(/ - (Q¿øvcmjv (So-Bhpw CQ (/ - XN-K - NBPW: - N.-F. Imivv

[\-[q¿Øvcmjv{So-bhpw
cq£[\-{]-Xn-k‘
- nbpw
tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w
_n.-F. {]Imivv
i
Malayalam
Dhanadhurthurashtreeyavum
Rukshadhanapradhisandhiyum
by
B.A. Prakash
First Edition : April 2017
Copies : 1000
Typesetting & Printing
Akshara Offset, Vanchiyoor
Thiruvananthapuram - 35
Cover design : Bhattathiri
Published by
B.A. Prakash
BNRA 164A, Kowdiar
Thiruvananthapuram - 695 003
© Rights reserved
Distribution
Current Books, Thrissur - 680 001, Kerala
e-mail: currentbooksthrissur@gmail.com
ISBN : 978-93-86429-05-6
Price . ` 250
[\-[q¿Øvcmjv{So-bhpw
cq£[\-{]-Xn-k‘
- nbpw
tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w
_n.-F. {]Imivv
hnX-cWw
Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿
_n.-F. {]Imiv (_n. B¬hn≥ {]Im-iv)
1948 BKÃv 5\p Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c Øv ap´- b v ° m- S n¬ {io.
_≥k¨, {ioaXn tagvkn F∂n-hc - psS aqØ ]p{X-\mbn P\n-®p. kvIqƒ
hnZym-`ymkw shßm-\q¿ t_mbvkv sslkvIqfn¬. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
bqWnth-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pn¬ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn¬ _ncp-Z, _ncp-
Zm-\-¥c ]T\w \S-Øn. XpS¿∂v tIcf k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v
]n.-F® - .v U
- n. t\Sn. 1976-˛¬ Imen-°‰v k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bpsS kmº-ØnI
imkv{X- hIp∏n¬ (tPm¨ aØmbn sk‚¿, Xriq¿) A≤ym-]-I-
\mbn HutZym-KnI PohnXw Bcw-`n-®p. ]n¬°m-eØv hIp∏p ta[m-
hnbpw s{]m^k-dp-am-bn. {]K¤ bph-km-aqly imkv{X-⁄-¿-°p≈
“bwKv tkmjy¬ kb‚nÃv s^tem” (1980-˛82), “Icn-b¿ Ahm¿Uv”
(1986-˛89) F∂nh t\Sn. Cu A©p h¿j°meØv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
sk‚¿ t^m¿ Uh-e-]vsa‚ v ÃUo-kn¬ tIcf kmº-ØnI hnj-b-
ß-fn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øn. 1999¬ tIcf k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse kmº-
ØnI imkv{X hn`mKØn¬ s{]m^k-dmbn \nb-an-X-\mb At±lw
B hIp-∏n¬ Ah-km\ A©p h¿j-°mew hIp-∏p-ta-[m-hnbmbn
{]h¿Øn-®-tijw 2008¬ hnc-an-®p. Imen-°-‰v, tIcf k¿Δ-I-em-im-
e-I-fnse _ncp-Z, _ncp-Zm-\-¥c tImgvkp-I-fn¬ ‘tIcf Ct°m-Wan’
F∂ hnjbw ]pXp-Xmbn tN¿°p-∂-Xn\pw, AXn-\p≈ kne-_kv
Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw, ]pkvXI - ß
- ƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X
- nepw {][m\ ]¶p
hln-®Xv tUm. {]Im-imWv. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿, kwÿm\ Bkq-
{XW t_m¿Uv F∂n-h-bpsS ]Xn-s\m∂v IΩn‰n/hnZ-Kv≤-]-T\ kan-
Xn-I-fn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. CXn\p]pdsa tIcf ]ªnIv FIvkv-
s]≥Un-®¿ dnhyp IΩn‰n (2012-˛14) A©mw kwÿm\ [\-Imcy IΩn-
j≥ (2015-˛16) F∂n-hb - psS A≤y-£-\p-ambncp∂n-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-csØ cmPohv Km‘n C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Uh-e-]vsa‚ v ÃUo-
knse s{]m^k-dm-Wv.
Ign™ \mep Zim-_vZ-Im-e-ambn kmº-ØnI hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-
dn-®p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂p. kmºØn hnI-k-\w, kmº-ØnI \b-
ßƒ, Im¿jnI hnI-k\w, sXmgnen-√m-bva, Zmcn-{Zyw, Kƒ^v IpSn-tb‰w,
[\-Im-cyw, hntI-{μo-Ir-Xm-kq-{XWw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
H´-\-h[n Kth-jW {]_-‘-ßƒ, Kth-jW t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´p-
Iƒ, ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, teJ-\-ßƒ F∂nh {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v.
CXn\p ]pdsa FUn‰v sNbvXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n´p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ
Xmsg ]dbp∂p.
* The Indian Economy since 1991: Economic Reforms and Performance
(Revised Edition, Pearson, 2012.
* The Indian Economy since 1991: Economic Reforms and Performance,
(Pearson, 2009).
* Kerala’s Economic Development: Performance and Problems in the Post-
Liberalisation Period. (Sage, 2004).
* Kerala’s Economic Development: Issues and Problems. (Sage, 1999).
* Kerala’s Economy: Performance, Problems, Prospects. (Sage, 1994).
* Kerala’s Development Issues in the New Millennium. (Serials, 2008).
* Indian Migration to the Middle East: Trends, Patterns and Socio-
Economic Impacts. (Spell Bound, 1998).
* tIc-f-Ønse Zmcn-{Zyw: khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-
I-fpw, cmPohv Km‘n C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Uh-e-]vsa‚ v ÃUokv
(2012).
D≈-S°w
BapJw
1. BapJw ˛ -t]Pv 11
BapJw ˛ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ ˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n
˛ ]ªnIv ^n\m≥kv ssk≤m-¥nI Imcy-ßƒ ˛ k¿°m-cns‚
[\-Im-cy-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ ˛ [\-Imcy ]T-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ kqNn-I-Iƒ.
2. [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw ˛ t]Pv 25
[\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw ˛ _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w ˛ thm´¿ {]oW\
[\-cm-j{v Sobw ˛ kΩ¿±-{Kq∏v {]oW\ cmjv{Sobw ˛ [\-[q¿Øp-Iƒ
˛ iºf ]cn-jI v cW cmjv{Sobw ˛ FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk cmjv{- Sobw
˛ _n.-]n.-F¬ cmjv{Sobw ˛ s]mXpta-Jem apX-se-Sp∏v cmjv{Sobw
˛ hnI-k\ - ]
- ≤
- X- n-Iƒ {]N-cW
- Ø
- n-\p-th≠n ˛ D]-kw-lm-cw.
3. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ˛ t]Pv 49
1980-I-fnse [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ˛ 1990-I-fnse [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ˛ 2001se
[h-f-]{Xw ˛ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n 2001-\p-tijw ˛ 2011se [h-f-]{Xw
˛ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n 2011 apX¬ 2016-hsc ˛ 2016se [h--f-]{Xw ˛
[hf-]{Xw Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ D]-kw-lmcw.
4. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ hchv ˛ t]Pv 73
[\-\bw ˛ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hchv ˛ X\Xv \nIpXn
hchv ˛ hn¬∏\ aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn ˛ ap{Z-]-{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-
j≥ ôkpw ˛ kwÿm\ FIvsskkv ˛ hml\ \nIpXn ˛ a‰p
\nIpXn hchv ˛ {][m\ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hp-Iƒ ˛ a‰p \nIp-Xn-
tb-Xc hchv ˛ \nIpXn IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ ˛ tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xhpw
{Km‚p-Ifpw ˛ D]-kw-lmcw
5. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ sNehv ˛ t]Pv 125
samØw sNehv: πm≥, t\m¨πm≥ ˛ samØw sNehv: P\-d¬,
tkmjy¬, C°tWmanIv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ ˛ k¿°m¿ Poh-\°
- m-cpsS
iºfw ˛ s]≥j≥ sNehv ˛ iºf s]≥j≥ sNehv ˛ kzImcy
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°p≈ So®nwKv {Km‚ v ˛ hnZym-
`ymk sNehv ˛ ]eni ˛ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v \¬Inb XpI
˛ kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ sNehv ˛ Hmôkv, bm{X, hml\
sNe-hp-Iƒ ˛ _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w ˛ a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvkW - ≥
Ãm^v ˛ hIp∏v hn`-P\ [q¿Øv ˛ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j≥ ˛ P\-
{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ˛ tami-amb hnI-
k\ t{]mP-ISv p-If- psS \S-Øn∏v ˛ D]-kw-lm-cw.
6. s]mXpISw ˛ t]Pv 204
s]mXpISw : {][m-\-bn-\-ßƒ ˛ B`y-¥-c-ISw ˛ tI{μ-k¿°m¿
hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iqdp-Ifpw ˛ eLp-k-ºm-Zy-ß-fpw t{]mhn-U‚ v
^≠pw ˛ ]eni \nc°v ˛ hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv ˛ hmbv] _m≤y-X-
Iƒ ˛ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p \¬Inb hmbv]-Iƒ ˛
s]mXp hmbv] kqNn-I-Iƒ ˛ D]-kw-lm-cw.
7. [\-ÿnXn: a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw ˛ t]Pv 223
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\
hnh-c-ßƒ ˛ dh\yp IΩnbpw [\-I-Ωnbpw ˛ dh\yp hchv ˛
dh\yp sNehv ˛ iºf sNehv ˛ s]≥j≥ sNehv ˛ s]mXp IS-
_m-≤yX ˛ hnI-k\ sNehv ˛ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ°p≈
sNehv ˛ D]kwlmcw.
8. kw{K-lhpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ˛ t]Pv 256
kw{Klw ˛ [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw ˛ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n kz`m-hw,
hym]vXn ˛ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ hchv ˛ kwÿm\ k¿°m-
cns‚ sNehv ˛ s]mXpISw ˛ [\-ÿnXn: a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-am-
bp≈ Xmc-Xayw ˛ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ˛ [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw Ah-
km-\n-∏n-°pI ˛ dh\yp IΩnbpw [\-I-Ωnbpw Ipd-bv°pI ˛ X\Xv
hchv h¿≤n-∏n-°pI ˛ t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yp sNehv Ipd-bv°pI ˛
hmbv] hnI-k\Øn\v.
A\p-_‘w H∂v Npcp-°¬ (Abbreviations)
A\p-_‘w c≠v \nL≠p (Glossary)
A\p-_‘w aq∂v Nm¿´p-Iƒ
{KŸ-kq-NnI (Bibliography)
BapJw
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Ct∏mƒ cq£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-
emWv. Cu \ne-bv°mWv [\-ÿnXn apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-sX-¶n¬ 2021-
˛mam-t≠m-Sp-IqSn \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-t]mepw ]W-an-√msX
iºfw, s]≥j≥, kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ F∂nh t]mepw apS-
ßp∂ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ÿnXn D≠m-Ip-sa∂v 2016se [h-f-]{Xw ]d-
bp-∂p. Cu ]T-\Ø - n¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\{]Xn-k‘ - n-bpsS
kz`m-hw, hym]vXn, Imc-W-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw, CXv ]cn-
l-cn-°m≥ Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ apt∂m´v hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
kwÿm\w C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n°v aq∂p Zim-
_vZ-Im-esØ ]g-°ap≠v. kwÿm-\Øv Imem-Imeß-fn¬ A[n-Im-
c-Øn¬ Ccp∂ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{So-bhpw, [\-\-b-
ß-fpw, tami-amb [\-Imcy amt\-Pvsa‚p-amWv kwÿm-\sØ Cu
ZpxÿnXn-bn-te°v FØn®Xv F∂ hmZamWv ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv. k¿°m-cns‚ hchpw IS-sa-SpØ XpIbpw `cWw sa®-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-\pw, \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw
sNe-hm-°p-∂Xn\p-]I - cw cmjv{Sob A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw cmjv{Sob
t\´-ßƒ t\Sm-\pw, _yqtdm-{Ikn, kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ, cmjv{Sob ap∂-
Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n£n]vX Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m\pw, `c-
W-h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-_c - Ø
- n\pw [q¿Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂X- n-s\ [\-
[q¿Øv F∂p ]d-bmw.
cmjv{Sob AXn-{]-kcwaqew [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-sb-°p-dn®v Kuc-hhpw
hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb s]mXp N¿®-Iƒ \S-°p-∂n-√. Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-
fnepw, ]{X-am-[y-a-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ N¿®-I-fpsS s]mXp kz`mhw
Btcm-]W {]Xym-tcm-]W - ß- f
- m-Wv. Xß-fpsS `c-WI - m-eØv [\-ÿnXn
hfsc sa®-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hcp Iqćpw AXp icn-bs-√-∂v as‰mcp
Iqćpw ]c-kv]cw ]d-bp-∂p. CØcw kwhm-Zß - f
- n¬ bYm¿∞ {]iv\w
N¿® sNømsX t]mIp-∂p. 2016se [h-f-]-{X-hpw, cq£-amb [\-{]Xn-
k-‘n-If- psS bYm¿∞ Imc-Wß - ƒ N¿® sNøp-∂X - n-\p-]I
- cw CXns‚
DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ap≥ k¿°m-cn¬ Btcm-]n-°m-\mWv {ian-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
Cu cmjv{Sob AXn-{]-k-cw hn´v [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS bYm¿∞ Imc-
W-ßƒ, ÿnXn-hnhc IW-°p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hniIe\w
sNøpI F∂ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]e \nebv°pw hfsc
{][m-\-s∏´ hnj-b-am-sW-¶nepw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Kuc-h-amb Kth-
j-Wß-tfm, ]T-\ß - t- fm, kwÿm-\sØ Kth-jW ÿm]-\ß - f
- n-tem,
k¿Δ-I-em-imeIfntem \S-°p-∂n-√. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-
®n-´p≈ Kth-jW {]_-‘-ßfpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw hnc-f-am-Wv. CXp-
aqew kmº-ØnI imkv{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, [\w, Bkq-{X-Ww, hnI-
k\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ DtZym--K ÿ¿, {]mtZ-
inI k¿°m-cnse DtZym-Kÿ - ¿, a{¥n-am¿, cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ, P\-
{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, t{SUv bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-°ƒ, s]mXpP-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-
b-h¿°v kwÿm\ [\-Im-cy-sØ-∏‰n Adnhp t\Sm≥ ]‰nb ]pkvX-
I-ß-fpsS A`mhw D≠v. kwÿm-\Øv [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{So-b-hpw, [\-
\-bß- f- pw am‰-an-√msX XpS¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂X - n-\p≈ Hcp {][m\ ImcWw
k¿°m-cns‚ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n N¿® sNøp∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS
A`mham-Wv.
tIcf ]ªnIv FIvks v ]≥Un-®¿ dnhyq IΩn-‰n, A©mw kwÿm\
[\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ F∂n-h-bpsS A≤y-£-\mbn {]h¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ
t\Snb Adn-hpw, A\p-`-hhpw Cu {KŸw cNn-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs∂ hfsc
klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu ]T-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb KthjW klmbw \¬-
In-bXv tUm. sPdn B¬hn-\m-Wv. CXnse ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-Iƒ
hni-I-e\w sNøp-Ibpw a‰p klm-b-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXXv
k¿Δ{io cmPvam-[hv Im¿ØnIv \mb¿, Fw. Zo]p Zmkv, _nPn¬
_m_p. B¿ F∂n-hc - m-W.v Cu ]pkvXI - Ø
- ns‚ Un.-‰n.-]n. `wKn-bmbn
sNbvXXv hgpX°mSv euen IΩyq-Wn-t°-j\ - nse {ioaXn _nμp-hm-W.v
ta¬∏-d™ F√m-h-tcm-Sp-ap≈ \μn Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p. Cu {KŸw ka-{K-am-sWt∂m, CXn\p t]mcm-bvaI - ƒ Cs√t∂m
Rm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Cu ]pkvX-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-
ß-fpw, \n¿t±i-ß-fpw kzmKXw sNøp-∂p.
Ih-Sn-bm¿ _n.-F. {]Imiv

2017 G{]n¬ 2
A≤ymbw H∂v
BapJw
“kwÿm-\Øv Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ A[n- I m--c Øn¬ Ccp∂

k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw, tami-amb [\-Imcy amt\Pv-
sa‚ v F∂nh aqew kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ kºq¿Æ-amb [\-Imcy
XI¿®-bn-te°v \oßn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. Cu \ne-bv°mWv [\-ÿnXn
apt∂m´v t]mIp-∂-sX-¶n¬ 2021˛mamt≠mSpIqSn \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-
Iƒ°pt]mepw ]W-an-√msX iº-fw, s]≥j≥, hmbv] Xncn-®-S-hv,
kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j-\p-Iƒ F-∂nh t]mepw apS-ßp∂ ]cn-
Xm-]-I-c-amb ÿnXn D≠m-Ip-sa∂v 2016se [h-f-]{Xw {]hNn-°p∂p”.
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ cq£-amb [\{]-
Xn-k‘n Ht∂m ct≠m h¿jw-sImt≠m GsX-¶n-ep-samcp k¿°m-
cns‚ ImetØm D≠m-b-X-√. kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ]e
k¿°m-cp-Ifpw CXv Hcp Xm¬°m-enI {]iv\-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv
ssIImcyw sNbvXncp∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv kwÿm\ [\-cw-KsØ
ASn-ÿm-\]chpw ÿmbn-bpamb {]iv\-hp-am-sW-∂mWv ÿnXn-hn-
hc IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂X - v. 1980 Zim_vZ ImesØ BZy ]Ip-Xn-
bn¬ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ tami-amb
\ne-bn-te°v FØpIbpw sNbvXp. 1990-I-fpsS BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnepw
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n XpS¿∂p. F∂m¬ [\-Imcy\ne Hcp XI¿®-bn-te°p
\oßn-b-Xv 1998-˛2001 Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. AsXØpS¿∂v 2001-˛¬
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy [h-f-]{Xw
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. k¿°m-cn\v [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂p Ic-I-b-dm≥
[\[q¿Øvcmjv{So-bhpw cq£[\-{]-Xn-k-‘nbpw
Ign-bptam F∂ {]Xo-£-t]mepw A∂v [h-f-]{Xw Xøm-dm-°n-b-h¿°v

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A{Xbv°v tami-am-bn-cp∂p [\-ÿn-Xn. 2001-˛¬ A[n-
Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ B‚Wn k¿°m¿ h¿j-ßƒ \o≠p-\n∂ ISpØ
sNehp Npcp-°¬ \S-]S- n-Ifpw hcp-am\ h¿≤\ \S-]S- n-Ifpw hgn k¿-
°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ia-ßƒ \SØn. F∂m¬ [\-
ImcyÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Pm{KX ]ns∂ D≠m-
bn-√. am{X-hp-a√ Xß-fpsS k¿°m-cns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv [\-ÿnXn
XI-cmsX t\m°Ww F∂ k¶p-Nn-X-amb [\-cm-jv{So-b-amWv k¿°m-
cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂X - v. sa®-amb [\-ÿnXn kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚
`cW \S-Øn-∏n\pw ASn-ÿm\ LS-Ih - n-Ik
- \Øn\pw s]mXphnse
hnI-k-\-Øn\pw P\-t£-a-Øn\pw A\n-hm-cy-amb LS-I-sa∂ ImgvN-
∏mSv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. [\-{]Xn-k‘n Hcp ASn-ÿm\
{]iv\-am-sW∂v I≠v [\-\-b-Øn¬ ImX-emb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥
kwÿm- \ Øv A[n- I m- c - Ø n- e n- c p∂ k¿°m- c p- I ƒ°p Adnthm,
{]m]vXntbm, C—m-i-‡ntbm, Xm¬]-cytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. X≥aqew
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n Hcn-°epw Ah-km-\n-°mØ H∂mbn XpS-cp-∂p.
2011epw 2016epw Hmtcm [h-f-]{Xw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v [\-{]-Xn-k-
‘n-bpsS kz`m-hhpw hym]vXnbpw Imc-W-ßfpw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®n-´p- ≠v. 2011¬ A[n-Im-cØ- n¬ h∂ bp.-Un.F^v k¿°m¿ {]kn-
≤o-I-cn® [h-f-]{Xw A\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ IS-s°-Wn-bn-
em-Wv. [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-lc - n-°m≥ XpS¿®-bmbn hmbv]sb B{ibn-
°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwÿm\w ISs°-Wn-bn-em-bn. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw
Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ IS-_m[y-Xb - p≈ aq∂p kwÿm-\ß- f
- n¬ H∂mbn
tIcfw amdn. 2016-˛¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿
{]kn-≤o-I-cn® [h-f-]-{X-a-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\w AXn-cq-£-amb [\-
{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-Wv. hmbv] FSp-°m≥ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®n-
´p≈ ]cn-[nbnep≈ apgp-h≥ hmbv]bpw FSp-Ømepw \nXy-\n-Zm\
sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ am{Xta XnI-bq. [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-aqew ASn
ÿm\LSI taJ-e-bnepw, s]mXpk¿hokv cwKØpw aqe-[-\-\n-t£-
]-Øn\pw ]W-an-√. hm¿jn-I-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw a‰p hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw
shń-®p-cp-t°-≠n-hcp∂p. ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ß-fpsS s]mXp \nt£-]-
Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIcfw hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p. a‰v C¥y≥
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS s]mXp \nt£] \nc-°ns‚ GXm≠v ]IpXn am{X-
12
BapJw
amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c ImesØ tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp \nt£-]w.

Zcn-{Z-P\hn`m-K-ßƒ°v \¬In-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw
^≠p-Ifpw Ipd-bp-∂p. Cu \ne-bv°mWv [\-ÿnXn apt∂m´p t]mIp-
∂-sX-¶n¬ 2017-˛18¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ kºq¿Æ [\-Im-cy-ØI¿®-
bn-te°pw, Acm-PI - X
- z-Øn-te°pw \oßpw. 2021-HmsS \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-
hp-Iƒ°p-t]mepw ]W-an-√msX kmaqly kpc£m s]≥j≥, iº-fw,
s]≥j≥, hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv F∂nh t]mepw apS-ßp∂ `bm-\-I-amb
ÿnXn D≠m-hp-sa∂v [h-f-]{Xw {]h-Nn-°p-∂p.
kwÿm-\Øv \ne-\n¬°p∂ cq£ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n k¿°m-cns‚
`c-Ww, hnI-k-\w, kmaqly t£aw XpS-ßnb F√m cwK-ß-fn-sebpw
{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Xf¿Øp-Ibpw, AcmP-I-Xz-Øn-te°v \bn-°m\pw
CS-bm-°pw. Poh-\-°m¿°v iº-f-samgn®v as‰m∂n\pw ]W-an-√mØ
Ahÿ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwÿm\ `cWw kvXw`-\m-hÿ-
bn-te°v \oßpw. sa®-amb P\-Po-hn-X-Øn-\v A-h-iy- LS-I-ß-fmb
IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-Ww, sshZyp-Xn, tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, Pe-K-Xm-
KX kuI-cy-ßƒ, t]m¿´p-Iƒ, \K-c-ß-fnse ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-
ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v [\-{]-Xn-k‘n aqew hnI-k-\-ap-c-Sn∏v A\p-`-
h-s∏-Spw. kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw ]WnX sIń-S-ßƒ,
kvIq-fp-Iƒ, Bip-]{- Xn-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh ]pXp°n
]Wn-bm≥ ]W-an-√msX Po¿Æm-h-ÿ-bn-te°v \o-ßpw. k¿°m¿
\¬Ip∂ s]mXp k¿ho-kp-I-fmb s]mXpP\m-tcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ymkw,
KXm-K-Xw, amen\y \n¿Ωm¿÷\w XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v ]W-an-√mØ Ah-
ÿ-bp-≠m-Ipw. hnc-an® Poh-\-°m¿°v s]≥j≥ \¬Ip∂ kzbw-`-
cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ
XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS s]≥j≥ hnX-c-Whpw XI-cm-\n-S-bp-≠v. Ct∏mƒ-
Xs∂ sI.-F-kv.B¿.-Sn.-kn.bnse Poh-\-°m¿°v {]Xn-amk iº-fhpw,
hnc-an-®-h¿°v s]≥j\pw \¬Im≥ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ BkvXn-I-ƒ
]W-bw -h®v hmbv] FSp-°p∂ ÿnXnhnti-j-am-Wp-≈X - v. Npcp-°-
Øn¬ cq£-am-Ip∂ [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n- aqew, tIcfw Ign™ Bdp Zim-
_vZ-°m-e-ambn `c-W, kmaqly, kmº-Øn-I cwK-ß-fn¬ ssIh-cn®
t\´-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]nt∂m°w t]mIm≥ CS-bm-°pw. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn-emWv Cu ]T\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hnj-b-
ßƒ Xmsg-∏-dbp-∂p.
13
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ
1. kwÿm\sØ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-hcp∂ [\[q¿Øvcm-
j{So-bhpw [\\-b-ß-fpw.
2. [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kz`m-hw, hym]vXn, Imc-W-ßƒ.
3. k¿°m-cns‚ hc-hv, sNehv C\-ßfpw Ahsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂
LSIßfpw.
4. s]mXp ISw.
5. [\-ÿnXn: a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-X-ayw.
6. kw{K-lhpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw.
ÿnXn-hn-h-c- I-W-°p-Iƒ
Cu ]T-\-Øn\v {][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn-hn-h-
c-°-W-°p-Iƒ I¨t{Sm-f¿ B‚ v HmUn-‰¿ P\-d¬ Hm^v C¥y-
(kn.-F.-Pn)-bpsS kwÿm\ [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw
ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-If - p-am-Wv. CXn-\p-]pdsa kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚
_P‰v tcJ-Iƒ, dnk¿hv _m¶v Hm^v C¥y-bpsS kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS
[\-Imcy ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ, tIcf ]ªnIv FIvkvs]≥Un-
®¿ dnhyp IΩn-‰n-bpsS (sI.-]n.-C.-B¿.kn) dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ XpSßnb-h-
bm-Wv. B[n-ImcnI-amb [\-Imcy ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ \¬Im≥
{]tXyIw {i≤ ]pe¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n
tI{μ, kwÿm-\, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-Im-cy-ß-sf-
°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w ]ªnIv ^n\m≥kv F∂ hnj-bØ - n¬ hcp-∂X - m-W.v
kwÿm-\Øv Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Imcy-amb Kth-j-Wtam, ]T-\-ßtfm
\S-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv Kuc-h-I-c-amb {]iv\-am-Wv. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬
{]mhoWyw t\Snb kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿, Kth-jW ÿm]-\-
ß-fnepw k¿h-I-em-imem hIp-∏p-I-fnepw tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw a‰pw C√m-
ØXv Hcp {][m\ ImcWam-Wv. X∑qew Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Kth-jW
{]_-‘-ß-fpsSbpw, ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-I-fpsSbpw, ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw
A`m-h-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬ _ncpZ _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-X-e-Øn-ep≈ kmº-
ØnI imkv{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pt]mepw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ th≠
Adnhp t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. [\w, Bkq-{X-Ww, hnI-k\w F∂n-h-
14
BapJw
bp-ambn _‘-s∏´p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnhn[ hIp-∏pIƒ, {]mtZ-inI

k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ, kwÿm\ Bkq-{XW t_m¿Uv XpS-ßn-b-
h-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Cu hnjbw th≠-hn[w ]Tn-°m≥ ]pkvX-
I-ß-fn-√. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-`-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°p∂ kn.-F.-Pn. dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, ]ªnIv FIvkvs]≥Un-®¿
dnhyp IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, [h-f-]-{X-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv [\-
ÿn-Xnsb hni-Ie\w sNøp∂ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ.
kwÿm-\sØ [\-\-b-ßƒ, hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂Xv cmjv{Sob
t\Xm-°ƒ, k¿°m¿ Poh\-°m¿, A≤ym]I kwL-S-\-Iƒ, t{SUv
bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-°ƒ, k-Ω¿± {Kq∏p-I-fpsS t\Xm-°ƒ, Fw.-F¬.-
F.-am¿, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fnse P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, kmaqly
kwL-S\m t\Xm°ƒ, _yqtdm-{Ikn XpS-ßn-bh - c
- m-Wv. cmjv{Sob t\Xm-
°-fmb a{¥n-am-cmWv [\-\bhpw Hmtcm C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hp-sN-e-hp-
Ifpw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. apI-fn¬ ]d™ hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈hcn¬ Hcp
sNdnb iX-am\w t]¿s° kwÿm-\sØ [\-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw,
[\-ÿnXn tami-am-bm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ {]Xym-LmXßsf-°p-dn®pw Adn-
hp-≈p. Cu teJ-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ apI-fn¬ ]d™ hn`m-K-°m-
cn¬ `qcn-`m-Kw-t]¿°pw [\-Im-cy-ßs - f-∏‰n hy‡-amb Hcp cq]-hp-an-√.
k¿°m¿ {] n¬ Id≥kn-t\m´v A®-Sn®v Ah Nm°n¬ sIń {Sj-dn-
I-fn¬ sIm≠ph∂v hnX-cWw sNøp∂ Hcp G¿∏m-SmWv [\-Imcyw
F∂p Nne¿ Icp-Xp∂p. P\-ßf - n¬ \n∂v ]ncn-°p∂ ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿
Nm¿÷p-Iƒ, \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, tI{μ k¿°m¿ \nIpXn hnln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ -
ISw hmßn In´p∂ XpI Ch D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv k¿°m-cns‚ sNe-hp-
Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-sX∂ ImgvN-∏mSv s]mXphn¬ C√. kwÿm\ [\-Im-
cy-sØ--∏-‰n-bp≈ ]T-\-ßfpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw C√m-ØXv Cu ÿnXn°v
Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv.
kwÿm-\sØ hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-ßƒ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-
Xn-sb-°p-dn®v BIp-e-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. ]e-bn\w k_vknUn e`n-°p-∂-h¿,
I¿j-I¿, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, kmaqly t£a
s]≥j≥ e`n-°p-∂-h¿, k¿°m¿ CXc ÿm]-\-ß-fmb sI.-F-kv.-
B¿.-‰n.-kn, k¿Δ-Ie
- m-im-eI
- ƒ
- F∂n-hb - nse s]≥j≥Im¿, IpSn-»nI
e`n-t°≠ Icm-dp-Im¿, hoSp hbv°m≥ B\p-Iq-ey-Øn-\p-th≠n ImØn-
15
cn-°p-∂-h¿, hnZym-`ymk B\p-Iqeyw In´p-∂-h¿, kz¥w `qan k¿°m¿

Gs‰-Sp-Ø-h¿, ]n.-F-kv.-kn. enÃn¬ tPmen-°p-th≠n ImØn-cn-°p-∂-
h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. [\-ÿnXn tami-am-Ip-tºmgp≈ Ahÿ Xß-sf-
bmWv G‰hpw tZmj--ambn _m[n-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. F∂m¬ [\-
ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Adn-bm\pw am¿§ß-fn-√. ]{X, Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ
hfsc {]m[m-\y-tØmsS hm¿Ø \¬Ip∂ Hcp hnj-ba - mWv [\-Imcy
{]Xn-k-‘n. [\-Imcy hnj-b-ß-fnepw, [\-\-b-ß-fnepw s]mXpP\
A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv am-[yaßƒ hgn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬
am[ya {]h¿Ø-I-cn¬ Hcp sNdnb iX-am-\-samgn®v _m°n-bp≈-
h¿°v [\-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Imcy-amb [mc-W-bn-√. CsX√mw Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿn-Xnbpw [\-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-
dn®pw km[m-c-W-°m¿°v a\- n-em-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]kn-
≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS A`m-h-am-Wv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-Imcy {]iv\-
ßƒ Adn-bm\pw ]Tn°m\pw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ [\-
Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ s]mXp ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-am-bn-
cp∂p F∂p Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn¬Øs∂
FgpXm≥ Fs∂ t{]cn-∏n® LS-Ihpw CXm-Wv. cmjv{Sob cwKØp
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°pw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw [\-`-cW hIp-∏p-I-fn¬
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw [\-Im-cy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv Ah-
cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v A\n-hmcy-am-Wv.
]ªnIv ^n\m≥kv: ssk≤m-¥nI Imcy-ßƒ
kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ Hcp imJ-bmWv s]mXp [\-hn-\n-
ab imkv{Xw AY-hm, “]ªnIv ^n\m≥kv”. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ ]T\
hnt[-b-am-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fmWv. (1) ]ªnIv AYhm
hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-Im-cyw. AXm-bXv tI{μ,
kwÿm\ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ (2) Hmtcm Xe-Ønepap≈ k¿-
°m-cp-If
- psS Npa-Xe- I- ƒ hn`n-∂a - m-Wv. Cu Npa-Xe- I
- ƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥
\nIp-Xn-bmbpw \nIpXn CXc C\-ambpw hmbv]-bmbpw [\w kw`-cn-
°p-I. (3) k¿°m-cns‚ Npa-Xe - I
- ƒ (cm-Py-kp-c£- , `c-Ww, hnI-k\- w,
km-aqlykpc£ XpS-ßn-bh - ) \nd-th-‰m≥ ]Ww sNe-hg- n-°p-I. CØcw
sNe-hp-Isf ]e-Xc - Ø- n¬ hn`-Pn-°mw. DZm-lc - Ww dh\yp (Revenue),
aqe-[\w (Capital), πm≥, t\m¨ πm≥, Uh-e-]vsa‚ v, t\m¨ Uh-
e]v-sa‚ v XpS-ßn-bh. (4) k¿°m-cns‚ [\-\-b-ßƒ {]tXy-In®v
16
BapJw
\nIpXn, sNe-hv F∂nh P\-ßf - psS t£a-tØbpw kº-ZL v S- \- s

- bbpw
Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p. Hcp ]pXnb \nIpXn As√-¶n¬ sNe-hn\w
\S-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-aqew B¿°v KpW-ap-≠m-Ip∂p As√-¶n¬ tZmj-ap-≠m-
Ip-∂p. (5) Hcp cmPy-Ønse hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ XΩn-
ep≈ [\-Im-cy-_-‘-ßfpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw. DZm-l-cWw: tI{μ [\-
Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿iIf-\p-k-cn®v tI{μ k¿°m¿ \nIpXn hcp-
am-\-Øn¬\n∂v kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v e`n-°p-∂ hnln-Xw, a‰p {Km‚p-
Ifpw, [\-k-lm-bhpw hmbv]bpw. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \nIpXn
hcp-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿iIfpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p e`n-°p∂ hnlnXw,
a‰p {Km‚p-Ifpw, [\-k-lm-bhpw, hmbv]bpw. (6) [\-`-c-W-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw. \nIp-Xn, \nIpXn CXc
C\-ßƒ ]ncn-°m-\p≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, \nb-a-ßƒ, \S-]Sn {Ia-ßƒ,
sNehv \S-Øm-\p≈ \nb-a-ßfpw \S-]Sn {Ia-ßfpw AXp-t]mse
ISw hmßm-\p≈ \S-]S- n-{I-aß
- ƒ, _P‰v cq]o-Ic
- W
- hpw \nb-ak- `- b
- psS
AwKo-Imcw hmß¬, _P-‰n-\p-]p-d-Øp≈ s]mXp sNe-hp-Iƒ sNøm-
\p≈ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ hchv sN-e-hp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ HmUn-
‰nw-Kv, [\-Imcy tcJ-I-fpsS kq£n∏v XpSßnbh.
k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-Im-cy-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ
{]mNo\Ime-Øv cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-\n¿hlW-Øn-\p≈ hchv
sNehv Imcy-ßs - f-bmWv s]mXp [\-Imcyw F∂v hnfn-®n-cp-∂X - v. cmPy-
`-cWw \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb [\w hnhn[ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ hgn-bmbpw
ôkp-I-fmbpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. `cWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cpsS Xm¬]-
cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]Ww sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CsXms° Xocp-am-\n-®n-
cp-∂Xv cmPm-°∑ - mtcm ^yqU¬ {]`p-°t- fm, \m´p-{]-am-Wn-amtcm, GIm-
[n-]-Xn-I-tfm, a‰p `c-Wm-[n-]-∑mtcm Bbn-cp-∂p. cmPysØ i{Xp-°-
fn¬ \n∂p≈ B{I-a-W-Øn¬\n∂v c£n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p apJy
Npa-X-e. `c-W-Øn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-I, DtZym-K-ÿsc
\nb-an-°p-I, {Ia-k-am-[m\ ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v t]meo-kv, tImSXn XpS-
ßn-bh krjvSn-°pI F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p a‰p {][m\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ.
F∂m¬ kmaqly kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ, kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn, P\-
ß-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰w, \K-ch- ¬°-cWw XpS-ßnb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-bt- ∏mƒ
s]mXp tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw, DXv]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhiyw h¿≤n-®p.
17
Hcp apX-em-fnØ Itºm-fh - y-hÿ

- nXn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ cmPyØv kzImcy
hy‡n-Iƒ CØcw k¿Δo-kp-Ifpw, DXv]-∂-ßfpw D≠m°m-\p≈
Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°m≥ km[y-X-bn-√. ImcWw Ch s]mXpkz-`m-h-
ap-≈Xpw Hcp hy‡n-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ hcmØ s]mXp k¿ho-
kp-If- pam-W.v DZm-lc
- Ww tdmUv. Hcp hy‡n°v kz¥w `qan-bn¬ kzImcy
tdmUv \n¿Ωn-°mw. F∂m¬ Hcp {]tZ-isØ tdmUv kz¥w Xm¬]-
cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v \n¿Ωn-°mt\m AXn¬\n∂v em`w t\Smt\m Ign-
bp-I-bn-√. ImcWw AsXmcp s]mXp BkvXn-bm-Wv. KXm-KX Bhiyw
h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, t]m¿´p-Iƒ, sse‰v lukp-Iƒ
XpS-ßnb s]mXp KXm-KX kuI-cy-ß-ƒ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ krjvSn-°m≥
XpS-ßn.
kmt¶-XnI cwKØv ]pXnb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-ƒ h∂-tXmsS
ho≠pw s]mXp k¿ho-kp-I-fpsS Bh-iy-Øn¬ XpS¿®bm-bp≈ h¿≤-
\-hp-≠m-bn. tamt´m¿ hml-\-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw K-Xm-K-X-cw-KØv
hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰w krjvSn-®p. CXp-aqew h≥tXm-Xn¬ B[p-\nI
tdmUp-Iƒ krjvSn-°m≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. dbn¬th,
sshZypXn, sSen-t^m¨ F∂n-h-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Øhpw k¿°m-cp-I-
fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n. \K-c-h¬°-c-Ww-aqew
]pXnb \K-c-ßƒ D≠m-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fmb
IpSn-sh-≈w, sshZyp-Xn, Agp°p \n¿Ωm¿÷-\w, tdmUp-Iƒ, A·n
ia\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßnbhbpw k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-
Xz-ambn amdn.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ cmjv{So-b-cw-K-Øp-h∂ am‰-ßfpw k¿°m-
cp-I-fpsS [\-Imcy cwK-Øp≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. Ccp-]Xmw
\q-‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-`m-KØv IΩyq-WnÃv cmPy-ß-ƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXmsS
k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS kmº-ØnI Npa-X-e-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-
fn¬ henb am‰w h∂p. kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bpsS ÿm\Øv s]mXp taJe
h∂p. F√m kmº-ØnI taJ-e-bnepw Bkq-{Xn-X-hn-I-k\w h∂p.
Itºmfw, km[-\-ß-fpsS hne \n›-bn® ÿm\Øv k¿°m¿ hne
\n›-bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Bkq-{XW hnI-k\w hgn kmº-ØnI hnI-
k\w t\Sm-sa∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-´p. 1930-I-fnse BtKmf kmº-
ØnI XI¿® apX-em-fnØ cmPyßfnse k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-Imcy
Npa-Xe- I
- f
- n¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øn. kmº-ØnI amμyw \ne-\n¬°p∂
18
BapJw
Ah-k-c-Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ s]mXp]Ww kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fn¬

sNe-h-gn®v amμy-Øn¬ \n∂p kºZvL-S-\sb Ic-I-b-‰pI F∂ Bi-
b-Øn\v henb {]Nmcw e`n-®p. 20-˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS
sImtfmWn-b≥ `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw t\Snb cmPy-ßfpw
a‰p Ahn-I-knX cmPy-ßfpw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n Bkq-{XW ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-bt- XmsS k¿°m-cp-If
- psS {]h¿Ø\ taJ-eI - f
- n¬
henb am‰w D≠m-bn. 2008se Ata-cn-°b - nse _m¶p-If
- p-sSbpw [\-
Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw, tÃm°v am¿°-‰p-I-fpsSbpw XI¿®sb
XpS¿∂v cmPy-ßƒ cq£-amb kmºØnI amμy-Øn-te-°p \oßn.
CXn\pw ]cn-lm-c-ambn \n¿t±-in-®Xv k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS Itºmf CS-
s]-S-ep-I-fm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ H∂c \q‰m-≠n\p ap≥]v apX-em-fnØ
Itºmf hyh-ÿnXn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp cmPy-Ønse k¿°m-cns‚
Npa-X-e-Ifpw C∂sØ Npa-X-e-Ifpw XΩn¬ henb A¥-cap-≠v.
Cu am‰w k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS [\-Imcy LS-\-bnepw hc-hp-sN-e-hn-\-ß-
fnepw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fnepw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw h≥ tXmXn¬ am‰-
ßƒ krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v.
C∂v apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ßsf apX-em-fnØ kz`mhw am{X-ap≈
cmPy-ß-fm-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ch s]mXpta-J-ebv°v henb
]¶p≈ an{i-k-º-ZvL-S-\-I-fmbn (Mixed economy) amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
G‰hpw henb apX-em-fnØ cmPy-sa∂v ]d-bp∂ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ (bp.-
F-kv.-F) k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS samØw sNehv (s^-U-d¬, kwÿm-\w,
{]mtZ-in-Iw) 2008-˛¬ tZiob hcp-am-\-Øns‚ (Pn.-Un.-]n) 35 iX-am-\-
am-Wv. an° bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßfpw Ata-cn-°-sb-°mƒ an{i-k-º-Zv-
L-S-\-I-fm-Wv. 2008-˛¬ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ Hm^v C°-tWm-anIv tIm˛Hm-
∏-td-j≥ B‚ v Uh-e] - vsa‚ v (H.-C.-kn.-Un) cmPy-ßƒ 26 FÆ-am-Wv.
Chbn¬ 18 cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS sNehv B cmPy-ß-
fnse tZiob hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ (Pn.-Un.-]n) 40 iX-am-\Ø - n-e[
- n-Ia
- m-Wv.
sU≥am¿°v, {^m≥kv, kzoU≥ F∂o cmPy-ßf - nse k¿°m-cp-If - psS
sNehv B cmPy-ß-fnse tZiob hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 50 iX-am-\-Øn-e-
[n-I-am-Wv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn C¥y-bn¬ tI{μ k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw, tIc-f-Øn¬
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw [\-Imcy taJ-e-bpsS hen∏w ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw. C¥y tkmjy-enkw e£yw h®v kmº-ØnI \b-ßƒ Bhn-
19
jvI-cn®p hnI-k\w \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw \ΩpsS an{i-k-º-ZvL-S-\-bpsS

hen∏w hnI-knX apX-em-fn-Ø- cm-Py-ßsf At]-£n®v sNdp-Xm-Wv.
2014-˛15-˛¬ tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNehv C¥y-bpsS tZiob
hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ 13.2 iX-am-\a - m-Wv. CXn¬ kwÿm-\ß- f
- p-sSbpw {]mtZ-
inI k¿°m-cp-If - p-sSbpw _P-‰n-ep≈ sNe-hp-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√.
CXp-IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw C¥y-bnse k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS (tI-{μw,
kwÿm-\w, {]mtZ-in-Iw) samØw sNehv Pn.-Un.-]n.-bpsS 20 iXam\-
-Øn¬ Xmsg-bm-hms\ km[y-X-bp-≈p. AXm-bXv \ΩpsS cmPysØ
tI{μ, kwÿm-\, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS samØw {]Xn-h¿j
sNehv tZiob hcp- a m- \ - Ø ns‚ A©n¬ H∂n¬ Xmsg- b m- W v .
2014-˛15se kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNehv kwÿm\ hcp-
am-\-Øns‚ (Pn.F-kv.U -- n.-]n) 17 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
[\-Imcy ]T-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nne {][m\ kqNn-I-Iƒ
dh-\yp-IΩn
dh\yp IΩn = dh\yp hchv -˛ dh\yp sNehv
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ \nIp-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\w,
ôkp-Ifpw a‰n-\ß
- fpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ \nIpXn hcp-am\w, tI{μ [\-Imcy
IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-Iƒ A\p-kc - n®v e`n-°p∂ tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-Xw,
tI{μ k¿°m¿ {Km‚p-Iƒ, klm-bß - ƒ F∂n-hb - mWv dh\yp hc-hv.
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-If - mb iº-fw, s]≥j≥,
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p≈ So®nwKv {Km‚ v,
]en-i, k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, `c-W-s®-e-hp-Iƒ, Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-
\-ßƒ°pw k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ°pw a‰pw \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-Iƒ, kmaq-
lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-bv°p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI
F∂n-hbmWv dh\yp sNe-hv.
dh\yp IΩn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
dh-\yp-IΩn kwÿm\ samØ B`y-¥c hcp-am-\-Øns‚ (Pn.-
F-kv.-Un.-]n) hnln-X-ambn IW-°m-°p∂ A\p-]m-X-amWv. CXv iX-
am-\-Øn¬ IW-°m-°p-∂p.
dh\yp IΩn dh\yp sNehv A\p-]mXw
dh\ypIΩn samØ dh\yp sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw (i-X-am-\w).
20
BapJw
CXv \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ F{X IΩn-bp≠v AYhm F{X

ISw hmtß-≠n-hcpw F∂-Xns‚ kqNn-I-bm-Wv.
[\-IΩn
[\IΩn = k©nX\n[n-bn¬ hcp∂ samØw sNehv (d-h\yp
+ aqe-[\w) ˛ samØw hchv (ISw hmßn-bXv Hgn-®)v
\nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-I-fmb dh\yp sNehpw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-
Øn\p sNe-hm-°p∂ aqe-[\ sNehpw tNcp-∂X - m-Wv samØw sNe-h.v
Cu XpIbpw ISw hmßn-b-sXmgn®p≈ hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-
k-amWv [\-I-Ωn.
[\-IΩn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
[\-IΩn kwÿm\ samØ B`y-¥c hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ (Pn.-Fk
- v.-
Un.-]n) hnln-X-ambn IW-°m-°p∂ A\p-]mXamWv. CXv iX-am-\-
Øn¬ IW-°m-°p-∂p.
[\-IΩn samØw sNehv A\p-]mXw
[\-IΩn samØw sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw (i-X-am-\w). CXv samØw
sNehv \S-Øm≥ F{X-tØmfw ISw hmßp∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqNn-Ib - m-W.v
s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw (i-X-am-\w)
F{X-tØmfw s]mXpISw Hcp k¿°m-cn\v hmßmw F∂-Xn\v D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ kqNn-I-bm-Wn-Xv. ChnsS k¿°m-cn\v FSp-°m-hp∂
samØw s]mXpI-S-Øns‚ XpIbpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw B`y-
¥c hcp-am-\-hp-ambn (Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n) XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p∂p. hep-∏-ap≈ kº-ZvL-S-\bv°v IqSp-X¬ hmbv] hmßm-\p≈
Ign-hp-s≠∂ kmº-ØnI XØz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. kmº-
ØnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw kwÿm-\Øv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw k¿ho-kp-I-fp-sSbpw samØw hcp-am\w h¿-
≤n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂-X-\p-k-cn®v IqSp-X¬ XpI hmbv] k¿°m-cn-s\-
Sp-°mw. adn®v kmº-ØnI amμy-ap-≠m-hpIbpw hf¿® apc-Sn-°p-I-bp-
am-sW-¶n¬ FSp-°m-hp∂ hmbv] XpIbn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-Ipw.
a‰p kqNn-I-Iƒ
tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-
Sp-Øp-hm≥ Xmsg ]dbp∂ kqNn-I-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.
21
1. dh\yp hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw

