University of Almuthanna

College of Engineering
Chemical Department
Report Tite: Fluidization

By: Zahraa Hussain

 History modified
In 1922, Fritz Winkler presented the first
industrial application of liquefaction in a coal
gasification reactor. In 1942, the fluid circulation
bed was first built for catalytic cracking of
mineral oils, with fluidisation technology applied
to mineral processing (arsenoperate roasting) in
the late 1940s. [4] [5] During this time, both
theoretical and experimental research improved
the design of the fluidized bed. In the 1960s,
VAW-Lippewerk in Lünen, Germany applied the
first industrial bed for combustion of coal and
.later for roasting aluminum hydroxide

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Fluidization (or fluidisation) is a
process similar to liquefaction whereby
a granular material is converted from a
static solid-like state to a dynamic fluid-
like state. This process occurs when a
fluid (liquid or gas) is passed up through
the granular material
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When a gas flow is introduced through
the bottom of a bed of solid particles, it
will move upwards through the bed via
the empty spaces between the particles.
At low gas velocities,
aerodynamic drag on each particle is also
low, and thus the bed remains in a fixed
state. Increasing the velocity, the
aerodynamic drag forces will begin to
counteract the gravitational forces,
causing the bed to expand in volume as
the particles move away from each other.
Further increasing the velocity, it will
reach a critical value at which the upward
drag forces will exactly equal the
downward gravitational forces, causing
the particles to become suspended within
the fluid. At this critical value, the bed is

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said to be fluidized and will exhibit fluidic
behavior. By further increasing gas
velocity, the bulk density of the bed will
continue to decrease, and its fluidization
becomes more violent, until the particles
no longer form a bed and are "conveyed"
.upwards by the gas flow
When fluidized, a bed of solid particles
will behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas.
Like water in a bucket: the bed will
conform to the volume of the chamber,
its surface remaining perpendicular
to gravity; objects with a lower density
than the bed density will float on its
surface, bobbing up and down if pushed
downwards, while objects with a higher
density sink to the bottom of the bed. The
fluidic behavior allows the particles to be

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transported like a fluid, channeled
through pipes, not requiring mechanical
transport
.)e.g. conveyor belt(

The fluidized bed can be

used for several purposes
fluidized bed reactors (types of_1 _
chemical reactors)
Catalytic cracking of fluids_2_
combustion of the fluidized bed_3 _
Transferring heat or mass or_4 _
modifying the interface

The fluidized bed is used as

a technical process that
has the potential to
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promote high levels of
contact between gases and
solids. In the fluid bed can
be used a distinct set of
basic properties, which are
essential for modern
process and chemical
engineering, and these
::characteristics include
Very high surface area touches _1
between liquids and solids per unit size
bed
High speeds between the dispersed _2
.liquid and solid phase
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High levels of mixing for the particle _3
.stage

Types of fluidized beds

Bed types can be roughly
classified according to flow
:behavior, including
Fixed or bubble fluidized bed is the _1
classic approach where gas is used at
low speeds and the liquefaction of solids
is relatively stable, with some fine
.particles entering
The fluidized bed (CFB) is spread, with _2
gases at a higher velocity sufficient to
suspend the particle layer, due to the
greater kinetic energy of the liquid. As
such, the bed surface is less soft and
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larger particles of the bed can be fixed
than beds. The trapped particles are
recycled via an outer ring to the reactor
layer. Depending on the process, the
particles can be classified by a cyclone
separator and separated or returned to
bed, depending on the size of the particle
.cut
The vibratory fluidized beds are similar _3
to the fixed beds, but they add
mechanical vibrations to further excite
.the particles to increase fusion
Transfer or flash reactor (FR). At _4
speeds higher than CFB, the particles
approach the speed of the gas. The
slipping speed between gas and solids is
greatly reduced at the expense of a less
.uniform heat distribution

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The fluidized bed (AFB). A large _5
nozzle inserted into the center of the
bubble gas mattress as a high speed
achieves a rapid mixing area above the
surrounding layer compared to that in the
.outer ring of CFB
Fluid mechanical reactor (MFR). A _6
mechanical stirrer is used to fill particles
and achieve properties similar to those
with a well-mixed fluidized bed. No
.liquefaction gas required
Narrow fluidized bed (NFB). In this _7
case, the ratio between the tube and the
grain diameters is equal or less than
about 10. Then the bed dynamics differ
from other types of fluidized beds due to
the strong trapping effects, and the
presence of granular plugs, consisting of

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areas with high concentrations in solids
alternating with concentrations of solids
is Low common

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Bed design adjustable

Fluid bed diagram

Basic model adjustment

When a liquid bed passes over a bed, the
pressure drop of the fluid is
approximately proportional to the surface
velocity of the fluid. In order to move
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from a filled bed to a fluid state, the
speed of the gas is constantly raised. For
a stand-alone family, there will be a point,
known as the lower or initial liquefaction
point, where the bed mass is suspended
directly through the flow of the fluid
stream. The corresponding fluid velocity,
"known as "minimum fluidization velocity

Umf
Umf=((Ps_P)*g/u)*(emf^3*d^2/180
*(1_emf))
Where
u: is viscosity
Beyond the minimum liquefaction
velocity Umf
the bed material will be suspended by the
gas stream and additional increases in
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velocity will have less effect on pressure,
due to adequate filtration of the gas flow.
Thus the
pressure decreases
At the base of the bowl, the apparent
hypotension can be multiplied by the bed
cross-sectional area with a strong solid
particle weight (less than the buoyancy of
the solid in the liquid)

A=H*A*(1_e)*(ps_pf) *((P1_P2
Where
P1,P2 are pressure
A :is cross_section area
e: voidage
Ps,Pf : densities

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