Heat Exchangers 49 This phenomen Aleposits increase ores Ormation and deposition of Nid impurities i called fouling. The surface exchange equipmce a esiance with a coresponding drop in the pecformance of the eat 10 ascent net Since the thickness and thermal conductivity ofthe sea deposits are dificult transfer coef et Sa nha low is considered by specifying an equivalent scale ot ‘cient, h,. I hg and h,, denote the heat transfer Coefficients For the scale formed on the as iit eu wn pcr eb na ora And the ermal esitance due o scale formation on the ouside surface i 1 BT he ‘With the inclusion ofthese resistance atthe inner and outer surfaces, UA : (/A,h,) + (1/A,h,) + [1/2nkI x log, (7,/r)) + (/A,A,.) + (VASA) “Therefore forthe inner surface, 1 a = Gi) Chg) + Welk xog. rr) ir, xR) + (rr, XW) 14.15) and forthe outer surface, t (14.16) a (A) + (Uh, + Tr Tk log TrID) + (ral, x Wh) + (rly x VA) “The reciprocal of sale heat transfer coeicientis called the fouling actor R, Some typical values ‘of Rare given in Table 14.1, The values are only approximate and given to only one significant figure. “These values are based on reasonable maintenance and the use of conventional heat exchangers -The resistance generally drops with increased flow velocity and increases with temperature and age. factors are dee heat exchanger in bouh the clean and dirty conditions: : “Atheat exchanger might be designed ither to restrict oF to enhance the heat exchange rate, I the heat aan eor is intnded to improve hea exchange, U will generally by much greater than 40 Win? K (Ga kealn’-he-K)- IC itisintendd wo impede heat ow, U willbe much ss than 10 Wim" K 6 Kcalln?-be-K). ‘The flowing points are worth bearing in mind; (i) Tre overall heat transfer cocTicient depends upon the flow rate and properties of the fluid, the material thickness and surface condition of tubes and the geometrical configuration of the heat exchanger. .14-10 reat and Mass Transfer ‘Table 14.1 Representative values of fouling factor Fluid and situation Fouling factor, mk mhe-K/kcal (Distilled water 0.0001 1.163104 Gi Sea water ‘ooo -0.0002, | 1.163 x 10-2326 10+ (Gi) Clean river and take water 0,0002-0.0006 | 2326x10*- 6.978% 10* Gv) Worst waters used in heat exchangers | < 0.0020 <2326%10* (9) Treated boiler feed water .0001 -0.0002, | 1.163 104-2.326% 10 (si) Transformer or lbricatng oi 0.0002 2.326% 10" (vii) Fuel oil 0.0010 1.16310? (ii) Industrial Liquids 0.0002 2.26% 10* (x)_Non-oil bearing steam 0.0001 1.163% 104 (x) Oil bearing steam (turbine exhaust) {0.0002 2.326% 10* (xi) Liquid gasol 0.0008 9.304104 (xi), Engine exhaust an fuel gases, 0.002 2.32610? (ii) The fluids with low thermal conductivities suchas tas, ols or any ofthe gases usually give low values of heat transfer coefficient, h. The overall coefficient U will generally decrease when such a fluid flows on one side of the exchanger. (iii) The highly conducting liquids such as water and liquid metals give higher values of heat transfer coefficient hand over all heat transfer coefficient U, Condensation and boiling process also have high values of U. (iv) Foran efficient and effective design, there should be no high thermal resistance in the heat flow path; all the resistance in the heat exchanger must be low. ‘Table 14.2. gives approximate values of U for some commonly encountered fluid combinations. “The wide ange ofthe cited values results froma diversity ofheatexchange materials (having different thermal conductivities) and flow conditions (influencing the film coefficient A) as well as geometric configuration. Example 14.1. The heat loss from unpainted aluminium side of house has been calculated on the presumption that overall coefficient of heat transfer is$ Wint K. Laer twas discovered that 1 Fir pollain levels are suc hat fouling factor om thi side is of the order of 0.0005 m KIW. ‘Should the side be redesigned:Heat Exchangers wn Table 14.2. Rey 2. Representative values ofthe overall heat transfer