2. X\Xv \nIpXn hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw.
3. X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
4. tI{μ hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
5. dh\yp sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
6. ]eni sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
7. s]≥j≥ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
8. hnI-k\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
9. aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
k¿°m¿ [\-Imcy IW-°p-I-fpsS LS\
`c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v k¿°m-cns‚ hchv sNehv IW-°p-Isf
aq∂p hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-°mw.
1) k©n-X-\n[n (Consolidated fund)
2) I≠n-P≥kn ^≠v
3) ]ªnIv A°u≠v
1. k©n-X-\n[n
k©n-X-\n-[n-bn¬ dh-\yp, aqe-[-\w, ISw F∂nh kw_-‘n®
F√m k¿°m¿ CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. dh\yp hn`m-K-Øn¬ \nIp-
Xn-bn-\-Øn-\p≈ hc-hn-s\bpw a‰p hchp-I-sfbpw AXn¬\n-∂p≈
sNe-hp-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v {]kvXmhn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xns‚ ]cn-W-X-êw
X∂m-≠sØ dh\yp A°u≠v an®-amtWm IΩn-bmtWm F∂v
ImWn- ° p- ∂ p. aqe- [ \ hn`m- K - Ø n¬ ÿmbn- b mb kz`m- h - a p≈
kv]jvSamb BkvXn-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Itbm Bh¿Ø\ _m[y-XI - ƒ
Ipd-bv°p-Itbm sNøp∂ hc-hv-˛-sNehv IW-°p-Isf∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p.
aq∂m- a sØ hn`m- K - a mb IS- Ø n¬, am¿°‰v hmbv ] - I fpw, tI{μ
k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw, ap≥Iq-dpIfpw, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂
hmbv]I - fpw, ap≥Iq-dp-If
- pw- AS-ßp∂ CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
2. I≠n-P≥kn ^≠v
\nb-ak
- `- b
- psS AwKo-Im-ca
- n-√msX kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\p s]mXpJ-
P-\m-hn¬ \n∂v Hcp cq]m-t]mepw sNe-h-gn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-an-√.
\oń-h-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXpw ASn-b-¥c kz`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb
22
BapJw
BI-kvanI sNehv t\cn-Sm-\mbn \nbaw aqew ‘ap≥]Ww’ F∂ \ne-

bn¬ Hcp I≠n-P≥kn ^≠v cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. \qdp-tImSn cq]-tbmfw
D≈ Cu ^≠v kwÿm\ Kh¿W-dpsS A[o-\X - b
- n-em-Wv. Cu ^≠n¬-
\n∂v sNe-hm-°p∂ GsXmcp XpIbpw \nb-a-k-`-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-
tØm-Sp-IqSn In´p∂ D]-[-\m-`y¿∞-\-sIm≠v \nI-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
3. ]ªnIv A°u≠v
k¿°m¿ Hcp _m¶¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw hmßnb
]Ww aS-°n-s°mSp°m-\p≈ _m[yX hln-°p-Ibpw sImSpØ ]Ww
hkq-em-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ
‘]ªnIv A°u≠v’ F∂-Xn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
]ªnIv A°u-≠n¬ Xmsg-∏d- b
- p∂ hn`m-Kß- ƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
1) eLp kºmZyßƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v apX-em-b-h. 2) dnk¿hv
^≠p-Iƒ, 3) \nt£-]-ß-fpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw 4) kkvs]≥kpw ]e-h-
Ibpw 5) ]W-a-S-bv°¬.
k¿°m-cns‚ [\-Imcy IW-°p-I-fpsS LS\ ImWn-°p∂ Nm¿´v
1.1¬ sImSpØn-´p≠v.
hm¿jnI [\-Imcy tÃ‰vsa‚ v
kwÿm-\sØ hc-hp-sN-e-hp-I-fpsS FÃn-ta-‰p-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v
\nb-a-k-`-bpsS apºmsI hbv°p∂ tÃ‰p-sa‚n-s\-bmWv hm¿jnI
[\-Imcy tÃ‰p-sa‚ v As√-¶n¬ _UvP‰v F∂p-]-d-bp-∂v. ap≥h¿j-
Ønepw \S-∏p-h¿j-Ønepw hcm≥ t]mIp∂ h¿j-Ønepw D≈ kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw Cu tÃ‰p-sa‚n¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p.
23
Nm¿´v 1.1
k¿°m¿ [\-Imcy IW-°p-I-fpsS LS\
k¿°m¿ IW-°p-Iƒ
I≠nP≥kn ^≠v k©n-X-\n[n ]ªnIv A°u≠v
dh\yp aqe-[\w eLp kºm-Zy-ßƒ,

s]mXpISw t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v,
hmbv] dnk¿hv ^≠v, \nt£]
ßfpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fpw,
]W-a-S-bv°¬ XpS-ßn-bh
hchv sNehv hchv
\nIp-Xn, P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, sNehv/]Ww sImSp°¬

\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C°-tWm--anIv
C\-ßƒ, k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ,
{Km‚p-Iƒ {Km‚p-Iƒ P\-d¬, tkmjy¬ &
C°-tWm-anIv k¿ho-kp-Iƒ
hmbv]I- ƒ, ap≥Iq-dp-Iƒ,
I≠n≥P≥kn ^≠n-te-°p≈
{Sm≥kv^-dp-Iƒ
24
A≤ymbw c≠vv
[\-[q¿Øvcm-jv{Sobw
“P \-ß-fp-sS \nIp-Xn-]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn-°p∂, P\-t£a, hnI-
k-\h- n-cp≤ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂, kΩ¿± {- Kq-∏p-If
- psSbpw cmjv-
{Sob ap∂-Wn-I-fp-sSbpw \n£n]vX Xm¬]cyw kwc-£n-°p-∂, thm´¿-
{]o-W-\hpw _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k-\-Øn\pw ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂, {]N-
c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n hnI-k\w ]d-bp∂ [\-[q¿Øv cm-jv{So-b-Øn¬ ASn-
ÿm-\-amb [\-\bw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns\ \nXy-[-\-Imcy {]Xn-
k-‘n-bn¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\sØ
Xf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p”.
Hcp k¿°m-cns‚ `c-W, hnI-k-\, t£a {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS
hym]vXnbpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ {][-m\ LS-Iw Cu
C\-ß-ƒ°p-th≠n sNe-hm-°m-\p≈ [\-e-`y-X-bm-Wv. Cu [\-e-`yX
k¿°m-cns‚ s]mXphn-ep≈ [\-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambpw A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂
[\-\-b-hp-ambpw _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ°v {]m[m-
\y-ap≈ \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ [\-\-b-ßƒ cq]o-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xv cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Ifpw ap∂-Wn-Ifpw A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ [\-
cm-jv{So-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. Cu A[ym-bØn¬ tIc-f-
Øn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ [\-cm-jv{Sobw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I-bm-Wv.
Hcp k¿°m-cns‚ [\ÿnXn sa®-am-°p-Itbm tamiam-°p-Itbm
sNøp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ LSIw B k¿°m¿ A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ [\-
\-bhpw Ah-bpsS Imcy£a-amb \S-Øn-∏p-am-Wv. B[n-]-Xy-ap≈
25
kzIm-cytaJebpw, hen∏w Ipd™ s]mXpta-Je - bpw tN¿∂p≈ an{i

kº-ZvL-S-\-bmWv (Mixed Economy) C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. apX-em-fnØ
Itºmf hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS N´-°q-Sn-emWv kº-ZvL-S\ {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xv. Itºmf hyh-ÿn-XnbpsS kpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v A\p-
Iqe A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-I, hne-Ib - ‰w \nb-{¥n-°p-I, \nt£-]w,
DXv]m-Z\ - w, D]-t`mKw F∂nh t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I, kmº-ØnI cwKØv
kpÿn-cX ssIh-cn-°pI F∂n-hb - mWv [\-\b - Ø - ns‚ e£yw. CtXm-
sSm∏w Itºmf CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øp-Ibpw s]mXp\n-t£]w hgn s]mXp
DXv]∂ - ß - fpw k¿Δo-kp-Ifpw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tI{μ-˛k - w-
ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS _P-‰p-If - n-eqsS tI{μ [\-Imcy \bhpw,
kwÿm-\\ - b- hpw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ \nIpXn
\n¿t±-i-ßƒ, sNe-hn-\-ßƒ, k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, hmbv]m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
XpSßnbh hgn tZiob kº-ZvLS- \ - b
- n¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-
bp-∂p. F∂m¬ kwÿm\ [\-Imcy \b-ßf - psS kzm[o\w {]Xn-^-
en-°p-∂Xv {]mtZ-inI kº-ZvLS- \ - b- n-em-Wv. kmº-ØnI kpÿn-cX - bpw
hnI-k\ - hpw t\SpI F∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ thm´¿amsc kzm[o-\n®v sXc-
s™-Sp-∏n¬ hnP-bn®v A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øm≥ klm-b-I-c-amb P\-
{]oW\ [\-\b - ß
- f
- mWv s]mXphn¬ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xv. P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿnXn \ne-\n¬°p∂ \ΩpsS \mń¬ sNdpXpw
hep-Xp-amb H´\-h[n hn`m-Kß - ƒ, kΩ¿±-{Kq-∏pIƒ, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-
Iƒ°v [\-kl - mbw \¬Ip-∂h - ¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c- psS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-
£n-°msX cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒt°m cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-Iƒt°m A[n-
Im-cØ- n¬ hcmt\m A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øp-hmt\m Ign-bn-√. X∑qew
Cu Iq´sc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bI - c- s- a∂v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ
Icp-Xp∂ [\-cm-jv{So-ba - mWv Ah¿ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂X - v. [\-\b- hpw
a‰pw kmº-ØnI \b-ßfpw A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ hcp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ cq]o-
I-cn-°p-∂Xpw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xpw Cu [\-cm-jv{So-bØ - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn-em-Wv.
[\-[q¿Øvcmjv{Sobw
[\-[q¿Øv cmjv{So-b-Øn\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \n¿h-N\w \¬Imw.
Hcp k¿°m¿ P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn-bmbpw a‰n-\-ß-fmbpw ]ncn-
°p∂ XpIbpw, a‰p hcp-am-\-ßfpw IS-sa-Sp-°p∂ XpIbpw `cWw
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-\pw, \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-
26
Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂X - n-\p-]I

- cw cmjv{Sob A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm-\pw,
cmjv{Sob t\´-ßƒ t\Sm--\pw, _yqtdm-{I-kn, kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ,
cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n£n]vX Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-
£n-°m\pw `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-_-c-Øn\pw [q¿Øn\pw sNehm-
°p∂Xns\ [\-[q¿Øv F∂p ]d-bmw. Cu [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{So-b-
Øn¬ km[mcW P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn\pw \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-
\p-ap≈ [\-hn-\n-tbmKw Ah-K-Wn-°pIbpw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ,
a{¥n-am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS hy‡n Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ, cmjv{Sob Xm¬∏cy-
ßƒ, kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Xm¬]-cyßƒ, `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-
_-cw, [q¿Øv F∂n-hbv°v {]Ya ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
tIc-fØ
- n¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Ifpw cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-Ifpw s]mXp-
hn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ [\-cm-jv{Sob LS-I-ßƒ ]e-Xm-Wv. Ah-
bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.
1. _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w
2. thm´¿ {]oW\ [\-cm-jv{Sobw
3. kΩ¿± {Kq∏p {]oW\ cmjv{Sobw
4. [\-[q¿ØpIƒ.
5. iºf ]cn-jvIcW cmjv{Sobw
6. FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk cmjv{Sobw
7. _n.-]n.-F¬. cmjv{Sobw
8. s]mXpta-Jem apX-se-Sp∏v cmjv{Sobw
9. hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ {]N-c-W-Øn-\v.
1. _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w
_yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv ]e am¿§ß-fn-eq-sS-
bm-Wv. (1) hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ DtZym-K-
ÿsc \nb-an-°-W-sa∂v ]d-™v ]c-am-h[n XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-
°p-I. (2) Hcp ^b¬ Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v H´-\-h[n Xe-Øn¬ DtZym-K-
ÿsc ImW-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-I. CXn-\p-th≠n H´-\-h[n A\m-hiy
XkvXn-II - ƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-I. (3) Hcp DtZym-Kÿ
- \v ct≠m aqt∂m h¿jw
IqSp-tºmƒ Db¿∂ t{KtUm, s{]mtamjt\m \¬IpI. (4) k¿°m¿
hIp-∏p-Isf hn`-Pn®v sNdnb sNdnb ]pXnb hIp∏p-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-I.
]pXnb Ub-d-IvS¿, a‰p D∂X XkvXn-I-Iƒ F∂nh krjvSn°pI.
27
(5) DtZym-Kÿ
- sc sU]yq-t´-j\mbn a‰p hIp-∏p-If- nte°v am‰n ]pXnb
XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°pI. (6) XkvXn-I-I-fpsS t]cp-am‰n Db¿∂
iºf kvsIbn¬ \¬Ip-I. (7) DtZym-K-ÿsc eohv FSp-∏n®v, dn´b¿
sNøm≥ sNdnb Ime-b-f-hp-≈-h¿°v {]tam-j≥ \¬Ip-I. IqSp-X¬
s]≥j≥ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°v A¿l-cm-°p-I. (8) a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvkW - ¬
Ãm^ns‚ FÆw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I. A\¿l-amb B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.
(9) Hmôkv hrØn-bm-°¬, ]qt¥m´ ]cn-]m-e-\w, skIyq-cn-‰n,
hml\w HmSn-°¬ XpS-ßnb tPmen-Iƒ ]pdw-I-cm¿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬
\¬Ip∂Xn\p-]-Icw ÿnc Poh-\-°msc \nb-an-°p-I. (10) Po-h-\°m-
¿°v iºfw \¬Im≥ th≠n am{Xw A\m-h-iy-amb H´-\-h[n XkvXn-
I-I-fpw, FÃm-_vfn-jvsa‚p-I-fpw, Bô-kp-I-fpw, ÿm]\ßfpw \ne-
\n¿Øp-I. (11) kwÿm-\sØ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS G‰hpw {][m\
cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w Xß-fpsS `c-W-Im-eØv Xß-fpsS Bfp-Isf
]c-am-h[n k¿°m¿, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \nb-an-°p-I-
bmWv. CXn-\p-th≠n [\-_m-[yX ]cn-K-Wn-°msX A\m-h-iy-ambn
At\Iw XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
h≥ [\-_m-≤yX krjvSn-°p∂ A\m-h-iy-amb _yqtdm-{Ikn
hn-Ik-\-Øn\p≈ Hcp {][m\ ImcWw Ign™ Ggp Zim-_vZ-Im-
eØv \ΩpsS cmPyØpw kwÿm-\-Ønepw A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h∂ cmjv-
{Sob kn≤m-¥ß - fpw kmº-ØnI \b-ßf - p-am-Wv. C¥y°p kzmX{¥yw
t\Snb Ime-L-´sØ P\-ß-fpsS s]mXphn-ep≈ ÿnXnbpw cmjv-
{Sob ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw hnI-k\ kz]v\-ßfpw C∂-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂p
hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. sImtfmW-n-b¬ `c-Whpw Nqj-Whpw
BWv Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\pw ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿbv°pw {][m\ Imc-W-sa∂v
hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Zcn{Z P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw Xzcn-X-K-Xn-
bn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI hf¿®bv°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw apXem-fnØ
Itºmf hyhÿn-Xn tbmPn®-X√ F∂v s]mXphn¬ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tkmjy-enkw t\SpI F∂Xv tZ-iob e£y--
ambn {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ tamU¬ tI{μo-IrX
Bkq-{XW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hgnbpw, s]mXpta-J-e, hnI-k-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw
ISpØ Itºmf \nb-{¥W \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw, an{i kº-ZvL-S\
krjvSn®pw, kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\hpw P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-chpw
28
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿ ]Ww apS-°n, k¿°m¿

kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw krjvSn®pw, Bkq-
{XW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hgn kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w t\Sm-sa-∂ X{¥-hp-
amWv tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
tIc-fØ - n¬ Hcp hn`mKw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ IΩyq-WnÃv kn≤m-
¥-ßf - n-¬ hnizkn-®n-cp-∂p. X∑qew tI{μ-k¿°m¿ A\p-h¿-Øn-®ncp∂
\b-ß-sf-°mƒ ISpØ apX-em-fnØ hncp≤ \b-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn¬
A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h∂ - X - .v ASn-ÿm\ LS-Iß- fmb tdmUp-Iƒ, IpSn-sh-≈w,
sshZyp-Xn, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw XpS-ßn-bh s]mXpta-J-e-bn¬ am{Xw
aXn F∂ \bw A\p-h¿Øn-®p. Im¿jn-I, hyh-km-b, tkh\ taJ-
e-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v H´-\-h[n k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßfpw s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw XpS-ßn. `£y-hn-X-c-Ww, `h-\-\n¿ΩmWw, D]-
t`m-K-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n s]mXp-ta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn. CXv _yqtdm-{I-kn-bpsS hnI-k-\-Ønepw k¿-
°m¿, A¿≤-k-¿-°m¿ s]mXpta-J-e- ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnepw
h≥tXm-Xn¬ Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. ]n¬°m-eØv {]h¿-
Ø-\-an-√mØ A\m-hiy kmºØnI _m≤yX krjvSn-°p∂ Po¿-
Æn® ÿm]-\ß - f- mbn Ch-bn¬ \s√mcp `mKhpw amdn. Cu hnI-k\
X{¥-Øn¬ P\-ß-fpsS k¿§-i-‡n, aqe-[-\w, Ign-hv, kmt¶-XnI
Adnhv F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v DXv]m-Z\w \S-Øp-∂Xnt\m sXm-gn¬
krjvSn-°p-∂-Xnt\m Imcy-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bp-≠mbncp∂n√. kzImcy
\nt£-]-sØbpw DXv]m-Z-\-tØbpw NqjWw \S-Øp∂ apX-em-fnØ
{]{In-bmbn Nne cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ I≠p.
1991\p tijw ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ DZm-c-h¬°-
cW kmº-ØnI \b-ßƒ tZiob Xe-Øn-¬ \S-∏n-em-°n. F∂m¬
CX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kmº-ØnI \b-am-‰-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°p-
∂Xv Hcp hn`mKw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ i‡-ambn FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p.
_yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k-\-amWv tkmjy-enkw F∂v Hcp hn`mKw Icp-
Xp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v h≥ kmº-ØnI _m[y-X-bp-
≠m-°p∂ Po¿Æn® _yqtdm-{Im‰nIv kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ, hIp-∏p-Iƒ,
ÿm]-\-ßƒ, \jvS-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ
F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]Ww k¿°m¿ sNe-hm-°p-∂p.
CtXm-sSm∏w hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse A[nI
29
Poh-\-°m¿, Ipń-I-fn-√mØ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-

I-¿ XpS-ßnb A[nI Poh-\-°m-scbpw \ne-\n¿Øp∂p. Itºm-fm-\p-
Iqe \b-ß-fmtWm AtXm hncp≤ \b-ß-fmtWm kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv,
As√-¶n¬ Itºmf CS-s]-S¬ GXv taJ-e-I-fn¬ FXp Xc-Øn¬
thWw F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ISpØ Bi-b-°p-g∏w CSXp cmjv{Sob
]m¿-ń-I-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-aqew Ime-L-´-Øn\v tbmPn-®-tXm
{]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂tXm, Bb [\-\-b-ß-tfm
kmº-ØnI \b-ßtfm cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-√.
2. thm´¿ {]oW\ [\-cm-jv{Sobw
P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿnXn \ne-\n¬°p∂ \ΩpsS \mńse cmjv-
{Sob ]m¿ń-If- psSbpw cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-s‚bpw {][m\ e£yw
sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn {]mtZ-inI, kwÿm-\, tI{μ
k¿°m-cp-I-fn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ FØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. sXsc-s™-
Sp-∏n¬ thm´¿amscbpw Ah¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw
kzm[o-\n-°m≥ klm-bI - c
- a
- mb \b-ßƒ, hmKvZm-\ß
- ƒ F∂n-hbmWv
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ CuSm-°p∂ ôkp-
Iƒ, bqk¿ N¿÷p-Iƒ, \nIp-Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Ipd-bv°p-sat∂m
Cfhp \¬Ip-sa-t∂m, C√m-Xm°psat∂m {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. \nIp-Xn-
Ifpw ôkp-Ifpw a‰pw Imem-\p-kc - Ww h¿≤n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I AYhm
h¿≤n-∏n-®m¬ P\-hn-cp-≤-sa∂v ]d™v ka-c-ß-ƒ \S-Øp-I F∂nh
]Xn-hm-Wv. kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø\ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ I¿j-I¿,
a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmbw \S-Øp-∂-
h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v ]W-ambpw A√m-sX-bp-ap≈ k_vkn-Un-Iƒ
\¬Ip-sa∂v {]Jym-]n°p∂p. kuP-\y-ambn hoSv, Acnbpw `£y-[m-
\y-ß-fpw, hkv{Xw, C‘-\w, Sn.-hn., {^nUvPv XpSßnb ho´p-]-I-c-W-
ßƒ, hml-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \¬Ip-sa∂ {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ, kuP\y
BtcmKy, hnZym-`ymk, ]p\-c-[n-hmk ]≤-Xn-I-fpw a‰p t£a ]≤-Xn-
Ifpw Hmtcm cmjv{Sob ap∂-WnIfpw a’-cn®v sXsc-s™-Sp-∏v ka-bØv
{]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. CØcw B\p-Iq-ey-hn-X-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v k¿°m-
cn\v [\-ÿn-Xn-bpt≠msbt∂m, CXv krjvSn-°p∂ {]XymLm-X-
ßsf°pdnt®m cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒt°m t\Xm-°ƒt°m a{¥n-am-
¿t°m Hcp thh-em-Xn-bp-an-√. [\-ÿnXn XI¿∂v \mSpw P\-ßfpw
hgn-bm-[m-c-am-bmepw Xßƒ°v sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ Pbn®v A[nImc-
Øn¬ hc-W-sa∂ H‰ -ap-{Zm-hm-Iyta Ah¿°p-≈p.
30
3. k-Ω¿± {Kq∏p {]oW-\-cm-jv{Sobw

tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob cwKsØ {][m\ ap{Zm-hmIyw “kwL-
Sn-°p-I, kacw sNøpI, Ah-Im-iß - ƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI” F∂-Xm-Wv.
Cu Ah-Im-iß - ƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂Xv k¿°m-cn¬\n∂v kmºØnI
kz`mhap≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\S-em-Wv. sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v ]Sn-°¬ \S-
Øp∂ ka-c-ß-fn¬ 90 iX-am-\hpw k¿°m-cn¬\n∂v kmº-ØnI
B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ t\Sm≥ th≠n-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS
`qcn-]£w kac {]t£m-`W ]cn]mSn-I-fpsS e£yhpw k¿°m-cn¬-
\n∂v Hmtcm Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ hnhn[ hn`mKw
P\-ßƒ°p t\Sn-s°mSp°-em-Wv. F¥p t\Sm\pw kwLS-\-Ifpw ka-
chpw th≠n-h-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F√m cwK-ßfnepw sNdpXpw
hep-Xp-amb \nc-h[n kwL-S-\-Iƒ D≠m-bn. PmXn, aX, kmaqly
kwL-S\ - I
- ƒ kwÿm-\sØ i‡-cmb kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-If - m-W.v FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v kuP-\y-ambn k¿°m¿ `qan, k_vkn-
Un-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ, a‰p [\-k-lm-b-ßƒ, Xß-fpsS PmXn-bn¬s∏´-
h¿°v tPmen kwh-cWw XpS-ßn-bh kΩ¿± X{¥w hgn Ch¿ t\Sn-
sb-Sp-°p-∂p.
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS LS-I-ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ t{SUv
bqWn-b-\p-I-fm-Wv as‰mcp hn`mKw kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ. sXmgnem-fn-I-
fpsS Xm¬]-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn°p∂ kzX{¥ sXmgnemfn
bqWn-b\- p-Iƒ tIc-fØ
- n-en-√. k¿°m¿ Poh-\°
- m¿, kzImcy FbvUUv
taJ-e-bnse A≤ym-]-I¿, k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ, kzbw-`cW ÿm]-
\-ßƒ, A¿≤ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\ß - ƒ
- , s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - ƒ
-
XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap≈ i‡-amb
t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-I-fp≠v. Xß-fpsS iºf, s]≥j≥, a‰v B\p-Iq-
ey-ß-ƒ F∂nh ]c-am-h[n t\Sm-\pw, F√m k¿hokv Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ
kwc-£n-°m-\p-ap≈ cm{„ob kzm[o\w Ch¿°p-≠.v [\ hn\n-tbmKØn¬
kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS t£a-
Øn\pw \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-sØ-°mƒ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS Xm¬]-
cy-ßƒ°v ap≥K-W\ \¬Inb Ncn-{Xta tIcfØn-ep-≈p.
hnZym¿∞nIsf \√ ]uc-∑m-cmbn hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ
Xß-fpsS cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS AWn-I-fm-°p-I-bm-Wt√m hnZym-
`ymkØns‚ e£y-ambn \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ ImWp-∂Xv.
31
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS c£-I¿Øm-°-fpsS kmº-ØnI \ne ]cn-K-Wn-

°msX ôkv B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ, _kv bm{X°p≈ kuP-\y-\n-c-°v,
a‰p B\p-Iqeyßƒ \¬Ip-∂-XmWv Iogvhg-°w. πkvSp-h-sc-bp≈
hnZym-`ymkw kuP-\y-am-Wv. AXn\p apI-fn-ep≈ tImgvkp-Ifmb
Un{Kn, s{]m^j-W¬ Un{Kn-Iƒ, Untπm-aIƒ XpS-ßn-bhbv°v k¿°m¿
FbvUUv taJ-e-Ifnse ôkv \nc-°p-I-fn¬ Ign™ Bdp- Zim_vZ-
Im-eØv Imcy-amb h¿≤\w hcp-Ønbnń√. Xp—-amb ôkv\n-c°mWv
\ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. CØcw tImgvkp-Iƒ°v kzImcy hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-ßƒ F{X Db¿∂ ôkpw a‰p tImg-Ifpw hmßn-bmepw {]iv\-an-
s√∂pw F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ FbvUUv taJ-e-I-fn¬ ôkv Xp—-amb
\nc-°n-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-XmWv k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \bw. ôkp-Iƒ
Xp—-am-b-Xn-\mepw th≠{X a‰p hcp-am-\-ßƒ C√m-Ø-Xp-aq-ehpw ]T\-
Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ Hcp°m≥ Ign-bmsX Cu
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ Po¿Æm-h-ÿ-bn-te°p \oßp∂p. CXp-
aqew D∂X hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw tami-am-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂ Hcp
kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw amdp-∂p.
Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS c≠m-asØ {][m\ \nIpXn
hcp-am\w s{]m^j≥ SmIvkn¬ \n∂mWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. 1988-\p-tijw
Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS Db¿∂ ]cn-[n-bn¬ am‰w hcm-Ø-Xp-aqew Xp—-amb
\nIp-Xn-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ CXn-\ptijw Bdp iºf
]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw iºf \nc-°n¬ hen-b- h¿≤\-
hp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cu Ipd™ \nc-°n-ep≈ \nIp-Xn-t]mepw {]mtZ-inI
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p \¬Im≥ Hcp hn`mKw t]¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. Hcp
hn`mKw h°o-e-∑m¿, a‰p s{]m^j-W-ep-Iƒ, {Sm≥kvt]m¿´p taJ-e-
bnse sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, kzbwsXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu
sXmgn¬ \nIpXn \¬Im≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. Cu Iq´¿ {]mtZ-inI
k¿°m-cp-Isf sh√p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. Cu \nIpXn CuSm-°m≥ \S-∏n-em-
t°≠ dh\yp dn°-hdn \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS k¶o¿Æ-Xbpw \nb-a-{]-iv\-
ßfpw IW-°n-se-SpØv ]e {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Ifpw dh\yp dn°-
hdn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ths≠∂p hbv°p-∂p.
hym]mcn hyh-kmbn kwL-S-\-I-fmWv as‰mcp {]_e hn`mKw
kΩ¿±-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ. Xßƒ \S-Øp∂ I®-h-S-Øn-\v D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v
_n√p \¬Ip-Ibpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xnbpw hm‰pw IrXy-
32
ambn k¿°m-cn\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNø-Ws - a∂ ]Xnhv hym]mcn-Iƒ°n-√.

hn¬∏\ \S-Øp-tºmƒ _n√p-Iƒ \¬ImsX \nIpXn shń-°p-I,
\nIpXn ]ncnhv \S-Øm-Xn-cn-°pI, ]ncn-°p∂ \nIpXn AS-bv°m-Xn-cn-
°p-I, IrXy-amb IW-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[\ - bv°v \¬Im-Xn-cn-°pI F∂nh
hym]-I-am-Wv. Hcp hym]mcw \S-°p-tºmƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v \nb-a-]-c-
ambn \¬tI≠ _n√v \¬Im≥ `qcn-]£w hym]m-cn-Ifpw Xøm-dm-
Ip∂n-√. kz¿Æ hym]mcw \S-Øp-∂-h-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw _n√p-
Iƒ \¬Ip-∂n-√. hn¬∏\ \nIpXn DtZym-K-ÿsc IS-]-cn-tim-[-\tbm
a‰p ]cn-tim-[-\Itfm \S-Øp-∂Xv kwL-SnX i‡n-aqew hym]m-cn-
Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. Cu i‡-cmb kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ°p apºn¬
Xe-Ip-\n®p \n¬°mt\ k¿°m-cn\p Ign-bp-∂p-≈p.
h≥tXm-Xn¬ k¿°m¿ `qanbpw h\-`q-anbpw ]m´-Øn\p \¬In-
bn-´p--≠v. ]m´°mem-h[n Ign-™mepw Cu hn`m-K-°m-cpsS kΩ¿±w-
aqew `qan Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p∂ {]h-WX hym]-I-am-Wv. k¿°m¿
`qan {]tXy-In®v \K-c-ß-fpsS tI{μ-`m-KØp ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂ ¢∫p-
Iƒ, cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-Iƒ, kmaqly kwL-S-\-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v
{]Xn-h¿jw \¬tI≠ ]m´-ØpI \n›-bn®v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. C°q-´-
cpsS kΩ¿±waqew ]m´-Øp-Ibpw IpSn-»n-Ibpw ]ncn-°m-dn-√. F{X
henb IpSn-»n-I-bp-≠m-bmepw Ahbv°v tÃ \¬Ip-∂p. kwÿm-\-
Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Izmdn-Iƒ, aW¬, ]md
XpS-ßn-bh J\\w sNøp-∂-h¿, sa‰¬, Fw.-km≥Uv F∂nh DXv]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂h - c
- n¬ \s√mcp `mKhpw A\-[n-Ir-Xa - mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw
k¿°m-cn\p \¬tI≠ ôkp-Ifpw a‰p \nIp-Xn-Ifpw \¬Im-Ø-h-
cp-am-Wv. aW¬hm-c¬ kwL-ßƒ btYjvSw ]pgIfn¬ \n∂pw a‰p
ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw aW¬ J\\w sNøp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Izmdn,
aÆv, aW¬ J\\w, Ah-bpsS KXm-KXw F∂nh ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv {]mtZinI- X-e-Øn-ep≈ am^n-b-I-fm-Wv. {]mtZ-inI
k¿°m-cp-Ifpw \nb-a] - m-e\ kwhn-[m-\ß - fpw CXn\p Iq´p-\n¬°p-∂p.
Npcp-°Ø - n¬ kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ°p kmº-ØnI t\´w t\Sm≥ klm-
b-Ic - hpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v h≥ kmº-ØnI \jvSw krjvSn-°p∂
\S-]S- n-Iƒ s]mXphn¬ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. \nb-am-\p-kc - Ww
\¬tI≠ \nIpXn, \nIpXntbXc hcpam\-ßƒ \¬ImØ kΩ¿±-
{Kq-∏p-I-fpsS ta¬ I¿i\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ
hnap-JX Im´p-∂p.
33
4. [\-[q¿ØpIƒ
k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ \nIp-Xn-bmbpw ôkmbpw a‰pw
]ncn-°p∂ XpIbpw tI{μ-k¿°m-cns‚ \nIpXnhnln-X-ambpw {Km‚p-
I-fmbpw e`n-°p∂ XpIbpw ISw FSpØ XpI-bp-amWv k¿°m-cns‚
hcp-am\ am¿§-ßƒ. k¿°m¿ kzcq-]n-°p∂ Cu [\w kq£vaX - t- bmsS
sNe-hm-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂ ImgvN-∏mSv s]mXphn¬ A[n-Imc ÿm\-
ß-fn-en-cn-°p∂ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ, Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ, Fw.-
F¬.-F-am¿, k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-√.
]ªnIv FIvkvs]≥Un-®¿ IΩn-‰n-bpsS A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
H´-\-h[n k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, A¿≤ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿Δ-
I-em-im-e-Iƒ XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-ambn
Ah-cpsS hIp-∏p-I-fnse hchv, sN-e-hv, ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v XpS-ßn-b-h-
sb-∏‰n hni-Z-amb N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-cn¬ Nne-cpsS {]Xn-
I-cWw tI´m¬ k¿°m-cns‚ [\ÿnXnsb°p-dn®v sX‰mb [mc-W-
bmWp≈sX∂v ImWmw. Id≥kn t\m´p-Iƒ k¿°m¿ {] n¬ A®-
Sn®v Nm°n¬ sIń temdn-bn¬ {Sj-dn-bn¬ FØn®v hnX-cWw sNøp∂
kwhn-[m-\amWv [\-`-c-W-sa-∂v Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.
k¿°m¿ [\w kzcq-]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]bm-k-ßsf∏‰n [mc-Wbn-
√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu [\w Xß-fpsS hy‡n Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw cmjv{Sob
Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw kwc-£n-°m≥ th≠n sNe-hm°mw F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv
s]mXphn¬ hym]-I-am-Wv. ]Ww A\m-hiy Imcy-ßƒ°v sNe-hm°m-
Xn-cn-°p-I, A\m-hiy sNe-hp-Iƒ Npcp-°p-I, `mhn-bn¬ h≥ km-ºØ - nI
_m[y-X-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ kq£va-amb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°pI
XpSßn sa®-s∏´ [\-Imcy amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ Bhiyw a{¥n-amcpw
hIp-∏p-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√. X≥aqew hfsc IjvSs - ∏´v kzcq-]n-°p∂
s]mXp[\w [q¿Ø-Sn®v sNe-hm-°p∂ {]h-WX hym]-Ia - m-Wv. BUw-
_c Hmô-kp-Iƒ, BUw-_c Imdp-Iƒ, A\m-hiy hntZi bm{X-Iƒ,
s]cp-∏n®v ImWn-°p∂ bm{X˛NnIn’m _n√p-Iƒ, kzImcy Bhiy-
ßƒ°v IogvPoh-\-°m-scbpw k¿-°m¿ hml-\-ßsfbpw D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ {]h-W-X, kzImcy em`-Øn\v th≠n k¿°m-cn\v e`n-t°≠
\nIp-Xn-Ifpw ôkp-Ifpw ]ncn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, k¿°m¿ hkvXp-°-fpsS
Zpcp-]-tbm-Kw, kmº-ØnI Agn-aXn XpS-ßn-bh hym]-I-am-Wv. Cu
[\-[q¿Øv k¿°m-cns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-I-fnepw ImWmw.
34
tI{μ-a-{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw icm-icn 15

BWv. F∂m¬ kwÿm-\-Ønse a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚
FÆw Cu ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc 30 Bbn-cp∂p. t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^n¬
\nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-c-√m-Ø-h¿°v c≠p h¿jw
k¿hokv XnI-™m¬ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥
\¬Im≥ hyh-ÿb - p-≠.v Cu hyhÿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Nne a{¥n-am¿ c≠p
h¿jw XnI-bp-tºmƒ ap≥ Ãm^ns\ am‰n ]pXn-bh - sc \nb-an-°p-∂p.
DtZym-Km¿∞n-I-fpsS tbmKy-Xbpw Ignhpw {]m]vXnbpw hne-bn-
cpØn anI® DtZym-K-ÿsc k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn-te°v sXsc-s™-Sp-
°p∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-amWv kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j≥ (]n.-
F-kv.-kn). Cu IΩn-j-\n¬ AwK-ß-fmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v Cu
taJ-e-bn¬ {]mK¬`yw thWw. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS \mń¬ Cu \nb-a-
\-Øn\v {]tXyI tbmKyX Bh-iy-an-√. B¿°pw IΩn-j≥ AwKam-Imw.
cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°-sfbpw t{SUv bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-°-sfbpw ]p\-c-[n-
h-kn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp ]p\-c[ - n-hmk tI{μ-am-bn-´mWv CXns\ \ΩpsS
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂-Xv. 2016-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ 21 apgp-h≥ kab
AwK-ß-ƒ IΩn-j-\n-ep-≠mbn-cp∂p. Hcw-K-Øn\v HutZym-KnI hoSv,
hml-\w, Bdp h¿jw tkh\w \SØn°gn-™m¬ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-
h≥ {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ XpS-ßnb B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n-°pw. Hcp
IΩn-j≥ AwKw F∂Xv h≥ kmº-ØnI _m[y-X-bmWv krjvSn°p-
∂-Xv. Cu [\-[q¿Øns‚ hym]vXn-b-dn--b-W-sa-¶n¬ a‰p kwÿm\
]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j-\p-I-fp-ambn tIcf ]n.-F-kv.-kn.bpsS hen∏w
Xmc-Xa- y-s∏-Sp-ØW
- w. a≤y-{]-tZiv ]n.-Fk
- v.k
- n°v sNb¿am≥ Dƒs∏sS
aq∂p AwK-ßƒ am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. alm-cmjv{S-bn¬ A©pt]¿ am{X-
sa-bp≈p. B mw, _olm¿, HUn-j, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ F∂o kwÿm-
\-ß-fn¬ sNb¿am≥ AS°w Bdv AwK-ßƒ am{X-ta-bp-≈p. tI{μ
k¿°m¿ k¿ho-knse apgp-h≥ \nb-a-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ bqWn-b≥
]n.-F-kv.-kn-bn¬ sNb¿am≥ AS°w ]Xn-s\m∂v AwK-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.
tIc-f-sØ-t∏mse C{X-b-[nIw apgp-h≥ kab ]n.-Fkv.kn. AwK-
ßsf \nb-an®p [\-[q¿Øv \S-Øp∂ kwÿm\w C¥y-bn-en-√.
k¿°m-cns‚ [\-[q¿Øv \S-°p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bmWv k¿°m¿
hml-\-ß-fpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-Kw. k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßƒ, a‰p A¿≤-k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse {][m-
35
\-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ¿, Pn√m-Xe DZy-K-ÿ¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v HutZym-

KnI bm{Xbv°v k¿°m¿ hml\w \¬Im-dp-≠v. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
hml-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hIp-∏p-I-fmWv t]meo-kv, h\w F∂nh.
1990-hsc Aw_m-kn-U¿ Imdp-Ifpw Po∏p-I-fp-amWv s]mXphn¬ k¿-
°m¿ hml-\-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1980-I-fn¬ a{¥n-am¿, hntZ-
i-Im-dp-Iƒ {]tXy-In®v s_≥kv Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc
{]Xn-]£ ]m¿ńIƒ {]t£m-`Ww \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. s_≥kp-Im¿
apX-em-fnØ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-bmWv Nne cmjv-
{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. 1990-Iƒ°ptijw k¿°m¿ hml\
D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ henb am‰w h∂p. H∂v, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw ÿm]-
\-ßfpw henb tXmXn¬ hml\w hmßm\pw D]-tbm-Kn°m\pw XpSßn.
c≠v, BUw-_c Imdp-Iƒ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
Ct∏mƒ a{¥n-am¿ BUw-_-c-°m-dmb sSmtbm´ Ct\mh Im¿ D]tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p. Pn-√m-Xew apX¬ kwÿm-\-X-ew-h-sc- ]nSn-]mSp≈ DtZym-
K-ÿcpw CtX Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. cmjv{Sob kzm[o-\-ap≈ DtZym-
K-ÿ¿, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ, a‰p A¿≤ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-
ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh - cpw CØcw Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. aq∂v, HutZym-KnI
hml-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ C√.
Ds≠-¶n¬ Xs∂ Ah ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. CXv ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈
kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. \mev, HutZym-KnI hml\w kzIm-cym-h-iyßƒ°p-
th≠n Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp∂ {]h-WX IqSn hcp-∂p. `qcn-`mKw hml-
\-ßfpw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-∂p. k¿°m¿ hml\w k¿°m¿ sNe-
hn¬ kzIm-cym-h-iy-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈-sX∂v s]mXphn¬ Icp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂p. A©v, k¿°m¿ ]Ww apS°n hml\w hmßn ss{Uhsd
\nb-an®v sabn‚n-\≥kpw \SØn HmSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Im¿ hmS-
Ibv°v FSp-°p∂ coXn-bmWv tI{μ k¿°mcpw s]mXp taJem _m¶p-
Ifpw Ct∏mƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂X - .v Cu coXn-bn-te°v amdm≥ kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ Xøm-dm-bn-ń-√. k¿°m¿ hml\w BUw-_c - Ø- n\pw {]Xm]w
ImWn-°m\pw [q¿Ø-Sn-°m-\p-ap≈ H∂mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu [q¿Øv kwÿm\ {Sj-dn-bv°v h≥ [\-_m-[yX krjvSn-°p∂
Imcy-am-sW∂v Bcpw ImWp-∂n-√.
Nne hn`m-K-°m¿°v ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ B\p-Iq-ey-hn-X-cWw \¬I-
emWv as‰mcp [\-[q¿Øv. Fw.-F¬.F am¿°pw ap≥ Fw.-F¬-F.-
36
am¿°pw NnIn-’bv°v ]cn-[n-bn-√msX ]Ww sNe-hm-°m≥ hyh-ÿ-

bp-≠v. Cu ]gpXv D]-tbm-Kn®v \ΩpsS \mńse Hcp P\-{]-Xn-\n[n 1.9
tImSn cq] NnIn’m sNehmbn ]‰nb DZm-l-c-W-ap-≠v. ap≥ Fw.F¬.-
-F-am¿°v ]cn[n-bn-√msX sI.-F-kv.-B¿.-‰n.kn _ n¬ bm{X- sN-ømw.
k¿°m¿ AYnXn aμn-c-ß-fn¬ ap≥ a{¥n-am¿°pw a‰p Nne hn`m-K-
°m¿°pw kuP\y Xma-kw A\p-hZ- n-®n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS \mń¬ Hcn-°¬
Hcp P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Ign-™m¬ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ ]cn-[n-bn-
√mØ ]e B\p-Iq-ey-ßf - pw t\Smw F∂ ^yqU¬ coXn \ne-\n¬°p∂p.
Hcp P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n°v s]≥j≥ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v \oXn-
I-c-W-ap-≠v. ]s£ P\-ß-fpsS \nIp-Xn-]Ww D]-tbm-Kn®v ]cn-[n-bn-
√msX [\-_m-[yX hcp-Øp∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv ]I¬
sIm≈bm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ H´-\-h[n B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ k¿°m¿
DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw \¬Ip-∂p. DZm-l-cWw k¿°m¿ AYnXn aμn-c-
Ønse Xma-k-Øn\v Xp—-amb \nc-°v, DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v Xma-kn-
°m≥ \¬Ip∂ k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ hoSp-Iƒ, ^vfm-‰p-Iƒ°pw
hfsc Xp—-amb hmS-Itb CuSm-°p-∂p-≈p. Itºmf\nc-°n-ep≈
hmS-I-\n-c-°ns‚ A©n¬ H∂p-t]mepw hmS-I-bmbn hmßp-∂n-√. e`n-
°p∂ hmSI {]kvXpX sIń-SØ - ns‚ sabn‚n-\≥kv \S-Øm≥-t]mepw
XnI-bm-dn-√. k¿°m¿ ]Z-hn-I-fn¬ FØn-bm¬ s]mXp ]Ww [q¿Ø-
Sn-°pI F∂Xv \ΩpsS \mńse BNm-c-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p.
\ΩpsS k¿hI-em-im-eI - f
- n¬ henb `cWkanXn (kn≥Un-t°-‰)v
Ds≠- ¶ nse k¿h- I - e m- i me `cWw \S- Ø m≥ Ignbq F∂mWv
\ΩpsS cmjv{Sob \ne-]mSv. A^n-en-tb‰v tImtf-Pp-Iƒ D≈ s]mXp
k¿h-Ie - m-im-eI
- f
- nse Ct∏m-gsØ kn≥Un-t°‰v AwK-ßf - psS FÆw
23 t]cm-Wv. kn≥Un-t°‰v F∂Xv Xß-fpsS cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fp-
sSbpw t{SUv bqWnb≥ t\Xm-°ƒ°pw ÿm\w \¬Im-\p≈ Hcp
kwhn-[m-\-am-bmWv ImWp∂Xv. Cu kn≥Un-t°‰v cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬
k¿h-I-em-ime-I-fpsS A°m-Z-anIv {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Kth-jW
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Hcp ]cn-K-W-\-bp-an-√. kn≥Un-t°‰v amk-Øn¬
Hcn-°¬ tbmKw tNcm≥ am{X-ap-≈-X-√. kn≥Un-t°-‰n\v H´-\-h[n
D]-k-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. Cu kan-Xn-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p,
tbmKw tNcp-∂p, ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p. Kth-jW hnZym¿∞n-
I-fpsS AUvan-j-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ°p t]mepw {]tXyI
37
kn≥Un-t°‰v kanXn D≠v. tImtfPv A[ym-]-I-cmb Nne kn≥Un-

t°‰v AwK-ßƒ Xß-fpsS tImtfPn¬ Hcp amkw Hcp Znhkw t]mepw
t]mImsX kn≥Un-t°‰v ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-ambn Ign-bp-∂p. Nne k¿h-I-
em-im-e-I-fnse KÃv lukn¬ kn≥Un-t°‰v AwK-ßƒ Hmôkv
ÿm]n®v k¿h-Iemime `c-W-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂p. k¿h-I-em-ime
`c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Im≥ sshkv Nm≥k-edpw t{]m sshkv
Nm≥-k-e-dn\pw Hcp henb ]S apgp-h≥ kab DtZym-K-ÿcpw D≈
ÿm]-\-Øns‚ ÿnXn-bmWv CXv. \ΩpsS k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fnse
D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ \ne-hmcw tami-am-Ip-Ibpw ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-
amb \ne-bn¬ FØn-b-Xns‚bpw {][m\ DØ-c-hmZn Cu kn≥Un-
t°‰v cmjv{So-b-am-Wv. C{X hen-∏-Øn-ep≈ kn≥Un-t°‰v D≠m-°n-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Xs∂ [\-[q¿Øv \SØn k¿h-I-em-im-eIsf apSn-°m-
\m-Wv. k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\m-h-iy-amb ^≠p-I-fpsS
\s√mcp iX-am-\hpw e`n-°p-∂-Xv k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-Iƒ hgn-
bm-Wv.
5. iºf ]cnjvIcW cmjv{Sobw
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ G‰hpw henb sNe-hn-\-amWv k¿°m¿
Poh-\-°m-cpsS iº-fhpw dn´-b¿ sNbvX DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS s]≥j\pw.
2014-˛15-˛¬ samØw dh\yp sNehns‚ 46 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°n-
bXv iº-f-Øn\pw s]≥j-\p-am-Wv. iºf˛s]≥j≥ h¿≤\w k¿°m-
cn\p ]pdsa kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-ƒ,
A¿≤ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-
h-bpsS sNe-hp-If- n¬ henb h¿≤\w hcp-Øp-∂p. ImcWw kwÿm\
k¿°m-cns‚ iºf˛s]≥j≥ k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw ]cn-jvI-mc--ß -fp-amWv
C°q-ćpw A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂-Xv. Poh-\-°m¿ k¿°m-cns‚ `mKw Xs∂-
bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v k¿°m-cn¬ henb kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. am{X-hp-
a√ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsSbpw A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw kwL-S-\-Iƒ
kwÿm-\sØ apJy cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS t{SUv bqWn-b≥ hn`m-
K-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]pXnb k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬
hcp-tºmgpw Xß-fpsS kwL-S-\-bnse Poh-\-°msc hnhn[ hIp-∏p-
I-fnse Xmt°m¬ ÿm\Øv \nb-an®v `cWw \S-Øp∂ coXnbpw
\ne-hn-ep-≠v. Poh-\-°m¿ sXmgnem-fn-I-fm-sW∂pw Ah¿°v A¿l-
X-s∏´ thX-\ h¿≤\w \S-Ø-W-sa-∂XpamWv cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-
38
fpsS \bw. X∑qew tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Un.-F \nc-°n¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-

