Friction_

which is the resistance force that occurs when two contiguous

surfaces move in opposite directions, when between them
there is a compressive force that works together with

them and produces a quantity of heat. Its place

Friction force_

is an object's resistance to movement; Where this body

moves on another body. Friction force is not considered a
fundamental force as gravitational force or electromagnetic
force; Where scientists believe that the force of friction is the
product of electromagnetic attraction between the particles
charged to two contact surfaces and from a deeper
perspective, the surfaces of the bodies appear to be
mountains and valleys; Where there is no material without
these terrain (when viewed from the perspective of particles),
and for this; For when two bodies come in contact with each
other, they come into contact at specific points and not the
entire surface, and with the increase in the mass of the body,
the greater the adhesion of the two bodies together, and
consequently, the points of contact between them increase.
In the fifteenth century, scholars began to study and devise
laws on the force of friction. However, these laws were not
certain given the difficulty of applying some experiments at
that time, especially since the force of friction is complex.
There are several exceptions to each law on friction strength;
For example, some polished materials may stick to each other.

The principle that friction is directly proportional to body

mass; It is an ancient principle that applies only to ancient
physics. In modern physics, the frictional forces arising
between atoms or molecules are studied, in addition to the
possibility of studying certain physical states that were
difficult to reach before the twentieth century AD.

Friction laws

The strength of friction has some laws that clarify the

principle of its operation. These laws include:

1-Friction strength is proportional to body weight.

2-The area of the contact area does not determine the force
of friction in the event of a constant weight of both bodies.

3-The force of friction is not affected by the speed of the

body; Provided that the body is not static.

Types of friction

In nature there is no friction-free environment, even in outer

space; The small particles may interact with each other,
forming the force of friction, and therefore there are several
types of friction force, they are:

Kinetic friction: is the one that arises as a result of the

movement of an object relative to another object.

Static friction: is the one that arises between two surfaces or

two bodies that are static in relation to each other, neither of
which is moved (they remain in position), which also prevents
an object placed on an inclined surface from slipping. The
amount of static friction between two objects in general, is
greater than the amount of friction between the two objects
themselves when they move against each other.

Rotating friction: rotating friction arises when a wheel, ball,

or cylinder rolls freely over a surface, and the main cause of
friction upon rolling is the loss of energy responsible for
deformation of objects; When a ball rolls on a flat surface, this
ball will flatten slightly, and the surface will become
somewhat cogged at the contact area with the sphere; It is
this internal loss of the ball and the surface that prevents the
ball from bouncing off the ground to the same level it fell
from. The coefficient of friction for rotary friction is 100 to
1,000 times less than normal friction.

The solids atoms themselves are subjected to friction

between each other. For example, at a cubic pressure made of
metal, all the constituent atoms of it move, forming what is
known as internal friction and in fluids. The liquid, its viscosity
increased, for example honey is more viscous than water.

Coefficient of friction

when two solid bodies move against each other, they will be
subjected to kinetic friction force; Whereas, this friction
equals a fractional number of the vertical force between these
two surfaces, and this fractional number is reached using the
friction coefficient, which is reached by experiments.

Applications on the force of friction

The force of friction plays an important role in a person's daily
life. When they rub two bodies together, heat energy is
produced because some of the kinetic energy is transferred to
it by the force of friction (which is why the fire generates two
rocks of each other).

Friction force is also responsible for making some parts in

bicycles; Therefore, some types of fluids and lubricants are
used to reduce the friction of motorcycle parts, and in the
field of cars, the principles of friction apply to the tires of the
car; If the tires are smooth and the road surface on the vehicle
is also smooth, then it will continue to move forward without
stopping even if the driver tries to stop it, and for this reason;
Car tires are manufactured with a rough surface to rub along
with the road.
 Friction is not only necessary in terms of car tires, but it also
enters into the principle of brake action, where the need
comes to a force that can resist the power of the engine, and
the force of friction is optimal for that. In machines such as
cars, the friction force reduces the efficiency of the machine,
for example, the car drains a quarter of its power in order to
resist the friction force inside the engine, in addition to the
car's friction with air when it is moving in the road and helps
the transportation to stop safely. It contributes to the
stabilization of the soil on the mountain tops, and to the
buildings being installed in place, and without friction, life will
be a sled. It helps humans stand steadily on their feet, and
helps them walk, by creating a force of friction between them
and their feet. It helps humans hold things in their hands, and
not drop them. The principles of frictional force are very
complex, and this complexity has only increased by
discoveries of modern physics, and some reports indicate that
engineers aspire to create motors and microdrivers (very
small) similar to microscopic electric circuits from microscopic
electric circuits In principle, the obstacle so far is the need to
deal with the laws of friction, which differ from the laws
.applied in medium-sized machines.

Friction damage

wastes heat caused by friction effort. It causes the melting of

some bodies, as a result of the thermal energy generated,
which leads to the appearance of deformation in their shape,
and deformation of the objects is an attribute of the frictional
force. It causes objects to lose their efficiency and endurance,
as they become obsolete over time, such as: some machines
fail, and they make noisy sounds due to corrosion.

Methods of reducing friction

Lubricating and distributing equipment and machinery

periodically.

Use devices that convert thermal friction to rolling friction,

such as: vehicles used in airports. Streamlined hardware
design, to reduce air friction.
Use cork and rubber materials to reduce friction.

:Source of the report

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