2019- WOFKDOOK @| Detailed Explanations of a Try Yourself Questions Mechanical Engineering ThermodynamicsBasic Concepts and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Detalled Explanation f Try Yourself Questions TI: Solution 0.50% 0.746 Energy supplied to motor = == = 0.574 kufsec, [HP = 0.746 kW] Pree Poa ‘At the instant, when piston just begins to move: PA+W= PA | 'y + P= rot ” A BD of piston = 490 + SOX9.81A4 nx0.t? x 108 = 162.4542 Ih qh BH er) 300 +278 250 = a7234Kort=99184°C om “wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE EASY © Copyright |Deed u Energy Interactions (Heat & Work) Detalled Explanation 9 of Try Yourself Questions = 3443.15 PV P, = 170 KPa, V, = 0.03 m® P, = 400 kPa, V, = 0.06 m? Change in internal energy of the fluid during the process, U,-U, = 34 +3.15 P, Vy—34-3.15 P, V, 3.15 (P, Vp-P, Vy) 3.15 (400 x 0.06 ~ 170 x 0.03) = 59.535) Now P= av+b or 170 = ax0.03+b w and 400 = a x006+b (i Eq. i) —Eq. (i), we gat 400-170 = a(0.06-0.03) o a= 7666.67 kNim? Submitting the value of ain Eq, (), we get 170°) 766667%003 + B o b = -60kNim? Work trasnfer in involved during the process, We (we 2 3 JPav = [(av + b)dV = BV) -Y)) +a! = 1.8 410.35 = 8.55 kJ From first aw of thermodynamics, Qay = (Uy-U) + Me = 0,535 + 8.55 = 68.085 kJ © Copyright MADE EASY wornimadeeasypublications org4 Mechanical Engineering ¢ Thermodynamics MADE EASY Paes Work transfer = Area under the given curve Jax = x81 kNkm +53 kN = 17.5 km AU4 BW 2.5 kd + 17.5 kd = 20 kd Now, From first law www.madeeasypublications org MADE ERSY © Copyright |First Law of Thermodynamics Given data: Q,. First law for process 1-2 yy 80 or U,-U, For process 2-3, T= C. Qs Qs First aw for eyole 1-2-3-1 fsa et QetQy 50 + 500 + G or Qs © Copyright = 50K); Wyy = 500 kd f Detailed Explanation Try Yourself Questions (U,-U,) + Why u,-U, 50 kd (Uy=U,) + We 0 + 500 = 500 ks aw Who + Wag + Was 0 + 500 - 200 250 kJ www madeeasypublications.org6 Mechanical Engineering ¢ Thermodynamics MADE EASY for process 3-1 OQ, = (U-Uy) +My -250 = (U,-U,)-200 or U,-U, = -50kd Tv" = C foradiabatic process For process 1-2, Trt = TeV where V, = AL, and V, = AL, T (AL) = T,(AL,)"* or T.Le = TL " ta (3) “(la Ce] ee sictane Applying Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFE) n+ Oba, a 2 Q = 0; because it is an adiabatic steam turbine, a sain 108 OF gar cto so = asx 10s OF y 281 x6 > W. = 607839.24 Jikg = 607.84 ki/kg Mass flow rate of steam through turbine is 20 kg/s. The power output of the turbine is (a) = 20x 607.84 = 12186.78 kW = 12.157 MW Neglecting Kinetic and potential energy effects. SFEE: hy+q = hy +W,(For Turbine) = 8200 = 2600 + Wy > Wy = 600 kWikg MADE ERSY © Copyright) a www.madeeasypublications orgMADE EASY Workbook 7 SS besten $$ @$@$@$@$___SPubvos Specific work supplied to the pump is Wp = -[vdP =v,(P,-P,) vg (P,-P2) las P, = P, and P, =P, since, 4-1 and 2-3 are isobaric] PA=P, _ (8000-70) kN/m? Pp 1000kg/m® © = 2.990 katkg MADE EASY MADE ERSY ubllaationsSecond Law of Thermodynamics Detailed Explanation of Try Yourself Questions Energy collected, E = 0.05 kWim? 1 We a- 02 = a- Minimum colectdarga, A= pr - ‘or maximum thermal efficiency, Gives Q Q Q. + 5 $2rao 3 2 08% 3008 ~ 7006 * 00 9 { 5 a= Sa Using 1*' law of thermodynamics 9 Q= Q+W= a+w wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © Copyright )MADE EASY Workbook 9 2C= 275K 30°C = 303K 20 times The door is opened in per month = 30 x 20 = 600 times Average heat added for every time door is opened = 420 kJ Nethead added in per month = 420 x 600 = 252000 kJ (cor), ab ._ 278 _g9 re 7-7, | 308=275 (COP)yey = 0:15 x (COP) ng, = 0.15 x 9.82 = 1.473 Q also, (COP, = Gy 252000 1.473 a or W = 171079.42kd 171079.42 Tee kWh = 47.52 kWh 3600 Cost of electricity = % 2.50 per kWh Monthly bill = %47.52x 2.5 =€ 1188 Piers schematic diagram of areversible heat engine operating with three thermal reservoir is shown in igure. Sd sd [600K 400K 300k (As per 1*law of thermodynamics) 1000 = Q, + Q,+50 = +2, = 950KdIs o Qo T [Claussius