X- \ p- k - c n®v kwÿm\ Poh- \ - ° m¿°pw Un.- F . h¿≤n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p.
kwÿm\ `c-W-Øn¬ G‰hpw thKw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ hnj-bhpw
Un.-F. h¿≤\w \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn c≠p Un.-
F. h¿≤\w \S∏n-em-°p-∂p. A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ iºf ]cn-
jvI-cWw \S-∏n-em-°p∂ ]Xnhv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. 1980-I-fpsS c≠mw
]IpXn apX¬ 2016hsc-bp≈ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn ]cn-tim-
[n-®m¬ A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-Øp∂ iºf s]≥j≥ ]cn-
jvIm-chpw h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p {]mhiyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Un.-F. \nc-
°p-amWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ Imc-W-sa∂p ImWmw.
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn ]cn-K-Wn®v tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \S-Øp-∂-
Xp-t]mse ]Øp-h¿jØn-semcn°¬ iºf ]cn-jvImcw \S-Øm≥
`c-W-Ønepw {]Xn-]-£-Øn-ep--a p≈ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ Xøm-d-√.
2011epw 2016epw k¿°m-cpI-fpsS Ah-km-\-Im-eØv sXc-s™-Sp∏n\p
sXm´pap≥]mWv iºf s]≥j≥ h¿≤\w \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv. ASpØp-
h-cp∂ k¿°m¿ Cu iºf h¿≤-\-aqew krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ [\-{]Xn-
k-‘n-bn¬ Ipcpßn InS-°s´ F∂-XmWv e£yw. kwÿm-\-Øns‚
[\-ÿn-Xn°v Xmßm≥ Ign-bmØ kmº-ØnI `mcw hcpØp∂ k¿-
°m-cp-I-fpsS Cu [\[q¿Øv-cm-jv-{Sobw P\-ßƒ X≈n-°-f™ Ncn{X-
amWv \ΩpsS apºn-ep-≈-Xv. iº-f-˛-s]≥-j≥ ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øn-
b-tijw sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ t\cn´ Cu k¿°m-cp-Isf P\w ]cm-P-b-
s∏-Sp-Øn. tI{μ k¿°m¿ iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øp-∂-
Xp-t]mse ]Øp h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øn-bmse
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn sa®-am°q F∂ kwÿm\ ]ªnIv
FIvkv-s]≥Un-®¿ dnhyp IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS \n¿t±iw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-ń-√. iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw A©p
h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°tem ]Øp h¿j-Øn-semcn°tem \S-ØWw F∂
Imcy-Øn¬ P\-lnXw Adn-bm≥ Hcp d^d≠w \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
6. FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk cmjv{Sobw
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ sNe-hn-\-ß-fn¬ c≠m-asØ G‰hpw
henb C\w kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°p≈ So®nwKv
{Km‚m-W.v (kvIq-fp-Iƒ, πkvSp kvIqfp-Iƒ, B¿´v B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-
Pp-Iƒ, a‰p ÿm]-\-ßƒ) Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I¿, A\-
39
≤ym-]I- ¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Poh-\°

- m¿°v k¿°m¿ Poh-\° - m¿°p \¬Ip∂
\nc°n¬ iºfhpw a‰p B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw dn´-b¿ sNbvX-h¿°v s]≥-
j\pw \¬Ip-∂p. 2014¬ {Sjdn hgn iºfw hmßp∂ kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw 1,42,564 BWv.
AYhm samØw Poh-\-°m-cpsS 28 iX-am-\w. 2012-˛13¬ k¿°m-cns‚
samØw iºf sNe-hns‚ 32 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hn-´Xv kzImcy
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°p-th≠nbmWv.
k¿°m-cmWv iºfw \¬Ip∂sX¶nepw Poh-\-°msc \nb-an°p-
∂Xv kzImcy hnZym`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fm-Wv. k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°p
e`n-°p∂ \nc-°n¬ iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw a‰p B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw e`n-
°p-∂X - p-aqew Cu taJ-eb- n¬ tPmen e`n-°m≥ h≥ XpI tImg-bmbn
kzImcy ÿm]-\-ßƒ hmßp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ch¿°p k¿°m¿ Poh-
\-°m-cpsS k¿hokv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ _m[-I-a-√. sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’-
cn-°m\pw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°m\pw kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v.
πkvSp, tImtf-Pp-I-ƒ F∂n-h-bnse amt\Pvsa‚ v ko‰n¬ AUvan-j\p-
th≠n Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂pw henb XpI tImg hmßp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymkw G‰hpw em`-ap≈ Hcp h≥ _nkn-\-
mbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb _m®p-Ifpw ÿm]-
\-ßfpw XpS-ßm≥ kΩ¿±-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ henb kzm[o\w k¿°m-cp-I-
fn¬ sNep-Øp∂p. Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ i‡-cmb aX, PmXn, kmaqly
kwL- S - \ - I tfm hy‡n- I tfm BWv \S- Ø p- ∂ - X v . Cu Iq´¿°v
sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-
Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂-p-. X∑qew Cu hn`m-K-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ÿm]-\-ßfpw
_m®p-Ifpw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-hZ- n-®p \¬Ip∂p. Hcp hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-Øns‚ {][m\ sNehv iºfbn\-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ ]pXp-Xmbn
XpS-ßp∂ Hmtcm ÿm]-\-Øn-s‚bpw _m®n-s‚bpw [\-_m-[yX B
ÿm]\w \ne-\n¬°p∂ ImetØmfw XpS-cpw. Hmtcm h¿jhpw h≥
kmº-ØnI _m[yX krjvSn-°p∂ Hcp {]ÿm-\-amWv FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk taJ-e.
Cu hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ th≠{X Ipń-I-fn-s√-¶nepw
Ahsb \ne-\n¿ØpI, A[n-I-ap≈ A≤ym-]-Isc ]ncn-®p-hn-SmsX
iºfw sImSp°p-I, A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-fnse hnc-an®
XkvXnI-I-fn¬ ]pXnb \nb-a\w \S-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn®v ÿm]-\-Øn\v
40
h≥XpI tImg hmßm≥ kuIcyw \¬IpI, XpS-ßnbh FbvUUv

hnZym-`ymk \b-ambn k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ign™ Bdp
Zim-_vZ-°m-eØv P\-kwJym h¿≤\ \nc°n¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp≠m-
b-Xp-aqew Ipń-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. k¿°m¿, FbvUUv
kvIqfp-I-fnse hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw tami-sa∂p IcpXn kzImcy
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ Ipń-Isf tN¿°m≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ
Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp∂ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kzImcy taJ-e-bn¬ hnZym-
`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßm≥ \nt£-]-I¿ Xøm-dp-am-Wv. CsXm∂pw
]cn-K-Wn-°msX k¿°m-cns‚ {Sjdn apSn-°p∂ ]pXnb FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]pXnb _m®p-Ifpw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ XpS-
ßm≥ A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂p. kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-If - n¬ th≠{X
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ C√mØ A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆw
XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. 2004-˛05-¬ samØw kzImcy FbvUUv
kvIqfp-If- n¬ 19 iX-am\w A¨ F°-tWm-anIv Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2013-˛14-¬
40 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n®p. Cu kvIqfp-I-fnse Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v
A[nI A≤ym-]I - ¿°v shdpsX iºfw \¬Ip-∂p. am{X-a√ {]Xn-h¿jw
h≥ kmº-ØnI _m[yX krjvSn-°p∂ FbvUUv πkvSp kvIqfp-
Ifpw XpS-ßm≥ A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂p. Ign™ Nne h¿j-ßƒ°p-
≈n¬ 167 FbvUUv lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw ]Øv B¿Svkv
B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-Iƒ°pw \ne-hn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ H´-
\-h[n ]pXnb _m®p-Ifpw krjvSn-®p. kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-
Sp-Øm≥ th≠n k¿°m-cns‚ ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-ßƒ hmcn Fdn-bp∂
Cu \S-]Sn k¿°m-cns‚ XpS¿®-bmb [\-{]-Xn-k‘nbv°p≈ Hcp
{][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv.
7. _n.-]n.-F¬ cmjv{Sobw
_n.-]n.-F¬ (Below Povery line) F∂m¬ Zmcn{Zy tcJbv°p Xmsg
Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-chpw D]-t`m-K-hp-ap≈ Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. Zcn-{Z-scbpw A√m-
Ø-h-scbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Hcp tcJ-bm-Wn-Xv. temIØv Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ cmjv{Sob kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-sSbpw {][m\ hnjbw
Zmcn-{Zy-am-Wv. Zcn-{Zsc kº-∂-cm-°m-\p≈ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-amWv
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ temI-sa-ºmSpw \S-Øn-s°m≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Zmcn{Zy
\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-amWv \ΩpsS tZiob e£y-hpw. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-If - psS {][m\ ]cn-]mSn F.-]n.-F¬ (Above poverty line)
41
Bb-hsc _n.-]n.-F¬ B°p-I-bm-Wv. _n.-]n.-F¬. IpSpw-_-ß-fnse

AwK-ßƒ°v kuP\y \nc-°n¬ tdj≥ Acnbpw a‰p `£y-[m-\y-
ßƒ, kuP\y Btcm-Ky, hnZym-`ymk B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ, kuP\y hoSv,
hoSp hbv°m≥ `qan, {]Xn-amk kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ XpSßnb
B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. kuP-\y-amtbm Ipd™ \nc-°ntem CXv
\¬IpI F∂m¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ CXns‚ [\-_m-≤yX Gs‰-
Sp°p∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. _n.-]n.-F¬ am\-Z-WvU-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v A¿l-X-bn-
√mØ henb hn`mKw t]¿°v cmjv{Sob ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ _n.-]n.-F¬ B°p∂ {]h-WX hfsc hym]-I-am-Wv. cmjv{Sob
CS-s]-S¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp IpSpw-_sØ _n.-]n.-F¬ B°n am‰pI
F∂Xv henb t\´-ambn {]mtZ-inI cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.
tI{μ Bkq-{XW IΩn-js‚ am\-ZW - U
v ß- ƒ A\p-kc - n®v 2012-˛¬
tIc-f-Øn¬ 23.9 e£w t]¿ AY-hm, P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 7.1 iX-am\w
t]¿ Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ°p Xmsg-bp-≈-hcmWv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ 2016-
˛ep≈ 82.60 e£w tdj≥ Im¿Up-If - n¬ 25 iX-am-\hpw _n.-]n.-F¬
Im¿Up-I-fm-Wv. AXm-bXv 25 iX-am\w IpSpw-_-ßƒ AYhm 82.88
e£w P\-ßƒ Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. Ch¿ _n.-]n.-F¬ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°v
A¿l-cm-Wv. ap≥ apJy-a{¥n DΩ≥ Nm≠n kwÿm-\sØ F√m Pn√-
I-fnepw 2012¬ \S-Ønb P\-k-º¿° ]cn-]mSnbn¬ e`n® At]-£-
Iƒ 1.29 e£-am-Wv. CXn¬ 52 iX-am-\hpw _n.-]n.-F¬ tdj≥ Im¿-
Un\p th≠n-bp-≈ -A-t]£Ifm-bn-cp-∂p. Zcn-{Z-P-\-ß-fpsS Ign-hp-
Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n®pw, sXmgn¬ hcp-am\ km[y-X-Iƒ h¿[n-∏n®pw, kmº-
ØnI \ne Db¿Ønbpw, kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m≥ P\-ßsf {]m]vX-
am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw _n.-]n.-F¬ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬In \njv{In-b-
cm°n \nXy Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-XmWv Xßƒ°v cmjv{Sob
t\´-ap-≠m-°p∂ \S-]S- n-sb∂v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. Zmcn{Zyw
amdn [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°-tfm-Sp≈ B{in-
XXzw Ipd-bp∂ kmaq-ly-am‰w D≠m-Im-dp-≠v. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ am‰w
hcp-∂-Xn¬ s]mXphn¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ°p Xm¬]-cy-an-√.
8) s]mXpta-Jem apX-se-Sp∏v cmjv{Sobw
hyh-kmb hnI-k-\-Øn\pw sa®-amb sXmgn¬ Ah-k-c-ßƒ
s]mXp k¿ho-kp-Iƒ, DXv]-∂-ßƒ F∂nh krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v s]mXp
taJem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v kp{]-[m\ ]¶m-Wp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Ign™
42
Bdp Zim-_vZ-°m-eØv kwÿm-\Øv aqe-[\ \nt£-]-ambpw hmbv]-

bmbpw a‰p B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fmbpw h≥XpI \¬In-bn´pw Ch-bpsS
{]h¿-Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-ń-√. kn.-F.-Pn. dnt∏m¿´-\p-k-
cn®v 2015 am¿®n¬ kw-ÿm\Øv 126 s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - f- p-≠v.
Ch-bn¬ 107 Iº-\n-Ifpw 4 Ãm‰q-´dn tIm¿∏-td-j\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂Xpw a‰p 15 FÆw {]h¿Ø\w \ne-®X - p-am-W.v Im¿jn-Iw, [\-Im-cyw,
ASn-ÿm\ LS-Iw, hyh-km-bw, sshZyp-Xn, k¿hokv F∂o taJ-e-
I-fn-emWv s]mXptaJem ÿm]-\-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. `qcn-`mKw
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - fpw \jvSØ
- n-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - .v 2014-˛15¬
AºXp ÿm]-\-ßƒ 498 tImSn cq] em`w t\Sn-b-t∏mƒ 53 FÆw
890 tImSn cq]-bpsS \jvSw hcp-Øn. \jvS-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ ÿm]-\-
ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv tIcfm tÃ‰v tdmUv
{Sm≥kvt]m¿´v tIm¿∏-td-j-\mWv (sI.-Fkv.-B¿.-‰n.-kn.). 2015-˛16se
\jvSw 508 tImSn cq]. Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ CXp-h-sc-bp≈ samØw
\jvSw 3026 tImSnbmWv. Poh-\°- m¿°v {]Xn-amkw iº-fhpw dn´-b¿
sNbvX-h¿°v s]≥j\pw \¬Im≥ Cu ÿm]\w ISw hm-ßp-Ibpw
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-k-lm-b-tØbpw B{i-bn-°p∂ ]cn-Xm-
]-I-c-amb ÿnXn-bn¬ FØn-\n¬°p-∂p.
1950-If
- n¬ apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v tkmjy-enÃv hyh-
ÿn-Xn-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ BZy-L´-am-bmWv s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßsf cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ I≠-Xv. F∂m¬ Ign™ Bdp
Zim-_vZ-°m-esØ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w ]cn-
tim-[n-®m¬ Cu ÿm]-\ß - ƒ apt∂m-´p t]mIp-∂X
- n-\p-]I
- cw ]nt∂m´p
t]mIp-∂Xmbn ImWmw. tIc-f-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬
Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ Xf-cp-I-bm-Wv. {]h¿Ø\w sa®-am°n em`w t\Sm≥
Cu ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°p Ign-bp-∂n-√. XpS¿®-bm-bp≈ \jvSw Cu ÿm]-
\-ßf - psS kmº-ØnI ASn-Ød XI¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm\ k¿-°m¿
hmbv]-bmbn Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ XpI-bpsS ]en-i-t]mepw
Xncn-®-S-bv°p-∂n-√. ]e s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw kwÿm\
k¿°m-cn\v \¬tI≠ \nIp-Xn-Itfm, hmS-I-Itfm a‰pw sImSpt°≠
XpI-Itfm AS-bv°p-∂n-√. k¿°m¿ Kymc‚n-bn¬ _m¶p-If - n¬ \n∂pw
FSpØ hmbv] Xncn-®-S-bvt°≠ _m≤yX k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-t°≠
Ahÿbn-ep-am-Wv.
43
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - sf Imcy-£a- h - pw em`-Ic - a- mbpw \S-Øm≥

tIc-f-Øn¬ Ign™ Bdp Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv A[n-Im-cØnencp∂
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ th≠{X {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√. s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\ß - sf, A[n-Im-cØ - n-en-cn-°p∂ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-If - psS Xm¬]-
cy-Øn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ D]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-´mWv s]mXphn¬
I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Poh-\-°msc Xß-fpsS
t{SUvbqWn-b\ - n-te°p sIm≠ph-cm≥ hgn-hn´p \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I,
ÿm]-\Øns‚ F√m Xc-Øn-ep-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ CS-s]´v
kzImcy kmºØnIt\´w D≠m-°p-I, cmjv{Sob t\´-ap-≠m-°pI
F∂n-h-bv°mWv Ah¿ ap≥K-W\ \¬In-bXv. Imcy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-
°m\pw Itºm-fØ - n¬ hn‰-gn-°m≥ ]‰nb DXv]∂ - ß- fpw k¿ho-kp-Ifpw
DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\pw, B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn-te°p amdm-\pw, sNe-
hp-Iƒ Npcp-°m-\pw, em`w t\Sm\pw th≠ CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ k¿°m-cns‚
`mK-Øp\n-∂p-≠m-bn-√. Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-sIm≠pt]mIm≥
Ign-hp≈ s{]m^j-W¬ amt\-P¿amsc \nb-an-°m\pw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ
{ian-®n-√. cmjv{So-b-°m¿°pw, km[m-c-W k¿ho-kn-ep-≈-h¿°pw
t]meokv Hmô-k¿am¿°pw Cu ÿm]-\ß - f - psS \S-Øn∏v G¬∏n-®p.
cmjv{So-b°msc Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS sNb¿am≥ ]Z-hn-bnepw a‰p
kp{]-[m\ ÿm\-ß-fnepw \nb-an-®p cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p
hnt[-b-am-°n. cmjv{So-b-cw-K-Øp-\n∂p ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]n≥X-≈-
s∏-Sp-∂h- sc ]p\-c[ - n-hkn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ÿm]-\ß - f- mbn Ch amdn. sXc-
s™-Sp-∏n¬ a¬k-cn-°m≥ ko‰p e`n-°m-Ø-h¿, {]mbm-[nIyw aqew
kPoh cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-b-h¿, \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ Hcp Fw.-
F¬.F t]mepw C√mØ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń t\Xm-°ƒ, ]m¿ń-ÿm-\-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-b-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈
ÿm]-\-ß-fmbn Ch amdn. `c-W-ap-∂-Wn-bnse a{¥n-am-cpsS hIp-∏p-
Iƒ hoXw hbv°p-∂X - p-t]mse s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - sfbpw cmjv-
{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ hoXw hbv°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ cmjv{Sob
CS-s]-S¬ \SØn \in-∏n-t°≠ ÿm]-\-ß-fmbn Ch amdn-s°m≠ncn-
°p-∂p.
9) hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ {]N-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n
Ign™ Bdp Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv tIc-f-Ønse hnI-k\ ImgvN-
∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ henb am‰w h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm\ cq]oI-c-W-Øn\p
44
tij-ap≈ BZy aq∂p Zim-_vZ-ß-fn¬ (1956 apX¬ 1986-h-sc) ASn-

ÿm\ LSI hnI-k-\-Øn\v ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ \¬In hnI-k\w
t\SpI F∂ \b-Øn\v G‰hpw Db¿∂ ]cn-K-W-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, a‰p KXm-KX am¿§-ßƒ, sshZyp-Xn, IpSn-sh≈
hnX-cW- w, s]mXp hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ, k¿h-Ie
- m-im-eI-ƒ, Bip-
]-{Xn-Iƒ, AW-s°-´p-Iƒ, Pe-tk-N-\w, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ
XpS-ßnbhbv°v henb {]m[m\yw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ _P-‰nse
hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. k¿°m-cns‚ hn`-h-ßƒ ]cn-
an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn¬\n∂v Hcp `mKw D]-tbm-Kn®pw, ISw
hmßnbpw, tI{μ-]≤ - Xn klm-bhpw tN¿Øv hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn°p ]Ww
Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. C∂p kwÿm-\Ø - p≈ GXm≠v F√m ASn-ÿm\
LS-I-ßfpw krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. cmjv{Sob
t\Xm°ƒ, Fw.-F¬.-F-am¿, a{¥n-am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hm¿jnI ]≤Xn-
Iƒ°v henb {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. iº-fw, s]≥j≥, a‰p \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ F∂nh Ipdhm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnI-k-\-Øn\p
\o°n-h-bv°m≥ ]W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ ]n¬°m-eØp henb am‰w h∂p. 1980-I-fpsS
c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn [\-{]-Xn-k‘n h¿≤n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-t]mepw ]Ww C√mØ Ah-ÿb - n-em-bn. 1998-˛2001
ImesØ [\- X - I ¿®- s b- X p- S ¿∂v hnI- k \ ]≤- X n- I ƒ°v ]Ww
C√mØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ,
iºfw, s]≥j≥ F∂o sNe-hp-Iƒ shń-°p-d-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. 2016
Bb-t∏mƒ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n kwÿm\ hnI-k-\sØ Xf¿Øp∂ \ne-
bn-te°v FØn. kwÿm\ cq]o-Ic - W
- Ø
- n-\p-ti-ja
- p≈ Bdp Zim_vZ-
ImesØ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ BZy-ambn hnI-k-\-Øn\p ]Ww _P‰n¬
C√mØ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ÿnXn-bn¬ [\-ÿnXn FØn-t®¿∂p.
kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ,
h≥InS t{]mP-IvSpI-fpsS \S-Øn-∏v, aqe-[\ sNehv F∂nh ]cntim-
[n-®m¬ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ (iºfw, s]≥j≥, So®nwKv {Km‚ v,
]eni XpS-ßn-bh- ) Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂ Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ IqSp-X¬ hn`hßƒ
hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew ASn-ÿm\
LSI-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\w hfsc apt∂m´p t]mbn. F∂m¬
\nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ IpXn®p-b¿∂-t∏mƒ G‰hpw henb shń-
45
Np-cp-°¬ h∂Xv hnI-k\ sNe-hn-em-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ k¿°m-cns‚

[\-hn-\n-tbm-KØ
- n¬, hnI-k\
- Ø
- n\p Imcy-amb ÿm\w C√mØ Ah-
ÿ-bn-te°p tIcfw \oßp-∂p.
hnI-k\w hn´v B\p-Iqey hnX-c-W-amWv sXsc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ hnP-
bn-°m≥ \√-sX∂v cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw Icp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn. hnI-k\
]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ `cW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Po¿Æ-X-bn-em-bn.
hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sXsc-s™-Sp∏v Ime-tØm, _P‰v AhX-cn-∏n-
°p-tºm-tgm, {]N-c-W-Øn-t\m, ]c-ky-Øn-t\m th≠n ]d-bp∂ ÿnXn-
bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ FØn. Hcp h≥InS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xnbpw Imcy-£-a-
ambn cq]o-I-cn-°m-t\m, kab-_-‘n-X-ambn \S-Ømt\m D≈-Xm-sW∂v
DØ-ch - m-Zs
- ∏´ DtZym-Kÿ
- t- cm, hIp∏p ta[m-hn-tbm, a{¥ntbm ImWmØ
Ahÿbp≠m-bn. hgn-]mSp \S-Øp-∂-Xp-t]mse `qcn`mKw hnI-k\
]≤-Xn-Ifpw \S-Øp-∂p. hnI-k\ t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb
\S-Øn-∏ns‚ Hcp Nn{Xw 2014-˛15se kn.-F.-Pn-bpsS dnt∏m¿ń¬ \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ \n›-bn® ka-bØv ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥
Ign-bmØ Hcp tImSn cq]-bv°p-ta¬ t{]mPIvSv XpIbp≈ 236 t{]mP-
IvSp-I-fpsS ]ńI Cu dnt∏m¿ń-ep≠v (CAG, Finance Accounts 2014-15,
Vol. II). Npcp-°-Øn¬ hnI-k\ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈X√
adn®v {]N-c-W-Ønt\m ]c-ky-Ønt\m D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Hcp tcJ-
bm-bn- cq]w amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
D]-kw-lmcw
apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb [\-[q¿Øvcmjv{So-bs - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Ie\w
D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. (1) Hcp k¿°m¿ P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn-bmbpw
a‰n-\-ß-fnepw ]ncn-°p∂ XpIbpw a‰p hcp-am-\-ßfpw IS-sa-Sp-°p∂
XpIbpw `cWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-\pw,
\mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw cmjv{Sob A[n-
Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw, cmjv{Sob t\´-ßƒ t\Sm-\pw, _yqtdm-{I-kn,
kΩ¿±-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ, cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n£n]vX
Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc£n°m\pw `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-_-c-Øn\pw
[q¿Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂X - ns\ [\-[q¿Øv F∂p ]d-bmw. (2) P\t£-
a-Øn\pw \mSns‚ hnI-k\ - Ø- n\pw sNe-hm-t°≠ hn`-hß - f
- n¬ \s√mcp
]¶pw _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k-\-Øn-eqsS k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°mcpw a‰p
kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Ifpw Xń-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. (3) Hcp-h-iØv thm´¿ {]oW\
46
[\-cm-jv{Sobw k¿°m-cns‚ hcp-am\ t{kmX- p-Iƒ (\n-Ip-Xn-I-fpw

\nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-bn-\-ß-fpw) h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ adp-h-iØv B\p-Iqey hnX-cW ]cn-]mSnIfpw [\-[q¿Øpw
\nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn h¿≤n-∏n®v Ah-km-\n-
°mØ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n krjvSn-°p-∂p. (4) kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-
Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v kmº-ØnI t\´w
D≠m-°m≥ klm-bI - c- h
- pw, k¿°m-cn\v [\-\jvSw krjvSn-°p∂ \S]-
Sn-I-fmWv s]mXphn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿, A¿≤ k¿°m¿,
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS kwL-S-
\-Iƒ, hnZym¿∞n kwL-S-\-Iƒ, \nIpXn \¬Ip∂ ]e hn`mK°m¿,
hym]mcn hyh-kmbn kwL-S-\-Iƒ, PmXn aX, kmaqly kw-LS-- -\Iƒ,
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-h¿, k¿°m¿
`qanbpw h\ `qanbpw ]m´-Øn-s\-Sp-°p-∂-h¿, aW¬, aÆv, ]md XpSßn-
bh J\\w sNøp-∂h - ¿ XpS-ßn-bh- ¿ kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-If - n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.
(5) k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, A¿≤ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ ^≠p sIm≠p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ a‰p
ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ta[m-hn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿
s]mXp ]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn®p sNe-hm-°p∂ {]h-WX hym]-I-am-Wv.
a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ AanX hen-∏w, h≥ hen-∏-ap≈
]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-j≥, k¿Δ-I-em-ime kn≥Un-t°-‰p-Iƒ, a‰p
k¿°m¿ kanXn-Iƒ, HutZym-KnI BUw-_c Imdp-Iƒ, k¿°m¿
hml-\-ß-fpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-Kw, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw
\¬Ip∂ ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ B\p-Iqeyßƒ hkq-em-°p∂ Xp—-amb
bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh CXn-\p≈ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
(6) tI{μ k¿°m¿ ]Øp h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw
]cn-j°v cn-°p-tºmƒ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-If - psS LS-Iß
- f
- m-bp≈ kwÿm\
Poh\-°m-cpsS t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kwÿm-
\Øv A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa
{]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn c≠v Un.F h¿≤\hpw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. (7)
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v Hcp [\-]-cn[nbpw
t\m°msX k¿°m¿ ]pXnb _m®p-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh
A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂p. (8) temIsØºmSp-ap≈ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ Zcn{Zs\
kº-Øp≈h\m-°m-\p≈ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-amWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
47
F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS {][m\ {]h¿Ø\w

P\-ßsf Zcn-{Z-\m°n (_n.-]n.-F¬) k¿°m¿ [\-k-lmb hnX-c-W-
am-Wv. (9) Imcy-£-ahpw em`-I-c-ambpw \S-tØ≠ ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-sf∂v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-tfm, t{SUv bqWn-
b-\p-I-tfm, k¿°mtcm ImWp-∂n-√. A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ ]m¿ń-
bpsS cmjv{Sob Xm¬]cy-ßfpw ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Xe-∏-Øn-cn-°p-∂-
h-cpsS hy‡n-Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw t\Sm-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-am-bmWv Chsb
ImWp-∂-Xv. (10) kwÿm-\sØ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xnbpw a‰p hnI-k\
]≤-Xn-Ifpw Imcy-£-a-ambpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambpw \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-
Xm-sW∂v CXn\v DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h¿ (h-Ip-∏nse DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hIp∏p
ta[m-hn, hIp∏p a{¥n) ImWp-∂n-√. sXc-s™-Sp∏p ImeØpw, _P‰v
Ah-X-cW ka-b-Øpw, {]N-c-W-Ønt\m ]c-ky-Ønt\m th≠n ]dbm-
\p≈ Hcp hnj-b-ambmWv k¿°m¿, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ, a{¥n-am¿,
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hm¿jnI ]≤Xn-Isf ImWp-∂-Xv.
48
A≤ymbw aq∂v
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n
“I gn™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ XpS¿-
®-bmbn [\-{]-Xn-k‘
- n-bn-em-Wv. then-tb‰w D≠m-Ip-∂X
- p-t]mse Nne-
t∏mƒ AXncq£hpw a‰p ka-bØv cq£X Ipd™ {]Xn-`mkambn
CXp \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. aq∂p Zim-_vZ-°mew ]g-°-ap≈ Cu {]Xn-k-
‘n°v ]e Imc-W-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw aqe-Im-cWw A©p h¿j-Øn-
semcn°-ep≈ iºf s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p-
X-h-W-bp≈ Un.-F. h¿≤-\-hp-am-Wv”.
Ign™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-°m-eØv kwÿm\w [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-
em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Imebf-hnse Nne h¿j-ß-fn¬ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬
G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠mbn´ps≠¶nepw s]mXphn¬ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-
bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1980 Ifnse BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n cq]-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ tami-amb \ne-bn-te°v FØpIbpw
sNbvXp. F∂m¬ [\-Imcy\ne XI¿®bnte°v \oßn-bXv 1998-˛2001
Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. 2001se [h-f-]{Xw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ A`n-ap-
Jo-I-cn® [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Hcp cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. Ccp-]Øn H∂mw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zim-_vZImeØv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ Ipsd am‰-
ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw [\-{]-Xn-k‘n XpS¿∂p. ho≠pw [h-f-]-{X-ßƒ
{]kn- ≤ o- I - c n- ° - s ∏- ´ p. 2011¬ A[n- I m- c - Ø n¬ h∂ bp.- U n.- F ^v
k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® [h-f-]-{X-a-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\w [\-{]-Xn-
k-‘n-bnepw IS-s°-Wn-bn-ep-amWv. 2016-¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ F¬.-
49
Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® [h-f-]-{X-a-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\w

AXn-cq-£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-Wv. Cu \ne-bv°mWv [\-ÿnXn
apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-sX-¶n¬ 2017-˛18¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ kºq¿Æ
[\-Imcy XI¿®-bn-te°p \oßpw F∂p [h-f-]{Xw {]h-Nn-°p-∂p.
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ 1980-I-fnse BZyw
apX¬ 2016-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´sØ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kz`m-hhpw
hym]vXnbpw Imc-W-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬.
1980Ifnse [\-{]-Xn-k‘n
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°p \oßp-∂Xv 1980Ifn-
em-Wv. AXp-hsc k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn s]mXphn¬ sa®-am-bn-cp∂p.
dh\yp hchpw sNehpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw hfsc Ipd-thm AtXm
dh\yp an®tam D≈ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ A¿∞w \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ AYhm dh\yp sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠n
Imcy-amb ISw FSp-t°≠ ÿnXn C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. 1977-˛78
apX¬ 1989-˛90-h-sc-bp≈ dh\yp IΩn/an®w, dh\yp sNe-hv, dh\yp
IΩn-sN-ehv A\p-]m-Xw, dh\yp IΩn Pn.-Un.-]n. A\p]mXw F∂nh
]ńI 3.1¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ 1983-˛84-\p-tijw Cu ÿnXn-bn¬
am‰-ap-≠m-bn. dh-\yp-IΩn XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p∂ kml-Nc- y-ap-≠m-bn.
1980-I-fpsS Ah-km\ \mep h¿j-ß-fn¬ dh-\yp-IΩn dh\yp sNe-
hns‚ GXm≠v 10 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂p. IΩn \nI-Øm≥ XpS¿®-
bmbn ISw hmtß≠ ÿnXn kwPm-X-am-b-tXmsS k¿°m¿ [\-{]-
Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-bn. 1980-I-fnse [\-Imcy {]Xn-k-‘n-sb-°p-dn®v \S-
Ønb ]T\w A∂sØ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb Hcp
cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. (B¿. cma-enwKw Aø¿, sIF≥. Ipdp∏v 1992).
1980-I-fnse c≠mw ]IpXnbn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns\ [\-{]-
Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°p \bn® hchv sNehv C\-ß-fn-ep≈ Imc-W-ßƒ
]cn-tim-[n-°mw. k¿°m-cn-s‚ {][m\ X\Xp hcp-am-\ß
- f
- mb kwÿm\
\nIpXn, \nIpXn CXc hcp-am-\-ß-fnse h¿≤-\-bpsS \nc°v Ipd™-
XmWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Hcp {][m\ Imc-Ww. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-
ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. (1) 1980-I-fn¬ kwÿm\ kº-ZvL-S-\-
bpsS hf¿®m-\n-c°v Ipd™ tXmXn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1980-˛85 Ime-L-´-
Øn¬ hm¿jnI icm-icn hf¿®m-\n-c°v 1.13 iX-am-\hpw 1985-˛90¬
3.59 iX-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. (DES, 2010).
50
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-{]-Xnk‘n
]ńI 3.1
1978 apX¬ 1990-h-sc-bp≈ dh-\yp- an-®hpw/IΩnbpw
dh\yp dh\yp dh\yp an®w/IΩn dh\yp an®w/IΩn
h¿jw an®w/IΩn sNehv dh\yp sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
(cq] tImSn) (cq] tImSn) A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
(iX-am-\w) (iX-am-\w)
1977-78 29 416 7.0 0.7
1978-79 43 479 9.0 0.9
1979-80 58 534 10.9 1.1
1980-81 -26 668 -3.9 -0.4
1981-82 96 755 12.7 1.5
1982-83 27 783 3.4 0.4
1983-84 -57 992 -5.7 -0.7
1984-85 -13 1139 -1.1 -0.1
1985-86 -73 1445 -5.1 -0.7
1986-87 -151 1655 -9.1 -1.3
1987-88 -194 1781 -10.9 -1.5
1988-89 -140 2028 -8.0 -1.0
1989-90 -188 2266 -10.9 -1.2
Source: Ramalingom Aiyar and K.N. Kurup, 1992
(˛) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv IΩn.
CXv ]tcm£ \nIpXnhcp-am-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p.

(2) 1970 -Isf At]£n®v 1980-I-fn¬ kwÿm\Øns‚ {][m\ \nIp-
Xn-h-cp-am\ h¿≤\w \nc-°n¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bpsS
hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 16.5 iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v 15.4 iX-am-\-am-bpw,
kwÿm\ FIvsskkv 16.8 iX-am-\-Øn¬\n∂v 10.5 iX-am-\-ambpw,
tamt´m¿ hml\ \nIpXn hcp-am\w 18 iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v 16.6 iX-
am-\-ambpw Ipd-™p. (3) kwÿm\ \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 60 iX-
am-\-tØmfw hnlnXw hcp∂ hn¬∏\ \nIpXn hcp-am-\hpw apc-Sn®p
\n∂p. Cu \nIpXn ]ncnhv Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw Ign-™n-√. 1990-˛91
51
Bb-t∏mƒ skbn¬ SmIvkv IpSn-»nI 262 tImSn cq]-bmbn Db¿∂p.

CXn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfhpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
(4) `qan-bp-sSbpw a‰p BkvXn-I-fp-tSbpw hne Ipd®p ImWn®v cPn-
kvt{S-j≥ \S-Øp∂ {]h-WX hym]-I-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ãmºv, cPn-
kvt{S-j≥ C\Ønse hcp-am-\hpw Ipd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ `qan-
bv°v k¿°m¿ \ymb-hne \n›-bn-®-Xp-aqew 1987-˛88-\p-tijw Cu C\-
Øn-ep≈ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. (5) ôkp-Iƒ, bpk¿
Nm¿÷p-Iƒ, ]eni C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am-\w, h\ DXv]-∂-ß-fn¬
\n∂p≈ hcp-am\w F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ \nIpXn CXc hcp-am-\-ßƒ.
hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy k¿ho-kp-I-fpsS ôkp-Iƒ hfsc Xp—-am-b-
Xp-aqew Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am\w Imcy-ambn h¿≤n-®n-√. k¿°m-
cn\p e`n-t°≠ ]eni C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am-\hpw ê-{]-Z-ambn ]ncn-
°m≥ k¿°m-cn\p Ign-™n-√. tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb h\-kw-
c-£W \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ h\-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂ hcp-am-\hpw Ipd-
bv°m≥ CS-bm-°n. (6) kwÿm\w kmaq-ly-t£a hnI-k-\-Øn\p
(B-tcmKy, hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fn¬) th≠n JP-\m-hn¬ \n∂p Imcy-
amb XpI sNe-hg- n-®n-cp-∂p. CXn\p {]tXyI ]cn-KW- \ tI{μ [\-Imcy
IΩn-j\pw Bkq-{XW IΩn-j\pw \¬Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-aq-ew kwÿm-
\-Øn\v A¿l-X-s∏´ tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xhpw ]≤-Xn-{Km‚pw e`n-
°mØ Ah-ÿbpw D≠m-bn. (7) kwÿm-\sØ `qcn-]£w s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw XpS¿®-bmb \jvS-Ønembn-cp-∂-Xp-aqew k¿°m-
cn\p e`n-t°≠ em`-Øns‚ hnln-Xw, Unhn-U‚ v, hmbv]-\¬In-b
XpI-bv°p≈ ]eni F∂nh e`n-°mØ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-°n. CXn-\p-
]p-dsa Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ \¬tI≠ \nIp-Xn-Ifpw IpSn-»n-I-bmbn
amdn. 1990 am¿®n¬ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p-th≠n hmbv]-
bmbpw \nt£-]-hp-ambn 874 tImSn \¬Insb¶nepw (\n-t£-]hpw
377 tImSn + hmbv] 497 tImSn) k¿°m-cn\p e`n® Unhn-U‚ v 1989-˛90¬
1.33 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1990 am¿®p-h-sc-bp≈ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-
ß-fpsS samØ\jvSw 514 tImSn-bmWv. (8) CXns‚sb√mw ê-ambn
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn dh\yp hcp-am\ h¿≤\w 1980-
I-fn¬ 13.7 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv hm¿jnI icm-icn dh\yp sNe-
hmb 15.5 iX-am\w sNe-hn\v XnI-bmØ Ah-ÿbpw dh\yp IΩn
h¿≤-\-hn\pw CSbm°n.
52
[\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°p \bn® sNe-hn-\-ß-fpsS Imc-W-ßƒ

ASp-Ø-Xmbn ]cntim[n-°mw. (1) dh\yp hc-hn-s\-°mƒ Db¿∂
tXmXn-ep≈ dh\yp sNehv {]tXyIn®v iº-fw, s]≥j≥ C\-Øn-
ep-≈-XmWv, 1980Ifnse [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS aqe-Im-c-Ww. (2) 1980
Zim-_vZ-°m-eØv \mepw A©pw kwÿm\ iºf IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-
I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ c≠p iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw Pqsse 1983 (\S-
∏n-em-°nb h¿jw 1985-˛86¬), Pqsse 1988 (\-S-∏n-em-°nb h¿jw 1989-
˛90¬) apXepw \S-∏n-em-°n. CXp-aqew iºf C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv
1984-˛85¬ 495 tImSn-bmbncp∂Xv 1990-˛91¬ 1683 tImSn-bmbn h¿≤n-®p.
h¿≤\w 240 iX-am-\w. CXv 1980-I-fnse Ah-km\ \mep-h¿j-ß-
fn¬ [\-IΩn A`q-X-]q¿hambn h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ CS-bm-°n. (3) k¿-
°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°p ]pdsa kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°pw s]≥j≥ \¬Ip∂Xv s]≥j≥ C\-Øn-
ep≈ sNehv h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿[n-∏n®p. 1980-I-fpsS HSp-hn¬ s]≥j≥
sNehv dh\yp sNe-hns‚ 10 iX-am-\-tØm-f-am-bn. CXv C¥y≥
kwÿm-\-ß-fnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ s]≥j≥ sNehv \nc-°mbn amdn.
Ipd™ hnc-an-°¬ {]mbw (55 hb-kv) Db¿∂ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw,
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse hnc-an-®-h¿°pw s]≥j≥
F∂nh s]≥j≥ sNehv h¿≤n-∏n-®p. (4) ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS
`mK-ambn XpS-ßnb Xm¬°m-en-I-amb FÃm-_vfn-jvsa‚p-Ifpw Poh-
\-°mcpw ]≤Xn Ign-bp-tºmƒ t\m¨πm≥ Bbn amdp∂ coXn, ]pXp-
Xmbn k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw XpS-ßp-I, kzImcy
FbvUUv taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb ÿm]-\-ß-fpw _m®p-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-
°pI XpS-ßn-bhaqew {Sj-dn-bn¬ \n∂p t\cn´p iºfw \¬Ip∂
k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cp-sSbpw FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-
fnsebpw Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆ-Ønepw KWy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn.
1980 apX¬ 1988-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS
FÆw 25 iX-am\hpw kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-
fnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw 16 iX-am-\hpw h¿≤n-®p.
(5) k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn°p Xmßm≥ Ign-bmØ hnZym-`ymk
sNe-hmWv as‰m∂v. hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ (kvIq-fp-Iƒ, B¿´v
B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, s{]m^j-W¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-
ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h) k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bnepw kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-e-
53
bnepw am{Xw aXn F∂ \b-amWv A\p-h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂-Xv. CXp-

aqew kzImcy \nt£]w hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.
Ime-L´- Ø- ns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°\p-kc - n®v s{]m^j-Wepw D∂X hnZym-
`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpw XpS-ßmØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. Cu cwKØv
a’cw C√mXm-b-tXmsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw tami-am-bn. D∂-X-hn-
Zym-`ym-k-Øn\v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf B{i-bn-t°≠
ÿnXnbpw D≠m-bn. A[ym-]-I-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn\pw Ipń-I-fpsS
AUvan-j\pw (π-kvSp, _ncp-Z, _ncp-Zm-\-¥c amt\-Pvsa‚ v ko‰p-Iƒ°v)
h≥tXm-Xn¬ tImg hmßp∂ G‰hpw henb em`w sImøp∂ taJ-e-
bmbn FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk taJe amdn. ]n¬°m-eØv cmjv{So-b-
]m¿ń-Ifpw, kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw, i‡-cmb kΩ¿±--{ Kq-∏p-Ifpw
kwÿm\ {Sj-dnsb sIm≈b-Sn-°p∂ Hcp {]ÿm-\-ambn FbvUUv
taJe amdn. 1980- I - f psS BZyw tPmen- b n- √ mØ 5000tØmfw
s{]mÍv‰Uv A≤ym-]-I¿°v iºfw \¬Ip∂ ÿnXnbpw D≠m-bn.
1984¬ kwÿm-\sØ hnZym-`ymkhpw sXmgnepw ]Tn-°m≥ \ntbm-
Kn® ssle-h¬ IΩn-‰n, kwÿm\ [\-ÿn-Xn°p Xmßm≥ Ign-bmØ
hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\a- mWv \ne-hn-ep-≈s - X∂v A`n-{]m-bs
- ∏-´p.
(6) IS-_m-[y-X-bpsS KWy-amb h¿≤-\bpw X∑q-e-ap≈ hmbv]
Xncn-®-S-hpw, ]eni _m≤y-X-I-fnse h¿≤-\hpw [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-
te°p \bn® Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. 1980-Ifnse H∂mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬
samØw dh\yp sNe-hns‚ 9 iX-am\w ]en-ibpw, IS-_m-≤yX Xo¿-
°m\pw sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp∂Xv c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ 22.6 iX-am-\-ambn
h¿≤n-®p.
1990-I-fnse [\-{]-Xn-k‘n
1990-I-fnse [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-I-W°v ˛
dh\yp-I-Ωn, dh-\yp-sNehv, dh\yp IΩn dh\yp sNehv A\p-]m-Xw,
dh\yp IΩn Pn.-Fk - .v U
- n.-]n. A\p-]mXw F∂nh ]ńI 3.2¬ e`y-amWv.
1980-I-fnse [\-{]-Xn-k‘n 1990-I-fnse BZy c≠p h¿j-ß-fnepw
XpS¿∂p. F∂m¬ XpS¿∂p≈ A©p h¿j-ß-fn¬ dh\ypIΩn
Ipd™ tXmXn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1997-˛98¬ B ÿnXn-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Ibpw
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ho≠pw cq£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-bn-te°pw \oßn.
1999-˛2000 h¿jw [\-Imcy XI¿®-bpsS h¿j-am-bn-cp-∂p. dh\yp sNe-
hn¬ dh\yp IΩ-nbpsS hnlnXw 31 iX-am-\w-hsc Db¿∂p. dh\yp
54
IΩn C{Xbpw h¿≤n-°m-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw kwÿm-\-Øns‚

