Faults at buses 1 and 2 for the three-pha are of interest. The prefault voltage neglected. (a) Determine the per-unit zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence bus impedance matrices. Find the subtransient fault current in per-unit for a bolted single line-to-ground fault current from phase a to ground (b) at bus 1 and (c) at bus 2, Find the per-unit line-to-ground voltages at (d) bus 1 and (e) bus 2 during the single line-to-ground fault at bus 1 SOLUTION a, Referring to Figure 9.4(a), the zero-sequence bus admittance matrix is Youo Ls) per unit 4 Inverting Yoo, oos | 0 Econ) per unit, 0 25 Note that the transformer leakage reactances and the zero-sequence transmission-line reactance in Figure 9.4{a) haye no effect on Zs. The transformer A connections block the flow of zero-sequence current from the transformers to bus 1 and 2.‘The positive-sequence bus admittance matrix, from Figure 9.4(b), is 9.9454 3.2787 787 | 8.2787 ae =i] | pani teyerne yay Zee E 11565 sais jee | per unit 0.04580 T 0.13893 Similarly, from Figure 9.4(c) 9.1611 3.2787 | 8.0406 nase Inverting Yiu 2. 0.12781 ——_ sr unit 0.05212 aa b. From (9.5.3), with m = 1 and Zp = 0, the sequence fault currents are Te 1-0 + 1,05/0°, (005+ 0.11565-+ 0.12781) 70.29346 The subtransient fault currents at bus 1 are, from (8.1.16), He] pt 1. 17 /-v3.s78 j10.73 Ml=]1 a a||—ps78}=| 0 per unit we] |i a a] |—s.s78 0 . Again from (9.5.3), with n =2 and Zp =0, —j3.578 per unit — Zn t+ Zn 1.05/0° 1.05 J(025 + 0.13893 + 0.14562) 70.53455 ho=hi=ha= /1.96427 per unit i) [1 1 1) [=s1.96427] [73.8928 il=|1 a? a||-psea}=| 0 per unit i} [1 a a} |-.96a27 0 This is the same result as obtained in Example 9.3. 4. The sequence components of the line-to-ground voltages at bus 1 during, the fault at bus I are, from (9.5.9), with & = I and 2 = 1, Via 0 00s 0 o =/3.578 M1 }=|1osgor|-| 0 jo.1ses 0 73.578 Via 781 and the line-to-ground voltages at bus 1 during the fault at bus 1 are and 0 0 0 jo.12 —/3.578 0.1789 =| 0.6362 | per unit ~0.4573Vig] [1 1 1) [-0.1789 1 a? a} | +0.6362 Vi-ty | = Vi-cy 1a a} | -0.4573 0 = | 0.9843/254.2° | per unit 0,9843/ 105.82 fe. The sequence components of the line-to-ground voltages at bus 2 during the fault at bus 1 are, from (9.5.9), with k = 2.and n= 1, Vo 0 0 0 0 Vz1|=]Losg0°]—]o jo.04ss0 0 i V2 0 0 0 j0,05212 J | 73.578 0 =| 08861 | per unit 0.18649 Note that since both bus 1 and 2 are on the low-voltage side of the A-Y transformers in Figure 9.3, there is no shift in the phase angles of these sequence voltages. From the above, the line-to-ground voltages at bus 2 during the fault at bus 1 are Yo 0 Voo}=]1 a? a || 08861 Vag} [1 a a?| | 0.18649, 0.70 0,9926/249.4° | per unit 0.9926/110.6° _— | (PowerWoel d)