coefficient Fluid combi ination Overall eat vane coeiciont o a Wink reali OR a een 0 igus slow as 49 ‘Aslow as 39 Gi)" “Artolow vi { o nee Ashigh asi, | Ashigh as 516 ii) Airtovarou as gases 0-550 52-475 eee 350-780 300-670 %) Steam or , ©) Semenac ost «0/30 2-0 wi jac ! tony 00-00 690-1200 ‘e ‘Alcohol céndensers 250-700 25-600 f) Steam condenser {sen se00 1290 -4300 (x) _ Feed water heaters 110-8500 95-7310 Solution: Substituting the appropriate valucs in the relation, of! U gy = 49875 Wim? K ‘Due to pollution, the overall heat transfer coefficient is reduced from $ to 4.9875 Wim? K an insignificant change. Apparently, the fouling ismotof much importance inthe calculation of domestic heat loss, lis inclusion will make only insignificantly contribution tothe heat loading. Example 14.2 The design of a water cooled steam condenser has been made by presuming tha the vata heat ransfercoepicien 1) = S000 Win K, While deciding ths value, he engineer presumes (rerthe flowing water i very clean and accordingly he neglects the fouling resistance, Late, itis vis not clean a‘ all and that it has a fouling resistance of the order is the cooling water Se tec se Cat Sobition: Substituting the appropriate va ues in the relation: agg \ 4 Try Tanwn Heat and Mass Transfer “Thus the overall eat wane coeticent seed from 5000 to between 45454 and 1250 Win? K-Fouling is rei andthe condenser need to be edes'sned. Example 14.8 After Being in service fra period of sx month. aheat exchanger wansers 10% lex heat than it does when new. Determine the effetive oan foiorin terms ofits clean new) ver fea ransfer cefcient. I may be presumed tha ihe heat exchanger operates Between the same ‘emperatredferentilsandthathereisnchangeinthe effective swface area duo scole ilo lution: For ue eat exchange ratio, we may write Gane Vann AT Uae Quy” Ua AAT Tay oat Visa Example 14 /nacounerfow heat exchange, waterflowingthoughetabe cf 10cminner meter {heated by steam condensing on te ouside ofthe tube The convective im coefficients nthe water dnd steam sade are extmated tobe 3000 and SOO Kaln-b de, Neglecting tube hichness ond is resttonce to heat ln: wort au The eral hat transfer eneitint for he hea exchanger (6) heat exchanger to preeat oil for a fnace was designed without considering the possibilty ~@ scale formation, and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the fuel oil side was 800 kcalim?-hr-deg. What would be the corrected coefficient of heat transfer if a fouling factor of 001m hedegicl for he fur ol is taken into account? Solution: Neglecting tube thickness, ,~ A, where suffixes i and o denote the inside and outs surface of the te. Then be overall coTicicn of eat transfers given by es Tiky+ Oh) 1875 kealim’-hr-deg, (®) Corrected heat transfer coefficient, — Rei, where R represents the total thermal resistance per unit heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger without fouling, and 1/4, denotes the fouling or scale resistance u 1 1 ’ wo) ene ne 1800+ 0.00! 0.00225 eee14-13 Examp} ; diameter was. A copper pipe (k = 350 Wim K) of 1.75 cm inner diameter and 2.00 am outside Pipe. On the water vate andthe oll flow through the annular passage between this pipe and a sic The correspondin ‘Side, the film coefficient is 4600 Wint K and the fouling factor is 6.00034 ie heat transfer coop ates 0" the oil side are 1200 Wim K and 0.00086 m' KIW. Workout the 0 Solution” S*ticient between the water and ol ; relation ¢ Overall coefficient, based on the outer surface of the inner pipe is prescribed by the = 1 nes (M/A) + 17h.) + [rk og, (Flr) + rol X Why) + (rol Fi Whi) A fouling factor represents the'reciprocal of the scale heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, in terms of the fouling factors, 1 8. oy +R),) + [relk xlOR Ar IF) + (ral; XRy) + (Fol x hi) Given: r, = 0.001 m and r,/r; = 2.00/1.75 = 1.143 1 ¥ (1/1200) + 0.00086 + (0.001/350. x Tog, 1.143) + (1.143 x 0.00034) + (1143/4600) 1 = 308x103 = 435.16 Wim?K 298 x