{][m\ sNe-hn-\-ß-fmb ]en-i, s]≥j≥, iºfw F∂o C\-ß-
fn¬-s∏´ sNehv IpXn-®p-b¿∂-Xm-Wv.
k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hchpw (ISw hmßn-b-sXmgn®v) sNehpw
XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-amWv [\-I-Ωn. hchpw sNehpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv
\nI-Øm≥ th≠Xv hmbv]-bm-Wv. [\IΩn h¿≤n-°pI F∂-Xns‚
A¿∞w sNehv \nd-th-‰m≥ IqSp-X¬ hmbv]sb B{i-bn-t°-≠n-h-
cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. hmbv]-sb-Sp-°p∂ XpI ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-hn-I-k-\-
Øn-t\m, aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Ønt\m, hm¿jnI ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏nt\m
BWv sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ AXv KpW-I-c-amWv AYhm hnI-k-
t\m-∑p-J-am-Wv.
]ń-I. 3.2
1990-I-fnse dh\yqIΩn
dh\yq IΩn dh\yq dh\yq IΩn dh\yq IΩn
h¿jw (cq] tImSn) sNehv dh\yq sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
(cq] tImSn) A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
1990-˛91 422 2825 14.9 2.3
1991-˛92 364 3216 11.3 1.6
1992-˛93 337 3656 9.2 1.3
1993-˛94 371 4293 8.6 1.3
1994-˛95 400 5066 7.9 1.1
1995-˛96 402 5826 6.9 0.9
1996-˛97 643 6788 9.5 1.3
1997-˛98 1123 8241 13.6 2.1
1998-˛99 2030 9228 22.0 3.3
1999-˛2000 3624 11566 31.3 5.2
2000-˛01 3147 11878 26.5 4.3
Source: GOK 2001: White paper on State Finances;
DES 2010, GSDP of Kerala from 1970-71 to 2008-09
55
F∂m¬ hmbv] hmßp-∂Xv dh\yp sNehv AYhm \nXy-\n-Zm\

sNe-hp-Iƒ°msW-¶n¬ AXv tZmj-I-c-am-Wv As√-¶n¬ ]m∏-cm-Ip-
∂-Xns‚ e£-W-am-Wv.
1990-If
- nse samØw [\-IΩn, samØw sNehv, [\-IΩn samØw
sNehv A\p-]mXw, [\-IΩn Pn.F--kv.U - n.-]n. A\p-]mXw F∂nh ]ńI
3.3¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-I-Ωn-bpsS Imcy-
Ønepw dh-\yp-I-Ωn°v kam-\-amb am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. 1990-˛91¬
samØw sNe-hns‚ 26 iX-am\w IΩn-bmWv AYhm ISw hmßn-
bmWv sNe-hm-°n-b-Xv. XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ß-fn¬ Hcp h¿jw Hgn®v
as‰√m h¿j-ß-fnepw [\-IΩn 20 iX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
1998-˛2001 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ [\-IΩn 30 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Ia - mbn Db¿∂p.
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ [\-Im-cy-XI - ¿®-bn-te°p \oßnb Ime-L´- a - m-bn-
cp∂p AXv. Cu Ime-bf - h
- n¬ s]mXp IS-Ønepw h≥ h¿-≤-\-bp-≠m-b-
Xmbn ImWmw (]-ńI 3.4). [\-ImcyØI¿®sb XpS¿∂v 2001¬ kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ [hf-]{Xw {]kn≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu [h-f] - {Xw 1990-If
- nse Ah-
km\ h¿j-ßf - nse [\-ÿn-Xnbpw [\-Imcy XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-ß-
sf-°p-dn®pw hy‡-amb cq]w \¬Ip-∂p.
]ń-I. 3.3
1990-I-fnse [\IΩn
[\IΩn samØw [\IΩn [\IΩn
h¿jw (cq] tImSn) sNehv samØw sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
(cq] tImSn) A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
1990-˛91 797 3081 25.9 4.3
1991-˛92 803 3502 22.9 3.6
1992-˛93 732 3934 18.6 2.8
1993-˛94 935 4656 20.1 3.2
1994-˛95 1109 5512 20.1 3.2
1995-˛96 1303 6389 20.4 3.1
1996-˛97 1542 7411 20.8 3.2
1997-˛98 2414 8980 26.9 4.4
1998-˛99 3012 9880 30.5 4.8
1999-˛2000 4533 12214 37.1 6.6
2000-˛01 3878 12726 30.5 5.3
Source: Same as Table 3.2
56
]ńI 3.4
1990-I-fnse s]mXpISw
s]mXp-ISw h¿≤\w s]mXp-ISw
h¿jw (cq] tImSn) (cq] tImSn) Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
A\p-]mXw
(iX-am-\w)
1990-˛91 4717 ˛ 25.4
1991-˛92 5467 15.9 24.3
1992-˛93 6297 15.2 24.3
1993-˛94 7199 14.3 24.8
1994-˛95 8821 22.5 25.2
1995-˛96 10114 14.7 23.8
1996-˛97 11421 12.9 23.4
1997-˛98 12868 12.7 23.5
1998-˛99 15700 22.0 25.2
1999-˛2000 20176 28.5 29.2
2000-˛01 23919 18.6 32.9
Source: Same as Table 3. 2
2001se [h-f-]{Xw
kºq¿Æ-amb [\-Imcy XI¿®-bpsS Nn{X-amWv [h-f-]-{Xw
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂X
- .v [h-f]
- {- X-Ønse Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p.
(1) kwÿm\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ BZy-ambn k¿°m¿ \¬Inb sN°p-Iƒ
{Sj-dn-bn¬ amdmØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. sN°p-Iƒ \¬In Bdp-amkw
Ign-™n´pw ]Ww \¬Im≥ Ign-bmØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ch ho≠pw
]pXp°n \¬Ip∂ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. (2) hm¿≤-Iy-Ime s]≥j≥, a‰p
kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥, Zp¿_e P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°p hoSp-]-Wn-
bm-\p≈ hmbv]-Iƒ, Fkv.kn, Fkv.‰n hn`mKw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p
\¬-In-bn-cp∂ ]T-\-k-lm-bw, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v km[\ßƒ
\¬Inb hI-bn-ep≈ XpI, s]mXpa-cm-aØv ]Wn \S-Ønb XpI
XpS-ßn-bh \¬Im≥ ]W-an-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠mbn (3) k¿°mcn¬-
\n∂p e`n-t°≠ XpI In´mØXnep-≠mb tIkp-I-fn¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ
k¿°m¿ hkvXp-°fpw hml-\-ßfpw P]vXn sNøm≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-∂Xv
57
]Xn-hm-bn. (4) k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-bp∂ Poh-\-°m¿°v

dn´-b¿sa‚ v s]≥j≥, a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Ft∏mƒ In´p-sa∂p ]d-
bm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. (5) k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°pw
Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]Ww _P-‰n¬ hI-bn-cp-Øn-bn-
´p-s≠-¶nepw AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ _n√p-Iƒ {Sjdn AwKo-I-cn-°mØ
ÿnXn-bp-≠mbn. (6) k¿°m¿ Poh-\° - m¿°pt]mepw Xßƒ°v hcp∂
amk-ß-fn¬ iºfw e`n-°ptam F∂ Bi¶ Df-hm-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬
[\-ÿnXn tami-ambn (7) k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ, t]meokv tÃj≥
XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v tÃj-\dn hmßmt\m, sSen-t^m¨ _n√v AS-bv-
°mt\m, hml-\-Øn\v C‘\w hmßmt\m, IØv Ab-bv°m≥ Ãmºv
hmßmt\m ]W-an-√mØ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. CXv `c-
W-kvXw-`-\-Øn\p Xs∂ hgn-sbmcp°n. (8) k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°pw
s]≥j≥Im¿°pw Un.-F. IpSn-»n-Ia - m{Xw 548 tImSn cq] D≠mbn-cp∂p.
(9) k¿°m¿ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ]e hn`m-K-°m¿°pw sImSpt°≠ IpSn-
»nI XpI 3477 tImSn cq]-bm-sW∂pw CXn\v ]W-an-√mØ ÿnXn-
bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw [h-f]
- {Xw ]d-bp-∂p. (tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am¿, πkvSp
_m≤y-X, Un.-F. IpSn-»n-I, tIcf C≥{^m-kv{S-IvN¿ C≥shÃvsa‚ v
^≠v _m≤y-X, lrkz-Ime hmbv] Xncn-®-S-hv, Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬
acp∂p hmßn-bXv XpS-ßn-b-h) (10) k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-
hp-I-fmb iº-fw, s]≥j≥, ]eni XpS-ßn-bh \nd-th-‰m≥ t]mepw
ISw hmßp∂ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
[\-{]-Xn-k-‘n°p Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fmWv [h-f-]{Xw
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. (1) k¿°m-cn\p Xmßm≥ Ign-bmØ dh-\yp-
I-Ωn°pw AXp \nI-Øm-\mbn h≥tXm-Xn¬ ISw hmßepw (2) aqe-
[\w hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse sNe-hp-Iƒ shń-°p-d-®p-
sIm≠v \nXy- \ n- Z m- \ - s N- e - h p- I ƒ°v ]Ww I≠- t Ø≠ ÿnXn.
(3) 1990- IfpsS c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ hn¬∏-\- \n-Ip-Xn, kwÿm\
FIvsskkv, tamt´m¿ hml\ \nIp-Xn F∂n-h-bpsS hf¿®m-\n-c-°n¬
h∂ Ipdhv, 1990-I-fnse c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ kwÿm\w A`n-ap-Jo-I-
cn® kmº-ØnI amμyw, Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hne-bn-Sn-hv,
Kƒ^n¬ \n∂p≈ aS-ßn-hchv F∂n-hbpw \nIpXn hcp-am\w KWy-
ambn Ipd-bv°m≥ CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. (4) \nIpXn CXc hcp-am-\-amb
ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿Nm¿Pv XpS-ßn-bh - b
- psS hcp-am\ h¿≤-\b
- n¬ Ipdhv.
58
Xp—-amb ôkp-I-fmWv hnZym-`ymk Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ NpaØn-

bncp-∂Xv. Nne ôkp-Iƒ 30 h¿j-Øn-\nsS am‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-∂p.
(5) `qcn-`mKw s]mXp taJem ÿm]-\-ß-fpw XpS¿®-bmb \jvS-Øn¬
{]h¿Øn®n-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew k¿°m-cn\p e`n-t°≠ em`-hn-ln-Xw,
]eni Xncn-®-S-hv, \nIp-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh e`n-°mØ Ah-ÿ. s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ hmßp∂ hmbv]-Ifpw s]mXphn-¬ Xncn-®-S-bv°m-
dn-√. (6) tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂ temWp-Iƒ, a‰p AUzm≥-
kp-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ h∂ Ipdhv. (7) kwÿm-\-Øns‚
[\-e-`yX IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX cmjv{Sob {]N-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \n›-
bn-°p∂ Db¿∂ ]≤-Xn-hn-ln-Xhpw AXp k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬
krjvSn-°p∂ Acm-P-I-Xzhpw. _P-‰n¬ ]Ww I≠p-sIm≠p XpS-
ßp∂ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ ]W-an-√msX ]IpXn hgn-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. (8)
hm¿-jn-I-]-≤-Xn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ hn`-h-ßfpw, ISw FSp-°p∂ XpIbpw
]≤-Xn°p sNe-hm-°msX \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂p. (9) \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ kl-I-
cW ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ, sh¬^-b¿ t_m¿Up-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂p
lrkz-Ime hmbv] hmtß-≠n-h-∂p.
sNe-hn-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ C\-ß-fmWv [\-X-I¿®-bv°n-S-
bm-°n-b-Xv. (1) \nXy-\n-Zm-\-sN-e-hp-Iƒ A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn h¿≤n-®-
XmWv dh-\yp-I-Ωn-bpsS h¿≤-\-hn\pw [\-X-I¿®-bv°p-ap≈ ASn-
ÿm\ Imc-Ww. Cu hn-`mKw sNe-hp-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°m-
cp-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. (2) A©p-h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ \S-Øp∂ iºf
s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßfpw AXp krjvSn-°p∂ [\-_m-≤y-Xbpw
kwÿm\ {Sj-dn°p Xmßm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√. 1996-˛97se iºf ]cnjv-
I-cWw henb kmº-ØnI _m≤yX krjvSn-®p. am{X-hp-a√ tI{μ-
k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v Un.-F. h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\
Poh-\-°m-cpsS Un.-Fbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu C\-ß-fnep≈ sNehv
\nd-th-‰m≥ ISw hmtß-≠n-h-∂p. (3) IS-_m-≤y-X-bnse h¿≤-\-hp-
aqew ]en-ibpw hmbv]m-Xp-Ibpw Xncn-®-S-bv°m-\p≈ _m[y-Xbpw h¿-
≤n®p. (4) hn`-h-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX s]cp-∏n® hm¿jnI ]≤-
Xn-I-ƒ \S∏n-em-°p∂Xv cq£-{]-iv\-ßfpw Acm-P-I-Xzhpw krjvSn-
°p-∂p. ]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS FÆw IqSp-∂p. ]q¿Øo-
59
I-cW- Ø
- ns‚ sNehv BZy FÃn-ta-‰p-Is
- f-°mƒ h¿≤n-°p-∂p. (5) \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \S-Øn-s°m≠pt]m-Im≥ aqe-[-\-sN-e-hp-Ifpw
sabn‚n\≥kv sNe-hp-Ifpw shń-°pdbv°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn.
sabn‚n-\≥kv sNehv dh\yp sNe-hns‚ aq∂p iX-am-\a - mbn Ipd™p.
tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, sIń-S-ßƒ, hml-\-ß-ƒ, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ XpS-
ßn-bh sabn‚n-\≥kv C√msX \in-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn.
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n 2001-\p-tijw
1998-˛2001 Ime-L-´sØ [\-Imcy XI¿®-bv°p-ti-j-ap≈ [\-
ÿn-Xn-bmWv Cu `mK-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. [\-Im-cy- X-I¿®-sb-
Øp-S¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ F.-sI. B‚Wn k¿°m¿ [\-{]-Xn-
k‘n ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ i‡amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. k¿°m-cns‚
hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-Iƒ°p≈ ôkp-Iƒ,
sshZypXn \nc-°v, Nne \nIp-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh h¿≤n-∏n-®p. `c-W-sN-
ehv Ipd-bv°m≥ Nne ISpØ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®p. A[n-I-ap≈
Poh-\-°msc Ipd-bv°p-I, tPmen-bn-√mØ s{]mÍvS-‰Uv A≤ym-]-I-
cpsS iºfw ]Ip-Xn-bmbn Ipd-bv°p-I, ]pXp-Xmbn k¿ho-kn¬ {]th-
in-°p-∂-h¿°p tIm¨{Sn-_yq-´dn s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-I, ]pXp-Xmbn \nb-
an-°p∂h¿°v c≠p h¿j-tØ°v ASn-ÿm\ iºfw am{Xw \¬IpI,
πkvSp A≤ym-]I - c
- psS IpSn-»nI KÃv eIvNd- ∑
- m-cpsS \nc-°n¬ \¬IpI,
s]≥j≥ IΩyq-t´-j≥ B\p-Iqeyw Ipd-bv°p-I, dn´-b¿sa‚ v sNøp-
∂-h-scmgn®v a‰v Poh-\-°m-cpsS eohv kd-≠¿ B\p-Iqeyw \n¿Ø-
em-°p-I, Hcp h¿j-tØ°v `h-\-\n¿ΩmW hmbv]-Iƒ sImSp°m-Xn-
cn-°p-I, Ub-ktv \m¨ I¿i-\a - m-°pI XpSßnb \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p.
Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒaqew k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn.
F¶nepw [\-XI - ¿®-bpsS BLmXw GXm≠v A©p-h¿j-°mew \ne-
\n-∂p. 2000-˛01 apX¬ 2004-˛05-hscbp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ dh\ypIΩn
dh-\yp-sN-e-hns‚ 21 apX¬ 28 iX-am-\w-hscbmbn-cp-∂p. dh\ypIΩn
Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xhpw hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-bncp∂p. (]-ńI 3.5).
60
]ń-I. 3.5
2001\p tij-ap≈ dh\yq IΩn
dh\yq IΩn dh\yq IΩn dh\yq IΩn
h¿jw (cq] tImSn) dh\yq sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
2000-˛01 3147 26.5 4.3
2001-˛02 2606 22.3 3.3
2002-˛03 4122 27.9 4.7
2003-˛04 3680 23.7 3.8
2004-˛-05 3669 21.4 3.1
2005-˛06 3129 17.0 2.3
2006-˛07 2638 12.7 1.7
2007-˛08 3785 15.2 2.1
2008-˛09 3712 13.1 1.8
2009-˛10 5023 16.1 2.2
2010˛11 3674 10.6 1.3
2011-˛12 8035 17.4 2.6
2012-˛13 9352 17.5 2.7
2013-˛14 11309 18.7 2.9
2014-˛15 13796 19.2 3.1
2015-˛16 10814 13.2 1.9*
* Based on provisional GSDP
Source: i) Report of the CAG on State Finances for the years 2011 to 2015.
ii) White paper on State Finances 2011.
iii) GOK, 2016, Revised Budget 2016-17 at a glance.
Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ [\-I-Ωnbpw hfsc Db¿∂ \nc-°n-em-bn-cp-

∂p. A©p h¿j-ß-fn¬ aq∂p h¿jhpw [\-IΩn samØw sNe-
hns‚ 31 apX¬ 32 iX-am-\w -h-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. [\IΩn Pn.-F-kv.-
Un.]n. A\p-]m-Xhpw hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. (]-ńI 3.6).
61
]ń-I. 3.6
2001\p tij-ap≈ [\IΩn
[\IΩn [\IΩn [\IΩn
h¿jw (cq] tImSn) samØw sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
2000-˛01 3878 31.1 5.3
2001-˛02 3269 26.7 4.2
2002-˛03 4987 31.9 5.7
2003-˛04 5539 31.9 5.7
2004-˛05 4452 24.7 3.7
2005-˛06 4182 21.4 3.1
2006-˛07 3822 17.3 2.5
2007-˛08 6100 22.4 3.5
2008-˛09 6346 20.5 3.1
2009-˛10 7872 23.1 3.4
2010-˛11 7731 19.9 2.9
2011-˛12 12815 25.2 4.1
2012-˛13 15002 25.3 4.3
2013-˛14 16944 25.5 4.3
2014-˛15 18642 24.2 4.1
2015-˛16 17715 19.9 3.0*
* Based on provisional GSDP
dh\yp, [\-I-Ωn-Iƒ \nI-Øm≥ ISsØ B{i-bn-t°-≠n-h-∂-
Xpaqew s]mXpI-Shpw KWyambn h¿≤n-®p. (]-ńI 3.7).
62
]ń-I. 3.7
2001\p tij-ap≈ s]mXp-ISw
s]mXp-ISw h¿≤\w s]mXp-ISw
h¿jw (cq] tImSn) (iX-am-\w) Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
A\p-]mXw
(iX-am-\w)
2000-˛01 23919 ˛ 32.9
2001-˛02 26950 12.7 34.6
200-2-˛0-- 3 31060 15.3 35.7
2003-˛04 37452 20.6 38.7
2004-˛05 41878 11.8 35.1
2005-˛06 45929 9.7 33.5
2006-˛07 49875 8.6 32.4
2007-˛08 55410 11.1 31.6
2008-˛09 63300 14.2 31.5
2009-˛10 70969 12.1 30.8
2010-˛11 78673 10.9 31.2
2011-˛12 89418 13.7 29.8
2012-˛13 103561 15.8 31.2
2013-˛14 119009 14.9 31.3
2014-˛15 135440 13.8 31.4
2006 apX¬ 2011-h-sc-bp≈ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØpw

[\-{]-Xn-k‘n XpS¿∂p. F∂m¬ apºv (2001 apX¬ 2006hsc) D≠m-
bn-cp∂ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS A{X cq£-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ Cu Ime-L-
´sØ {]Xn-k‘n. dh\yp IΩn, samØw dh\yp sNe-hns‚ 11 apX¬
16 iX-am-\w-hscbmbn-cp-∂p. [\-I-Ωnbpw Hcp h¿jsamgn®v a‰p \mep
h¿j-ßfnepw samØw sNe-hns‚ 21 iX-am\w apX¬ 23 iX-am-\w-
hscbmbn-cp-∂p. s]mXpI-Shpw Db¿∂ tXmXn-em-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXpISw
63
Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw 30.8 iX-am\w apX¬ 33.5 iX-am-\-am-bn-

cp-∂p (]-ńI 3.5, 3.6, 3.7). Cu k¿°m-cn-s\bpw [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-
°nb {][m\ LSIw 2006 apX¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb iºf s]≥j≥
]cn-jIv m-ca
- m-W.v iº-fw, s]≥j≥, ]en-i, a‰p \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ
F∂nh \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠ hcp-am-\-an√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ISw hmtß≠
ÿnXn-bn-embn-cp∂p k¿°m¿.
]W-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ _P-‰n¬ ]m m-°nb XpI apgp-h\pw sNe-
hm-°m≥ Ign-bmØ ÿnXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. A°u-≠‚ v P\-d-en-s‚
IW-°-\p-k-cn®v 2006-˛07¬ \nb-a-k` ]mkm°nb _P‰v XpI-bpsS
23 iX-am\hpw sNe-hm-°n-bn-√. 2007-˛08¬ 14 iX-am-\hpw 2008-˛09¬
17 iX-am-\hpw XpI sNe-hm-°n-bn-√. sNe-hp-Iƒ shń-®p-cp-°n-bmWv
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-®-Xv. hm¿jnI ]≤Xn XpIbnepw h≥ shń-
°p-d-®n¬ \S-tØ-≠n-h-∂p. 2006-˛07¬ hm¿jn-I-]-≤-Xn-bpsS 56 iX-
am-\ta sNe-hm-°m≥ Ign-™p-≈p. 2007-˛08¬ hm¿jn-I-]-≤-Xn-bpsS
70 iX-am-\hpw 2008-˛09¬ 73-i-X-am-\hpw sNe-hm°n (F.-Pn, A°u-
≠vkv A‰v.-F. •m≥kv 2006-˛07 apX¬ 2008-˛09) CØ-c-Øn¬ hm¿jnI
]≤-Xn shń°pdhv hcp-Øn-bmWv [\-{]-Xn-k‘n XcWw sNbvX-Xv.
BtKm-f-amμy {]Xn-k‘n krjvSn® kmº-Øn-I-amμyw adn-I-S-
°m≥ 2009-˛10-se _P‰n¬ c≠p-h¿jwsIm≠v \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈ 10,000
tImSn cq]bpsS amμy-hn-cp≤ ]mt°Pv {]Jym-]n-®p. ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-
I-ß-fmb IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-Ww, Pe-tk-N-\w, s]mXpa-cm-aØv ]Wn-
Iƒ, C.-Fw.-F-kv. `h-\-]-≤-Xn, hyh-km-bw, sF.-‰n, Sqdnkw XpSßn-
bhbpsS \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv e£y-an-´-Xv. F∂m¬ ]W-
an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ CXn-\p-th≠n Imcy-ambn H∂pw sNe-hm-°n-bn-√.
A∂sØ kwÿm-\sØ \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ 40 iX-am-\hpw
tNmcp-∂p-sh-∂mWv [\-a-{¥n-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw. ]s£ CXv ]cn-l-cn-
°m≥ k¿°m-cn\p Ign-™n-√. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ 2008-˛09se kn.-F.Pn. dnt∏m¿´v [\-Imcy amt\-Pvsa‚ v
hfsc tami-am-sW-∂mWv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. dh\yp IpSn-»nI
]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂X
- n¬ hogvN, aqe-[\
- s
- N-ehv Ipd-™p-hc
- p-∂p, tamiamb
[\-\n-b-{¥-Ww, tami-amb ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v XpS-ßn-bh dnt∏m¿ń¬
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. 2009 am¿®phsc 12 hIp-∏p-Iƒ ]ncn-s®-Sp-t°≠
dh\yp IpSn-»nI 9466 tImSn-bmbn-cp∂p. km[-\-ßƒ hmßp∂
64
_n√ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb “e°n-hm‰v tem´dn” hn¬∏\

\nIpXn ]ncnhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ klm-bn-®n-√. UmapI-fn¬\n∂v aW¬
hmcn ]Ww D≠m-°m-\p≈ ]≤-Xnbpw ]cmPb-s∏-´p.
2011se [h-f-]{Xw
2011¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-
cn® [h-f-]{Xw A\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bnepw
IS-s°-Wn-bn-ep-am-Wv. k¿°m¿ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sImSpØp-Xo¿t°≠
2155 tImSn cq]-bpsS _m[y-X-bp-s≠∂pw AXn\p ]W-an-√mØ Ah-
ÿ-bn-em-sW∂pw [h-f-]{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. iºf, s]≥j≥ IpSn-»nI
800 tImSn, Icm-dp-Im¿°p \¬tI≠ IpSn-»nI 425 tImSn, kmaqly-
t£a s]≥j≥ IpSn-»nI 200 tImSn, `£y-k-_vknUn IpSn-»nI
266 tImSn, s\¬kw-`-c-W-Øn\pw a‰pw \¬tI≠ IpSn-»nI 125 tImSn,
`qan Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v \¬tI≠ 100 tImSn XpSßn-bhbmWv Ah.
2009-˛10se dh-\yp-IΩn samØw dh-\yp-sN-e-hns‚ 16 iX-am-\hpw [\-
IΩn samØw sNe-hns‚ 23 iX-am-\hpamWv. Cu IΩn \nI-Øm≥
ISw hmßp-∂-Xp-aqew k¿°m¿ cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-bn.
iº-fw, s]≥j≥, ]en-i, a‰p `cW sNe-hp-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-I-fpsS h≥ h¿≤-\-bmWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS ASn-
ÿm\ {]iv\w. 2010-˛11¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-bXpw 2009 Pqsse apX¬
ap≥Ime {]m_eyw \¬InbXpamb iºf ]cnjvImcw k¿°m-cns‚
[\-ÿnXn tami-am-°n. iºf, s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw, Un.F
\nc--°n¬ h∂ h¿≤\hpw aqew iºf, s]≥j≥ C\-Øn-ep≈
sNehv 2010-˛11¬ 16945 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2011-˛12¬ 24929 tImSn-bmbn
h¿≤n-®p. AXm-bXv Cu c≠v C\-ß-fnse Hcp h¿jsØ h¿≤\w
7984 tImSn cq] AYhm 47 iX-am\ambn-cp∂p. [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-aqew
ASn-ÿm\ LS-Ih - nIk\w, aqe-[\ \nt£-]w, hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
F∂n-h-bv°p≈ XpI shń-°p-d-bv°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. kº-ZvL-
S-\b
- psS ASn-Ød krjvSn-°p∂ aqe-[\ \nt£]w KWy-ambn Ipd™p.
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ XpS¿®-bmbn hmbv]sb B{i-
bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwÿm\Øv s]mXpISw XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n®p
s]mXpISw 2004-˛05¬ 41878 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2009-˛10¬ 70969
tImSnbmbn h¿≤n-®p. ]pXp-Xmbn FSp-°p∂ ISw ap≥]p≈ IS-_m-
≤y-Xbpw ]en-ibpw Xo¿Øp-I-gn-™m¬ Imcy-amb an®-an-√mØ Ah-
65
ÿ-bn-em-bn. CXv kwÿm\w IS-s°-Wn-bn-em-b-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-

sW∂pw CXn\v DØ-c-hmZn F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ tamiw [\-
am-t\-Pvsa‚m-sW∂pw [h-f-]{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. 2009-˛10se kn.-F.-Pn-bpsS
dnt∏m¿´-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bn¬ aq∂p kwÿm-\-ß-fmWv hfsc Db¿∂
IS-_m-≤y-X-bp-≈-Xv. Ah tIc-fw, ]›na _wKmƒ, ]©m_v F∂nh-
bm-Wv. Cu kwÿm\ßfnse IS-_m-≤yX [\ BkvXn-Isf°mƒ
Cc-ń-bn-e-[n-I-am-Wv.
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n 2011 apX¬ 2016-hsc
2011 apX¬ 2016-h-sc-bp≈ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØpw
kwÿm\w [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-
cns‚ Ah-km\ h¿jØn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb iºf s]≥j≥ ]cnjvIm-
chpw AXn\v 2009 Pqsse apX¬ ap≥Ime {]m_eyw \¬In-b-Xp-aq-
e-ap≈ IpSn-»nI _m≤y-Xbpw kwÿm\ {Sj-dn°p Xmßm≥ Ignbm-
Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm A©p h¿jhpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn
]cn-KW- n-°msX \S-∏n-em-°p∂ iºf s]≥j≥ ]cn-jI v mcw kwÿm-
\sØ \nXy -[-\-{]-Xn-k‘nbnte°v \bn®n-cn-°p∂p. a‰p \nXy-\nZm\
sNe-hp-I-fp-sSbpw h≥ h¿≤\w \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ k¿°m¿ ]cmP-
b-s∏-´p. IpXn-®p-b-cp∂ sNe-hp-Iƒ°-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn k¿°m-cns‚
X\Xv \nIp-Xn -h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-√. am{X-hp-a√ \nIpXn
h¿≤-\-\n-c°v Ipd-™p-h-cp∂ ÿnXnbpw D≠m-°n. 2013 apX¬ 2016-
hsc kwÿm\ kº-ZvL-S\bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \ne-\n∂
kmº-ØnI amμyw (d-∫¿ hne-bn-Snhv a‰p Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS
hne-bn-Sn-hv, \n¿Ωm-W-cw-KsØ kvXw`-\m-h-ÿ, dnb¬ FtÃ‰v taJ-
e-bnse kvXw`-\m-h-ÿ, Kƒ^v IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS aS-ßn-h-chv XpS-
ßn-b-h) \nIpXn hcp-am\w Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. 2011-˛16
Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ dh\yp IΩnbpw Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv samØw
dh\yp sNe-hns‚ 13 apX¬ 19 iX-am\whsc. kwÿm\ ^nkv°¬
dkvt]m¨kn-_n-en‰n BIvSns‚ (sI.-F-^v.-B¿.-B-IvSv) am\-Z-WvU-
ß-f\- p-kc - n®v dh\yp IΩnbpw [\-IΩ - nbpw Ipd-b°
v p∂Xn¬ kwÿm\w
]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ 2016 G{]n¬ apX¬ iºf s]≥-
j≥ ]cn-jvIc - Ww \S-∏n-em-°n. CXv krjvSn-°p∂ A[nI [\ _m[yX
kwÿm-\sØ Ic-Ib - dm≥ Ign-bmØ [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-bn-te°v \bn°pw
F∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√.
66
s]mXpI-Sw, Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImesØ s]mXpISw ap≥
k¿°m-cn-s\-°mƒ Xmc-X-tay\ sa®-ambn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. 2012
apX¬ 2015-hs- c-bp≈ \mep h¿j-ßf - n¬ Hcp h¿j-samgn®v IS-kq-NnI
sI.-F-^v.-B¿. BIv-Sns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kwÿm\ [\-{]-Xn-
k‘n-sb-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-amb \ne-]m-SmWv 2016¬ ]pXp-Xmbn A[n-
Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ F¬.-Un.-F-^v k¿°m-cn-\p-≈-Xv. Cu k¿°m¿ ]pd-
Øn-d°- nb [h-f] - {- X-Ønse \nK-a\
- ß
- ƒ ASp-ØX - mbn ]cntim[n-°mw.
2016se [h-f-]-{Xw
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v [h-f-]-{X-Øn¬
]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. (1) k¿°m¿ AXn-cq-£-
amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-Wv. hmbv] FSp°m≥ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ A\p-
h-Zn-®n-´p≈ ]cn-[n-bn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ hmbv]bpw FSp-Ømepw \nXy-\n-
Zm-\-sN-e-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ am{Xsa XnI-bp. (2) [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-aqew
k¿°m¿ aqe-[\ - \- n-t£]w \S-tØ≠ s]mXp k¿ho-kp-Iƒ (B-tcm-Kyw,
hnZym-`ym-kw) ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-fmb tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ, IpSn-
sh≈w, sshZypXn XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v ]Ww C√mØ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv.
CXp-aqew hnI-k-\-cw-KØv tIcfw ]nt∂m´v t]mbn. (3) ]W-an-√m-
Ø-Xn-\m¬ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ shń-°p-d-bv°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-
Ip-∂p. Ign™ aq∂p h¿j-ambn (2013-˛16) kwÿm\ \nb-a-k` AwKo-
I-cn® hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb kvIoap-I-fpsS ]≤Xn
sNehv 60-˛70 iX-am-\w -h-sc-bm-Wv. (4) [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-aqew Zcn{ZP\-
hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb taJ-e-bnse sXmgnem-fn-
Iƒ°pw e`n-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw ^≠p-Ifpw Ipd-
bp- ∂ - X n\v CS- b m- ° n. (5) Ign™ aq∂p h¿j- ß - f n¬ (2013- ˛ 16)
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \nb-ak - `
- b
- n¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n® _P-‰p-If
- nse hchpw
sNe-hp-IW - °
- p-Iƒ bmYm¿∞yßtfmSp s]mcpØ-s∏-Sp-∂h - b
- √
- . Ah
s]mXphn¬ s]cp-∏n® IW-°p-I-fm-Wv. Ign™ c≠p-h¿jw A[nI
hn`h kam-lm-ca - mbn e£y-an-ń-cp-∂X- ns‚ 75 iX-am\w am{Xta t\Sm≥
Ign-™n-´p-≈p. _P-‰nse IW-°p-Iƒ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\p \nc-°mØ
IW-°p-I-fmbn amdn. (6) hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`yX IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX
hm¿jn-I-]-≤Xn XpI {]Xn-h¿jw 10-˛15 iX-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
]≤-Xn-Iƒ hcp-am-\-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ s]cp-∏n® ]≤-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
CXv ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏ns‚ Xmfw sX‰n-®p.
67
(7) k¿°m¿ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sImSpØp Xo¿t°≠ _m≤y-X-

Iƒ 10628 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. CXn-¬ tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am¿°p \¬tI≠
IpSn-»n-I, Xncn®p \¬tI≠ Unt∏m-kn-‰p-Iƒ, kmaq-ly-t£a s]≥-
j≥ IpSn-»n-I, shbvkv B≥Uv ao≥kv XpI XpS-ßnb IpSn-»nIIƒ
\¬Im≥ 6302 tImSn cq] thWw. CXn\p ]pdsa tdmUv t{]mP-ISv p-Iƒ,
_P‰n\p- ]p-dsa \¬Inb A\p-a-Xn-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°p
]pd-sa-bp≈ iº-f-]-cn-jvI-cW IpSn-»nI, s\¬kw-`-c-Ww, knhn¬
kssπkv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ F∂n-h-bv°p≈ _m≤y-X-Iƒ 4326 tImSn
cq]-bm-Wv. (8) tIcf ^nkvI¬ dkvt]m¨kn-_n-en‰n BIvSns‚ am\-
Z-WvU-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v dh-\yp-I-Ωnbpw [\-I-Ωnbpw Ipd-®p-sIm≠p-
h∂v [\-ÿnXn sa®-am-°p∂Xn¬ k¿°m¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.
(9) \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ h≥ h¿-
≤\w [\-{]-Xn-k‘n cq£-am-°n. sNe-hp-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°p∂Xn¬
k¿-°m¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. (10) hmWn-Py-\n-IpXnIfpsS hcp-am\ h¿≤\
\nc-°n¬ h∂ Ipdhv {]Xn-k-‘n°p Imc-W-am-bn. 2012¬ \nIpXn
\nc-°ns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 19.6 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂Xv 2016¬ 10.1
iXam\-ambn Ipd-™p. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hf¿®m \nc-°nt\-°mƒ
\nIpXn \nc-°nse hcp-am\w Ipd-bm≥ ImcWw \nIpXn ]ncn-hnse
A\m-ÿb - pw, sISp-Im-cy-ÿX- bpw, Agn-aX
- n-bp-am-W.v (11) \nIpXn IpSn-»nI
]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xn¬ k¿°m¿ Aew-`mhw ImWn-®p. 2014-˛15¬ D≠m-
bn-cp∂ 13020 tImSn \nIpXn IpSn-»n-I-bn¬ 60 iX-am-\hpw bmsXmcp-
hn[ X¿°-ßtfm XS- ß - tfm D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. (12) skbn¬ SmIvkv,
hm‰v XpS-ßnb \nIp-Xn-Iƒ bYm-k-abw ]ncn-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn
k¿°m¿ tÃ \¬In. 2011-˛2016 Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ 440 tImSn cq]-bpsS tÃ
A\p-h-Zn-®p. (13) tI{μ-k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p \nIpXn hnln-X-ambpw
{Km‚mbpw e`n-°p∂ XpI-bn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bn´pw [\-ÿnXn
sa®-am-bn-√. 2014¬ 11,607 tImSn cq] e`n® ÿm\Øv 2015-˛¬ 15434
tImSnbpw 2016-˛¬ 21600 tImSnbpw e`n-®p. 2015¬ h¿≤\w 33 iX-am-\hpw
2016¬ 40 iX-am-\hpamWv. (14) Cu \ne-bv°mWv [\-ÿnXn apt∂m´p
t]mIp-∂-sX-¶n¬ 2017-˛18¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ kºq¿Æ [\-Imcy
XI¿®-bn-te°pw kmº-ØnI Acm-P-I-XzØn-te-°pw \oßpw. 2021
BIp-tºmƒ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-t]mepw ]Wan-√msX XI-
¿∂p Xcn-∏-W-am-Ipw. kmaqly s]≥j≥, iº-fw, s]≥j≥ hmbv]m
Xncn-®-Shv F∂nh t]mepw apS-ßp∂ `bm-\-I-amb ÿnXn D≠m-Ipw.
68
Cu [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n°v [h-f-]{Xw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv c≠p

Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv. H∂v, k¿°m-cns‚ X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIpXntbXc
hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ h∂ ]cm-Pb- w. c≠v, IpXn-®p-bc
- p∂ dh\yp
sNe-hp-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ h∂ hogvN. k¿°m-cns‚ X\Xv hcp-
am\w Imcy-ambn h¿≤nbv-°m-Ø-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-
h-bm-Wv. 2011-˛16 Ime-L´-Øn¬ \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv \S-Øp∂ hIp-∏p-If - psS
tami-amb {]h¿Ø-\w, \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p≈
k¿°m¿ tÃIƒ, \nIpXn IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ \nba \S-]S- n-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°p-∂X - n¬ h∂ hogvN, _P-‰n¬ {]Jym-]n® A[nI hn`-hk - -
am-l-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ h∂ ]cm-Pbw, Nne hn`mKw \nIpXnZmb-
I¿°v \¬Inb {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ, \nIpXn ]ncn-hn\v B[p-
\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv.
dh\yp sNe-hp-I-fn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-b-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bmWv. hn`-h-ß-fpw _P‰v am\-Z-WvU-ß-fpw ]cn-K-
Wn-°msX {]Jym-]n-°p∂ kvIoap-Iƒ, hn`-hß - f
- psS ]n≥_-ea
- n-√msX
s]cp-∏n® hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, _P-‰n¬ {]Jym-]n® A[nI hn`-h-
k-am-lc
- Ww t_m[-]q¿Δw \S-∏n-em-°m-Xn-cn-°¬, ]≤Xn CXc dh\yp
sNe-hp-I-fn¬ h∂ h≥ h¿≤-\w, dh\yp sNe-hp-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°mØ
[\-\-bw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv.
[h-f-]{Xw: Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
Cu [h-f-]{Xw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂
[\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kz`m-h-hpw, hym]vXn-bp-sSbpw hy-‡-amb Nn{Xw
\¬Ip-∂p. Cu \ne-bv°mWv [\-ÿnXn apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
2017-˛18¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ kºq¿Æ [\-Imcy XI¿®-bn-te°pw
kmº-ØnI Acm-P-IXz-Øn-te°pw \oßm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠-∂p≈
{]h-N\hpw bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ°p \nc-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ dh\yp
sNe-hp-If - n¬ D≠mb A\n-b{¥n-Xa - mb h≥ h¿≤-\bpw X\Xv \nIp-Xn,
\nIpXntbXc hcp-am-\-Øn¬ h∂ hogvNbpamWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n°p
Imc-Wa - mbn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈X
- .v ap≥ [h-f]
- {- X-ßsf°mƒ s{]m^j-
W¬ kao-]\ - hpw [\-ÿnXn hnhc IW-°p-Ifpw [h-f] - {- X-Ønep≠v.
F∂m¬ Cu [h-f-]-{X-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb \yq\X CXnse cmjv-
{Sob AXn-{]-k-c-am-Wv. ap≥ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv
(2006-˛2011-h-sc) [\-ÿn-Xnbpw [\ amt\-Pvsa‚pw sa®-am-bn-cp-∂p-
69
sh∂pw bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv (2011-˛16-h-sc) hfsc tami-

am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ÿm]n-°pI F∂ H‰ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv Hmtcm
]ń-II- ƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bXpw {]kvXm-h\ - I
- fpw \S-Øn-bn-´p-ap≈Xv. k¶p-
NnX cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cy-Øn-\-Xo-X-ambn k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn
hkvXp-\n-jvS-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ [h-f-]{Xw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. [\-
{]-Xn-k‘n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Im-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øm\pw {iaw \S-
∂n-√. 1980-I-fpsS c≠mw ]IpXn apX¬ 2016-h-sc-bp≈ kwÿm-\-
Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A©p h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ \S-
Øp∂ iºf s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p {]mhiyw
h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Un.-F. \nc-°p-amWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\
Imc-Ws - a∂p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. [\-cm-jv{So-bØ- ns‚ AXn-{]-kcw aqew
CXmWv Imc-Ws - a∂p ]d-bm≥ t]mepw [h-f] - {- X-Øn\v Ign-™n-ń-√.
iº-fw, s]≥j≥, ]eni F∂o sNe-hp-If - n¬ sXmSmsX a‰p sNe-
hp-If
- n¬ sNdn-b- \n-b{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \nIpXn ]ncnhv sa®-
s∏-Sp-Ønbpw [\-ÿnXn sa®-am-°m-sa∂ \n¿t±-i-amWv [h-f-]{Xw
apt∂m´p hbv°p-∂-Xv. Cu \bw Ign™ aq∂-c Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn
XpS-cp∂ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n°v ]cnlmcw D≠m-°m≥ Ign-™n-ń-s√-∂-
XmWv kwÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ A\p- ` - h w. kwÿm- \ sØ P\- ß - f psS
t£ahpw hnI-k\hpw k¿°m-cns‚ kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw ad-∂p-sIm≠v
`cn-°p∂ cm{„ob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p am{Xw
ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ \bw \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-Wv.
D]-kw-lmcw
[\- { ]- X n- k - ‘ n- s b- ° p- d n- ® p≈ hni- I - e \w D]- k w- l - c n- ° mw.
(1) kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ AXn-cq-£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-Wv. apgp-
h≥ dh\yp hchpw, tI{μ k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ ]cn-[n-bn-ep≈
apgp-h≥ hmbv]bpw FSp-Ømepw \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥
am{Xta XnI-bq. Cu \ne-bv°mWv apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂s - X-¶n¬ 2017-˛18¬
kwÿm\w kºq¿Æ [\-Im-cy-X-I¿®-bn-te°pw, Acm-PI-Xz-X-Xn-
te°pw \oßm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v 2016se [hf]{Xw ]dbp-∂p.
(2) [\-{]-Xn-k‘n Hcp Xm¬°m-enI {]iv\tam Hcp k¿°m-cns‚
ImetØm D≠m-b-X-√. {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n¬ D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-
¶nepw k¿°m¿ Ign™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv XpS¿®-bmbn [\-
{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. (3) Cu \nXy--[\ {]Xn-k-‘n°p ImcWw
70
kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn® [\-

[q¿Øv cmjv{So-bhpw [\-\b - ß
- f
- p-am-Wv. (4) [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-aqew \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn, aqe-[\
\nt£]w F∂n-hb - nse sNehv shń-°p-d® - n-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew BtcmKyw,
hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb s]mXpk¿ho-kp-Iƒ, ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-
fmb tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ, IpSn-sh-≈w, sshZypXn XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fn¬
tIcfw ]nt∂m´p t]mbn. (5) A‘-amb [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw A\p-
h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew hne-°-b-‰-Øn\pw kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ°p-a-
\p-k-cn®v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ
F∂n-h-bpsS \nc-°n¬ h¿≤\w hcp-Øp-∂n-√. CXp-aqew Btcm-Kyw,
hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb s]mXp k¿ho-kp-Iƒ, ASn-ÿm\ LS-Iß - f- mb
tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ, IpSn-sh-≈w, sshZypXn XpS-ßnb cwK-ßf - n¬ tIcfw
]nt∂m´p t]mbn. (5) A‘-amb [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw A\p-h¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xp-aqew hne-°-b-‰-Øn\pw kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ°p-a-\p-k-cn®v
Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\ßƒ F∂n-h-
bpsS \nc-°n¬ h¿≤\w hcp-Øp-∂n-√. CXp-aqew Zo¿L-Imew \nc-
°pIƒ am‰-an-√msX \ne-\n∂p. (6) tami-amb \nIpXn ]ncn-h,v Agn-aXn,
k¿°m¿ tÃIƒ, IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂Xnse A\m-ÿ, \nIpXn
]ncn-hn\v sF.-‰n. km-t¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n¬ h∂ ]cm-Pbw
XpS-ßn-bh \nIp-Xn-h-cp-am\ hf¿® apc-Sn-∏n-®p. (7) kwÿm-\-Øns‚
kmº-ØnI hf¿® Db¿∂ \nc-°n-em-Ip-tºmƒ X\Xp hcp-am\w
h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw amμy-Im-eØv hf¿® Ipd-bp-tºmƒ hcp-am\w Ipdbp-
Ibpw sNøp∂ {]h-WX s]mXphn¬ Zriy-am-bn-cp-∂p. (8) `qcn-`mKw
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw XpS¿®-bmbn \jvvS-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn®n-
cp-∂-Xp-aqew k¿°m-cn\p e`n-t°≠ em`-hn-ln-Xw, ]eni Xncn-®-Shv,
\nIp-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh e`n-°mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿ IS-
sa-SpØv \¬In-bn-cp∂ hmbv]-Ifpw Xncn-®-S-bv°m-dn-√. (9) [\-e-`yX
IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX cmjv{Sob {]Nc-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \n›-bn-°p∂
Db¿∂ XpI-bv°p≈ ]≤-Xn Acm-PIXzw krjvSn-°p∂p. am{X-a√
_P‰n¬ ]Ww I≠p-sIm≠p XpS-ßp∂ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ ]W-an-√msX
]IpXn hgn-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. (10) Hcp `mKØv dh\yp hcp-am\w aμ-
K-Xn-bn¬ h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ adp-`m-KØv dh\yp sNehv Hcp \nb-{¥W-
hp-an-√msX IpXn-®p-b-cp-∂p. dh\yp sNe-hp-I-fmb iº-fw, s]≥j≥,
]en-i, kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p≈ So®nwKv
71
{Km‚ v, k_vknUn-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ, `c-W-sN-e-hp-Iƒ, \jvS-Øn¬ \S-