inequality 1000 QQ > 00 400 300 ~ ° = 30, +4Q, = 2000 co) Solving equation (i) and (ii) we get Q, = 1800 Q, = -850 = Engine rejects 1800 kv/s to the reservoir at 400K and absorbs 850 k/s from the reservoir at 300 K. So net energy absorbed = 1000 + 850 = 1850 kus Cann MADE EASY wor madeeasypubliations.org)10 | Mechanical Engineering * Thermodynamics MADE EASY Publications Thermal efficiency of the engine Network done __50__ MADE EASY MADE ERSY ubEntropy, Availability and Irreversibility Detalled Explanation 9 of Try Yourself Questions Deed Given 1, = 900K 7,12) 300K m= 50K Final temperature of tank for maximum power production, 1, = = y800%300 - 519.6K un Wirax = Qsource ~ Qin homer me, (T= 7) me(T,~ T,) me,{T, + T-2T] 50 x 0.718 [900 + 300-2 x 519.6) 5772.72 kd The iron block will cool:to:285 K from 00 K while the jake temperature remains constant at 285 K. ‘The entropy change of iron block mmacet , \ (AS)jon 7 = moan = 100%0.45 In 285. = 25.20 kk : The temperature ofthe lake water remains constant during this process at 286 K and heat st from iron block to lake water. So entropy change of lake Q_ my (ToT) To Tae (She = © copyright MADE EASY wonwmadeeasypublications org12 Mechanical Engineering Entropy generated, (AS). Poesy Thermodynamics MADE EASY 10x 0.45 x (500 - 285) 285 (Shy HAS) 25,09 + 89,95'= 8.65 Kuk 33.95kJIK Itis the case of work potential of a fixed mass which is non-flow energy by definition Given’ , P. I Pp. Mass of air in the tank, m, = 300K 1000 kPa, 300K 100 kPa PV, _ 1000x250 RT, 0287x300 = 2908.6kg Exergy content of compressed alr per kg = ,-6, = = (Uy Up) + Poly Ve) = ToS; — §2) Total exergy content of air, X Alternate: Pw, = 1000 x 250 = %, Availability Pier Given: AQ=0 hy = 4142 kdikg a www.madeeasypublications org Poly — Vo) — Tel, 5) [oe -u 287 x300| 190-44 1m 1000] « 120,76 ks 0.287 x30 [= nie] Iieg me. 29036 x 120.76 350646.22 KI = 350:6 MJ PoVp 100 V, 2500 me Total work capability — Work done on atmospheric air Pin Y® — pamm(Ve—¥4) % 250 In 10 -0.1(2500- 250) 360.646 MJ 2500 kJ/kg MADE ERSY IT=¢] © Copyright |MADE EASY 6, = 1700 kulkg 6 = 140 kuikg T= 300K AKE = 0 APE = 0 * Actual work! kg of steam, Q-W = m(Ah+ APE+ AKE) Woop = Ah = (hy) = (Fy hy) 4142 ~ 2500 = 1642 kJ/kg + Maximum possible workikg of steam Woy = ()-%) = 1850 140 = 1710 kJ . Ta Soon = row — Wact . 1710 ~ 1642 > Sten = 300 Alternate Solutio Availabilty function for flow process = oe n-TeeS a Neglecting AKE and APE 1-% = (hy —)— T, (S4~ S) = 1850-140 = (4142~2500)-300 (s, - s,) = §)-8, = 0.23 kiIkgK Number of the cycle: 4 Workbook 13 = O.28ksIKgK 1:2 S=C, aQ=0 awe< 0 = du > 0,TT 23 T=C, vt, st 34 V=C, PL, TL. St wwwmadeeasypublications.org |14 wowwsmadeeasypublications org Mechanical Engineering ¢ Thermodynamics MADE EASY Process: 1-2 > dU > 0,7? Process: 2-3 Process: 3-1 Process: 1-2 Process: 2-3 Process: 3-1 Process: 1-2 T= Gvi,sl Process: 2-3 P= C,vt,TT,st Process: 3-1 C.aw>o ° > osTl MADE EASY © copyrishMADE EASY Poesy ‘The initial and final pressure of the air are calculated from a free-body diagram of the piston, as follows Workbook 15 Pav A j.—F or Initially, spring force, 2 = Pumb004Pa na pessure ESO An on M89-0.09 = 100+ 25-125 4Pa an oon, telat orrisiog 1224 10089, 222 0.16017 + 0.40749 0.56766 kuikok Cann MADE EASY wor madeeasypubliations.org)Properties of Pure Substance Detalled Explanation 9 of Try Yourself Questions Deed V = 0.3m%kg = 0.3 x 32 m*xkg-mole = 916 mkg mole - a )- a _ 8314x423 _13.93x10" ~ V-b) vy? ~ 96-0.0314 oe = 3.66>ar Perey “\ww.madeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © Copyright )Thermodynamic Relations and Clapeyron Equation Detalled Explanation f Try Yourself Questions Inthe absence of any other information regarding V, and V,, the Clausius Clapeyron equation may be used to determine the saturation temperature corresponding to the given pressure. cal ig P aT jh, RT = [inp = 5 o(B) . Z| - = 250 : 101.325 0903 = | 14 | = 0903 = agee.45| 1-4 mT, 400.6 K, “ty = 127.6°C © copyright MADE EASY wonwmadeeasypublications org