°p∂ s]mXpta- J em ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ°p≈ klm- b w, kmaqly
kpc£m s]≥j≥ XpSßnb-h-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤-
\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. (11) cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsSbpw i‡-cmb kΩ¿±
{Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw \n£n]vX Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ th≠n ]e
dh\yp sNe-hp-I-fnepw \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ
Xøm-dmbnń√. X∑qew ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ Hcp
\nb-{¥-W-hp-an-√msX IpXn®pb¿∂p. (12) Ign™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-Im-
esØ [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-bpsS Imc-Wß - ƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A©p h¿j-
Øn-semcn°¬ \S-Øp-∂ iº-f, s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvIm-chpw, h¿j-Øn¬
icm-icn \S-Øp∂ c≠p Un.-F. h¿≤\hpw aqew krjvSn-°p∂ h≥
[\- _ m- ≤ y- X - b mWv {]Xn- k - ‘ n- b psS ASn- ÿ m\ Imc- W - s a∂p
ImWmw. (13) k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn ]cn-K-Wn-°msX kzImcy
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v h≥ [\-_m-[y-Xb - p-≠m-°p-∂
B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p. A\m-h-iy-ambn ]pXnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ,
_m®p-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, tPmen-bn-√mØ A≤ym-]-I¿°v iºfw
\¬Ip-I, Ipń-Iƒ C√mØ kvIqfp-Iƒ \ne-\n¿ØpI, ]pXnb \nb-
a-\-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ A\p-hmZw \¬IpI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-∂p. (14) hn`-h-ß-fpsS ]n≥_-e-an-√msX {]N-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n
henb hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-°p-I, \jvS-Øn¬ \S-°p∂
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v [\-k-lm-bhpw hmbv]bpw \¬IpI,
AwKo-I-cn® _P-‰n-\p-]p-dØv sNe-th-dnb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-
°pI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-°p≈ Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv.
(15) k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn°p Xmßm≥ Ign-bmØ hnZym-`ymk
sNe-hmWv as‰m∂v. 2001hsc hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ k¿°m¿
taJ-e-bnepw kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-e-bnepw am{Xw aXn F∂ \b-
amWv A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-∂-Xv. (16) IS-_m-≤y-X-bpsS KWyamb h¿≤-
\hpw X∑q-e-ap≈ hmbv] Xncn-®-S-hv, ]eni _m≤y-X-bnse h¿≤\w
F∂n-hbpw [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bp≈ Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. (17) [\-Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p∂ a{¥n-am¿, Fw.-F¬.-F.-am¿, cmjv{Sob
t\Xm-°ƒ, t{SUv bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-°-ƒ, {]mtZ-in-I -k¿°mcp-I-fnse
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c
- psS [\-cm-jv{So-bhpw, [\-
Im-cy-ßf- n-ep≈ A⁄-Xbpw [\-ÿnXn sa®-am-°m≥ XS- a - mbn \n∂n-
cp-∂p.
72
A≤ymbw \mevv
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ hchv
“Im em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hne-°-b-‰-Øn\pw a‰p kmº-ØnI am‰-
ßƒ°p-a-\p-k-cn®v k¿°m-cns‚ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿-
Pp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ am‰-ßƒ hcp-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂-
XmWv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-X-Xzw. F∂m¬ hc-hn-\-ß-fn¬ Imem-Im-
e-ß-fn¬ h¿≤-\tbm am‰-ßtfm hcp-Øp-∂Xv P\-hn-cp≤amsW∂p
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ hnP-bn®v A[n-Imcw
t\Sm\pw A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ XpS-cm\pw CXv A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v Ah¿
hniz-kn-°p-∂p. X∑qew \nIpXn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fnse \nc°v
h¿≤n-∏n®v hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂Xv AS™ A≤ym-b-am-bmWv
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂-Xv”.
1. [\-\bw
kwÿm-\sØ P\-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-Khpw Zmcn-{Z-c-cm-b-
Xp-sIm≠v P\-ßƒ°v `mc-ap-≠m-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, ôkp-Iƒ,
bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ F∂nh Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv P\-
hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Ifpw k¿°m-cp-Ifpw Icp-Xp-∂p.
X≥aqew ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ, \nIp-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh hne°-
b-‰-Øn\pw kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ°p-a-\p-k-cn®v h¿≤n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p∂
[\-\-b-amWv s]mXphn¬ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-
s\mcp Ncn{X]›m-Ø-e-ap-≠v. kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Im-eØv (1956)
tIc-f-Ønse samØw P\-ß-fn¬ \men¬ aq∂n-e-[nIw t]cpw Zcn-{Z-
73
c-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bkq-{XW

IΩn-js‚ Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ \n¿h-N\w A\p-k-cn®v 1973-˛74-¬ tIc-f-Ønse
samØw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 60 iX-am\w t]cpw Zcn{Zcmbncp∂p. IΩyq-
Wn-Ãv, tkmjy-en-Ãv, cm-jv{Sob kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-
Iƒ Xo{ha-- mbn hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v. P\-ßf - n¬ \n∂v
]ncn-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°pI F∂-XmWv P\t£a-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-sa∂v
hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. X≥aqew k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ s]mXp k¿ho-kp-I-
fmb hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-Ww, sshZyp-Xn, a‰p
s]mXp tkh-\ß - ƒ F∂n-hbv°v hfsc Ipd™ \nc-°p-If - mWv CuSm-
°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu \nc°pIƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Ip∂
kzImcy ÿm]-\-ß-fnse \nc-°p-I-tf-°mƒ hfsc Ipd-™-Xm-bn-
cp∂p. k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ k¿ho-kp-Ifpw hnX-cWw sNøp∂ `£y-
[m-\y-ßfpw a‰pw kuP-\y-amtbm Xp—-amb \nc-°ntem \¬I-W-sa-
∂Xv cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS [\-kn-≤m-¥-ambn amdn. kwÿm-\sØ
Zcn-{Z-cpsS hnln-X-Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Ipd-hp-≠msb-¶nepw Cu
[\-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-bn-√. 1973-˛74-¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Zmcn-{Zy-tc-
Jbv°v Xmsgbp≈h¿ 60 iX-am-\a - m-bn-cp-∂Xv 2011-˛12¬ 7 iX-am-\a - mbn
Ipd™p.
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-X-tbm-sS, em`-I-c-amtbm
k¿°m¿ klm-b-an-√msXtbm {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v ÿm]-\-
ßtfm, sXmgnemfn bqWn-b-\p-Itfm, k¿°mtcm ImWp-∂n-√. Hcp
k¿-°m-cm-ip-]{Xn t]mse-bmWv hmWnPy kz`m-h-ap≈ s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßsf \S-Øp-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ ]Ww apS°n s]mXpta-Je
ÿm]\w XpS-ßp-∂p. {]h¿Ø-\-s®-e-hn\v ]W-an-s√-¶n¬ k¿°m¿
\¬Ip∂p. ÿm]-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb XpI k¿°m¿ IS-sa-SpØp
\¬Ip∂p. ÿm]\w F{X \jvSw hcp-Øn-bmepw AXv \nI-Øm-\p≈
_m[yX k¿°m-cn-\m-W∂v s]mXphn¬ Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. CØ-c-Øn-
ep≈ [\ [q¿Øv ImcWw `qcn-`mKw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw
kwÿm\ JP-\m-hn\v \nXy-km-º-ØnI _m[yX hcp-Øp∂ ÿm]-
\- ß - f mbn amdn- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. XpS¿®bmbn h≥\jv S w hcp- Ø p∂
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpsS {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-d-√.
74
k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw hcp-Øp∂

IpSn-»nI _m[y-X-Iƒ k¿°m-cns‚ hc-hns\ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-
°p∂ Hcp LS-I-am-Wv. Hcp k¿°m¿ hIpt∏m s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-
\tam a‰p hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v \¬tI≠ ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ,
\nIp-Xn, hmSI XpS-ßn-bh bYm-k-abw \¬Im-dn-√. k¿°m¿ hIp-
∏p-Ifnepw a‰v s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfnepw D]-tbm-Kn® IpSn-sh-
≈-Øn\v ]Ww \¬Im-Ø-Xp-aqew hm´¿ AtXm-cn‰n [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-
bn-em-°p-∂p. k¿°m-cn\v e`n-t°≠ IpSn-»nI XpI ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬
hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ, Xt±i kzbw-`-cW
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ, tI{μ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\ß - ƒ XpS-ßn-bh k¿°m-cn\v
bYm-ka - bw \¬tI≠ ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿Pv, \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, hmS-I,
`qan-°cw XpS-ßnbh \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ A\mÿ ImWn-°p-∂-Xmbn
ImWmw.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\p e`n-t°≠ X\Xv \nIpXn,
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcpØn
hchv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ [\-\-
b-Ø-n¬ bmsXmcp ÿm\-hp-an-√. X\Xv hcp-am\w Imcy-£-a-ambn
]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-Isf i‡-am-°m\pw Agn-aXn
hnap-‡-am-°p-hm\pw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂n-√.
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ßƒ k¿°m-cn\v em`-hn-lnXw Xcp∂ ÿm]-
\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v h≥ kmº-ØnI _m≤yX krjvSn-°p∂ ÿm]-\ß-
fmbn amdn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ ÿm]-\-ßtfm
k¿°mtcm Imcy-amb {ia-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂n-√. k¿°m-cn\p e`n-t°≠
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fnse IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw
[\-\bw ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂n-√. s]mXphn¬ X\-Xp-h-cp-am-\-ßƒ
kzcq-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap≥K-W-\-bn-√mØ [\-\-b-amWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ
A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
2. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hchv
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hc-hns\ aqe-[-\w, dh\yp
F∂o c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. aqe-[\ hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-
∂Xv hnhn[ t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂v IS-sa-Sp-°p∂ XpIbpw k¿°m¿
\¬Inb hmbv]I - f
- psS Xncn-®S- hpw a‰v aqe-[\ hc-hp-If
- p-amWv. dh\yq
hc-hv, {][m-\-ambpw \mev C\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-Wv. Ah X\Xv
75
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ, tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bm-Wv. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ hchv LS\ Nm¿´v 4.1¬ \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. dh\yp hchv LS\ Nm¿´v 4.2¬ sImSpØn-´p≠v
Nm¿´v 4.1
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ hchv LS\
Nm¿´v 4.2
dh\yq hchv LS\
76
]ńI 4.1
k©nX\n[n-bn¬ hcp∂ samØw hchv
h¿jw samØw hmbv]- hmbv]-bmb samØw hmbv] hchv samØw
dh-\yq b-√mØ hchv hchv samØw hchv hchv
hchv hchv (aq-e-[-\w) (2+3+4) A\p-]mXw h¿≤-\w
(aq-e[
- \
- w) (i-Xa
- m-\w) (i-Xa
- m-\w)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2000-˛01 8731 117 2156 11004 19.6 ˛
2001-˛02 9056 55 2792 11903 23.4 8.2
2002-˛03 10634 81 3966 14681 27.0 23.3
2003-˛04 11815 73 6992 18880 37.0 28.6
2004-˛05 13500 95 6596 20191 32.7 6.9
2005-˛06 15295 52 5823 21170 27.5 4.8
2006-˛07 18187 68 5336 23591 22.6 11.4
2007-˛08 21107 53 5644 26804 21.1 13.6
2008-˛09 24512 45 6921 31478 22.0 17.4
2009-˛10 26109 87 6616 32812 20.2 4.2
2010-˛11 30991 69 7189 38249 18.8 16.6
2011-˛12 38010 71 9799 47880 20.5 25.2
2012-˛13 44137 89 13261 57487 23.1 20.1
2013-- ˛- 14 49177 123 14461 63761 22.7 10.9
2014-˛15 57950 152 18509 76611 24.2 20.2
2015-˛16 71020 225 17615 88860 19.8 16.0
Source: Report of the CAG on State Finances for the years 2011 to 2015;
White Paper on State Finances 2011 and 2016;
Revised Budget 2016-17 at a glance
k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hchv 2000-˛01¬ 11004 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv

2015-˛16¬ 88860 tImSn-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. ]ńI 4.1¬ k¿°m-cns‚ k©nX
\n[n-bn¬ Ign™ ]Xn-\mdv h¿jsØ dh\yq aqe-[\ hcp-am-\-ßƒ
77
Dƒs∏sS samØw hc-hv, hm¿jnI hf¿®m \nc°v F∂nh \¬In-bn-

´p-≠v. Cu XpI-bn¬ ]ªnIv A°u≠vv hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n®
XpI Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√.
k¿°mcns‚ samØw hc-hns‚ icm-icn hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 2000-˛01
apX¬ 2005-˛06-hsc 14.36 iX-am-\hpw, 2006-˛07 apX¬ 2010-˛11 hsc
12.64 iX-am-\hpw, 2010-˛11 apX¬ 2015-˛16 hsc 18.48 iX-am-\-hp-am-bn-
cp∂p. Cu aq∂p Ime-L-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ ISw hmßn-
bn-cp-∂Xv 2000-Ønse [\-Imcy XI¿®bv°v tij-ap≈ Ime-L-´-Øn-
em-Wv. 2000-˛01\p tijw G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°n¬ ISw FSpØ
h¿jw 2003-˛04 BWv. samØw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 37 iX-am-\hpw ISw
hmßn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
ASpØXmbn dh-\yp-h-chv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]ńI 4.2¬ 2000-˛01
apX-ep≈ X\Xv \nIp-Xn-bn-Xc C\-ßƒ, tI{μ-hn-ln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ
F∂nh Dƒs∏´ dh\yq hc-hp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2000-˛01¬ samØw
dh-\yq-h-chv 8731 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2015-˛16¬ 71020 tImSn-bmbn
h¿≤n®p. samØw dh-\yq- h-c-p-am\w 2011-˛12-\p-tijw kwÿm\ Pn.-
Un.-]n.-bpsS 12.1 apX¬ 12.8 iX-am\whsc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. dh\yq Pn.-Un.]n.
A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Imcy-amb hyXymkw hcm-ØXv dh\yq hcp-am\w
Htc tXmXn-¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]ńI 4.3¬
Cu \men\w dh\yqhc-hns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\ \nc°v \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
samØw dh-\yq h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ ]e- h¿jß-fnepw G‰-°p-d-®n¬ D≠m-
bn-´p-≠v. G‰hpw Ipd™ h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bXv 2001-˛02-em-Wv. h¿≤\w
3.7 iX-am-\w. F∂m¬ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ henb Ipd-hp-≠mb as‰mcp
h¿jw 2009-˛10 BWv. 2008se BtKmf kmº-ØnI amμyw aqe-amWv
Cu Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. amμyw-aqew k¿°m-cns‚ X\Xv \nIpXn
hcpam\Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. 2013-˛14¬ kwÿm-\Øv A\p-`-h-s∏´
kmº-ØnI amμyhpw X\Xv \nIpXn h¿≤\ KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°m≥
CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\ hf¿®m\n-c°pw Nne h¿j-
ß-fn¬ KWy-ambn Ipd-™n-´p-≠v . tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-X-ambn e`n-
°p∂ XpI-bnepw henb G‰-°p-d-®n¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. tI{μ k¿°m-
cn¬ \n∂v e`n® {Km‚p-Iƒ ]e h¿j-ß-fnepw ap≥h¿jw e`n-®-Xn-
s\-°mƒ Ipd-hmbncp-∂p.
78
]ńI 4.2
samØw dh-\yq-h-chv (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw X\Xv \nIp-Xn- tI{μ tI{μ samØw dh\yq hchv

\nIpXn tb-Xc \nIpXn {Km‚p-Iƒ dh\yq Pn.-Fk
- .v U
- n.]n
hchv hnlnXw hchv A\p-]mXw
(i-Xa- m-\w)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2000-˛01 5867 655 1589 620 8731 12.5
2001-˛02 5923 543 1612 978 9056 12.5
2002-˛03 7303 678 1715 938 10634 12.3
2003-˛04 8089 807 2012 907 11815 12.3
2004-˛05 8963 819 2405 1313 13500 12.6
2005-˛06 9779 937 2518 2061 15295 12.9
2006-˛07 11942 938 3212 2095 18187 13.7
2007-˛08 13669 1210 4052 2176 21107 14.2
2008-˛09 15990 1559 4276 2687 24512 12.1
2009--˛10 17625 1852 4399 2233 26109 11.3
2010-˛11 21722 1931 5142 2196 30991 11.5
2011-˛12 25719 2592 5990 3709 38010 12.1
2012-˛13 30077 4198 6841 3021 44137 12.1
2013-˛14 31995 5575 7469 4138 49177 12.4
2014-˛15 35232 7284 7926 7508 57950 12.8
2015-˛16 39882 8911 13122 9105 71020 12.1
79
]ńI 4.3
dh\yq hchv h¿≤\ \nc°v (i-X-am-\w)
h¿jw X\Xv \nIpXn tI{μ tI{μ samØw
\nIpXn tbXc \nIpXn {Km‚p-Iƒ dh\yq
C\-ßƒ hnlnXw hchv
2001-˛02 1.0 ˛17.1 1.4 57.7 3.7
2002-˛03 23.3 24.9 6.4 ˛4.1 17.4
2003-˛04 10.7 19.0 17.3 ˛3.3 11.1
2004-˛05 10.8 1.5 19.5 44.7 14.3
2005-˛06 9.1 14.4 4.7 19.2 13.3
2006-˛07 22.1 0.1 27.5 1.6 18.9
2007-˛08 14.4 28.9 26.1 3.8 16.1
2008-˛09 16.9 28.8 5.5 23.4 16.1
2009-˛10 10.2 18.7 2.8 ˛16.9 6.5
2010-˛11 23.2 4.2 16.8 ˛1.6 18.7
2011-˛12 18.4 34.2 16.4 68.9 22.6
2012-˛13 16.9 61.9 14.2 ˛18.5 16.1
2013-˛14 6.4 32.8 9.2 37.0 11.4
2014-˛15 10.1 30.7 6.1 81.4 17.8
2015-˛16 13.2 22.3 65.6 21.3 22.6
Source: Based on Table 4.2
2001-\p-tijw kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ aq∂p k¿°m-

cp-If
- psS Ime-L´- Ø- nse dh\yp hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ KXn ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
(]-ńI 4.4). 2001˛2006se bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv samØw
hm¿jnI icm-icn dh\yp h¿≤\w 11.96 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. X\Xv
\nIp-Xn-bpsS icm-icn hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 10.98 iX-am-\hpw \nIp-Xn-
tb-X-c-bn-\-ßƒ 8.54 iX-am-\hpw, tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnlnXw 9.86 iX-am-
\hpw, {Km‚p-Iƒ 22.84 iX-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬
h∂ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv samØw dh\yp hcp-am-\-
80
Øns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w 15.2 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-®p. tI{μ

{Km‚p-Iƒ HgnsI as‰-√m-bn-\-ß-fnepw hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w
Db¿∂ tXmXn-em-bn-cp-∂p. X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ h∂ KWy-
amb h¿≤-\-bmWv dh-\yp-h-cp-am\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-®-Xv.
2011 apX¬ 2016-h-sc-bp≈ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv samØw
dh\yp hcp-am-\-Øns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w ap≥ k¿°m-cn-
s\-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv 18.1 iX-am-\w. X\Xv \nIpXn
hcp-am-\-ß-fn¬ ap≥ k¿°m-cns\ At]-£n®v Ipd™ hcp-am\ h¿≤-
\-hmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\w, tI{μ
\nIpXn hnln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ ap≥ k¿°m-cn-s\-°mƒ
Db¿∂ hcp-am\ h¿≤-\-\n-c°v t\Sm≥ Ign-™p.
]ńI 4.4
dh\yq hc-hns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w (i-X-am-\w)
Ime-L´w X\Xv \nIp-Xn tI{μ tI{μ samØw
\nIpXn tb-Xc \nIpXn {Km‚p-Iƒ dh\yp
hchv hnlnXw hchv
2001-˛02 ˛ 2005-˛06 10.98 8.54 9.86 22.84 11.96
2006-˛07 ˛ 2010-˛11 17.36 16.14 15.74 2.06 15.26
2011-˛12 ˛ 2015-˛16 13.00 36.38 22.30 38.02 18.10
2001\pti-j-ap≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ dh\yq hcp-am\ LS-\-bn¬
Imcy-amb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. (]-ń-I 4.5). H∂v. k¿°m-cns‚ X\Xv
\nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ hnln-X-Øn¬ 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zim-
_vZ-Im-eØv h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-sb-¶nepw ]n∂oSv KWy-ambn Ipd-™p.
2010-˛11¬ samØw \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ X\Xv \nIp-Xn-bpsS hnlnXw
70 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂Xv 2015-˛16 ¬ 56 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-™p. k¿°m-
cns‚ G‰hpw {][m\ hc-hmb X\Xp \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ h∂
KWy-amb Cu Ipdhv [\-ÿn-Xn-bpsS tami-amb Nn{X-amWv \¬Ip-
∂-Xv. c≠v. \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\Ø - n¬ 2011-\p-tijw KWy-amb h¿≤-
\-hp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. aq∂v. tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-X-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v.
\mev. tI{μ k¿°m¿ {Km‚p-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hnlnXw Ipd-bp-Ibpw
h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂ {]hWX Zriy-am-bn. Npcp-°-Øn¬ X\Xv
81
\nIpXn hnlnXw KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-X-Øn¬

am‰-an-√mØhÿbpw \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-ß-fnepw AXp-t]mse
{Km‚p-I-fnepw Imcy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠mb LS-\m-am-‰-amWv dh\yq
hcp-am-\-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv.
]ńI 4.5
dh\yq hchv LS\ (i-X-am-\w)
h¿jw X\Xv \nIp-Xn tI{μ tI{μ samØw
\nIpXn tb-Xc \nIpXn {Km‚p-Iƒ dh\yq
C\-ßƒ hnlnXw hchv
2000-˛01 67.2 7.5 18.2 7.1 100
2005-˛06 63.9 6.1 16.5 13.5 100
2010-˛11 70.1 6.2 16.6 7.1 100
2015-˛16 56.2 12.5 18.5 12.8 100
dh\yq hchv kqNn-II-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-

cns‚ dh\yq hchv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]ńI 4.6¬ 2000˛2001-sebpw AXn-
\p-ti-j-ap≈ dh-\yq-h-chv kqNn-IIƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2000-˛01¬ X\Xv
\nIpXn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p (9.2
iX-am-\w). F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Cu A\p-]mXw Ipd-bp∂ {]h-
W-X-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Cu Ipdhv X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ tami-
am-Ip∂ ]ncn-hn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kwÿm-\sØ \nXy [\-
{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°nb Hcp {][m\ Imc-Whpw X\Xv \nIpXn h¿≤-
\-hn¬ h∂ Cu Ipd-hm-Wv. X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc A\p-]m-Xhpw Ipd-
bp∂ Hcp {]h-WX - b
- mWv D≠m-bX- v. CXv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\ß
- fpw
Ime-\p-km-cWw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂X- n-ep≈ ]cm-Pb - a
- mWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X- v.
F∂m¬ tI{μ-hn-lnXw Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw Imcy-amb am‰-an-
√msX \ne-\n-∂p.
3. X\Xv \nIpXn hchv
k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\ X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-ßƒ A©n-\-ß-
fm-W.v (1) hn¬∏\ aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn (2) ap{Z-]{- X-ßfpw cPn-ktv {S-j≥
ôkpw (3) kwÿm\ FIvsskkv (4) hml\ \nIpXn (5) a‰p \nIp-Xn-
82
]ńI 4.6
dh\yq hchv kqNn-I-Iƒ
h¿jw X\Xv \nIpXn X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc tI{μ hnlnXw
Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. (\n-IpXn hnlnXw +
A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw {Km‚p-Iƒ)
(i-X-am-\w) (i-X-am-\w) Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n
A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w)
2000-˛01 9.2 1.0 3.5
2006-˛07 7.8 0.6 3.5
2010-˛11 8.2 0.7 2.8
2014-˛15 7.8 1.6 3.4
Source: Reports of CAG on State Finances for the years 2011 to 2015.
Iƒ. Cu \nIpXnIfn¬ 2000-˛01 apX¬ 2015-˛16-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-

Øp-≠mb h¿≤-\w, aq∂p k¿°m-cp-If - psS ImesØ \nIpXn h¿≤\w,
\nIpXn LS-\-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w, \nIp-Xn-h¿≤-\sb kzm[o-\n® LS-
I-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Cu `mK-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p ]ńI 4.7¬ 2001
apX¬ 2016-h-sc-bp≈ Hmtcm kmº-ØnI h¿jhpw Hmtcm \nIp-Xn-bn-
\-Ønepw e`n® XpI \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
hn¬∏\, aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn
hn¬∏\ \nIpXn {][m-\-ambpw \mev {][m\ hn`m-K-ß-fmWv
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X
- v. H∂v, tI{μ-hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bnse hyh-ÿI - ƒ
{]Imcw kwÿm-\-¥c hym]m-ctam hmWn-Pytam \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬
hn¬∏\ kw_-‘n®p ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIp-Xn. c≠v. P\d¬ skbn¬
SmIvkv BIvSv {]Im-ca - p≈ kwÿm\ hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn. aq∂v. 2005
G{]n¬ H∂mw Xob-Xn- ap-X¬ kwÿm-\Øv \S-∏n-em-°nb aqey-
h¿≤nX \nIpXn (hm-‰)v A\p-kc - n-®p≈ hcp-am\ßƒ. \mev. tIcf t]∏¿
tem´dn \nIp-Xn-bn≥ta-ep≈ hc-hv, a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv.
hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIpXnIfpsS 2000-˛01-\p-ti-j-ap≈ 15 h¿jsØ
hm¿jnI hf¿®m-\nc°v ]ńI 4.8¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kwÿm-\Øv
kmº-Øn-I-amμyw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu \nIp-Xn-
83
]ń-I 4.7
X\Xv \nIpXn hc-hn-\-ßƒ (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw hn¬∏\ ap{Z kwÿm\ hml\ a‰p samØw
\nIpXn, ]{X-ßfpw FIvsskkv \nIpXn \nIp-Xn-Iƒ X\Xv
hm‰v cPnkv \nIpXn
t{Sj≥
ôkpw
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2000-˛01 4344 341 689 395 101 5870
2001-˛02 4440 394 541 452 96 5923
2002-˛03 5343 487 663 513 297 7303
2003-˛04 5991 550 656 586 306 8089
2004-˛05 6701 775 746 610 131 8963
2005-˛06 7038 1101 841 629 170 9779
2006-˛07 8563 1520 953 708 198 11942
2007-˛08 9372 2028 1169 853 247 13669
2008-˛09 11377 2003 1398 937 275 15990
2009-˛10 12771 1896 1515 1131 312 17625
2010-˛11 15833 2552 1700 1331 306 21722
2011-˛12 18939 2987 1883 1587 323 25719
2012-˛13 22511 2938 2314 1925 389 30077
2013-˛14 24885 2593 1942 2161 414 31995
2014-˛15 27908 2659 1777 2365 523 35232
2015-˛16 31193 3040 2086 2837 726 39882
bpsS h¿≤-\h- n¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. 2001-˛02¬ kwÿm\w

cq£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k‘n A\p-`-hn® ImesØ hf¿®m-\n-c°v 2.2
iX-am-\-amWv. 2005 G{]n¬ apX¬ aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn (hm-‰v) \S-
∏n-em°nb BZy h¿jhpw \nIp-Xn-h-c-hn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn.
84
2007˛08se BtKmf kmº-ØnI amμy-ap-≠mb h¿j-Ønepw 2013˛14-

\p-tijw kwÿm\w kmº-Øn-I-am-μy-Øn-emb ImeØpw Cu \nIp-
Xn-bpsS h¿≤-\-hn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ign™ 15 h¿j-
°m-eØv kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ aq∂p k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS
ImesØ hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIp-Xn-I-fnse hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w
]ńI 4.9¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. CXn¬\n∂v 2006 apX¬ 2011-hsc kwÿm-
\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-ØmWv Cu \nIp-Xn-
bn¬ Db¿∂ hcp-am\w t\Sn-b-sX∂p ImWmw.
2001-\p-tijw kwÿm\ X\Xp \nIp-Xn-bn¬ h∂ LS-\m-]-c-
amb am‰w ]ńI 4.10¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. samØw X\Xp \nIp-Xn-bn¬
hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIp-Xn-If
- p- sS hnlnXw 2000-˛01¬ 74 iX-am-\a
- m-bn-cp∂p.
CXn¬ Ign™ Zi-IØn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ 2011-\p-tijw
Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS hnln-X-Øn¬ h¿≤\w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. CXns\
BtcmKyIc-amb am‰-ambn ImWmw.
hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w
e`n-°p∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS C\-ßƒ AS-ßnb ]ńI 4.11¬ sImSpØn-
´p-≠v. kwÿm-\Øv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ \nIpXn e`n-°p∂ DXv]∂w
C¥y-≥ \n¿Ωn-X hntZ-i-a-Zy-amWvv. s]t{Sm-fnbw DXv]-∂-ßƒ c≠mw
ÿm\Øpw, tamt´m¿ hml-\-ßƒ aq∂mw ÿm\Øpw, knsa‚ v
\memw ÿm-\Øpw, Pqh-edn A©mw ÿm\Øpw, acp-∂p-Iƒ Bdmw
ÿm\-Øp-am-Wv. \n¿ΩmW kma-{Kn-I-fmb Ab¨ & Ão¬, Ce-
Iv{Sn-°¬ DXv]∂- ß
- ƒ, s]bn‚ v, XSn, ssS¬kv, km\n-´dnshb¿ F∂n-
hbpw IqSp-X¬ \nIp-Xn e`n-°p∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fm-Wv. d∫¿, Nn°≥,
Sb¿ & Syq_vkv, sIan-°¬kv, tkm∏v, ]mNIw sNbvX Blmcw
F∂n-hbpw a‰p {][m\ C\-ß-fm-Wv. DXv]-∂-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ \nIp-
Xn-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ \nIpXn h¿≤\w 2008˛09 apX¬ 2013-˛14-hsc
D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv DXv]-∂w, tamt´m¿ shln-°nƒkv,
Pph-edn, XSn, ssS¬kv, s]bn‚ v, km\n-´-dn-sh-b¿ F∂n-h-bn-em-Wv.
hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIp-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v 2014-
˛15¬ e`n® hchv 27908.33 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. ]ńI 4.12¬ hnhn[ C\-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn-bmbn e`n-°p∂ hc-hns‚ IW°v \¬In-bn-´p-≠.v
samØw e`n® XpI-bn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw e`n-®Xv aqey-h¿≤nX \nIp-Xn-
bn¬ \n∂mWv (52.3 iX-am-\w). kwÿm\ hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v
85
]ńI 4.8
X\Xv \nIpXn hchv h¿≤-\-\n-c°v (i-X-am-\w)
h¿jw hn¬∏\, ap{Z kwÿm\ hml\ a‰p samØw
\nIpXn, ]{X-ßfpw FIvsskkv \nIpXn \nIp-Xn-Iƒ X\Xv
hm‰v cPnkv \nIpXn
t{Sj≥
ôkpw
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2001˛02 2.2 15.5 ˛21.5 14.4 ˛4.9 0.9
2002-˛03 20.3 23.6 22.6 13.5 209.3 23.3
2003-˛04 12.1 12.9 ˛1.1 14.2 3.0 10.8
2004-˛05 11.8 40.9 13.7 4.1 ˛57.2 10.8
2005-˛06 5.0 42.1 12.7 3.1 29.8 9.1
2006-˛07 21.6 38.0 13.3 12.5 16.4 22.1
2007-˛08 9.4 33.4 22.6 20.4 24.7 14.4
2008-˛09 21.3 ˛1.2 19.5 9.8 11.3 16.9
2009-˛10 12.2 ˛5.3 8.3 20.7 13.4 10.2
2010-˛11 23.9 34.6 12.2 17.6 ˛1.9 23.2
2011-˛12 19.6 17.0 10.7 19.2 5.5 18.4
2012-˛13 18.8 ˛1.6 22.8 21.3 20.4 16.9
2013-˛14 10.5 ˛11.7 ˛16.1 12.3 6.4 6.4
2014-˛15 12.1 2.5 ˛-8.5 9.4 26.3 10.1
2015--˛16 11.8 14.3 17.4 20.0 38.8 13.2
86
]ńI 4.9
X\Xv \nIpXn hc-hns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w
(i-X-am-\w)
ImeL´w hn¬∏\ ap{Z kwÿm\ hml\ a‰p samØw
\nIpXn, ]{X-ßfpw FIvsskkv \nIpXn \nIp-Xn- X\Xv
hm‰v cPnkv Iƒ \nIpXn
t{Sj≥
ôkpw
2001˛02 ˛ 2005-˛06 10.28 27.00 5.28 9.86 36.00 10.98
2006-˛07 ˛ 2010-˛11 17.68 19.90 15.18 16.20 12.78 17.36
2011-˛12 ˛ 2015-˛16 14.56 4.10 5.26 16.44 19.48 13.00
]ńI 4.10
X\Xv \nIpXn hcpam\LS\ (i-X-am-\w)
h¿jw hn¬∏\ ap{Z kwÿm\ hml\ a‰p samØw
\nIpXn, ]{X-ßfpw FIvsskkv \nIpXn \nIp-Xn- X\Xv
hm‰v cPnkv Iƒ \nIpXn
t{Sj≥
ôkpw
2000˛01 74.0 5.8 11.7 6.7 1.7 100
2005-˛06 72.0 11.3 8.6 6.4 1.7 100
2010-˛11 72.9 11.7 7.8 6.1 1.4 100
2015-˛16 78.2 7.6 5.2 7.1 1.8 100
45.2 iX-am-\hpw tI{μ hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v 1.6 iX-am-\hpw
a‰p hc-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂v 0.7 iX-am-\w XpIbpw e`n-®p.
hn¬∏\ \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ henb km[y-X-Iƒ kwÿm-
\-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Ah ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm\w ]cm-P-b-
s∏-´p-sh∂v Hcp ]T\w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. 1973 apX¬ 2001-h-sc-bp≈
Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn¬∏\ \nIp-
Xn-bn¬ 35 iX-am\w ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øn√ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ ]T\w FØn-
t®¿∂p. (cmJn ]n.-_n, 2003).
87
]ńI 4.11
hn¬∏\ \nIpXn {][m\ I®-hS C\-ßƒ
{Ia I®-h-S-bn-\-ßƒ 2008-˛09se 2013-˛14se h¿≤\w 2013-˛14se
\w. \nIpXn \nIpXn (i-X-am-\w) dm¶v hnlnXw
(cq] tImSn) (cq] tImSn) (i-X-am-\w)
1. _nkvI‰v 22.96 58.24 153.4 20 0.32
2. Iip-h≠n 24.70 40.55 64.2 22 0.22
3. kna‚ v 471.62 877.96 86.2 4 4.85
4. sIan-°¬kv 40.53 85.48 110.9 17 0.47
5. Ip°pUv ^pUv 38.48 73.57 91.2 19 0.41
6. Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬
km[-\-ßƒ 95.39 254.62 166.9 11 1.41
7. Ce-Itv {Sm-WnIv
km[-\-ßƒ 42.42 186.30 339.2 12 1.03
8. hntZ-i-aZyw
(C-¥y≥ 2503.77 5830.12 132.9 1 32.18
\n¿Ωn-Xw)
9. Ccp-ºv, Dcp°v 133.10 308.79 132.0 10 1.7
10. B`-cWw 143.51 471.53 228.6 5 2.6
11. acp-∂p-Iƒ 142.22 368.42 159.0 6 2.03
12. tamt´m¿ 712.94 2446.88 243.2 3 13.51
hml-\-ßƒ
13. s]t{Sm-fnbw
DXv]-∂-ßƒ 2670.01 5158.64 93.2 2 28.47
14. s]bn‚ v 109.54 309.74 182.8 9 1.71
15. d∫¿ 162.47 349.28 115.0 7 1.93
16. tkm∏v 50.43 85.24 69.0 18 0.47
17. Sbdpw Syq_pw 38.30 104.26 172.2 16 0.58
18. BUw-_c 95.79 180.73 88.7 14 1.00
\nIpXn
88
19. tImgn 99.62 178.40 79.1 15 0.98

20. XSn 58.43 181.26 210.2 13 1.00
21. ssS¬kv 116.99 348.58 198.0 8 1.92
22. km\n-‰dn shb¿ 16.38 46.51 183.9 21 0.26
Source: KPERC, Third Committe, Fourth Report (2013-14), Government of Kerala.
hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIpXn hcp-am-\sØ kzm[o-\n® LSI-ßƒ
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1) Cu \nIpXn ]tcm£ \nIp-Xn-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ kwÿm-\-Ønepw
cmPy-Øn-ep-ap≈ kmº-ØnI am‰-ßƒ°\p-k-cn®v (D-b¿∂ kmº-
ØnI hf¿®, amμyw) \nIpXn hcp-am-\Ø - n¬ G‰-°p-d® - n-ep-≠m-bn-´p≠v.
(2) s]t{Sm-fnbw DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hne-bnse G‰-°p-d-®n¬ \nIpXn
hcp-am-\Ø - n¬ G‰-°p-d® - n-ep-If - p-≠m-°nb as‰mcp {][m\ LS-Ia - mWv.
2010-˛11¬ hn¬∏-\, hm‰v \nIp-Xn-bn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ hf¿®-bp-≠m-
°nbXn\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw s]t{Sm-fnbw DXv]-∂-ß-fn¬ h∂ hne-
h¿≤-\-hmWv. (3) hm‰v \nIpXn k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ henb hn`mKw I®-
h-S-°msc \nIpXn cPn-kvt{S-j≥ kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ sIm≠ph-cm≥ Ign-
bm-ØXv hcp-am-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. kwÿm-\Øv
`qcn-`mKw I®-h-S-°m-scbpw \nIpXn cPn-kvt{S-j≥ kwhn-[m-\Øn¬
sIm≠ph-cm≥ Ign-™n-√. (4) Hcp h¿jw \S-°p∂ hym]m-c-Øns‚
IrXy-amb IW°v hym]mcn-Iƒ \¬Im-dn-√. CXv ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw
ê-{]-Za - mb kwhn-[m-\ß - f- n-√. (5) s]mXpa-cm-aØv ]Wn-Iƒ sNøp∂
Icm-dp-Im¿ hm‰n¬ cPn-kvt{S-j≥ sNøm-ØXv \nIpXn hcp-am-\sØ
{]Xn-Iq-ea - mbn _m[n-®n-´p≠v. (6) bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Akkv sNtø≠ hm‰v
\nIp-Xn-bpsS Hcp `mKw am{Xta Akkv sNøp-∂p-≈p. (7) sF.-‰n.
kwhn-[m\w hgn hym]m-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v dnt´¨ hmßp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
AXpw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S∂ hn¬∏-\-bp-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ kwhn-
[m-\-ß-fn-√. (8) tdmUv am¿§-ßƒ°p ]pdsa dbn¬th, hnam-\-Øm-h-
f-ßƒ hgn-bp≈ Nc°p KXm-KX - hpw AXnse \nIpXn Akkv sNøm\pw
ê-{]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. (9) I®-h-S-°m¿ i‡-amb kwL-S-
\-bp-≈h - cpw DtZym-Kÿ- ∑ - m-cpsS tÃm°v, IS-]c - n-tim-[\ F∂nh _ew
{]tbm-Kn®v XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂h - c- p-am-Wv. IS ]cn-tim-[\- I- ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw
kwL-´-\-Øn-te°v \oßp∂ kml-N-cy-ap-≈-Xp-aqew tÃm°v ]cn-tim-
89
[\Ifn¬ \n∂v \nIpXn DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ]n≥am-dp-∂p. (10) sN°vt]mÃp-

I-fn¬ Nc°v hml\-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-
ß-fn-√m-ØXpw sN°v t]mÃp-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ CS-tdm-Up-Iƒ D≈Xp-
aq-ehpw Imcy-amb \nIp-Xn-tNm¿® sN°vt]m-Ãp-Iƒ hgn D≠m-Ip∂p.
am{X-hp-a√ sN°v t]mÃp-Iƒ Agn-aXn tI{μ-ß-fm-sW∂v ]cs°
Bt£-]hpap≠v. (11) \nIpXn IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ IrXy-ambn ]ncn-s®-Sp-
°p-∂-Xnse _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-I-fpsS hogvN-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂
tÃIƒ, tImS-Xn-Ifpw A∏-te‰v t_mUn-Ifpw \¬Inb tÃIƒ am‰p-
∂-Xn\v ê-{]-Z-amb \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m-ØXpw, tI{μ-˛-kw-
ÿm\ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ \nIpXn IpSn-»nI bYm-k-abw
AS-b°v m-ØXpw, \nIpXn hc-hns\ {]Xn-Iq-ea- mbn _m[n-®n-´p-≠.v (12) Cu
Imc-W-ß-fmepw a‰pw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≈ hn¬∏-\, hm‰v
\nIp-Xn-If
- n¬ aq∂n-sem∂ne-[nIw hnlnXw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmØ
Ahÿ kwÿm-\Øv \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
ap{Z-]-{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkpw
ap{Z-]-{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôknepw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv aq∂v
{][m\ hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. H∂v, ap{Z-∏-{Xß-ƒ ˛ tImSXn kw_-‘n-®p≈-
Xv. c≠v, ap{Z-∏-{X-ßƒ ˛ tImSXn kw_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-X-√m-Ø-Xv. aq∂v,
cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkv. H∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv aq∂v C\-ß-
fm-W.v 1. apZ∏{X-ßf - mbn (Ãm-ºp-Iƒ) CuSm-°p∂ tIm¿´v ôkv. 2) PpUn-
jy-epw, dh\yphpw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ I£n-Iƒ°p th≠n {]am-W-ßƒ
]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-∂X - n-\p≈ ap{Z-∏{- X-ßƒ. 3) tIm¿´v ôkv {]Im-chpw
hyh-lmc \n¿Æb BIvSp-Iƒ {]Imchpw Npa-Øp∂ ]ngbpw in£bpw
XpS-ßn-b-Xpw. c≠masØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v
C\-ßf - m-W.v 1) dh\yp t{]man-kd- n t\m´p-Iƒ, tImhp-]{- X-ßƒ, s{IUn‰p
]{Xßƒ, Hml-cn-I-fp-sSbpw Un_-©¿ IS-∏-{X-ßƒ XpSßn ap{Z-∏-
{X-Øn¬ \n-∂p≈ hc-hv. 2) Ãmºp-Iƒ ]Xn-°p-∂Xnt\m, ap{Z-Ip-Øp-
∂-Xnt\m, a‰p Ãmºp-I-fpsS Bh-iy-Øn-t\m-bp-≈-Xv. 3) a‰p hc-hp-
Iƒ. aq∂m-asØ hn`m-K-amb cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkn¬ c≠v C\-ßfm-
Wp≈Xv. 1) {]am-W-ßƒ cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ôkv. 2) a‰p hc-
hp-I-fmb cPn-Ã-dp-Iƒ sXc-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ôkv, Nnókv BIvSnse
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v Nnń-Iƒ cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ôkv,
ap‡ym¿, \ma-]{- X-ßƒ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ôkv XpS-ßn-bh - b
- m-Wv.
90
]ńI 4.12
2014-˛15se hn¬∏-\, -aq-ey-h¿≤nX \nIp-Xn-h-chv
C\-ßƒ cq] (tIm-Sn) iX-am\w
1. tI{μ hn¬∏\ \nIpXn 464.43 1.7
2. kwÿm\ hn¬∏\ \nIpXn 12638.25 45.3
3. aqey-h¿≤nX (hm-‰v) \nIpXn 14605.72 52.3
4. a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ 199.92 0.7
BsI 27908.32 100.00
Source: GOK, 2016, Explanatory Memorandum on the Budget for 2016-17
ap{Z-]-{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkn-\-Øn-ep-ap≈ hchv 2000-˛01¬

341 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 2552 tImSn-bmbpw 2015-˛16¬ 3040
tImSn-bmbpw h¿≤n®p (]-ńI 4.7). kwÿm-\sØ dnb¬ FtÃ-‰v,
\n¿ΩmW taJ-e-I-fnse hf¿®bpw Xf¿®-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v Cu C\-
Øn-\p≈ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ G‰-°pd®nep-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. kwÿm\ kºZv-
L-S-\-bn¬ kmº-ØnIamμyw A\p-`-h-s∏´ ImeØv Cu C\-Ønse
hcp-am-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb CSn-hp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂p ImWmw. 2008se
BtKmf kmº-ØnI amμysØ XpS¿∂p≈ c≠p h¿j-°mew Cu
C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. d∫-dn-s‚bpw \mWy-
hn-f-I-fp-sSbpw hne-bn-Sn-hv, \n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bnepw dnb¬ FtÃ‰v
cwKØpw amμyw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ 201-2˛13, 2013-˛14 h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu C\-
Ønse hc-hn¬ Ipd-hp-≠mbn (]-ńI 4.8). Ign™ aq∂p k¿°m-cp-
I-fpsS ImesØ h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 2001-˛2006 hsc-bp≈ bp.-
Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv {]Xn-h¿j icm-icn h¿≤\ \nc°v
27 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ASp-Øp-h∂ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-
cns‚ ImeØv -(2006-˛11) 19.9 iX-am-\-ambpw XpS¿∂p≈ bp.-Un.-F^v
k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv (2011-˛16) 4.1 iX-am-\a - mbpw Ipd-™p (]-ńI 4.9).
ap{Z-∏-{X-Øn\pw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôknepw Nne hn`m-K-ßƒ°v {]tXyI
Cfhv Ign™ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®Xpw Cu C\-Øn-
ep≈ hcp-am\w Ipd-bm≥ CS-bm-°nb Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. {Ib-hn-{I-b-
ß-ƒ°p th≠n k¿°m¿ \n›-bn-°p∂ `qan-bpsS \ymb hne Itºmf
am‰-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm-ØXpw Cu C\-
91
ß-fn-ep≈ -h-cp-am\w Ipd-bv°m≥ CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈

am‰-ßƒ ImcWw kwÿm\ X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Cu C\-
Øn-ep≈ hc-hns‚ hnlnXw 2011-˛16 Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ KWy-ambn Ipd™p.
(]-ńI 4.10).
2014-˛15se hnhn[ C\-ß-fn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ ap{Z-∏{X cPn-kvt{S-
j≥ ôkv hcp-am\w ]ńI 4.13¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. hkvXp-h-I-I-fpsS
ssIam-‰-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ ap{Z-∏{X hn¬∏\bn¬ \n∂mWv ap{Z-∏-
{X-ß-fpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkv C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ knwl-
`mKhpw e`n-°p-∂Xv (61.4 iX-am\w). \men¬ H∂n-e-[nIw hcp-am\w
e`n-°p-∂X - v {]am-Wß
- ƒ- cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂X - n-\p≈ ôkn¬ \n∂mWv
(25.7 iX-am-\w). ap{Z-∏-{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkv C\-Øn¬ e`n®
samØw XpI-bn¬ 3.7 iX-am\w tImSXn kw_-‘n® tIm¿´v ôkv,
ap{Z-∏{Xhn¬∏\ F∂o C\-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-®p-≈-Xm-Wv.
]ńI 4.13
2014-˛15se ap{Z-∏-{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkpw
C\-ßƒ cq] iX-am\w
(tIm-Sn)
1. ap{Z-∏{- X-ßƒ ˛ tImSXn kw_-‘n-®p-≈Xv 98.19 3.7
2. ap{Z-∏-{X-ßƒ ˛ tImSXn kw_-‘n-®p≈
X√m-Ø-Xv.
1. ap{Z-∏{X hn¬∏\ 1633.31 61.4
2. ap{Z-Ip-Øp∂ {]am-W-ß-fn≥ta-ep≈
ap{Z-hne 157.00 5.9
3. a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ 6.06 0.2
3. cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkv
1. {]am-W-ßƒ cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ôkv 683.76 25.7
2. a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ 80.69 3.0
BsI XpI 2659.01 100.00
92
ap{Z-∏{- X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkn-\Ø

- nepw e`n® hcp-am-\sØ
kzm[o-\n® {][m\ LS-I-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. 1) Imem-Im-
e-ß-fn¬ `qan-bpsS \ymb-hne k¿°m¿ ]pXp°n \n›-bn-°m-Ø-Xp-
aqew Cu C\-ß-fnse hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Imcy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-Ip-
∂n-√. (2) cPn-kvt{S-j≥ \S-Øp∂ hkvXp-h-I-I-fnse hne Ipd-®p-Im-
Wn-°p-∂Xv hym]-I-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ h≥ Agn-aXn \S-°p-∂-
Xp-aqew hcp-am-\-Øn¬ henb tNm¿®-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. (3) Iº-\n-Iƒ,
tÃm°v FIvtk-©p-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh \S-Øp∂ CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-
[n-°m≥ cPn-kvt{S-j≥ hIp-∏n\v ê-{]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. (4)
hne-Ipd®p ImWn®v \SØp∂ B[m-c-ßƒ ]cntim[n-°p-∂-Xn\v cPn-
kvt{S-j≥ hIp-∏n\v IrXy-amb kwhn-[m-\ß - f- n-√. (5) hkvXp ssIam‰w
\S-Øp∂ ]e hn`mKw t]¿°pw {]tXyI Cf-hp-Iƒ \¬In-bXv hcp-
am-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-ß-fnse AwK-ß-ƒ
\S-Øp∂ hkvXp ssIam‰ßƒ°pw hn¬∏-\b - psS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcmØ
hkvXp ssIam-‰ß - ƒ°pw {]tXyI Cf-hp-Iƒ A\p-hZ- n-®n-cp-∂p. (6) dnb¬
FtÃ‰v cwKsØ hf¿®bpw Xf¿®-bpw Cu C\-ß-fn-ep≈ hcp-am-\-
Øn¬ ]e h¿j-ß-fnepw G‰-°p-d®n¬ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
kwÿm\ FIvsskkv
kwÿm\ FIvsskkv \nIp-Xn {][m-\-ambpw A©v hn`m-K-ß-
fn¬ \n∂mWv ]ncns®Sp-°p-∂-Xv. H∂vv. hntZi aZy-ßfpw Nmcm-b-hpw.
c≠v, ]pfn-∏n® \mS≥ aZyw. aq∂v, bh-a-Zy-ßƒ. \mev, ]ng-Ifpw I≠p-
sI-´-epw. A©v, a‰p-h-c-hp-Iƒ. Cu \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂
hcp-am\w 2000-˛01¬ 689 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 1700 tImSn-
bmbpw 2015˛16¬ 2086 tImSn-bmbpw h¿≤n®p (]-ńI 4.7). km[mc-
WKXn-bn¬ Cu \nIpXn Db¿∂ h¿≤-\-bmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv.
F∂m¬ hn¬∏-\, aqey-h¿≤nX \nIp-Xn-bpsS \nc-°n-s\-°mƒ Ipd™
hm¿jnI h¿≤-\-bmWv Cu \nIp-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bXv (]-ńI 4.8).
C¥y≥ \n¿ΩnX hntZ-i-a-Zy-ß-fpsS \nIpXn XpSsc h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂
Hcp \bw s]mXphn¬ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. CXv Cu
taJ-e-bn¬ A\-[n-IrX aZy- I-®-h-Shpw Icn-©-¥bpw hymP-aZy hn¬-
∏-\bpw hym]-I-am-°m≥ CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
2003-˛04¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb Nmcmbh¿÷\w Cu \nIpXn hcp-am-\-
Øn¬ h≥ CSn-hp-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. 2008se kmº-ØnI amμyhpw
93
\nIpXn \nc-°ns‚ h¿≤-\-hn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. 2013-\p-tijw

kwÿm-\Øv A\p-`-h-s∏´ kmº-ØnI amμyhpw Cu \nIp-Xn-h-cp-
am\Øns‚ CSn-hn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. Ign™ aq∂p k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS
ImesØ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 2006-˛2011-h-sc-
bp≈ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-ØmWv Db¿∂ h¿≤-\-hp-
≠m-b-sX∂p ImWmw (]-ńI 4.9). 2000-˛01¬ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw
X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ FIvsskkv C\-Øn-ep≈ hchv 11.7
iX-am-\-am-bn-cp∂p (]-ńI 4.10). F∂m¬ CXn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]Xn-\©p
h¿j-°m-e-Øn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ \nIpXn hcp-am\ hnlnXw XpS¿®-
bmbn Ipd-™p. CXv Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS {]m[m\yw Ipd-bp∂ am‰-
sØ-bmWv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂X - v. 2015-˛16¬ Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS hnlnXw
samØw X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 5.2 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
2014-˛15se kwÿm\ FIvsskkv \nIpXn C\-ß-fn-ep≈ hchv
]ńI 4.14¬ sImSpØn-´p-≠v. samØw \nIp-Xn-h-c-hmb 1777 tImSn
cq]-bn¬ 92 iX-am-\hpw C¥y≥ \n¿ΩnX hntZ-i-a-Zyw, Nmcmbw F∂n-
h-bn¬ \n∂mWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. bh-a-Zy-ßƒ, ]pfn-∏n® \mS≥ aZyw
F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v A©p iX-am-\-tØmfw hcp-am\w e`n-°p-∂p. ]ng-
Iƒ, I≠p-sI-´-ep-Iƒ, Nmcmbw tN¿∂ Huj-[-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
\n∂v _m°n aq∂p iX-am\w hcp-am-\hpw e`n-°p-∂p.
]ńI 4.14
2014-˛15se kwÿm\ FIvsskkv \nIpXn hchv
1. ]pfn-∏n® \mS≥ aZyw 37.84 2.1
2. bh aZy-ßƒ 52.68 2.9
3. hntZi aZy-ßfpw Nmcm-bhpw 1641.96 92.4
4. ]ng-Ifpw I≠p-sI-épw 12.15 0.7
5. a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ 32.79 1.8
BsI 1777.42 100.00
hml\ \nIpXn
hml\ \nIpXn {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv ]ncn-
s®-Sp-°p-∂X
- v. H∂v, kwÿm\ tamt´m¿ hml\ \nIpXn BIvSv {]Imc-
94
ap≈ hc-hp-Iƒ. c≠v, C¥y≥ tamt´m¿ hml\ BIvSp-{]-Imcw Xmsg

]d-bp∂ Ggn-\ß - f
- n-ep≈ hc-hp-Iƒ. (1) tamt´m¿ hml-\ß - ƒ cPn-Ã¿
sNøp-∂-Xn\pw DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw ssIam‰w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ôkv.
(2) hym]mc k¿ń-^n-°‰ - p-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂X - n-\p≈ ôkv. (3) ss{U-hnßv
ssek≥kn-\p≈ ôkv. (4) hml-\-ßƒ°v s]¿an‰v \¬Ip∂-Xn\pw
]pXp-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰p-ap≈ ôkv. (5) hml-\-ßfpsS ss{Uh¿-am¿°v
_mUvPp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂X - n-\p≈ ]cn-tim-[\ ôkv. (6) I≠-ISv ¿-am-cpsS
k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ, _mUvPpIƒ Ch-bv°p≈ ôkv (7) hml\-ß-
fpsS ^n‰v\kv k¿ń-^n-°‰v ôkv F∂n-hb - mWv. aq∂v, a‰p hc-hn-\ß
- ƒ.
kwÿm-\sØ hml\ \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\-Øn¬
XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\-hmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kwÿm\ kº-ZvL-S-\-
bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Db¿∂ hf¿® tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp taJ-e-bmWv
tamt´m¿ hml\ KXm-K-Xw. s]mXpbm{X hml-\-ßtf-°mƒ kzImcy
Ccp-N-{I-hm-l-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Imdp-I-fp-sSbpw FÆØn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn
h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. X∑qew tamt´m¿ hml\ \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Ønepw
a‰p ôkp-I-fmbpw e`n-°p∂ XpI-bnepw h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-Ip∂p. hml-
\-\n-IpXn 2000-˛01¬ 395 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 1331 tImSnbpw
2015-˛16¬ 2837 tImSn cq]-bmbpw h¿≤n®p (]-ńI 4.7). kwÿm-\sØ
kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bpsS G‰-°p-d-®n-e-\p-k-cn®v Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS hcp-
am-\-Øn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. 2008se BtKmf kmº-ØnI
amμy-Im-eØpw 2013-\p-ti-j-ap≈ amμy-Im-eØpw Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS
hm¿jnI hf¿®-bn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v (]-ńI 4.8).
Ign™ aq∂p k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS ImeØpw Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS
hm¿-jnI icm-icn hf¿®m-\n-c°v XpSsc h¿≤n-°p∂ {]h-W-X-bmWv
D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv (]-ńI 4.9). 2011-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ {][m\
\nIp-Xn-I-fmb hn¬∏-\, aqey-h¿≤nX \nIp-Xn, Ãmºp-Ifpw cPn-kvt{S-
j\pw, FIvsskkv F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ Db¿∂ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤-
\-bmWv Cu \nIp-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. k¿°m-cns‚ samØw
X\Xp \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS hnln-X-Ønepw h¿≤-
\-bp-≠m-bn-´p≠v (]-ńI 4.10). 2014-˛15¬ Cu \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ e`n-
°p∂ samØw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 90 iX-am-\hpw tamt´m¿ hml-\-\nIp-
Xnbn¬ \n∂mWv e`n-®-Xv. ôkp-I-fmbpw a‰pw e`n-®Xv samØw hcp-
am-\-Øns‚ 10 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
95
Cu \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\-hn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ

Xmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv. (1) kwÿm\ kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn
hf¿®-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Hcp taJ-ebmWv tamt´m¿ hml\ KXm-KX - w. (2)
CS-- Ø-c°
- m-cpsS kmº-ØnI ÿnXn sa®-am-°p-∂X - p-aqew s]mXpbm{X
hml-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kzIm-cy-bm{Xm hml-\-ß-fn-te-°p≈ am‰w h∂p-
sIm≠ncn-°p-∂p. (3) CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI am‰w ]pXnb Ccp-
N{I tamt´m¿ hml-\ß - f
- psSbpw, Hmt´m-dn-£I
- f
- p-sSbpw, Imdp-If
- p-sSbpw
XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-°p-∂p. X≥aqew hml\ \nIp-Xn-bn¬
XpS¿-®-bmb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. (4) hml\ cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ka-bØp-
Xs∂ ap≥Iq-dmbn Cu \nIpXn H‰-Ø-h-W-bn¬ ]ncn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v
\nIpXn tNm¿®bpw Ipd-hm-Wv.
a‰p \nIp-Xn-h-chv
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ]ncn-°p∂ a‰p \nIp-Xn-I-fm-Wv Im¿jn-Im-
Zmb \nIp-Xn, `q\nIpXn, BUw-_c \nIp-Xn, hnt\mZ \nIp-Xn, hnZyp-
—‡nbn≥ta-ep≈ \nIp-Xn, ÿmhc hkvXp-hn≥ta-ep≈ \nIpXn
F∂n-h-. Cu C\-ß-fnse \nIpXn hchv 2000-˛01¬ 101 tImSn cq]-bm-
bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 306 tImSn cq]-bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 523 tImSn-bmbpw
h¿≤n®p (]ńI 4.7). kwÿm\ kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂
hf¿®bpw Xf¿®bpw Cu \nIp-Xn-bn-\-ß-fpsS hcp-am-\-Ønepw {]Xn-
^-en-®n-´p-≠v. 2008se BtKmf kmº-ØnI XI¿®bv°v tijhpw
2013-˛14se kmº-ØnI amμy-Im-e-L-´-Ønepw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈
\nIpXn hc-hn¬ KWy-amb Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s∏´p (]-ńI 4.8). Ign™
aq∂p k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS ImesØ Cu \nIp-Xn-bn-\-ß-fnse icm-icn
hm¿jnI h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 2001-˛06-h-sc-bp≈ bpUn.-F^v
k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-ØmWv G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°n¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-
b-sX∂p ImWmw. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw X\Xp \nIpXn
hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 1.8 iX-am\w Cu \nIp-Xn-I-fpsS hnln-X-am-Wv.
2014-˛15¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ Hmtcm \nIp-Xn-bn-\Ø - n¬ \n∂p e`n®
XpIbpw AXns‚ hnln-Xhpw ]ńI 4.15¬ sImSpØn-´p-≠v. Im¿jn-
Im-Zmb \nIpXn {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fn-emWv Dƒs∏-ń-´p-≈Xv.
Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b-Øn≥ta¬ Npa-Øp∂ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b-Øn-
t∑¬ Npa-Øm-hp∂ k¿Nm¿÷v, Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b-Øn≥ta-ep≈ a‰p
]e-hI hc-hp-Iƒ. a‰p \nIp-Xn-bn-\ß - f
- n¬ Cu \nIp-XnbpsS hnlnXw
1.6 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
96
]ńI 4.15
2014-˛15se a‰p \nIpXn hchv
1. Im¿jnImZmb \nIpXn 8.60 1.6
2. `q\n-IpXn 139.03 26.6
3. e£zdn SmIvkv (B-Uw-_c \nIp-Xn) 212.38 40.6
4. hnt\mZ \nIpXn 0.59 0.1
5. hnZyp-—-‡n-bn≥ta-ep≈ \nIpXn 48.71 9.3
6. ÿmhc hkvXp-hn≥ta-ep≈ \nIpXn 113.45 21.7
BsI 522.76 100.0
`q\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬ `qhp-S-a-bpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ samØw `qan-bn¬
G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ `qan-Icw, πmt‚-j≥ \nIp-Xn, Xcn-ip-`qan hn‰p-In-´p∂
hc-hv, a‰p hc-hn-\-ßƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. samØw `q\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬
40 iX-am\w `qan-I-chpw 1.29 iX-am\w Xcn-ip-`qan hn‰p-In-´p∂ XpIbpw,
30 iX-am\w a‰p hc-hn-\-ß-fpw, Hcp iX-am\w πmt‚-j≥ \nIp-Xn-bp-
am-Wv. 2014-˛15¬ 139 tImSn cq]-bmWv Cu \nIp-Xn-sl-Un¬ ]ncn-®p-In-
ń-b-Xv.
BUw-_c tlm´-ep-I-fnepw temUvPp-I-fn≥taepw Npa-Øn-bn-cn-
°p∂ \nIp-Xn-bmWv e£zdn SmIvkv. 2014-˛15¬ Cu \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬
212.38 tImSn cq] e`n-®p. CXv a‰p \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 40.6 iX-
am-\a- m-Wv. a‰p \nIpXn hn`m-KØ
- n¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ \nIpXn hnlnXw
e`n-°p∂ \nIp-Xnbpw CXm-Wv. hnt\m-Z-ß-fn≥ta-ep≈ A[nI \nIp-
Xnbpw {]Z¿i\ \nIp-Xn-bn≥ta-ep≈ k¿Nm¿PpamWv hnt\mZ \nIpXn-
bnse hcp-am\w. Cu C\-Ønse hcp-am\w 59 e£w cq] am{X-am-Wv.
hnZyp-—‡- n-bn≥ta-ep≈ \nIp-Xn-Ifpw Xocp-hI
- f
- p-amWv as‰mcn\w.
Ch Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn≥taepw hn¬∏-\-bn≥ta-ep≈
\nIp-Xn-Iƒ, C¥y≥ Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ ôkv, kn\n-
am-im-eI
- f
- nse sshZypX ]cn-tim-[\
- b
- v°p≈ ôkv, ao‰¿ ]cn-tim[\
ôkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. Cu C\-Øn¬ 2014-˛15¬ k¿°m-cn\p e`n®
97
\nIpXn 48.71 tImSn-bm-Wv. Cu \nIpXn hcp-am\w a‰p \nIp-Xn-bn-\-ß-

fn¬ e`n-°p∂ samØw XpI-bpsS 9.3 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
Irjn-`qan Hgn-sI-bp≈ ÿmhc hkvXp-hn≥ta-ep≈ \nIp-Xn-
bmWv as‰mcn\w. ]pXp-Xmbn ]Wn-bp∂ hoSp-Iƒ°pw sIń-S-ßƒ°pw
dh-\yp hIp∏v H‰-X-hW ]ncn-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. 2014-˛15¬ Cu
\nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v k¿°m-cn\p e`n® hchv 113.45 tImSn cq]-bmWv.
CXv a‰p \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øn‚ 22 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
apI-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[n® a‰p \nIpXn hcp-am-\sØ kzm[o-\n® LS-
I-ßƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂p. 1) `q\n-Ip-Xn-bpsS \nc-°p-I-fn¬ Imcy-amb
am‰w hcp-Øm-Øp-aqew Cu \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ henb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-
bn-√. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ tÃIƒ, tImS-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw A∏-
te-‰v AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS tÃIƒ F∂nhaqew KWy-amb XpI IpSn-»n-
I-bmbn ]ncn-®p-In-´m-\p-≠v. (2) ÿmhc hkvXp-hn-≥-ta-ep≈ \nIpXn
AYhm _n¬UnwKv SmIvkv ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw hogvN-bp-≠m-bn.
]pXp-Xmbn ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb sIń-S-ß-fpsS apgp-h≥ hnh-c-ßƒ
tiJ-cn-°m\pw \nIpXn ]ncn-°p-∂-Xn\pw dh\yp hIp-∏n\v Ign-™n√.
am{X-a√ _n¬UnwKv SmIvkns‚ \n¿Æ-b-Øn¬ bYm¿∞ hne-sb-
°mƒ Ipd™ hne-bmWv \nIpXn IW-°m-°m≥ s]mXphn¬ D]tbm-
Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. Cu \nIp-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]pXnb sIń-Sß- fn¬
Npa-Øp∂ e£zdn \nIp-Xnbpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.
(3) sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnepw hn¬∏-\-bnepw k¿°m¿ \nIpXn
Npa-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sshZypXn _n√n¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-Wv Cu \nIpXn. Cu
\nIpXn kwÿm\ Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n t_m¿UmWv ]ncn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw
AXv IrXy-ambn k¿°m-cn-te°v AS-bv°p-∂n-√. CXv sX‰mb \S-]-
Sn-sb∂v kn.-F.-Pn. ]e {]mhiyw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v. Xriq¿ ap\nkn-
∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j-≥ Cu \nIpXn ]ncn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah k¿°m-
cn-te°v bYm-ka - bw AS-bv°p-∂n-s√∂v kn.-F.Pn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v.
X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\sØ°pdn®v apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb hni-I-
e\w D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. (1) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\ \nIpXn
hcp-am-\-ßƒ ]tcm£ \nIp-Xn-Ifm-b-Xp-sIm≠v kmº-ØnIcwKsØ
Db¿® XmgvN-Iƒ (Boom and Depression) A\p-k-cn®v \nIpXn hcp-am-\-
Øn¬ hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ h∂-Xmbn ImWmw. (2) kmº-ØnI hf¿®m-
\n-c°v Db¿∂ h¿j--ß -fn¬ \nIpXn hf¿®-bpsS tXmXv Db¿∂pw
98
amμy-Im-eØv Ipd-bp∂ {]h-W-Xbpw Zriy-ambn. 2011-\p-ti-j-ap≈

]e h¿j-ßfnepw \nIpXn h¿≤\ tXmXv KWy-ambn Ipd-™-Xns‚
{][m\ ImcWw kwÿm\ kº-ZvLS- \ - b
- n¬ A\p-`h- s
- ∏´ amμy-amWv.
(3) hne-°-b-‰-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem a‰v am\-Z-WvU-ß-fpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øntem \nIpXn \nc-°p-Iƒ Imem-Imew h¿≤n-∏n-°m-ØXv
\nIpXn hcp-am-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. (4) tami-amb
\nIpXn ]ncn-hv, \nIpXn IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ Aew`mhw,
\nIp-Xn-]n-cn-hn\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tÃIƒ, Nne \nIp-Xn-Iƒ \¬Inb
{]tXyI Cf-hp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw \nIpXn hcp-am-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn
kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. (5) 2001\p tij-ap≈ aq∂p k¿°m-cp-If - psS ImeØv
\nIpXn ]ncn-hn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ hf¿®m-\n-c°v ssIh-cn-®Xv F¬.-
Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. hm¿jnI icm-icn \nIpXn
hf¿®m \nc-°ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv CXv IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
4. {][m\ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchpIƒ
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hns\ A©p hn`m--Kß-fmbn Xncn-°mw. ]eni
hc-hn-\-ßƒ, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw e`n-°p∂
em`hpw em`-hn-ln-Xhpw, k¿°m¿ \SØp-∂ tem´-dn-bn¬ \n∂p≈
hc-hv, h\w hIp-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ hchv, a‰n-\-ßƒ. kwÿm\ k¿°m-
cns‚ samØw dh\yp hcp-am-\-Øns‚ \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-bn\w 12.5 iX-
am-\am-bmWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ tem´dn Sn°‰v hn‰p-
In-´p∂ XpI apgp-h\pw tem´dn hcp-am-\-ambn ImWn-®n-cn°p∂Xpaq-
e-amWv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\w C{Xbpw Db¿∂ XpI-bmbn ImWn-
°p-∂-Xv. tem´dn \S-Øm-\p≈ `c-W-sN-e-hv, kΩm-\-Xp-I, GP‚p-
am¿°v \¬Ip∂ IΩn-j≥ F∂nh Ign-®m¬ In´p∂ _m°n (X-\n)
XpI-bm-Wv icn°pw hcp-am\-ambn ImtW-≠-Xv. ]ńI 4.16¬ 2001
apX¬ 2015-h-sc-bp≈ Hmtcm kmº-ØnI h¿jhpw Hmtcm \nIp-Xn-
tb-X-c-bn-\-Ønepw e`n® XpI \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
]eni hc-hn-\-ßƒ
]eni C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hn-\-ß-fn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ggn-\-ß-
fm-Wv. (1) hmWn-Py-]-c-amb Un∏m¿´p-sa‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ÿm]-\-ß-
fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ F√m ]eni hc-hp-Ifpw (P-e-K-Xm-KX Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v,
]n.-U-ªn-bq.-Un, F©n-\o-b-dnwKv h¿°vtjm-∏v, Nne Pe-tkN\ ]≤Xn-
99
]ńI 4.16
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hn-\-ßƒ (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw em` kwÿm\ h\w a‰n\w samØw
]eni hnlnXw `mKy-°pdn hIp∏v hchv
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2000-˛01 37 13 ˛ 141 468 659
2001-˛02 31 5 ˛ 114 393 543
2002-˛03 36 10 ˛ 150 485 681
2003-˛04 32 20 ˛ 187 568 807
2004-˛05 41 29 ˛ 200 549 819
2005-˛06 46 18 ˛ 190 683 937
2006-˛07 45 30 143 175 547 940
2007-˛08 70 29 194 155 770 1218
2008-˛09 51 35 420 191 862 1559
2009-˛10 153 27 624 * 273 775 1852
2010-˛11 172 75 571 * 274 839 1931
2011-˛12 136 67 1283 * 221 885 2592
2012-˛13 172 48 2674 * 237 1067 4198
2013-˛14 149 101 3796 * 330 1199 5575
2014-˛15 102 74 5445 * 300 1363 7284
2015-˛16 ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ 8911
* `mKy-°pdn Sn°‰v hn‰p-In-´p∂ XpI
Iƒ, sSIvÃv _p°v {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, h\w hIp∏v apX-em-b-h) Ch-

I-fn-ep≈ em`-\jvSw IW°m°p∂-Xn\v apS-°nb aqe-[-\-Øn≥ta¬
]eni Npa-Øp-∂p. Cu IW-°n-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Xń-°n-gn-°-em-b-
Xp-sIm≠v s]mXpsN-e-hns\ CXv H´pw-Xs∂ _m[n-°p-∂n-√. (2) I¿j-
I¿°v \¬Ip∂ hnhn-[-bn\w hmbv]-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ]eni hc-hv.
(3) Iymjv _me≥kv \nt£-]-ß-fn≥ta-ep≈ ]en-i. (4) tIcf
100
kwÿm\ hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv, tIcf ^n\m≥jy¬ tIm¿∏-td-j-

\pw, K-h¨sa‚ v Iº\n-Iƒ, a‰p kzImcy ÿm]-\-ß-fmb ss{]h‰v
Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ A≠¿tS-°nwKv, hyh-kmb ÿm]-\-ßƒ apX-em-b-
hbv°v Kh¨sa-‚ n¬ \n∂pw \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-Iƒ°v e`n-°p∂
]eni (5) Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\ßƒ°v \¬Inb hmbv]-I-
fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ ]eni (6) kl-I-cW kwL-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂
hmbv]-I-fn≥ta-ep≈ ]en-i. (7) luknw-Kv, IΩy-Wn‰n sUhe]vsa‚ v
{Kma sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-ß-ƒ, k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿, tZhkzw-
t_m¿Uv, a‰p ]e-hI hmbv]-Iƒ F∂o C\-ß-fn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂
]en-i.
]en-i-bn-\-Ønse hchv 2000-˛01¬ 37 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-
˛11¬ 172 tImSn-bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 102 tImSn-bmbpw amdn (]-ńI 4.16).
2001\ptijw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hns‚ KXn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ggp
h¿j-ß-fnepw hc-hn¬ CSnhv h∂-Xmbn ImWmw (]-ńI 4.17). k¿°m-
cn\p e`n-t°≠ ]eni bYmk-abw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ hcp-Ønb hogvN-
bmWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. Ign™ aq∂p k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS Ime-Øv,
]en-i-bn-\-Øn-\p≈ hm¿jnI icm-icn hchv ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Db¿∂
\nc-°n¬ hcp-am\w e`n-®Xv 2006 apX¬ 2011-h-sc-bp≈ F¬.Un.F^v
k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-ØmWv (]-ńI 4.18). samØw \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-
hn¬ ]en-i-bn-\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hns‚ hnlnXw 2014-˛15¬ 1.4 iX-am-\-am-
bn-cp-∂p (]-ńI 4.19).
ASp-ØX - mbn ]eni hchv GsX√mw C\-Øn-emWv e`n-°p-∂s
- X∂v
]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 2014-˛15se ]en-i-bn-\-Øn¬ e`n® samØw XpIbpw
Hmtcm-bn-\-Ønepw e`n® XpIbpw ]ńI 4.20¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Iymjv
_me≥kv \nt£-]-ß-fn≥ta-ep≈ ]en-i-bn¬ \n∂mWv G‰hpw
henb hnlnXw e`n-®Xv (43.2 iX-am-\w). hmWn-Py-]-c-amb Un∏m¿´p-
sa‚ v ÿm]-\-ßƒ, kl-I-cW kwL-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ]eni F∂n-
h-bmWv a‰p {][m\ ]en-i-bn\-ßƒ. k¿°m-cn\v ]en-i-bn\-Øn¬
e`n-t°≠ XpI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xnep≈ A\m-ÿ-bmWv s]mXphn¬
{]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
101
]ńI 4.17
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv h¿≤\ \nc°v (i-X-am-\w)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2001˛02 ˛16.2 ˛61.5 ˛ ˛19.1 ˛16.0 ˛17.6
2002-˛03 16.1 100.0 ˛ 31.6 23.4 25.4
2003-˛04 ˛11.1 100.0 ˛ 24.7 17.1 18.5
2004-˛05 28.1 45.0 ˛ 7.0 ˛3.3 1.5
2005-˛06 12.2 ˛37.9 ˛ ˛5.0 24.4 14.4
2006-˛07 ˛2.2 66.7 ˛ ˛7.9 ˛19.9 0.3
2007-˛08 55.6 ˛3.3 35.7 ˛11.4 40.8 29.6
2008-˛09 ˛27.1 20.7 116.5 23.2 11.9 28.0
2009-˛10 200.0 ˛22.9 48.6 42.9 ˛10.1 18.8
2010-˛11 12.4 177.8 ˛8.5 0.4 8.3 4.3
2011-˛12 ˛20.9 ˛10.7 124.7 ˛19.3 5.5 34.2
2012-˛13 26.5 ˛28.4 108.4 7.2 20.6 62.0
2013-˛14 ˛13.4 110.4 42.0 39.2 12.4 32.8
2014-˛15 ˛31.5 ˛26.7 43.4 ˛9.1 13.7 30.7
2015-˛16 ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ 22.3
]ńI 4.18
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w (i-Xa
- m-\w)
Ime-L´w em` kwÿm\ h\w a‰n\w samØw
2001˛02 ˛ 2005-˛06 5.82 29.12 ˛ 7.84 9.12 8.44
2006-˛07 ˛ 2010-˛11 47.74 47.8 48.08 9.44 6.2 16.2
2011-˛12 ˛ 2014-˛15 ˛9.83 11.15 79.63 4.50 13.05 39.93
102
]ńI 4.19
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hv LS\ (i-X-am-\w)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2000˛01 5.6 2.0 ˛ 21.4 71.0 100
2005-˛06 4.9 1.9 ˛ 20.3 72.9 100
2010-˛11 8.9 3.9 29.6 14.2 43.4 100
2014-˛15 1.4 1.0 74.8 4.1 18.7 100
]ńI 4.20
2014-˛15se ]eni hc-hn-\-ßƒ
{Ia C\-ßƒ 2014-˛15 iX-am\w
\w. (cq] tImSn)
1. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb Un∏m¿´p-sa‚¬
ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈h 14.17 13.9
2. I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂p≈ ]eni 2.41 2.3
3. Iymjv _me≥kv \nt£-]-ß-fn≥
ta-ep≈ ]eni 44.16 43.2
4. s]mXpta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p
ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈h 3.46 3.4
5. Xt±-i-`-cW kan-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≈h 0.25 0.2
6. kl-I-cW kwL-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈
]eni 7.73 7.6
7. a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ 29.96 29.3
BsI 102.14 100.00
Source: GOK, 2016, Explanatory Memorandum on the Budget for 2016-17
103
em`hpw em`-hn-ln-Xhpw
kzbw-`-cW A[n-Im-c-ap≈ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw,
kzImcy ÿm]-\ß - f
- nepw k¿°m-cns‚ apX¬ apS-°n\v In´p∂ em`hpw
em`-hn-ln-X-hp-am-Wn-Xv. kwÿm\Øv am¿®v 2015¬ {]h¿Ø\w \S-
Ønbncp∂ 111 s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw {]h¿Ø\w \ne® 15
ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fn-se-√m-ambn k¿°m¿ aqe-[\
\nt£-]-ambn Zo¿L-Ime hmbv]-bmbn \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv 19933 tImSn
cq]-bm-Wv. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw XpS¿®-bmbn
\jvS-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv. G‰-hp-samSphn¬ e`y-amb IW-
°-\p-k-cn®v {]Xn-h¿jw 53 s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ 890 tImSn
cq] \jvSw hcp-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ 50 s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - ƒ
- 498 tImSn
cq] em`w t\Sn. (kn.-F.-Pn 2016) Nne s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ
{]Xn-h¿jw h≥ \jvSw kln-®mWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. tIcf tÃ‰v
tdmUv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v tIm¿∏-td-j≥ (sI.-F-kv.-B¿.-Sn.-kn) 508 tImSn
cq]bpw, tIcf tÃ‰v Imjyp sUh-e-]vsa‚ v tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 128 tImSn
cq]bpw, tIcf tÃ‰v knhn¬ kssπkv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 89 tImSn cq]bpw
\jvSw hcp-Øn. sI.-F-kv.-B¿.-Sn.-kn-bpsS 2015-˛16-hscbp≈ samØw
\jvSw 3026 tImSn cq]bmWv. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS tami-
amb {]h¿Ø\w aqew k¿°m-cn\v e`n-t°≠ em`-hnlnXw k¿°m¿
sImSpØ hmbv]-bv°p≈ ]en-i, k¿°m-cn\p e`n-t°≠ \nIp-Xn-
Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh e`n-°p-∂n-√. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ \ne-
\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v k¿°m¿ [\-k-lm-b-ambpw ]ncn™v In´mØ hmbv]-
bmbpw h≥XpI {]Xn-h¿jw Nne-hm-t°≠ ÿnXn-bm-Wv. Cu kml-
N-cy-Øn¬ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hfsc Xp—-amb XpI
am{Xta em`-hn-ln-X-ambn e`n-°p-∂p-≈p.
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse em`-hn-ln-X-ambn 2000-˛01¬
k¿°m-cn\p e`n-®Xv 13 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Øp-h¿jw Ign-™-
t∏mƒ CXv 75 tImSn-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. 2014-˛15¬ Cu C\-Øn¬ k¿°m-
cn\v e`n-®Xv 74 tImSn cq]-bmWv (]-ńI 4.16). 2001-\p-tijw Cu C\-
Øn-ep≈ hc-hns‚ KXn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ggp h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu hc-
hn¬ KWy-amb CSnhv D≠m-b-Xmbn ImWmw (]-ńI 4.17) Ign™
aq∂p k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS ImeØv em`-hn-ln-X-ambn e`n® XpI-bpsS
hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Db¿∂ \nc-°n¬ hcp-
am\w e`n-®Xv 2006-˛11hsc-bp≈ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-
104
ØmWv (]-ńI 4.18). samØw \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Øn¬ em`-hn-

ln-XØ
- ns‚ hc-hns‚ hnlnXw 2014-˛15¬ Hcp iX-am-\a - mWv (]-ńI 4.19).
Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hns‚ hnln-X-Øn¬ h∂ Ipdhv s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A\m-tcmKyIc-amb [\-ÿn-Xn-sb-bmWv kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. 2014-˛15¬ em`-hn-ln-X-ambn e`n® 74 tImSn cq]bn¬ 61 iX-
am-\hpw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - f- nse em`-hn-ln-Xambpw, 39 iX-am\w
a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ em`-hn-ln-Xhp-ambmWv e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
`mKy-°p-dn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hchv
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ t\cn´p \S-Øp∂ t]∏¿ tem´-dn-bn¬
\n∂p≈ hchv Hcp {][m\ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hc-hm-Wv. 2010-˛11-\p-tijw
Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hn¬ A`q-X-]q-¿Δ-amb h¿≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-
´p-≈-Xv. k¿°m-cns‚ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 75 iX-am-\hpw
Cu C\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hc-hm-bmWv ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-I-fn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]s£ Cu hcp-am\w apgp-h\pw X\n (s\-‰v)
hcp-am-\-am-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. `mKy-°p-dn-bnse Sn°‰v hn‰v
In´p∂ samØw XpIbmWv `mKy-°pdn hcp-am-\-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. F∂m¬ `mKy-°pdn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pth≠n am{Xw Hcp hIp∏v
krjvSn-®n-´p≠v. AXn\v FÃm-ªn-jvsa‚ v sNe-hp-≠v. `mKy-°pdn Sn°‰v
hn¬°p∂ GP‚p-am¿°v IΩn-j\ - mbn Hcp henb XpI sNe-hm-Ip-∂p.
`mKy-°pdn e`n® Sn°-‰ns‚ kΩm-\-ØpI \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. CsX√mw
Ign-®m¬ In´p∂ XpI-bmWv k¿°m-cns‚ X\n-h-cp-am-\w.
]ńI 4.21¬ `mKy-°pdn Sn°‰v hn‰p-In-´p∂ XpIbpw `mKy-°pdn
\S-Øm≥ th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ XpIbpw an®-ap≈ XpIbpw \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. `mKy-°pdn Sn°‰v hn‰p-In-´p∂ XpI-bn¬ sNehp Ign-®m¬
icm-icn In´p-∂Xv GXm≠v 24 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wv. 2014-˛15¬ `mKy-
°pdn Sn°‰v hn‰p-In-ń-bXv 5445 tImSn cq]-bm-sW-¶nepw `mKy-°pdn
\S-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ sNehv Ign®v e`n-®Xv 1186 tImSn-bm-Wv. CXv samØw
hc-hns‚ 22 iX-am-\sa hcq \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßf - n¬ Ign™ A©p
h¿j-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw henb h¿≤\w D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv `mKy-°p-dn-bn¬
\n∂m-Wv. a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc
- b
- n-\ß
- f - nse hchv apc-Sn-®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ
k¿°m¿ `mKy-°p-dn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hc-hn\p h≥ h¿≤\bp≠m-bXv
{it≤-ba - mb t\ámWv. 2011 apX¬ 2015-hs - c-bp≈ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-
cns‚ Ime-ØmWv Cu C\w hcp-am-\-Øns‚ icm-icn hm¿jnI hcp-
am-\-Øn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bXv (]ńI 4.18).
105
]ńI 4.21
kwÿm\ `mKy-°pdn samØh-chpw sNe-hp-Ig
- n-®p≈ XpIbpw
h¿jw Sn°‰v hn‰v sNehv (cq] tImSn) _m°n _m°n
In´p∂ kΩm\ GP‚p FÃm-ªnjv samØw XpI samØ
hchv XpI am¿°p≈ sa‚ v hcp-am\
(cq-]) IΩn-j≥ A\p-]mXw
tImSn) (i-X-am-\w)
2010-˛11 571 191 217 49 457 114 19.9
2011-˛12 1283 363 415 98 876 407 31.7
2012-˛13 2674 926 891 163 1980 694 25.9
2013-˛14 3796 1516 1256 211 2983 813 21.4
2014-˛15 5445 2186 1793 280 4259 1186 21.8
Source: CAG Reports on Revenue Sector from 2011 to 2015.
h\-h-Ip-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ hchv

h\w hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep-ff h\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ XSn, a‰p h\-hn-
`-h-ßƒ, ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ, h\-`qan ]m´-Øn\p \¬Inb
hI-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ XpI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv h\w hIp-∏n\v e`n-°p∂
hc-hv. 2001\p ap≥]p≈ Ime-L´- Ø- n¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hchv G‰hpw
{][m\ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2001-\p-tijw Cu
ÿnXn-bn¬ hyXymkw h∂p. Cu C\-Ønse hcp-am\w 2000-˛01¬ 141
tImSnbmbn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 274 tImSn-bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 300 tIm-Sn-
bmbpw h¿≤n®p (]-ńI 4.16). 2001-\p-tijw Bdp h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu
C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ CSn-h-p-≠mbn (]-ńI 4.17). Ign™ aq∂p
k¿°m-cp-If - psS ImeØv h\-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff hm¿jnI icm-icn hchv
t\m°n-bm¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°n¬ hc-hp-≠m-bXv F¬.-Un.-F^v
k¿°m-cns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv (]-ńI 4.18). samØw \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-
am-\-Øn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hns‚ hnlnXw XpS¿®-bmbn Ipd-
™p hcp∂ {]h-WX - m-Wp-≈Xv (]-ńI 4.19). CXv h\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈
hn`-h-ßƒ bYm-k-abw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚-bpw, hn¬°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw
hogvN-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. h\-Øn¬ \n∂v `qan ]m´Øn-s\-SpØ
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw a‰pw ]m´-XpI bYm-k-abw \¬Im-
ØXpw ]m´-XpI \nc-°n¬ h¿≤\w hcp-ØmØXpw hchv tami-am-
106
°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. 2014-˛15¬ h\-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n® \nIp-Xn-

tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Øn¬ 96 iX-am-\hpw XSn-bp-sSbpw a‰p h\-hn-`-h-ß-
fpsS hn¬∏-\-bn¬ \n∂pw _m°n 4 iX-am\w a‰p hc-hp-Ifn¬ \n∂p-
amWv e`n-®-Xv.
a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv
]eni hc-hv, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂
em`-hn-ln-Xw, `mKy-°p-dn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hc-hv, h\w hIp-∏n¬ \n∂pw
e`n-°p∂ hchv F∂n-hbv°p ]pd-sa-bp-≈-XmWv a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc
hchv. Ah-sb-°p-dn-®mWv ChnsS N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ `c-W-
h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ°p e`n-°p∂ ôkp-Iƒ, hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy k¿hokp-
Iƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ hIp∏p-
I-fn¬ \n∂pw hmßp∂ km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw hne, hmSI XpS-ßn-bh
CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am\w 2000-˛2001¬ 468 tImSn-
bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 839 tImSn-bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 1363 tImSn-bmbpw
h¿≤n-®p. 2001-\p-tijw Cu C\-ß-fnse hm¿jnI hcp-am\ hf¿®-
bn¬ henb G‰-°pd-®n-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. \mep h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu C\-
Øn¬ e`n® XpI-bn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. (]-ńI 4.17).
Cu C\w \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-bn-\-ß-fpsS ôkp-I-fp-sSbpw bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-
Ifp-sSbpw \nc-°n¬ Imem-Imew h¿≤\w hcp-Øm-Ø-XmWv hcp-
am\ h¿≤\w apc-Sn®v \n¬°p-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Imc-Ww. 2004 s^{_p-
h-cn-bn¬ Nne ôkp-Ifpw a‰pw 10 iX-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-®p. Nne-bn-\Ø - n¬
sNdnb h¿≤\w 2007epw 2012epw hcp-Øn. F∂m¬ `q-cn-`mKw \nIp-
Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fnepw 2001-\p-tijw \nc-°p-h¿≤\ \S-∏m-°n-bn-ń-√.
F∂m¬ 2013¬ Ch-bpsS \nc-°p-If - n¬ h¿≤\w hcp-Øn. Ign™ aq∂p
k¿°m-cp-If - psS ImesØ Cu C\-ßf - psS hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w
]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 2011 apX¬ 2015-h-sc-bp≈ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚
Ime-ØmWv Db¿∂ h¿≤\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX∂p ImWmw (]ńI
4.18). CXn\p ImcWw 2013¬ \S-∏m-°nb \nc-°p h¿≤-\b - m-Wv. samØw
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hnlnXw Ipd-bp∂
{]h-W-X-bmWv 2006-\p-tijw D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv (]-ńI 4.9).
a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\w GsX√mw C\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p e`n-
°p-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 2014-˛15¬ a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-Xcbn\-ß-fnse
samØh-chv 1363 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. GsX√mw C\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv
Ch e`n-°p-∂p-sh∂v ImWn-°p∂ IW°v ]ńI 4.22¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠.v
107
kmaq-lnI tkh-\ß
- ƒ, `c-W]- c
- a
- mb k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ, ]e-hI- b- n-\ß- ƒ,
kl-I-c-Ww, sshZy-k-lm-bhpw s]mXpP-\m-tcm-Ky-hpw, Ccp-tº-Xc
L\-\hpw [mXp-hy-h-km-b-hpw, t]meo-kv, tdmUp-Ifpw ]me-ß-fpw,
a‰p s]mXp kmº-ØnI k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ F∂n-hb - mWv {][m-\b- n-\ß- ƒ.
]ńI 4.22
2014-˛15se a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv
{Ia C\-ßƒ 2014-˛15 iX-am\w
\w. (cq] tImSn)
1. t]meokv 44.81 3.3
2. tÃj-\-dnbpw A®-Snbpw 21.02 1.5
3. `c-W-]-c-amb a‰p k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ 226.26 16.6
4. s]≥j\pw a‰p dn´-b¿sa‚ v 60.63 4.4
B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ
5. ]e-hI (kw-ÿm\ `mKy-°pdn Hgn-sI) 155.30 11.4
6. kmaqly tkh-\-ßƒ 246.41 18.1
7. \Kc BtcmKy tkh-\-ßƒ 96.28 7.1
8. sshZy-imkv{X hnZym-`ym-kw, ]cn-io-e\w 27.92 2.0
9. sXmgnepw sXmgn¬ kuI-cyhpw 20.67 1.5
10. kmaq-lnI kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw t£ahpw 13.58 1.0
11. [m\y-hn-f-Iƒ 15.03 1.1
12. a’y-_-‘\w 13.57 1.0
13. kl-I-cWw 121.41 8.9
14. Ccp-tº-Xc J\-\hpw [mXp - 79.53 5.8
hy-h-km-bhpw
15. Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpw sse‰v lukp-Ifpw 45.31 3.3
16. tdmUp-Ifpw ]me-ßfpw 43.42 3.2
17. a‰v s]mXpkm-º-ØnI k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ 41.49 3.0
18. a‰p \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-bn-\-ßƒ 90.36 6.6
BsI 1363.00 100.0
108
k¿°m¿ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse ôkp-Iƒ

kmaq-lnI tkh-\ß - ƒ F∂ slUn¬ e`n-°p∂ XpI {]mY-anI
hnZym-`ym-kw, sk°‚dn hnZym-`ym-kw, k¿Δ-I-em-imem hnZym-`ym-kw,
kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-kw, ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Whpw ImgvN-_w-•m-
hp-Ifpw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ôkp-Iƒ, a‰p hcp-am-\-ßƒ,
bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. ss{]adn kvIqfp-Iƒ, A∏¿
ss{]adn kvIqfp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ F√m hcp-am-\-
ß-fp-amWv {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-bn-\-Ønse hcp-am-\w. Cu C\-Øn¬
2014-˛15¬ e`n-®Xv 34.88 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. ]co£ ôkv, a‰p ôkp-Iƒ,
]pkvX-I-ßƒ hn‰-Xnse hc-hp-Iƒ, {]th-i\ ôkv, k¿°m¿ s{Sbn-
\nwKv tImtf-Pp-I-fnse ôkp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv sk°‚dn hnZym-
`ym-k-bn-\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\w. 2014-˛15¬ Cu C\-Ønse hcp-
am\w 123.27 tImSn-bm-Wv. k¿Δ-I-em-imem hnZym-`ymk hc-hn-\-ßƒ
˛ k¿°m¿ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, k¿°m-cnXc tImtfPp-Iƒ, s{]m^j-W¬
tImtf-Pp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Syq-j≥ ôkp-Iƒ a‰p ôkp-
Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Cu C\-Ønse hcp-am\w 2014-˛15¬ 44.89
tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. k¿°m¿ kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬
\n∂mbn Syqj≥ ôkpw a‰p ôkp-Ifpw a‰p hc-hp-I-fp-ambn 2014-
˛15¬ e`n-®Xv 33.49 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Whpw ImgvN-
_w-•m-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-®Xv 8.20 tImSn-bm-Wv.
k¿-°m-cn\v H´-\h
- [n hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß
- f
- p-s≠-¶nepw CXn¬-
\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ ôkp-Iƒ hfsc sNdnb XpI-bm-Wv. CXn\v {][m\
ImcWw ôkp-I-fn¬ Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn am‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-∂-Xp-aq-e-
am-Wv. s{]m^j-W¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ Hgn®v as‰√m D∂X hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Syqj≥ ôkmbn ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ XpI hfsc
sNdnb XpI-bm-W.v X∑qew k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ, B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv
tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, a‰p hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse ôkpw
kzImcy taJ-e-bnse ôkpw XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. ôkv
h¿≤\w hcp-Øn-bm¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ka-c-ß-fpw {]t£m-`-ßfpw
\SØpw F∂mWv k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. F∂m¬ kzImcy
s{]m^j-W¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ h¿jw-tXmdpw Syqj≥ ôkv h¿≤n-
∏n-°m\pw AXp-t]mse h≥XpI a‰n-\-ß-fn¬ ]ncn-°m\pw k¿°m¿
A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ CØcw k¿ho-kp-Iƒ kuP-
109
\y-amtbm AtXm hfsc Xp—-amb bqk¿ Nm¿Pv hmßn-bm¬ aXn-

sbt∂mbp≈ hnIeamb ImgvN∏m-SmWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv.
X∑qew hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v th≠ ASnÿm\ kuI-cyß-
ƒ°v ]W-an-√m-ØX - p-sIm≠v \ne-hmcw Ipd™ hnZym-`ymk kuIcysa
k¿°m¿ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ°p \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≈p. AXp-
t]mse Xs∂ k¿°m¿ \S-Øp∂ arK-im-e-I-fn-sebpw ImgvN-_w-•m-
hp-I-fn-sebpw hchv hfsc sNdnb XpI-bmWv (8.20 tImSn). kzImcy
Aayq-kvsa‚ v ]m¿°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂ Nm¿Pv CuSm-°p-tºmƒ
k¿°m¿ arK-im-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v Xp—-amb Nm¿tP CuSm-°p-∂p-≈p.
`c-W-]-c-amb k¿Δo-kp-Ifpw a‰p ]e-h-I-Ifpw
\oXn-\n¿h-l-Ww, sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, a‰p k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ F∂n-
h-bmWv `c-W-]-c-amb k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ F∂ slUn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. \oXn-
\n¿h-l-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bp≈ ]ng-bpw, I≠p-sI-´-epw, tkh-\-ßƒ-
°p≈ ôkpw, a‰p hc-hp-Ifpw Hcn-\am-Wv. Cu C\-Øn¬ 2014-˛15¬
116.36 tImSn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. sXsc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´v ôkp-Iƒ,
]ng-Iƒ, a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v 2014-˛15¬ e`n-®Xv 11.62
tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. kvt^mS-\-hkvXp BIvSv {]Im-c-ap≈ hc-hp-Iƒ,
A·n-i-a-\hpw \nb-{¥-W-hpw, k¿°m¿ HmUn‰v ôkv, a‰p hc-hp-
Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ôkp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh (98.28 tImSn).
k¿°m¿ H´-\-h[n KÃvlu-kp-Ifpw k¿°m¿ tlmÃ-ep-Ifpw \S-
Øp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p-∂Xv shdpw 3 e£w cq]
am{X-am-Wv.
kwÿm\ `mKy-°pdn Hgn-®p≈ a‰n-\-ß-fmWv ]e-hI s]mXptk-
h-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-Im-i-s∏-SmØ \nt£-]-
ßƒ, `qan-bp-sSbpw hkvXp-hn-s‚bpw hn¬∏\, Kymc‚n ôkv, a‰p
hc-hp-Iƒ F∂o-bn-\-Øn¬ 155.30 tImSn cq] 2014-˛15¬ e`n®n-´p-≠v.
hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v [\-k-lmb ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hmbv]
e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn k¿°m¿ Kymc‚n \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Cu Kymc‚n CS-
]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hcp-am-\-amWv Kymc‚n ôkv.
kl-I-cWw
\nIpXn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Ønse Hcp {][m\bn\w kl-I-cW hIp-
∏nse \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-am-Wv. kl-I-cW kwL-ß-fp-sSbpw
110
tI{μ _m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw IW-°p-Iƒ HmUn‰v sNøp∂ ôkn-\Ønepw

a‰pw 2014-˛15¬ 15.67 tImSn cq] e`n-®p. Unam‚ v t\mókv ôkv, hn[n
\S-Øn∏v sNe-hv, a‰p sNe-hp-Iƒ, kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
\nb-an-°p∂ HmUn-‰¿am-cpsS iº-fhpw Ae-h≥kpw hI-bn¬ CuSm-
°p∂ Awi-Zm-\hpw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hc-hv 105.74
tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. samØw hchv 121.41 tImSn cq]bmWv.
\Kc BtcmKy tkh-\-ßfpw sshZy-imkv{X hnZym-`ym-khpw
\K-c-ß-fn¬ BtcmKy tkh-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hchv \men-\ß-
fm-Wv. (1) tcmKn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hchv (2) C.-F-kv.-sF. ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-
cn®v e`n-°p∂ XpI (3) saUn-°¬ tÃm¿ Unt∏m-I-fnse hchv (4)
a‰n-\-ßƒ. 2014-˛15¬ Cu C\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v 2.11 tImSn, 93.52 tImSn, 6
e£w, 58 e£w cq] F∂n-h-bmWv bYm-{Iaw e`n-®-Xv. \K-c-ß-fnse
Atem-∏Xn Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Unkvs]≥k-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ambn
tcmKn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ôkmbn ]ncn-°p∂ XpI Xp—-amWv (2.11 tImSn).
Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnse _n.-]n.-F¬ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse AwK-ßƒ°v NnIn’
kuP\yamWv. F∂m¬ NnIn’ sNehv hln-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-cn¬
\n∂p-t]mepw hfsc Xp—-amb ôkmWv k¿°m¿ CuSm-°p-∂-Xv.
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n aqew k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bnse ASn-ÿm\ kuI-
cy-ßƒ timN-\o-b-amb Ah-ÿ- b n-emWv CØcw \b-ßƒ A\p-
h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
ssh-Zy-imkv{X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Syqj≥ ôkmbpw a‰n-\-ß-
fn-embpw In´p∂ hchpw hfsc sNdnb XpI-bm-W.v 2014-˛15¬ Bbp¿th-Z,
tlman-tbm-∏-Xn, bp\m-\n, Atem-∏Xn F∂o saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-
fn¬ \n∂v ôkmbpw a‰p hcp-am-\-ambpw e`n® XpI 27.92 tImSn-
bmWv. Bbp¿thZ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ \n∂v hnhn[ ôkn-\-Øn¬ e`n®
XpI 1.92 tImSn cq]-bpw, tlman-tbm-∏Xn tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ \n∂v 32
e£w cq]-bp-am-Wv. Atem-∏Xn saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ \n∂p
e`n-®Xv 21.19 tImSn-bm-Wv. saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ymk sNe-hp-ambn Hcp
_‘-hp-an-√mØ Xp—-amb ôkv \nc-°mWv k¿°m¿ \S-∏n-em-°n-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ tImtf-Pp-I-fn-sebpw kzImcy saUn-°¬
tImtf-Pp-If- n-sebpw ôkp-Iƒ XΩn¬ hºn® hyXym-ka - p-≠.v k¿°m¿
XpS¿®-bmbn [\-{]-Xn-k‘n A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew saUn-°¬
tImtf-Pp-I-fpsS Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \S-Øn-∏n\p th≠ ASn-ÿm\ LS-
111
I-ßƒ, A[ym-]-I¿, Poh-\-°m¿, Bh¿Ø\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p th≠

]Ww F∂nh \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. k¿°m¿ Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ XpS-
ßnb ]e Atem-∏Xn saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw th≠{X A[ym]-
I-tcm, ùXnI kml-N-cy-tam, D]-I-cWßtfm C√m-Ø-Xp-aqew {]h¿-
Ø\w \n¿Øn-h-bv°m≥ saUn-°¬ Iu¨kn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
a‰n-\-ßƒ
apI-fn¬ N¿® sNbvXX - n\p ]pd-sa-bp≈ {][m\ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc
C\-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p. (1) t]meokv hIp-∏n\p e`n-°p∂ ôkp-
Iƒ, ]ng-Iƒ, I≠p-sI-´-ep-Iƒ, a‰p Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°p \¬Ip∂
t]meokv klm-bw, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, tZi-km¬IrX _m¶p-Iƒ,
kzImcy Iº-\n-Iƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ klm-b-Øn-\p≈ {]Xn-
êw XpS-ßn-bh (44.81 tImSn) (2) tÃj-\-dn, Kk‰v hn¬∏-\, A®-Sn-
bn¬ \n∂p≈ hn¬∏-\, a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v 21 tImSn
hc-hp-≠v. (3) s]≥j\pw a‰p dn´-b¿sa‚ v B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°p-am-bp≈
Awim-Zm-b-ßfpw hkq-em-°-ep-Ifpw (60.63 tImSn cq]) (4) sXmgn¬
hIp-∏n\p ^mIvSdn BIvSv {]Imcw hkq-em-°p∂ ôkv, a‰p sXmgn¬
\nb-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ôkv, a‰p ôkp-Iƒ, a‰p hcp-am-\-ßƒ (20.67
tImSn). (5) C≥jz-d≥kv tIm¿∏-td-j-\n¬ \n∂p≈ hc-hp-Iƒ, a‰p
t£a ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hc-hp-Ifpw a‰pw (13.58 tImSn). (6) Irjn-
tØm-´-ßƒ, kky kwc-£W k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ, \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ, tXm´-
Irjn XpS-ßnb [m\y-hnf hchv (15.03 tImSn). (7) a’y-_-‘\ hIp-
∏n\v D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]m´w/hmS-I, a’yw a’y-°p-™p-ß-fpsS
hn¬∏-\, a‰p hc-hp-I-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ hchv (13.57 tImSn). (8) Ccp-tº-
Xc J\-\hpw [mXp hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS I¨k-j≥ ôkpw, tdmb¬‰n-
Ifpw a‰p hc-hp-I-fpw, tamtWm-ssk-‰v, C¬a-ss\‰v apX-em-bh J\\w
sNøp∂ hI-bn¬ `qK¿` hIp∏v ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ tdmb¬‰n-bmWv
{][m\ hcp-am\w (79.53 tImSn). (9) sNdp-InS Xpd-ap-Jß
- f- n¬ \n∂p-
ap≈ k¿sΔ ôkv, ss]e-t‰Pv ôkv, Ib-‰p-aXn Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn-\-ß-
fn¬ \n∂p≈ hc-hp-Iƒ, S§v Nm¿÷p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh (45.31 tImSn).
(10) tdmUp-If- p-sSbpw ]me-ßf - nse C\-Ønse {][m\ hcp-am\w \mj-
W¬ sslthbv°v th≠nbp≈ sNehv tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v hkq-
em-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn\p ]pdsa tdmUv Np¶-Øn¬ \n∂pw sNdnb XpI
e`n-°p-∂p. (43.42 tImSn). (11) a‰p s]mXp kmº-ØnI k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ,
112
Af-hp-I-fp-sSbpw Xq°-ß-fp-sSbpw ap{Z-W-Øn-\p≈ ôkv, 1932se

C¥y≥ Iq´p-I-®-hS \nb-{¥W \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ôkp-Iƒ, tIcf
`q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ hc-hp-Ifpw a‰pw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p (41.49
tImSn).
hcp-am\ h¿≤-\bv°v henb km[y-X-bp≈ C\-ßƒ
hcp-am\ h¿≤-\bv°v henb km[y-X-bp≈ C\-ß-fpw hIp-∏p-
Ifpw, Ah-bn¬ \n∂v 2014-˛15¬ e`n® XpIbpw Xmsg sImSp°p-∂p.
1) kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-js‚ ôkpw a‰p hc-hp-Ifpw
(2.46 tImSn).
2) s]mXpa-cm-aØv hIp∏v ˛ Hmôkv sIń-S-ßƒ, sdÃv lukp-Iƒ
Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ sIń-S-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw hmS-I,
bt{¥m-]-I-cWßfpsS hmS-I, skt‚Pv Nm¿÷p-Iƒ, em]vkmb
\nt£-]-ßƒ, ]ngbpw I≠p-sI-´-ep-Ifpw, D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb
hkvXp-°-fpsS hn¬∏\ XpS-ßn-bh (5.80 tImSn)
3) \K-c-ß-fnse k¿°m¿ Atem-∏Xn Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnse NnIn’m
ôkv (2.11 tImSn).
4) D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw ˛ k¿°m¿ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, k¿°m-tcXc tImtf-
Pp-Iƒ, s{]m^jW¬ tImtfPp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse Syqj≥ ôkp-
Ifpw a‰p ôkp-Ifpw (44.89 tImSn).
5) kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Syqj≥ ôkpw a‰p
ôkp-Ifpw (10.31 tImSn).
6) ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jW
- hpw, arK-im-eI
- ƒ, ImgvN_
- w-•m-hp-Ifpw (8.20
tImSn).
7) k¿°m¿ hI hmk-`-h-\-ßƒ°v (k¿°m¿ Izm¿t´-gvkv) Poh-\-
°m¿ \¬Ip∂ hmSI (1.72 tImSn).
8) 28 h≥InS Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w (3.86 tImSn).
9) 22 CS-Øcw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w (5.59 tImSn).
10) sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ (4.71 tImSn).
11) hnt\mZ k©mcw (7.48 tImSn).
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\s
- Ø-°p-dn®v apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb hni-Ie
- \w
D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿
113
`mKy-°p-dn-sbmgn®v a‰n-\-ß-fpsS hcp-am\w Xr]vXn-I-c-am-sW∂p ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bn-√. tIc-fØn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ \nIp-
Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Imcy-amb ap≥K-W-\tbm
{]m[m-\ytam \¬In-bn-ń-√. hne-°-b-‰-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®pw kmº-ØnI
am‰-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®pw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \nc-°p-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv C√m-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßfpw
kzImcy ÿm]-\-ßfpw \¬Ip∂ BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk k¿Δo-kp-
I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw ôkv \nc-°n¬ henb A¥-ca - p≠v. Xp—-amb ôkp-
Ifpw bqk¿ Nm¿Ppw CuSm-°p-∂-Xp-aqew ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v sa®-amb
tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°m≥
t]mepw ]W-an-√mØ ÿnXn-bn-em-Wv. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ `qcn-
`mKw ôkp-Ifpw hfsc Ipd™ \nc-°n-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc
hcp-am-\-ßfpsS \nc-°n¬ h¿≤\w hcp-Øp-∂X - n\v Hcp Zim-_vZ° - m-e-
Øn-e-[nIw ImØn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw aq∂p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬
sNdnb tXmXn¬ h¿≤\w hcp- Ø p- ∂ Xv A`n- I m- a y- a m- b n- c n- ° pw.
BtcmKy-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk tkh-\-ßƒ°pw a‰p s]mXp k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ°p-
th-≠n ]ncn-°p-∂ ôkp-I-fpsS Hcp hnlnXw B ÿm]-\-ß-fnse
ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw k¿Δokp-Iƒ sa®-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw
th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ {]kvXpX ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
5. \nIpXn IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v k¿°m-cn\v Hmtcm
kmº-ØnI h¿jw e`n-t°≠ hchv apgp-h\pw AtX h¿jw Xs∂
]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ ]e Imc-Wß - ƒ sIm≠v k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p Ign-bm-dn√.
s]cp-Ip∂ IpSn-»nI k¿°m-cns‚ tami-amb [\-`-c-W-sØbpw [\-
am-t\-Pvsa‚n-s‚bpw kqNn-I-bm-Wv. 2011¬ \nIpXn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-
ß-fnse IpSn-»nI 5358 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2015¬ 10436 tImSn-
bmbn h¿≤n-®p. ]ńI 4.23¬ \nIpXn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-Ønse 2011
apX¬ 2015-h-sc-bp≈ IpSn-»nI XpI, A©p h¿j-Øn-e-[n-I-ambn
XpS-cp∂ IpSn-»nI XpI, Ah-bpsS iX-am\w F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
2012, 2013 F∂o h¿j-ßf - n¬ samØw IpSn-»nI XpI-bn¬ aq∂n-sem∂ne-
[nIhpw A©p h¿j-Øne-[nIw IpSn-»nIbmbn XpS-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ASp-ØX - mbn IpSn-»nI GsX√mw \nIpXn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\ß-
fn¬s∏-´-Xm-sW∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. IpSn-»nI XpI-bpsS C\w Xncn-
114
]ńI 4.23
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc IpSn-»nI XpI (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw IpSn-»nI A©p h¿jØn A©p h¿j-Øn
(am¿®n¬) XpI e[n-I-amb e[n-I-amb
IpSn-»nI IpSn-»nI
(i-X-am-\w)
2011 5358 1679 31.3
2012 10273 3768 36.7
2013 12244 4389 35.8
2014 7530 * 415 * 5.5 *
2015 10436 1872 17.9
Source: Reports of CAG on revenue receipts for the years 2011 to 2015
* A©p hIp-∏p-I-fpsS am{Xw IpSn-»nI
]ńI 4.24
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc IpSn-»nI XpI (cq] tImSn)
{Ia C\ßƒ 2011 hnlnXw 2015 hnlnXw
\w. am¿®v (i-X-am-\w) am¿®v (i-X-am-\w)
1. hn¬∏-\, hm‰v
\nIpXn 4962 92.6 6398 61.3
2. `q\n-IpXn ˛ ˛ 2057 19.7
3. hml\ \nIpXn ˛ ˛ 1279 12.3
4. h\w hIp∏v 185 3.5 412 3.9
5. FIvsskkv ˛ ˛ 194 1.9
6. HmUn‰v ôkv 115 2.1 36 0.3
7. tÃj-\-dnbpw 13 0.2 58 0.6
A®-Snbpw
8. t]meokv 82 1.5 ˛ ˛
9. a‰n\w 1 0.0 2 0.0
BsI 5358 100 10436 100
Source: Reports of CAG on revenue receipts for the years 2011 to 2015
115
®n-´p≈ IW°v ]ńI 4.24¬ \n∂v e`y-amWv. 2011 am¿®n¬ k¿°m-

cn\p e`n-t°≠ samØw IpSn-»nI XpI-bn¬ 93 iX-am-\hpw hn¬∏\
\nIp-Xn, hm‰v F∂n-h-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-Wv. samØw IpSn-»nI XpI-
bn¬ a‰n-\-ß-fmb h\w hIp-∏nse IpSn-»nI 3.5 iX-am-\hpw, k¿°m¿
HmUn‰v ôkv IpSn-»nI 2.1 iXam\hpw, t]meokv hIp-∏n-t‚Xv 1.5
iX-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2015 Bb-t∏mƒ IpSn-»n-I-bp≈ C\-
ß-fn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-\b - p-≠m-bn. hn¬∏\ \nIpXn°p ]pdsa dh\yq
hIp-∏v, ]ncn-s®-Sp-t°≠ `qan-°c- w, hml\ \nIp-Xn, FIvsskkv F∂n-
h-bnepw henb XpI IpSn-»n-I-bm-bn. h\w hIp-∏n\p e`n-t°≠
IpSn-»nI XpI-bnepw henb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn.
kn.-F.-Pn. \nIpXn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-
Ibpw h¿≤-\h - n-\p≈ Imc-Wß
- ƒ - Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
hn¬∏\ \nIpXn IpSn-»n-I-bmbn 2015¬ e`n-t°≠ 6398 tImSn
cq]-bn¬ 23 iX-am-\hpw A©p h¿j-Øn-e-[nIw IpSn-»n-I-bm-bn-´p-
≈-Xm-Wv. samØw IpSn-»nI XpI-bn¬ 20 iX-am-\-tØmfw XpI tImS-
Xn-Ifpw k¿°m-cp-If - pw \¬Inb ‘tÃ’Iƒ aqe-am-Wv. samØw \nIpXn
IpSn-»n-I-I-fn¬ 57 iX-am-\hpw kzImcy hy‡n-I-fpw, ÿm]\ßfpw
\¬Im-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. tI{μ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ samØw IpSn-
»n-I-bpsS 37 iX-am-\hpw, kwÿm\ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ 3
iX-am-\hpw, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ 2 iX-am-\-hp-amWv \¬tI-≠-Xv.
2011 apX¬ 2016-h-sc-bp≈ ImeØv k¿°m¿ XpS¿®-bmbn \¬Inb
\nIpXn ‘tÃ’Iƒ IpSn-»nI h¿≤\hns‚ Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-
sW∂v 2016se [h-f-]{Xw ]d-bp-∂p.
`q\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬ 2015¬ 2057 tImSn cq]-bpsS IpSn-»n-I-bmWv ]ncn®v
In´m-\p-≈-Xv. CXn¬ 96 iX-am-\hpw tImS-Xn-Iƒ, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿,
A∏-te‰v AtXm-dn-‰n-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tÃ aqe-amWv
]ncn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xv. CØcw ‘tÃ’Iƒ am‰n-°n-´m≥ th≠ \nb-a-
\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ _‘-s∏´ hIp∏v Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°m-
ØXpw IpSn-»nI ]ncnhv tami-am-°m≥ CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse
dh\yq dn°-hdn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-ØXpw dh\yq
IpSn-»nI h¿≤n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
tamt´m¿ hml\ \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ ]ncn®p Int´-≠Xv 1279 tImSn
cq]-bm-Wv. CXn¬ 77 iX-am-\hpw IpSn-»nI hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
116
sI.-F-kv.-B¿.-Sn.-kn-bm-Wv. kzImcy hy‡n-Ifpw kzImcy ÿm]-\-

ßfpw \¬tI-≠Xv samØw IpSn-»nIbpsS 23 iX-am-\-am-Wv. Cu
\nIpXn IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂Xv tImS-Xn-bp-sStbm k¿°m-cn-
s‚tbm Imcy-amb tÃ C√ F¶nepw CXv ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ k¿-
°m¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. \nIp-Xn-b-S-bv°m≥ th≠ [\-ÿnXn sI.-F-kv.-
B¿.-Sn.-kn°v C√m-ØXpw CXn\p Imc-W-am-bn.
h\w hIp-∏ns‚ {][m\ hc-hn-\-ß-fmWv XSn hn¬∏-\, tX°v
ac-ß-fp-tSbpw Ig-I-fp-sSbpw hn¬∏-\, ]m´-I-cw, skt‚-Pv Nm¿÷v
XpS-ßnbh. h\w hIp-∏n\v e`n-t°≠ samØw IpSn-»n-I-bmb 412
tImSn- cq]bn¬ 95 iX-am-\hpw \¬tI-≠Xv kwÿm\ s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\ß - f- m-W.v A©p iX-am\w IpSn-»nI hy‡n-Ifpw kzImcy
ÿm]-\-ßfpw \¬Ip-hm-\p-≈p. h\-`qan s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-
ƒ°v ]m´-Øn\v \¬Inb hI-bn¬ e`n-t°≠ ]m´-I-c-amWv Hcp
{][m\ IpSn-»n-I-bn\w. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ h\w hIp-∏n\v
\¬tI≠ IpSn-»nI \¬Im-Ø-XmWv Cu IpSn-»nI h¿≤-\-hns‚
{][m\ Imc-Ww.
FIvsskkv hIp-∏n\v e`n-t°≠ IpSn-»nI XpI-bmb 194 tImSn-
bpsS GXm≠v apgp-h≥ XpIbpw \¬tI-≠Xv kzImcy hy‡n-Ifpw
ÿm]-\ß - f- p-am-Wv. Ch-bn¬ 8 iX-am-\Ø
- n\p am{Xta tImS-Xn-If- nepw
a‰pw ‘tÃ’ \ne-hn-ep-≈p. ]s£ Cu IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ ê-
{]-Z-amb dh\yp dn°hdn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ hIp-∏n\v Ign-
™n-ń-√. CXv \nIpXn ]ncn-hnse A\m-ÿ-bmWv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.
apI-fn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xn¬ \n∂v tImS-Xn-Ifpw A∏-te‰v t_mUn-
Ifpw sImSpØn-cn-°p∂ ‘tÃ’Ifpw Ahbvs°Xnsc ê-{]-Z-amb \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ ]cm-Pb
- hpw IpSn-»nI h¿≤n-°p-∂X
- ns‚
Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv. \nIpXn ]ncn-hn\v k¿°m¿ \¬In-bn-cn-
°p∂ ‘tÃ’Iƒ \nIpXn IpSn-»nI h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ as‰mcp
{][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ bYm-k-abw IpSn-
»nI AS-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ henb hngvN ImWn-°p-∂p. _‘-s∏´ hIp-
∏p-I-fpsS A\m-ÿbpw sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-Xbpw IpSn-»nI ]ncn-hn\v tami-
am-Im-\p≈ as‰mcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv. Xßfpw k¿°m-cns‚ `mK-
am-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v sImSpt°≠ IpSn-
»nI bYm-k-abw \¬In-bn-s√-¶nepw Ipg-∏-an√ F∂ \ne-]m-SmWv
Ah¿°p-≈-Xv.
117
6. tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xhpw {Km‚p-Ifpw

tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hc-hmWv kwÿm-
\-Øn\v e`n-°p-∂-Xv. H∂v, tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿iIf-\p-
k-cn-®p≈ tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xhpw a‰p {]tXyI {Km‚p-Ifpw. a‰p {]tXyI
{Km‚p-I-fn¬ t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yp IΩn {Km‚ v, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-
Iƒ°p≈ {Km‚ v, Zpcn-Xm-izmk klmb {Km‚ v, {]tXyI taJe {Km‚ ,v
kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈ {]tXyI {Km‚ v F∂n-h- Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. c≠v, hm¿-
jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp≈ πm≥ {Km‚ v. CXn¬ tI{μm-hn-jvIrX
]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ {Km‚pw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Bkq-{XW IΩn-j≥ \n¿Ø-
em-°n-b-Xp-aqew hm¿jn-I-]-≤Xn {Km‚ v \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬ A\n-
›n-XXzw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. aq∂v, t\m¨ πm≥ C\-Øn-ep≈ a‰p {Km‚p-
Ifpw, klm-bß - f
- pw. tI{μ-k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p kwÿm\ßƒ°p e`n-
°p∂ samØw hc-hn¬ GXm≠v aq∂n¬ c≠pw tI{μ [\-Imcy
IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v e`n-°p∂-h-bm-Wv.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v hoXn®p \¬-
tI≠ tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-Xhpw a‰p {Km‚p-Ifpw \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv
Hmtcm A©p h¿jw IqSp-tºmgpw \nb-an-°p∂ tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-
j-\m-Wv. kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v A¿l-X-s∏´ \nIpXn hnlnXw [\-Imcy
IΩn-j≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv Nne am\-Z-WvU-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
em-Wv. Ign™ c≠p [\-Imcy IΩn-j-\p-Iƒ tI{μ \nIpXn hnlnXw
\n›-bn® t^m¿ape ]ńI 4.25¬ sImSpØn-´p-≠v. ]Xn-\memw [\-
Imcy IΩn-j≥ A©p am\-ZW - Uv ß
- f- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n-emWv \nIpXn
hn`-P\ t^m¿ape Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.
H∂v, 1971¬ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn\pw D≠m-bn-cp∂ samØw P\-
kw-Jybv°v 17.5 iX-am\w shbn-t‰-PmWv IΩn-j≥ \¬In-b-Xv. c≠v,
1971\p tijw kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ h∂ am‰w Dƒs°m-
≈n°m≥ th≠n-bmWv 2011se P\-kw-Jybv°v 10 iX-am\w shbn-
t‰Pv \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. aq∂v, aq∂p h¿j-°m-esØ icm-i-cn {]Xn-
io¿jI hcp-am-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hcp-am\ hyXymkw
IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cu hcp-am\ hyXymkw G‰hpw Db¿∂ {]Xn-
io¿jI hcp-am-\-ap≈ lcn-bm\ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-io¿jI hcp-
am-\-am-bn-´mWv Hmtcm kwÿm-\-sØbpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Cu
am\-Z-WvU-Øn\v 50 iX-am\w shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. \mev, Hmtcm
118
kwÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn\v 15 iX-am\w shbn-t‰-PmWv

\¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. A©v, h\-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v {]tXyI Du∂¬ \¬In
h\-`q-an-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn\v 7.5 iXam\w shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-bn-
´p≠v. Ign™ c≠p [\-Imcy IΩn-j-\p-I-fpsS t^m¿ape ]cn-tim-
[n-®m¬ aq≥ [\-Imcy IΩn-j-s\-°mfpw hyXy-kvX-amb am\-Z-WvU-
ß-fmWv ]Xn\memw [\-Imcy IΩnj≥ \nIpXn hnlnXw \n›-bn-
°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v ImWmw.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn Hmtcm [\-Imcy IΩn-j\pw samØw tI{μ-\n-Ip-
Xn-bn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pth-≠n \o°n-h® hnlnXw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
]ńI 4.26¬ Ign™ \mev [\-Imcy IΩnj-\p-Iƒ samØw tI{μ-
\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v \o°n-h® hnlnXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
]Xn-s\m∂mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS samØw hnln-
X-ambn \n›-bn-®Xv 29.5 iX-am-\-am-Wv. XpS¿∂p≈ ]{¥≠mw [\-
Imcy IΩn-j≥ 30.5 iX-am-\hpw ]Xn-aq∂mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ 32
iX-am-\-ambn \n›-bn-®p. ap≥ [\-Imcy IΩn-j-s\-°mƒ hyXy-kvX-
amb \ne]m-SmWv ]Xn-\memw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. tI{μ-
Øn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\tØ°v \¬tI≠ \nIpXn hnlnXw ]e \n_-
‘-\I - ƒ°v hnt[-ba- mbn sImSp°p-∂X- n\v ]Icw \n_-‘\
- I
- f
- n-√msX
sImSp°p-∂-XmWv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS [\-Imcy\ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ kzmX{¥yw \¬Im\pw \√-sX∂v IΩn-j≥ IcpXn.
Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sp-aqew ]Xn-\memw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ samØw tI{μ-
\n-IpXn bn¬ \n∂v (\n-IpXn ]ncn-hn-\p≈ sNehv Ign-®v) 42 iX-
am\w kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnln-X-ambn \n›-bn-®p. [\-Imcy IΩn-j-
\p-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xs∂ G‰hpw Db¿∂ hnln-X-am-Wn-Xv.
Ign™ \mev [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v e`n-°p∂ hnlnXw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. tI{μ-\n-IpXn
hnln-Xhpw a‰p {Km‚p-Ifmbpw kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ samØw
XpI-bn¬ 2.83 iX-am-\-amWv tIc-f-Øns‚ hnln-X-ambn ]Xns\m∂mw
[\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ \n›-bn-®-Xv. XpS¿∂p≈ ]{¥-≠v, ]Xn-aq∂v [\-
Imcy IΩnj-\p-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ hnln-X-Øn¬ Ipd™ \nc-°mWv
ip]m¿i sNbvX-Xv. F∂m¬ ap≥ IΩn-j-s\-°mƒ sNdnb h¿≤\w
]Xn-\memw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXn´p≠v. (2.5 iX-am\w).
]ńI 4.27¬ Ign™ \mev [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚ ImeØv kwÿm-\-
Øn\v e`n® hnlnXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
119
]ńI 4.25
tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnlnXw
hoXn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn® t^m¿ape
C\w shbnt‰Pv (i-X-am-\w)
13-˛mw IΩn-j≥ 14-˛mw IΩn-j≥
P\-kwJy (1971) 25 17.5
P\-kwJy (2011) 0 10
^nkvI¬ I∏m-kn‰n/
C≥Iw UnÃ≥kv 47.5 50
hnkvXo¿Æw (G-cn-b) 10 15
h\-`qan hnkvXo¿Æw 0 7.5
[\ A®-S°w 17.5 0
samØw 100.0 100.0
Source: GOI, Reports of 13th and 14th Finance Commission
]ńI 4.26
tI{μ-\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬ kwÿm-\ß
- ƒ°p≈ hnlnXw (i-Xa
- m-\w)
[\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p
\¬Inb hnlnXw
(i-X-am-\w)
11-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2000-˛2005) 29.5
12-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2005-˛2010) 30.5
13-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2010-˛2015) 32.0
14-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2015-˛2020) 42.0
120
]ńI 4.27
tIc-f-Øn\p e`n® hnlnXw (tI{μ\nIpXn + {Km‚p-Iƒ)
iX-am\w
[\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ samØw
XpI-bn¬ hyXymkw
tIc-f-Øns‚
hnlnXw
(i-X-am-\w)
11-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2000-˛2005) 2.83 ˛
12-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2005-˛2010) 2.59 (˛) 0.24
13˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2010-˛2015) 2.34 (˛) 0.25
14-˛mw [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ (2015-˛2020) 2.50 (+) 0.16
tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿iIf-\p-k-cn®v aq∂v [\-Imcy
IΩn-js‚ ImeØv tIc-f-Øn\v e`n® tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xhpw
{Km‚p-Ifpw ]ńI 4.28¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. ]Xn-s\m∂mw [\-Imcy IΩn-
js‚ ImeØv tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-X-Øn\v ]pdsa {]tXyI {]iv-\-
ßƒ°p≈ {Km‚ v, A]v{K-tU-j≥ {Km‚ v, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ-
°p≈ {Km‚ v, Zpcn-Xm-izmk {Km‚p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. {]Xn-
h¿jw icm-icn 2463 tImSn cq]-bmWv ]Xn-s\m∂mw [\-Imcy IΩn-
js‚ ImeØv tIc-f-Øn\v e`n-®-Xv. ]{¥≠mw [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚
ImeØv t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yp IΩn {Km‚p-IqSn e`n-®n´p≠v. ]{¥≠mw
[\-Imcy IΩn-js‚ ImeØv {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn 3921 tImSn cq]-
bmWv kwÿm-\Øn\v e`n-®-Xv. ]Xn-aq∂mw IΩn-js‚ ImeØv
t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yp IΩn {Km‚n\v tIc-f-Øn\v A¿l-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. ap≥ [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚ Ime-sØ-°mfpw Db¿∂ XpI-bmWv
{]Xn-h¿jw kwÿm-\Ø - n\v ]Xn-aq∂mw [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚ ImeØv
e`n®Xv. Cu [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚ ImeØv {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn
e`n® XpI 8065 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
121
]ńI 4.28
tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥: tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xhpw {Km‚p-Ifpw
(cq] tImSn)
C\w 11-˛mw IΩn-j≥ 12-˛mw IΩn-j≥ 13˛mw IΩn-j≥
(2000-˛05) (2005-˛10) (2010-˛15)
1. tI{μ \nIpXn hnlnXw 11504.00 (93.4) 16353.21 (83.4) 33954.30 (84.2)
2. t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yp IΩn {Km‚ v (0) 470.37 (2.4) (0)
3. {]tXyI {]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ {Km‚ v 50.00 (0.4) 500.00 (2.5) 1500.00 (3.7)
4. A]v{K-tU-j≥ {Km‚ v 79.14 (0.6) 795.82 (4.1) 1632.20 (4.1)
5. {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p≈
{Km‚ v 405.00 (3.3) 1134.00 (5.8) 2676.10 (6.6)
6. Zpcn-Xm-izmk {Km‚p-Iƒ 279.00 (2.3) 354.32 (1.8) 563.20 (1.4)
7. samØw {Km‚p-Iƒ
(2 apX¬ 6 hsc) 813.00 (6.-6) 3254.51 (16.6) 6371.50 (15.8)
8. samØw \nIpXn hnln-Xhpw
{Km‚p-Ifpw (1+7) 12317.00 (100.0) 19607.72 (100.0) 40325.80 (100.00)
{]Xn-h¿jw (i-cm-ic
- n) 2463.4 3921.54 8065.16
{_m°-‰n¬ Hmtcm-bn-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnlnXw iX-am-\-Øn¬ ImWn-°p-∂p.
Source: GOK, 2013, Memorandum presented to 14th FC
]Xn-\memw [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚ ImeØv kwÿm-\Ø - n\v G‰hpw

Db¿∂ hnln-X-amWv e`n-°p-I. CXn-\p≈ Hcp ImcWw ]Xn-\memw
[\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ aq∂p h¿j-tØ°v dh\yq IΩn [\-k-lm-b-
ambn 9519 tImSn cq] ip]m¿i sNbvXXmWv. CtXm-sSm∏w {KmaoW
{]tZ-i-ß-fnse Xt±-i-kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fmb {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-
Iƒ°v 3616 tImSn cq]bpw, \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Xt±i kzbw-`-cW
ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v 2931 tImSn cq]bpw t_kn°v {Km‚mbn ip]m¿i
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. CXn\v ]pdsa {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v 402 tImSn
cq]bpw, ap\n-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j\pw ap≥kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ°pw 733
tImSn cq]bpw {]h¿Ø\ anIhv {Km‚mbn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
122
D]-kw-lmcw
apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb k¿°m-cns‚ hc-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-I-e\w
D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. (1) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn®v hcp∂
[\-\-b-Øn¬ X\-Xp-\n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ F∂n-h-
bpsS \nc-°p-Iƒ Imem-\p-k-cWw am‰mt\m \nIpXn ]ncnhv k{º-Zm-
bhpw kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Imcy-£-a-am-°m-t\m, IpSn-»nI bYm-k-abw
]ncn-s®-Sp-°mt\m Imcy-amb ]cn-KW - \- b
- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. (2) kwÿm\
k¿°m-cns\ \nXy-[\ - I
- mcy {]Xn-k‘- n-bn-em-°nb Hcp {][m\ ImcWw
X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fn¬ Imcy-amb h¿≤\w hcm-Ø-XmWv.
\nIpXn \nc-°p-Iƒ Imem-Imew h¿≤n-∏n-°m-Ø-Xv, tami-amb \nIpXn
]ncnhv, \nIpXn IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Aew-`m-hw, \nIpXn
]ncnhv XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ‘tÃ’Iƒ, Nne \nIpXnbn\-ßƒ°v \¬In-
bn-cn-°p∂ {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \nIp-Xn-h-cpam-\sØ
{]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. (3) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\
\nIpXn hcp-am-\-ßƒ ]tcm-£-\n-IpXnIfm-b-Xp-sIm≠v kwÿm\
kmº-Øn-I-cw-KsØ Db¿® XmgvN-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v \nIpXn hcp-am\
hf¿®-bn¬ henb G‰-°pd-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p--≠v. (4) \nIp-Xn-tb-
Xc hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ `mKy-°p-dn-sbmgn®v a‰n-\-
ßfpsS hcp-am\w H´pw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√. Ct∏mƒ hnhn[ k¿°m¿ hIp-
∏p-Iƒ ]ncn-°p∂ `qcn-`mKw ôkp-Ifpw bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Ifpw hfsc
Ipd™ \nc-°n-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. ]e-bn\w ôkp-Ifpw bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-I-
fp-sSbpw \nc°v Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn Imcy-amb am‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-∂p.
(5) \jvS-Ønepw sISp-Im-cy-ÿn-Xn-bnepw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw k¿°m-
cn\v XpS¿®-bmbn kmº-ØnI _m[yX krjvSn-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂-
Xp-amb s]mXpta-Je ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m
Ah \n¿Ø-em-°mt\m k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®n-ń-√. (6)
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc IpSn-»n-IIƒ ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-bn-´p≈ A\mÿ,
A\m-h-iy-amb k¿°m¿ tÃIƒ, tImS-Xn-Ifpw A∏-te‰v t_mUn-
Ifpw \¬Inb ‘tÃ’Iƒ am‰p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw \nba \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ h∂ hogvNbpw, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßfpw \¬tI≠ XpI-Iƒ bYm-k-abw \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw
IpSn-»nI h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. (7) tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j-\p-Iƒ A\p-
h¿Øn®v h∂n-cn-°p∂ \nIpXn hn`-P\ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ s]mXphn¬
123
tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-a√. F∂m¬ ]Xn-\memw [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚

ip]m¿i-Iƒ aqew tIc-f-Øn\v sa®-amb Ahm¿UmWv e`n-°p-I.
tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-X-Øn¬ kwÿm\ßfpsS hnlnXw 42 iX-am-\-
ambn h¿≤n-∏n-®-Xv, tIc-f-Øns‚ \nIpXn hnln-X-Øn¬ h∂ sNdnb
h¿≤-\w, dh\yp IΩn \nI-Øm-\mbn 3 h¿jw \¬Ip∂ {]tXyI
{Km‚ v, Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v e`n-°p∂ {Km‚nse
h¿≤\w F∂nh kwÿm-\-Øn\v e`n® hnln-X-Ønepw XpI-bnepw
h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-°pw.
124
A≤ymbw A©v
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ sNehv
“kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-If- psS h¿
≤\w Aº-c-∏n-°p∂XmWv. Ign™ ]Øp h¿j-°m-eØv c≠p h¿j-
samgn®v as‰√m h¿jhpw k¿°m-cns‚ samØw dh\yq hcp-am\w
]≤-Xn-tb-Xc \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ (t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq sNe-hv)
\nd-th-‰m≥ t]mepw XnI-™n-cp-∂n-√. IpXn-®p-bc
- p∂ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-
hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ \nXyhpw ISw hmßp-Ibpw aqe-[\ sNehv shń-
°p-d-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ AXn-Kpcp-X-c-amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬
kwÿm\w FØn-\n¬°p-∂p”.
k¿°m-cns‚ sNehv IW-°p-Iƒ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep-≠v. H∂v,
samØw sNe-hns\ aq∂p C\-ßf - mbn Xncn-°mw. (1) dh-\yq, (2) aqe[\w
(3) hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fpw. k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hpIƒ-
°p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p-∂-XmWv dh\yq sNe-hv. F∂m¬ aqe-[\
sNehv ÿnc-amb BkvXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-\pw, \ne-hn-ep≈ BkvXn-
Iƒ A‰-Ip-‰-]Wn \S-ØpItbm ]pXp-°p-Itbm sNøm\pw, _m≤y-
X-Iƒ Xo¿°m\pap≈-Xp-am-Wv. dh-\yq sNe-hns\ ho≠pw c≠mbn
Xncn-°mw. (1) πm≥ (2) t\m¨ πm≥. ]©-h’ - c ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn
Xøm-dm-°p∂ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-bnse sNe-hp-I-sf-bmWv πm≥ sNehv
F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. t\m¨ πm≥ sNehv {][m-\-ambpw k¿°m-cns‚
iº-fw, s]≥j≥, ]en-i, kzImcy hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p
\¬-Ip∂ So®nwKv {Km‚ v, `cW \S-Øn-∏v, k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, Xt±i
125
kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw a‰pw \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-Iƒ, kmaqly

kpc£ s]≥j≥ XpS-ßnb C\-ß-fmWv. Nm¿´v 5.1¬ samØw sNe-
hns‚ (πm≥, t\m¨ πm≥) LS\ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
Nm¿´v 5.1
samØw sNehv: πm≥, t\m¨ πm≥
samØw sNehv
dh\yp aqe-[\w hmbv]-Ifpw

ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw
πm≥ t\m¨πm≥
πm≥ t\m¨πm≥ πm≥ t\m¨πm≥
c≠m-asØ sNehv IW-°n¬ dh\yp sNe-hp-Isf \mev taJ-

e-If- mbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (1) P\-d¬ k¿Δokv (2) tkmjy¬ k¿Δokv
(3) C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δokv, (4) {Km‚p-Ifpw klm-b-ßfpw. aqe-[\
sNe-hns\ aq∂p taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (1) P\-d¬ k¿Δokv
(2) tkmjy¬ k¿Δo-kv (3) C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-k.v `cW ÿm]-\-
ßƒ, \nIp-Xn-Ifpw a‰p hcp-am-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]ncn-hv, s]mXp`-c-Ww,
\nb-a-]-cn-]m-e-\w, t]meo-kv, Pbn¬, s]≥j≥, a‰p s]mXp k¿hokp-
Iƒ, XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv P\-d¬ k¿Δo-kv. tkmjy¬
k¿Δo-kn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ tkh-\-bn-\-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnZym-
`ymkw, Btcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh-≈w, `h\ \n¿Ωm-Ww, \K-c-hn-I-k-\w,
Fkv.kn & Fkv.‰n, ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS t£aw, sXmgn¬, kmaq-
lnI kpc£ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, a‰p kmaqly tkh-\-ßƒ. kmº-ØnI
k¿Δo-kp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂h Xmsg ]d-bp∂hbm-Wv. Irjnbpw A\p-
_‘ taJ-e-Ifpw, {Kma-hn-I-k-\w, Pe-tk-N-\w, sshZyp-Xn, Du¿÷w,
126
hyh-km-bw, KXm-K-Xw, kb≥kv & sSIvt\m-f-Pn, a‰p kmº-ØnI

k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ. Nm¿´v 5.2¬ samØw sNe-hns‚ (P-\-d¬, tkmjy¬,
C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kv) LS\ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
Nm¿´v 5.2
samØw sNehv: P\d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-an-Iv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ
samØw sNehv
dh\yq aq-e-[\w
P\-d¬ tkmjy¬ C°-tWm-anIv {Km‚p-Iƒ P\-d¬ tkmjy¬ C°-tWm-anIv
1) samØw sNehv: πm≥, t\m¨πm≥

kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNehv 2000-˛01¬ 12,726 tImSn
cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 38,791 tImSn-bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 76744 tImSn-
bmbpw h¿≤n-®p. samØw sNehv F∂Xv dh\yq, aqe-[\w F∂o-bn-
\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-´X - m-Wv. ]ńI 5.1¬ 2000-˛0-1\p-ti-ja
- p≈ samØw sNehv,
dh-\yq, aqe-[\ sNe-hp-Iƒ, hmbv]-Ifpw AUzm≥kp-Ifpw F∂nh
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2001se [\-Imcy XI¿®sb XpS¿∂p \S-∏n-em-°nb
sNehp Npcp-°¬ \S-]S- n-Iƒaqew dh\yq sNe-hn¬ Hcp h¿jw (2001-˛02)
Ipdhv h∂-sXmgn®m¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬ XpS¿®-bmb h¿-
≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. iºf˛s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvImcw \S-∏n-em-
°p∂ h¿j-ß-fn¬ dh\yq sNe-hn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-´p-
≈-Xv. samØw sNe-hnepw a‰p sNe-hn-\-ß-fnepw D≠mb hm¿jnI
h¿≤\w ]ńI 5.2¬ e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ÿnc-amb BkvXn-Iƒ krjv-
Sn-°p-Ibpw \ne-hnse BkvXn-Iƒ ]pXp-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠nbpw sNe-
hm-°p∂ aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ h¿≤-\-bn¬ henb hyXn-bm\w h∂-
127
Xmbn ImWmw. aq∂p h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬ CSn-

hp-≠m-bn. k¿°m¿ hmbv]-I-fmbpw AUzm≥kmbpw \¬Inb XpI-
bn¬ ]e h¿j-ßf - nepw CSn-hp-≠m-bX
- mbn ImWmw. samØw sNehn¬
90 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw dh\yq sNe-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈
sNehnse hyXym-k-am-Wv samØw sNe-hns\ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv
(]-ńI 5.3).
]ńI 5.1
samØw sNehv (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw dh\yp sNehv aqe-[\ sNehv hmbv]-Ifpw samØw
AUzm≥kp-Ifpw sNehv
2000-˛01 11878 848 * ˛- 12726
2001˛02 11662 718 * ˛ 12380
2002-˛03 14756 949 * ˛ 15705
2003-˛04 15495 1932 * ˛ 17427
2004-˛05 17169 878 * ˛ 18047
2005-˛06 18424 1104 * ˛ 19528
2006-˛07 20825 903 349 22077
2007-˛08 24892 1475 893 27260
2008-˛09 28224 1696 984 30904
2009-˛10 31132 2059 877 34068
2010-˛11 34665 3364 762 38791
2011-˛12 46045 3853 998 50986
2012-˛13 53489 4603 1136 59228
2013-˛14 60486 4294 1464 66244
2014-˛15 71746 4255 743 76744
* hmbv]-I-fpw AUzm≥kp-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS
Source: CAG Report on State finances 2011 - 2015
White paper on state finances 2011
GOK, Revised Budget 2016-17, at a glance
128
]ńI 5.2
samØw sNehv h¿≤\w (i-X-am-\w)
h¿jw dh\yq sNehv aqe-[\ sNehv hmbv]-Ifpw samØw
(%) (%) AUzm≥kp-Ifpw sNehv (%)
2000-˛01 ˛- ˛ ˛- ˛
2001-˛02 ˛1.8 15.3* ˛ ˛2.7
2002-˛03 26.5 32.2* ˛ 26.9
2003-˛04 5.0 103.6* ˛ 11.0
2004-˛05 10.8 ˛54.5* ˛ 3.6
2005-˛06 7.3 25.7* ˛ 8.2
2006-˛07 13.0 18.28 ˛ 13.1
2007˛--0 8 19.5 63.3 140.4 23.5
2008-˛09 13.4 15.0 10.2 13.4
2009-˛10 10.3 21.4 ˛10.9 10.2
2010-˛11 11.3 63.4 ˛13.1 13.9
2011-˛12 32.8 14.5 30.9 31.2
2012-˛13 16.2 19.5 13.8 16.4
2013-˛14 13.1 ˛6.7 28.9 11.8
2014-˛15 18.6 ˛0.9 ˛49.2 15.9
* hmbv]-I-fpw AUzm≥kp-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS
]ńI 5.3
samØw sNehv LS\ (i-X-am-\w)
h¿jw dh\yq aqe-[\ hmbv]-Icw samØw
sNehv sNehv ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw sNehv
2000-˛01 93.3 6.7 ˛ 100.00
2005-˛06 94.3 5.7 ˛ 100.00
2010-˛11 89.4 8.7 1.9 100.00
2014-˛15 93.5 5.5 1.0 100.00
129
dh\yq sNehv
dh\yq sNehv k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥
th≠n-bp≈ sNe-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏-Sp∂ Hcp sNdnb
hn`mKw sNe-hp-Iƒ (πm≥) Hgn®v _m°n-bp-≈-sX√mw t\m¨-πm≥
C\-Øn-ep≈ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-I-fm-Wv. k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fpsS
`c-W-\-S-Øn-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´ FXm≠v F√m sNe-hp-Ifpw dh\yq
t\m¨ πm≥ sNe-hn¬ Dƒs∏´-Xm-Wv. k¿°m¿ Poh-\° - m-cpsS iºfw,
dn´-b¿ sNbvX Poh-\-°m-cpsS s]≥j\pw a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fpw,
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ So®nwKv
{Km‚ v, ]en-i, k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, Xt±i kzbw-`-cW
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ XpS-ßn-bhbv°v \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh dh\yq
sNe-hn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. s]mXp k¿Δo-kp-If - mb hnZym-`ym-kw, BtcmKyw
XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \S-Øn-∏n\v Po-h-\°m¿ th≠-Xp-aqew Cu cwKsØ
knwl- ` mKw sNehpw Poh- \ - ° m- c psS iºfan\- Ø n- e p- ≈ - X m- W v .
F∂m¬ `c-Wh - I
- p-∏n¬ C˛-Kt- h-W≥kv, `cW ]cn-jvImc \S-]S- n-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-®m¬, `c-W-an-Ihv Iq´m\pw Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw KWy-ambn
Ipd-bv°m\pw km[y-Xb - p-≠v. dh\yq sNe-hn¬ Hcp sNdnb hn`m-KsØ
hm¿jnI ]≤Xn AYhm πm≥ F∂ hn`m-KØ - n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v
t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yp sNehv (F≥.-]n.-B¿.-C)
t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq sNehv Hcp k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc AYhm
hnI-k-t\-Xc sNe-hns‚ kqNn-I-bm-Wv. samØw sNehn¬ \n∂v
t\m¨πm≥ dh\yp sNe-hv, hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv F∂nh Ign-®p≈ XpI-
bmWv ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn\pw th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂
XpI. hnI-k-\-Øn\pw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn\pw ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq sNehv hnlnXw Ipd-®p-sIm≠ph-
cm≥ {ian-°pw. 2002--˛03\p-ti-j-ap≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ dh\yq sNe-hns‚
KXn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ t\m¨πm≥ sNe-hns‚ h¿≤-\-bn¬ KWy-amb
G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. iºf s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ
\S-Øp∂ kmº-ØnI h¿j-ßfn¬ t\m¨πm≥ dh\yq sNehv IpXn-
®p-bc- p∂ {]h-WX Zriy-amWv. ]ńI 5.4¬ 2002-˛2003-\p-ti-ja
- p≈ dh\yq
πm≥, t\m¨πm≥ sNehv XpIbpw hm¿jnI h¿≤-\bpw \¬In-bn-
´p--≠v. 2006-˛07¬ iºf ]cn-jvImcw \S-∏n-em-°n-b-t∏mgpw -Xp-S¿∂p≈
130
h¿jw s]≥j≥ h¿≤\ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬In-bX - p-aq-ehpw hm¿jnI

t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq sNehv KWy-ambn Db¿∂p. 2011-˛12se iº-f-˛-
s]≥j≥ ]cn-jI v c
- W _m[yX aqew dh\yq t\m¨ πm≥ sNehv 33.6
iX-am\w h¿≤n-®p. iº-f˛- s
- ]≥j≥ ]cn-jvIc
- W _m[y-XI - ƒ C√mØ
h¿jß-fnepw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hns‚ {]Xn-h¿j h¿≤\w
GXm≠v 15 iX-am-\-Øn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv. samØw dh\yq sNe-hn¬ 85
iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv t\m¨ πm≥ C\-Øn-em-Wv (]-ńI 5.5).
]ńI 5.6¬ t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq sNehv \n¿Δ-lW kqNn-I-
Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq \n¿Δ-lW kqNn-I-I-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv hne-bn-cp-Øn-bm¬ Xmsg-
∏-d-bp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Ømw. H∂v, F≥.-]n.B¿.-C, Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n
A\p-]mXw 2001se [\-X-I¿®bv°p tij-ap≈ ImeØv 13.5 iX-am-
\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ 2004-˛05-\p-tijw Ipd-hp-≠mb {]h-
WX Zriy-am-bn. F∂m¬ 2011-˛12-\p-tijw Cu A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ ho≠pw
h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. 2002-˛03 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-\n∂ \nc-°n-te°v
Ct∏mƒ CXv h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. c≠v, samØw sNe-hns‚ 80 iX-am-
\hpw F≥.-]n.-B¿.C C\-ßƒ°p th≠n sNe-hm-°p-∂p. 2002-˛03
Ime-Øn¬ 74.5 iX-am\w sNe-hm°nb ÿm\-ØmWv Cu sNe-hv.
CXns‚ A¿∞w ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw, aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn-\pw sNe-hm-
°p∂ XpI-bpsS hnlnXw Ipd-bp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. ]≤-Xn°pw aqe-[\
\nt£-]-Øn-\p-ap≈ ]Ww shń-®p-cp°n \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-
∂-Xv. aq∂v, F≥.-]n.-B¿.-C. sNehv k¿°m-cns‚ X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIp-
Xn-tb-X-c-bn-\-ßƒ, tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xw, tI{μ {Km‚p-Iƒ Dƒs∏´
dh\yq hc-hn-s\-°mƒ Db¿∂ XpI-bm-sW-∂p-≈Xv sRń-∏n-°p∂
Imcy-am-Wv. 2002-˛03 apX¬ 2014-˛15-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-Øv, c≠p h¿j-
samgn®v as‰√m h¿j-Ønepw t\m¨ πm≥ dh-\yq -sN-ehv dh\yq
hcp-am-\-sØ-°mƒ IqSnb XpI-bm-Wv. CXns‚ A¿∞w k¿°m-cns‚
samØw dh\yq hcp-am-\w sNe-hm-°n-bmepw \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-
Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ Ign-bmØ kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. am{X-hp-a√ \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ ISw hmtß≠ ÿnXn-bn¬ kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ FØn-\n¬°p∂ hfsc ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-em-Wv.
131
]ńI 5.4
dh\yq sNehv: πm≥, t\m¨πm≥
h¿jw πm≥ t\m¨πm≥ h¿≤\w (i-X-am-\w)
(cq] tImSn) (cq] tImSn) πm≥ (%) t\m¨πm≥ (%)
2002-˛03 3054 11702 ˛ ˛
2003-˛04 2394 13101 ˛21.6 12.0
2004-˛05 3106 14063 29.7 7.3
2005˛06 3223 15201 3.8 8.1
2006-˛07 2309 18516 ˛28.4 21.8
2007-˛08 2277 22615 ˛1.4 22.1
2008-˛09 3212 25012 41.1 10.6
2009-˛10 4179 26953 30.1 7.8
2010-˛11 4196 30469 0.4 13.0
2011-˛12 5327 40718 26.9 33.6
2012-˛13 6849 46640 28.6 14.5
2013-˛14 7074 53412 3.3 14.5
2014-˛15 10282 61464 45.3 15.1
Source: same as Table 5.1
]ńI 5.5
dh\yq sNehv LS\: πm≥, t\m¨πm≥
h¿jw πm≥ (%) t\m¨πm≥ (%) samØw
2002-˛03 20.7 79.3 100.00
2005-˛06 17.5 82.5 100.00
2010-˛11 12.1 87.9 100.00
2014-˛15 14.3 85.7 100.00
132
]ńI 5.6
t\m¨ πm≥ dh\yq sNehv (F≥.-]n.-B¿.-C):
\n¿h-lW kqNn-I-Iƒ
h¿jw F≥.-]n.-B¿.C F≥.-]n.-B¿.C F≥.-]n.-B¿.C
Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. samØw sNehv dh\yq hchv
A\p-]mXw (%) A\p-]mXw (%) A\p-]mXw (%)
2002˛---- 03 13.5 74.5 110.0
2003-˛04 13.5 75.2 110.9
2004-˛05 11.8 77.9 104.2
2005-˛06 11.1 78.0 99.4
2006-˛07 12.0 83.9 101.8
2007-˛08 12.9 83.0 107.1
2008-˛09 12.3 80.9 102.0
2009-˛10 11.6 79.1 103.2
2010-˛11 11.6 78.5 98.3
2011-˛12 13.0 80.0 107.1
2012-˛13 13.4 78.7 105.7
2013-˛14 13.5 80.6 108.6
2014-˛15 13.6 80.1 106.1
Source: CAG Report on State finances 2011 to 2015.
aqe-[\ sNehv
Hcp kºZvLS-\-bpsS kmº-ØnI ASn-Ød ASn-ÿm-\-L-SI
hnI-k-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv krjvSn-°m-\p≈ DØ-
c-hm-ZnXzw k¿°m-cn-t‚-XmWv. tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, Pe-K-Xm-K-X-kw-
hn-[m-\-ßƒ, t]m¿´p-Iƒ, IpSn-sh-≈w, sshZyp-Xn, AW-s°-´p-Iƒ,
\K-c-ß-fnse B[p-\nI KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw a‰v ASn-ÿm\
LS-I-ßfpw, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-
bv°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ aqe-[\ \nt£]w Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ign™ Bdv
Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv ]WnX ]me-ßƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ, sIń-S-ßƒ, a‰v
133
BkvXn-Iƒ XpSßn-bh Ime-]-g°w aqew D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-bn-

s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. CXn-\p-]-Icw ]pXnb BkvXnIfpw krjvSn-t°≠-
Xp-≠v. P\-kwJy h¿≤\w P\-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI \ne, Ime-L-´-
Øns‚ am‰-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-aqew ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßfpsS Bhiy-
ßƒ h¿≤n-°p-∂p. kmt¶-XnI cwKsØ ]pXnb I≠p-]nSp-Ø-ßƒ°-
\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ßƒ krjvSn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n cq£-ambXpaqew G‰hpw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-
Sp∂ Hcp taJe ASn-ÿm\ LSI hnI-k\ cwK-am-Wv. kwÿm\Øv
dbn¬th hnI-k-\w, tZiob ]mX hnI-k\w XpSßn tI{μ k¿°m-
cns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ ]e-bn-\-ß-fp-sSbpw apgp-h≥ sNehpw ap≥]v
tI{μ k¿°m¿ hln-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ Cu cwKsØ \nt£-
]-Ønepw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Hcp hnlnXw \¬tI≠ kml-Nc - y-am-W.v
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNe-hn¬ FXm≠v 7 iXam\w
XpI am{Xta aqe-[-\-bn-\Øn\v sNe-hm-°p-∂p-≈p. Cu aqe-[\
sNehv hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ πm\pw hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn°v
]pd-Øp≈ t\m¨ πm≥ C\-Ønepw sNe-hm-°p-∂p. ]ńI 5.7¬ 2006-˛07
apX¬ 2015-˛16-h-sc-bp≈ πm≥, t\m¨πm≥ C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. πm≥ aqe-[\ sNehv 2006-˛07¬ 886 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-
cp-∂Xv 2011-˛12¬ 3398 tImSn-bmbpw 2015-˛16¬ 5107 tImSn-bmbpw h¿≤n®p.
2011-˛12\v tij-ap-≈ -aq∂p h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬
Imcy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-√. 2014-˛15¬ aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ 91 iX-
am-\hpw πm≥ C\-Øn-emWv sNe-hm-°nbXv (]-ńI 5.8).
t\m¨ πm≥ aqe-[\ sNe-hmbn sNe-hm-°nbXv hfsc sNdnb
XpI-bm-Wv. Ign™ ]Øv h¿j-°m-eØv Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-
hn¬ CSn-hmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ D]-I-c-W-
ßƒ hmßm\pw D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \∂m-°m\pw a‰v AXym-hiy dn∏b¿
]Wn \S-Øm\pamWv Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ XpI sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xv.
samØw aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ 9 iX-am-\-amWv t\m¨πm≥ aqe-[\
sNe-hmbn 2014-˛15¬ sNe-hm-°nb-Xv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn Nne kqNn-I-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ samØw
sNe-hns\ hne-bn-cp-Ømw. ]ńI 5.9¬ samØw sNe-hns\ hne-bn-cp-
Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn® kqNn-I-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. H∂v kwÿm-\-Øns‚
B`y-¥c samØ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ (Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n) k¿°m-cns‚
134
]ńI 5.7
aqe-[\ sNehv: πm≥, t\m¨ πm≥
h¿jw πm≥ t\m¨πm≥ h¿≤\w (i-X-am-\w)
(cq] tImSn) (cq] tImSn) πm≥ (%) t\m¨ πm≥ (%)
2006˛07 886 17 ˛ ˛
2007-˛08 1452 23 63.9 35.3
2008-˛09 1671 25 15.1 8.7
2009-˛10 1902 157 21.4 528.0
2010-˛11 2766 598 45.4 280.9
2011-˛12 3398 455 22.8 ˛23.9
2012-˛13 3466 1137 2.0 149.9
2013-˛14 3497 797 0.8 ˛29.9
2014-˛15 3881 374 11.0 ˛53.1
Source: Table 5.1
]ńI 5.8
aqe-[\ sNehv LS\: πm≥, t\m¨πm≥
h¿jw πm≥ (%) t\m¨πm≥ (%) samØw
2006-˛07 98.1 1.9 100.00
2010-˛11 82.2 17.8 100.00
2014-˛15 91.2 8.8 100.00
samØw sNehv hnln-X-amWv Hcp kqNnI. 2000-˛2001 apX¬ 2003-˛04-

h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ kwÿm\ B`y-¥c samØ hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚
GXm≠v 18 iX-am\w XpI k¿°m¿ sNe-h-gn-®n-cp-∂p. CXv ]n¬°m-
eØv Ipd™v 14.4 iX-am-\-am-bn. Ign™ ]Xn-s\m∂v h¿j-ß-fmbn
18 iX-am-\-sØ-°mƒ Ipd™ hnln-X-amWv k¿°m-cns‚ samØw
sNe-hv. kwÿm\ B`y-¥c samØ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS
A\p-]m-X-Øn-se-¶nepw k¿°m-cns‚ hc-hn-\-ßƒ hf¿®-bp-≠m-Im-
Ø-XmWv CXns‚ Imc-Ww. Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.-bnse hf¿®bv°v A\p-
135
k-cn®v kwÿm\ _P-‰ns‚ hen∏w \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bmØ kml-

Ncyw hnI-k\ apc-Sn-∏n-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n°p-∂-Xv.
c≠v, dh\yp hchpw samØw sNehpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw AYhm
I-Ωn-bmWv ASpØ kqNn-I. 2001¬ [\-X-I¿® t\cn´ h¿jw samØw
dh-\yq -h-chv samØw sNe-hns‚ 69 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚
A¿∞w samØw sNe-hns‚ 31 iX-am-\hpw hmbv]sb B{i-bn-®p-
sh-∂m-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv CXv 18 apX¬ 20 iX-am-\w-hs
- c-bmbn Ipd™p.
2010-˛11¬ hmbv]-bpsS B{ibw 20 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂p≈
h¿j-ß-fn¬ CXv GXm≠v 25 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n®p. _P-‰nse
samØw sNe-hns‚ \men¬ Ht∂mfw ISw hmßp-∂Xv hm¿jn-I-]≤-
XnIƒt°m a‰p hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒt°m th≠ntbm A√. CXn¬
\s√mcp ]¶pw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p th≠n-
bm-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ dh\yq hcp-am\w t\m¨πm≥ dh\yq sNe-hp-
Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ t]mepw XnI-bmØ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-sW∂v Ign™
`mKØv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v. (]-ńI 5.6).
aq∂v, samØw sNe-hn¬ dh\yq sNe-hns‚ hnln-X-amWv as‰mcp
kqNn-I. ]ńI 5.9¬ D≈ `qcn-`mKw h¿j-ß-fnepw dh\yq sNehv
samØw sNe-hns‚ 90 apX¬ 94 iXam\w-h-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXmbXv
samØw sNe-hn¬ dh-\yq -sNehv Ign®v aqe-[\ sNe-hn\v (hmbv]
Xncn-®S- hv Ign-®v) sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv hfsc Xp—-amb XpI-bm-bn-cp∂p.
2011-˛12\ptijw 90.5 apX¬ 93.5 iX-am\w XpIbpw dh\yq sNe-hn\v
th≠n-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
\mem-a-Xmbn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv aqe-[\ sNe-hn-s\-bm-Wv. CXv
c≠p hn`m-K-Øn-ep≠v. H∂v, k¿°m-cns‚ πm≥, t\m¨πm≥ hn`m-K-
Ønse aqe-[\ sNe-hv. c≠v, k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw kl-I-cW kwL-ßƒ°pw \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-
Iƒ. k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ hmbv]I - s
- f√mw aqe-[\ sNe-hmbn ImWm≥
Ign-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v hmbv-]-Ifpw AUzm≥kp-I-fpw Hgn-®p-≈-XmWv
aqe-[\ \nt£-]-ambn ]ńI 5.9¬ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hfsc Xp—-
amb XpI-bmWv aqe-[\ sNe-hn-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. 2007 apX¬ 2011-h-sc-
bp≈ ImeØv samØw sNe-hn¬ aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw XpS¿-
®-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv CXn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Ipdhp-
≠m-bn. 201-0˛11¬ aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw 8.7 iXam\-ambncp∂Xv
136
2014-˛15¬ 5.5 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-™p. XpS¿®-bmb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-

bpsS G‰hpw henb {]Xym-LmXw aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ hnlnX-Øn¬
h∂ CSn-hm-Wv. Cu am‰w kwÿm\ kº-ZvL-S-\-bpsS ASn-Ø-
dsbXs∂ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
]ń-I 5.9
samØ sNehv: \n¿Δ-lW kqNn-I-Iƒ
h¿jw samØw sNehv dh\yq hchv dh\yq hchv aqe-[\ sNehv
Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. samØw sNehv samØw sNehv samØw sNehv
A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
(%) (%) (%) (%)
2000-˛01 18.2 68.6 93.3 ˛
2001-˛02 17.1 73.2 74.3 ˛
2002-˛03 18.2 67.7 94.0 ˛
2003-˛04 18.2 67.8 88.9 ˛
2004-˛05 16.9 74.8 95.1 ˛
2005-˛06 16.4 78.3 94.3 ˛
2006-˛07 14.4 82.4 94.3 4.1
2007-˛08 15.6 77.4 91.3 5.4
2008-˛09 15.2 79.3 91.3 5.5
2009-˛10 14.7 76.6 91.4 6.0
2010-˛11 14.4 79.9 89.4 8.7
2011-˛12 16.1 74.7 90.5 7.6
2012-˛13 16.3 74.5 90.3 7.8
2013-˛14 16.7 74.2 91.3 6.5
2014-˛15 17.0 75.5 93.5 5.5
2. samØw sNehv: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ

Nm¿´v 5.2¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ samØw sNehv LS-\-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hni-I-e-\-amWv Cu `mKØv \S-Øp-∂-Xv. samØw
137
sNe-hns\ dh\yp, aqe-[-\w F∂v c≠mbn Xncn-°p-∂p. dh\yp sNe-

hns\ ho≠pw \men-\-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p. P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-
tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ AXp-t]mse aqe-[\ sNehv P\d¬,
tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw Xncn-°p-∂p.
dh\yp sNehv: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ
sNe-hp-Iƒ GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fp-sSbpw k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ°pw
th≠n-bm-Wv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂v hni-I-e\w \S-Øm≥ CØ-c-
Øn-ep≈ IW-°p-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. P\-d¬ k¿Δo-kn¬ Xmsg∏d-
bp∂ sNe-hp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. \nb-ak - `- , Kh¿ÆdpsS Hmôkv, a{¥n-
k-`, \nb-a-]-cn-]m-e\w, sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, \nIpXn ]ncn-hv, s]mXp`-c-Ww,
Pn√m `c-Ww, t]meo-kv, Pbn¬, acm-aØp ]Wn-Iƒ, hnc-an® Poh-\-
°m-cpsS s]≥j≥, ]eni, a‰p tkh\ßƒ. tkmjy¬ k¿Δo-kn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sNe-hn-\ß - ƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂hbm-Wv. P\-d¬ hnZym-`ymkw,
kmt¶XnI hnZym-`ymkw, kvt]m¿Svkv, s]mXpP-\m-tcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh≈
hnX-cW
- w, `h\ \n¿Ωm-Ww, \K-ch - n-Ik- \ - w, C≥^¿ta-j≥, Fkv.kn.,
Fkv.-‰n, ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS t£aw, sXmgn¬ kmaq-lnI t£aw,
a‰p s]mXp k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ.
kmº-ØnI k¿Δo-kp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sNe-hn-\-ßƒ Xmsg
]d-bp-∂p. Irjn, arK-kw-c-£-Ww, Ubdn hnI-k-\w, a’y_‘-\w,
h\hpw h\y Pohn-I-fpw, `£yw, Im¿jnI Kth-j-Ww, k-l-I-c-Ww,
{KmaoW hnI-k-\w, {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, h≥InS-˛-sN-dp-InS Pe-
tk-N\ ]≤-XnIƒ, sshZyp-Xn, Du¿÷w, sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-ßƒ,
h≥InS hyh-km-bß - ƒ, sF.-‰n, Xpd-ap-Jß
- ƒ, tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ, tdmUv
KXm-K-Xw, Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw, kb≥kpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpw, ]cn-ÿnXn
kwc-£-Ww, sk≥k-kv, ÿnXnhnhc IW°pIƒ. Cu hn`m-K-
Ønse \mem-a-sØ-bn\w {Km‚p-Ifpw hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fp-amWv.
Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-Iƒ, k¿°m¿
DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw a‰pw \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-Iƒ, a‰p ap≥Iq-dp-Iƒ XpSßn-
b-h-bm-Wv.
]ńI 5.10¬ 2006-˛07-\p-ti-j-ap≈ dh\yq hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp∂
P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°tWmanIv k¿Δo-kp-I-ƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ F∂n-h-
bpsS XpIbpw h¿≤-\bpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. P\-d¬ k¿Δo-knse
138
sNehv 2006-˛07¬ 9723 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2014-˛15¬ 31433 tImSn-bmbn

h¿≤n-®p. Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv `cW hIp-∏p-
I-fpsS DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS FÆhpw ]eni sNehpw s]≥j≥ sNe-
hp-am-Wv. `c-Ws
- N-eh
- p-If
- mb Hmôkv \S-Øn-∏v, iº-fw, tÃj-\dnbpw
a‰n-\-ß-fpw, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, bm{X, hml\w XpS-ßn-bhpw Cu sNe-
hn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw G‰hpw henb sNe-hm-
bXpsIm≠v A©v h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ iºf˛-s]≥-
j≥ ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn c≠v {]mhiyw \S-∏n-em-
°p∂ Un.-F. h¿≤-\hpw Cu sNe-hn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-°p-∂p.
samØw dh\yq sNe-hn¬ P\-d¬ k¿Δo-kp-I-fpsS hnlnXw 44 apX¬
47 iX-am\whsc-bm-Wv. (]-ńI 5.11).
tkmjy¬ k¿Δokv sNe-hp-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xns‚ {][m\
LSIw DtZym- K - ÿ - ∑ m- c p- s S FÆ- a m- W v . s]mXptk- h - \ - ß - f mb
s]mXpP-\m-tcmKyw, hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-bpsS {][m\ sNe-hn\w
iºf sNe-hm-Wv. Fkv.kn & Fkv.-‰n, ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS
t£a-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-fpw Cu
C\- Ø n- e p≈ sNe- h n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- ∂ p. dh\yq hn`m- K - Ø n- e p≈
tkmjy¬ k¿Δokv sNehv 2006-˛07¬ 6478 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv
2014-˛15¬ 23718 tImSn-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-
∏n-em-°p∂ iº-f- ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬ KWy-
amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-°p-∂p. 2007-˛08-\p-tijw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-
hns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 11 apX¬ 34 iX-am-\w-h-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
samØw dh\yq sNe-hns‚ aq∂n¬ Ht∂mfw XpI sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv
tkmjy¬ k¿Δo-kn-\p-th≠nbmWv. (]-ńI 5.11).
C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-If
- psS dh\yq sNehv P\-d¬, tkmjy¬
k¿Δo-kp-I-sf-°mƒ hfsc Ipd™ XpI-bm-Wv. a‰p k¿Δo-kp-I-sf-
°mƒ IqSp-X¬ aqe-[\ \nt£-]-am-h-iy-ap≈ k¿Δokpw CXm-Wv.
Cu C\-Øn¬ sNehv 2006-˛07¬ 2712 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2014-˛15¬
10197 tImSn cq]-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hns‚ hm¿-
jnI h¿≤\ \nc-°n¬ h≥ A¥-c-ap-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. aq∂v h¿jß-
fn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv 1.5 apX¬ 3.9 iX-am\w hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ a‰p \mev h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu sNehns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\w
27 apX¬ 37 iX-am-\w-hsc tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. iº-f- ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-ƒ
139
]ńI 5.10
dh\yq sNehv: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-an-Iv
k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ
h¿jw P\-d¬ tkmjy¬ C°-tWm-anIv {Km‚p-Iƒ samØw
k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv
1) XpI (cq] tImSn)
2006-˛07 9723 6478 2712 1912 20825
2007-˛08 12184 7790 2819 2099 24892
2008-˛-09 12667 9363 3929 2265 28224
2009-˛10 13935 10467 4241 2489 31132
2010--˛11 15418 12111 4358 2778 34665
2011-˛12 20300 16224 6132 3389 46045
2012-˛13 22787 18878 7808 4016 53489
2013--˛14 26605 20980 7929 4972 60486
2014-˛15 31433 23718 10197 6398 71746
2) hf¿®m \nc°v (i-X-am-\w)
2006-˛07 ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛
2007-˛08 25.3 20.2 3.9 9.8 19.5
2008-˛09 3.9 20.2 39.4 7.9 13.4
2009-˛10 10.0 11.8 7.9 9.9 10.3
2010-˛11 10.6 15.7 2.7 11.6 11.3
2011-˛12 31.7 33.9 40.7 22.0 32.8
2012-˛13 12.2 16.3 27.3 18.5 16.2
2013-˛14 16.7 11.1 1.5 23.8 13.1
2014-˛15 18.1 13.1 28.6 28.7 18.6
140
]ńI 5.11
dh-\yq sNehv LS\: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬,
C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ (%)
h¿jw P\-d¬ tkmjy¬ C°-tWm-anIv {Km‚p-Iƒ samØw
2006-˛07 46.7 31.1 13.0 9.2 100.00
2010-˛11 44.5 34.9 12.6 8.0 100.00
2014-˛15 43.8 33.1 14.2 8.9 100.00
Cu sNe-hn-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw henb h¿≤\w hcp-Ønb LS-I-am-Wv.

samØw dh\yq sNe-hns‚ 13 apX¬ 14 iX-am-\w -hsc, XpI C°-
tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
dh\yq sNe-hns‚ \mem-asØbn\w k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-
Ifpw hmbv]I - fpw ap≥Iq-dp-If
- p-am-Wv. Cu C\-Ønse sNehv 2006-˛07¬
1912 tImSn cq]-bm-bncp∂Xv 2014-˛15¬ 6398 tImSn-bmbn Db¿∂p. Cu
C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehn¬ s]mXphn¬ XpS¿®bmb hm¿jnI h¿≤-\-
bmWv D≠mbn-´p-≈-Xv. 2013-˛14, 2014-˛15 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw
Db¿∂ hm¿jnI h¿≤\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Cu C\-Øn-em-Wv.
samØw dh\yq sNe-hns‚ GXm≠v 9 iX-am\w CXn\pth≠n sNe-
hm-°p-∂p.
aqe-[\ sNehv: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv
k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ
samØw sNe-hn¬ Hcp sNdnb hnlnXw am{X-amWv aqe-[\
sNe-hv. 2014-˛15¬ samØw sNe-hn¬ aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw
5.5 iX-am-\-am-Wv. kwÿm\ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n aqew G‰hpw cq£-
amb {]iv\w t\cn-Sp∂ cwKhpw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-am-Wv. [\-{]-Xn-k-
‘n-aqew kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn\v th≠ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ°v
\nt£]w \S-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb ]Wan√mØ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. ]ńI
5.12¬ 2006-˛07\v tij-ap≈ aqe-[\ hn`mK-Øn¬ hcp∂ P\-d¬,
tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv F∂n-h-bpsS hm¿jnI sNehpw hm¿jnI
141
h¿[-\bpw \¬Inbn´p-≠v. P\-d¬ k¿Δo-kn¬ hfsc Xp—-amb XpI-

bmWv aqe-[\ sNe-hv. 2006-˛07¬ 40 tImSn cq]-bmbncp∂Xv 2014-˛15¬
135 tImSn-bmbn h¿[n-®p.
P\-d¬ hnZym-`ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-I hnZym-`ym-kw, IpSn-sh≈ hnX-
c-Ww, s]mXpP-\m-tcm-Kyw, \K-c-hn-I-k\w XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂
tkmjy¬ k¿Δokv taJ-e-bpsS aqe-[\ \nt£-]hpw sNdnb XpI-
bm-Wv. Cu C\-Øn¬ aqe-[\ sNehv 2006-˛07¬ 116 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-
cp-∂Xv 2014-˛15¬ 875 tImSn-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ aqe-
[\£maw aqew hnZym-`ym-kw, s]mXpP-\m-tcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-
Ww XpS-ßn-b s]mXp k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\v XS w krjvSn-®p. s]mXp k¿Δo-kp-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw
tami-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp {][m\ Imc-Whpw CXm-Wv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-I-fnse aqe-[\ sNehv
]cn-tim-[n-°mw. kºZvL-S-\-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bmb {][m\ ASn-ÿm\
LS- I - ß fpw kmº- Ø nI taJ- e bpw C°- t Wm- a nIv k¿ho- k n¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ, tdmUp-K-Xm-K-Xw, Pe-K-Xm-KXw,
sshZyp-Xn, Du¿Pw, Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ, h≥InS, sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww XpS-ßn-b ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ Cu
k¿Δo-kn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. CXn\p ]pdsa DXv]m-Z\ taJ-eI - f
- mb Irjn,
arK-kw-c£- W- w, Ubdn hnI-k\- w, a’y-_‘- \
- w, `£y DXv]m-Z\ - w,
sNdp-In-S, h≥InS hyh-km-b-ßƒ, Du¿÷w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Cu k¿-
Δo-kn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cu taJ-e-I-fnse hf-¿-®, hnI-k-\w, sXmgn¬
F∂nh \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Xns‚ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb LSIw aqe-[\ \nt£-
]-am-Wv.
Cu k¿Δo-kp-I-fpsS aqe-[\ sNehv 2006-˛07¬ 747 tImSn cq]-
bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2014-˛15¬ 3245 tImSn-bmbn h¿≤n-®p. 2006˛07-\p-ti-j-ap≈
Bdp h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu sNe-hn¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ 2013-˛14,
2014-˛15 h¿j-ß-fn¬ B sNe-hn¬ CSnhv D≠m-b-Xmbn ImWmw.
samØw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn¬ 76 iX-am-\hpw C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-
kp-Iƒ°mWv sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 5.13).
142
]ńI 5.12
aqe-[\ sNehv: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv
k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ
h¿jw P\-d¬ tkmjy¬ C°-tWm-anIv samØw
1) XpI (cq] tImSn)
2006-˛07 40 116 747 903
2007-˛08 57 135 1283 1475
2008-˛09 53 291 1352 1696
2009-˛10 67 363 1629 2059
2010-˛11 119 479 2766 3364
2011-˛12 162 595 3096 3853
2012-˛13 147 562 3894 4603
2013-˛14 148 617 3529 4294
2014-˛15 135 875 3245 4255
2) hf¿®m-\n-c°v (i-X-am-\w)
2006-˛07 ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛
2007-˛08 42.5 16.4 71.7 63.3
2008-˛09 ˛7.0 115.5 5.4 14.9
2009-˛10 26.4 24.7 20.5 21.4
2010-˛11 77.6 31.9 69.8 63.4
2011-˛12 36.1 24.2 11.9 14.5
2012-˛13 ˛9.3 ˛5.5 25.8 45.4
2013-˛14 0.7 9.8 ˛9.4 ˛--- 6.7
2014-˛15 8.8 41.8 ˛8.0 ˛0.9
C°-tWm-anIv k¿ho-kp-I-fpsS aqe-[\ sNehv GXp taJ-e-I-
fn-emWv sNe-hm-°n-b-sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]ńI 5.14¬
2010-˛11-sebpw 2014-˛15-sebpw C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-knse aqe-[\ sNe-
143
hn-\-ßƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2010-˛11se samØw aqe-[\ sNe-hn¬ ]Ip-

Xnbpw (51 iX-am-\w) sNe-hm-°n-bXv tdmUp-Iƒ°pw ]me-ßƒ°pw
th≠nbmWv. hyh-km-b-ßƒ°p-th≠n 13 iX-am-\hpw kl-I-c-W-
ta-J-ebv°v 7.6 iX-am-\hpw Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v 6.8 iX-am-\hpw Xpd-
apJ-ßƒ°v th≠n 5.5 iX-am-\-hpw, sh≈-s∏m° \nb-{¥-W-Øn\v
3.8 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°n. sshZyp-Xn, Du¿Pw, \K-c-hn-I-k-\w, IpSn-
sh≈ hnX-cWw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v Imcy-amb XpI sNe-hm-°n-bn-√.
2014-˛15epw aqe-[\ sNe-hns‚ LS-\-bn¬ henb am‰-ap-≠m-bn√ F∂v
ImWmw. samØw aqe-[\ sNe-hn¬ GXm≠v 57 iX-am-\hpw tdmUv,
]me-ßƒ, a‰p KXm-KX k¿ho-kp-Iƒ°pw th≠n sNe-hm-°n. Xpd-
ap-J-ßƒ, hyh-km-bw, Pe-tk-N-\w, kl-I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bv°p-
th≠n sNehm-°nb XpI-bnepw KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. h¿≤\
D≠mb taJeIƒ {Kma hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, KXm-KX k¿Δo-kp-
Iƒ, Sqdn-kw, a‰n-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. kºZvLS-\-bnse kp{]-[m-
\-amb ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw Imcy-amb aqe-[\ \nt£]w \S-Øm≥
]W-an-√m-Ø Ahÿbnem-Wv k¿°m¿. \K-c-hn-I-k-\w, sshZyp-Xn,
Du¿÷w, Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw, Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ, IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, a’y-
_-‘\w, ae-tbm-c-hn-I-k-\w, B[p-\nI hyhkm-b-ßƒ°p≈ ASn-
ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bhbv°p th≠n sNe-hm-°m≥ ]Ww
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
F√m kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fnepw am‰-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-
°p∂ kwÿm-\Øv kmº-Øn-I-cw-KØv apt∂m´p t]mI-W-sa-¶n¬
h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ aqe-[\ \nt£]w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. A\n-b-{¥n-X-
ambn IpXn-®p-b-cp∂ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ aqe-[\
sNehv shń-°p-d-bv°p∂ ÿnXn-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. Ign™ c≠p
h¿j-ßf - n¬ C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-If
- psS aqe-[\ sNe-hn¬ Ipdhp
h∂p-sIm≠ncn-°p-I-bmWv. CXp-aqew \ne-hn-ep≈ BkvXn-Iƒ kwc-
£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]pXnb BkvXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]W-an-
√mØ AXn-Kp-cp-X-c-amb ÿnXn-bn¬ kwÿm\w FØn-\n¬°p-∂p.
Cu ÿnXn-hn-tijw kwÿm-\sØ kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fpsS apc-
Sn-∏n-te°pw Xf¿®-bn-te°pw \bn-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂p.
apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb hni-I-e\w D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. kwÿm\
k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc dh\yq sNehv AYhm \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-
144
]ńI 5.13
aqe-[\ sNehv LS\: P\-d¬, tkmjy¬,
C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ (%)
h¿jw P\-d¬ tkmjy¬ C°-tWm-anIv samØw
2006-˛07 4.4 12.8 82.7 100.00
2010-˛11 3.5 14.2 82.2 100.00
2014-˛15 3.2 20.6 76.2 100.00
]ńI 5.14
C°-tWm-anIv k¿Δo-knse aqe-[\ sNehv
2010-˛11 2014-˛15
C\-ßƒ cq] hnlnXw cq] hnlnXw h¿≤\w
tImSn iX-am\w tImSn iX-am\w (iX-am\w)
1. a’y-_-‘\w 84 3.0 124 3.8 47.6
2. kl-I-cWw 211 7.6 133 4.1 ˛37.0
3. {Kma-hn-Ik
- \ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ 22 0.8 218 6.7 890.0
4. Pe-tk-N\w 188 6.8 152 4.7 ˛19.1
5. sh≈-s∏m° \n-hm-cWw 105 3.8 119 3.7 13.3
6. hyh-kmbw 364 13.2 260 8.0 ˛28.6
7. Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ 152 5.5 48 1.5 ˛68.4
8. tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ 1408 50.9 1477 45.5 4.9
9. KXm-KX k¿Δokv 89 3.2 379 11.7 325.8
10. hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw 35 1.3 134 4.1 282.9
11. a‰n-\-ßƒ 108 3.9 201 6.2 86.1
12. samØw 2766 100.0 3245 100.0 17.3
Source: CAG (2011): Finance Account 2010-11, Vol. I;
CAG (2015): Finance Accounts 2014-15, Vol.I
145
hp-Iƒ Hcp \nb-{¥-Wh - p-an-√msX IpXn-®p-bcp-∂p. 2002˛03 apX¬ 2014˛15-

hsc-bp≈ ]Xn-aq∂p h¿j-ß-fn¬ c≠p h¿j-samgn®v as‰√m h¿j-
ß-fnepw t\m¨πm≥ dh\yq sNehv \nd-th-‰m≥ ]W-an-√m-Ø-Xp-aqew
XpS¿®-bmbn hmbv] FSpØ XpIsb B{i-bnt°-≠n-h∂ - p. am{X-a√,
k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNe-hns‚ \men-sem∂pw \nd-th-‰m≥ ISw
hmßp∂ ÿnXn-bn-em-Wv. \nXy-\n-Zm-\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ ]Ww
C√m-Ø-Xp-aqew aqe-[\ sNehv shń-°p-d-bv°p-∂p. [\-[q¿Øv
cmjv{So-b-Øn-e-Sn-ÿm-\-amb [\-\-b-ßƒ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-
°p-∂X - p-aqew A\m-hiy sNe-hp-Iƒ [\-[q¿Øv, kΩ-¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v
k¿°m¿ hcp-am\w hoXw hbv°¬ XpS-ßn-bh \nb-{¥n®v sNehv
Npcp-°m≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-d-√. CXp-aqew kmº-ØnI k¿Δo-kp-
I-fpsS aqe-[\ sNe-hn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn CSnhv D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂p.
CXv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ASn-Ø-d-bmb ASn-ÿm\ LS-
I-ß-fpsS apc-Sn∏n-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Ip-dhpaqe-ap≈
Cu XI¿® kwÿm\Øns‚ Im¿jn-I, hyh-km-b, tkh\ taJ-e-
I- f nse kzImcy aqe- [ \ \nt£- ] - t Øbpw DXv ] m- Z - \ - t Øbpw
Xf¿Øpw F∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√.
{][m\ sNe-hn-\ß
- ƒ
3) k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS iºfw
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ G‰hpw henb sNe-hn\w k¿°m¿
Poh-\-°m¿°p \¬Ip∂ iº-f-am-Wv. k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ F∂
\n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fnse Poh-\-°mcpw, tImS-
Xn-If- nse Poh-\°- mcpw, k¿°m¿ iºfw \¬Ip∂ kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m-cp-am-Wv. Ch¿°v k¿°m¿
^≠n¬ \n∂v iºfw {Sjdn hgn \¬Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ Xt±i kzbw-
`cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿hIem-im-e-Iƒ, kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ,
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ CXn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n-√. Ah¿°v iºfw \¬Ip-∂Xv AXmXp ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
^≠p-If - n¬ \n∂pw k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ {Km‚p-If - n¬ \n∂p-amWv. {Sjdn
hgn iºfw \¬Ip∂ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw 2012 am¿-®n¬
502, 675 Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2016 am¿®n¬ 508, 808 Bbn h¿≤n®p (]-ńI5.15).
k¿°m¿ ÿncw Poh-\-°m¿, \n›nX XpI iºfw hmßp∂ Xm¬-
°m-enI Poh-\-°m¿, Bƒ C¥y k¿Δo-kn-ep-≈-h¿, bp.-Pn.-kn. iºf
146
]ńI 5.15
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw
hn`mKw am¿®v 2012 am¿®v 2016 h¿≤\w 2016se
(F-Æw) (F-Æw) (%) Poh-\-°m-cpsS
hnlnXw (%)
1. kwÿm\ 485757 489398 0.7 96.2
k¿°m¿
2. \n›nX iºfw 592 1896 220.3 0.4
3. Bƒ C¥y 197 301 52.8 0.1
k¿Δokv
4. bp.-Pn.-kn. 13544 13563 0.1 2.6
5. F.-sF.-kn.-‰n.C 1877 3022 61.0 0.6
6. tImSXn 525 529 0.8 0.1
7. a‰n\w 183 99 ˛45.9 0.0
samØw 502675 508808 1.2 100.0
kvsIbn¬ A\p-k-cn®v iºfw e`n-°p∂ tImtfPv A≤ym-]-I¿,

F.sF.-kn.-‰n. C iºfw kvsIbn¬ A\p-k-cn®v iºfw hmßp∂
kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-f-nse A≤ym-]-I¿, tImS-Xn-I-
fnse PUvPn-amcpw a‰pw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. samØw k¿°m¿ Poh\-
°m-cn¬ 96 iX-am-\hpw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fnse Poh-\-
°m-cm-Wv.
k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ GXp hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p-h-cm-
sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 2016-˛17se kwÿm\ _P‰v A\p-k-cn®v
k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ 114 hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬
CXnse ]e hIp-∏p-Ifpw hfsc sNdnb hIp-∏p-Itfm D]-hI- p-∏p-Itfm
BWv. ]ńI 5.16¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cp≈ 20
hIp-∏p-I-fnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kwÿm-\sØ
samØw k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cn¬ aq∂n¬ H∂v s]mXp hnZym-`ymk
hIp-∏n-emWv. Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\-Øp-≈Xv
t]meokv hIp-∏pw. aq∂mw ÿm\Øv s]mXpP-\m-tcmKy hIp-∏p-amWv.
147
Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ KWy-amb hnlnXw D≈ a‰p hIp-∏p-Iƒ

lb¿ sk°-≠-dn, tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw, dh\yq hIp-∏v, PpUn-jy¬
k¿Δo-kv, saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ym-kw, Irjn, s]mXpacm-a-Øv, kmt¶XnI
hnZym-`ymkw, Pe-hn-`h
- w, h\w, arK-kw-c£
- W
- w, shmt°j-W¬ lb¿
sk°‚dn, sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn iºf sNe-hn¬ 1981-\p-tijw D≠mb h¿≤-\w,
dh\yq sNe-hn¬ iºf sNe-hns‚ ]¶v, iºf sNehv h¿≤-\-w,
dh\yq IΩn-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. IpXn-®p-b-
cp∂ iºf sNe-hmWv dh\yq IΩn h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw \nXy-\n-Zm\
sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ISw hmßm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-amb ÿnXn kwPm-X-am-
°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm A©p h¿jhpw iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw ]cn-jvI-
cn-°p-∂Xpw h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn c≠p XhW Un.-F. \nc-°p-I-fn¬
h¿≤\ hcp-Øp-∂-Xp-aq-e-am-Wn-Xv. 1983\p tijw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿
Ggv iºf ]cn-jvImcw \S-∏n-em-°n. 1983-\p-tijw \S-∏n-em-°nb iºf
]cn-jvI-c-Whpw X∑qew G‰hpw Ipd™ iºf kvsIbnenepw
Db¿∂ iºf kvsIbnenepw h∂ am‰ß-ƒ ]ńI 5.17¬ \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
Hmtcm iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw aqew D≠m-Ip∂ A[nI _m[yX dh\yq
sNe-hn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤\w krjvSn-°p-∂p. X∑qew dh\yq IΩn
h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw dh\yq sNehv \nd-th-‰m≥ IqSp-X¬ ISw hmtß≠
ÿnXnbpw kwPm-X-am-Ip-∂p. XpSsc XpS-sc-bp≈ iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw
aqew iºf kvsI-bn-en¬ henb am‰w hcp∂p F∂v ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v
ImWmw. 2004 apX¬ 2014-h-sc-bp≈ ]Øp h¿j Ime-b-f-hn¬ aq∂p
iºf ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°n. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn¬ \ne-hn-
ep≈ G‰hpw Ipd™ kvsIbn-ense ASn-ÿm\ iºfw 2004¬
4510 cq]m-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2014¬ 16500 Bbn h¿≤n-®p. G‰hpw Db¿∂
kvsIbn-ense ASn-ÿm\ iºfw C°m-eØv 26600¬ \n∂v 93000
Bbn h¿≤n-®p. ]Øp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ASn-ÿm\ iº-f-Ønse
h¿≤\w aq∂n-c-ń-bn-e-[n-I-ambn h¿≤n®psh∂p ImWmw. ASn-ÿm\
iº-f-Øn\p ]pdsa Un.-F., ho´p-hm-S-I XpS-ßn-b-hbpw tN¿∂-XmWv
samØw {]Xn-amkw iº-fw. iºf ]cn-jvIm-c-Øn\p ]pdsa tI{μ
Un.-F. \nc-°n¬ {]Xn-h¿jw c≠p Un.-F. h¿≤\ \¬Ip-∂Xpw iºf
sNehv IpXn-®p-b-cm≥ CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
148
]ńI 5.16
IqSp-X¬ Poh-\-°m-cp≈ hIp-∏p-I-ƒ, am¿®v 2016
hIp-∏ns‚ t]cv Poh-\°
- m-cpsS hnlnXw
FÆw (i-Xa- m-\w)
1. P\-d¬ hnZym-`ymkw 169691 33.35
2. t]meokv 58113 11.42
3. s]mXpP-\m-tcmKyw 35932 7.06
4. lb¿ sk°‚dn 29094 5.71
5. tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw 22364 4.40
6. `q\n-IpXn 16794 3.30
7. tImSXn k¿Δokv 13341 2.62
8. saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ymkw 13115 2.58
9. Irjn 9237 1.82
10. s]mXpa-cm-aØv 8675 1.70
11. kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ymkw 8825 1.73
12. Pe-hn-`hw 8070 1.59
13. h\w 6741 1.32
14. arK-kw-c-£Ww 7052 1.39
15. shmt°j-W¬ F®v.-Fkv 6409 1.26
16. sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v 5324 1.04
17. ]©m-bØv 1109 0.22
18. {Kma-hn-I-k\w 4915 0.97
19. FIvsskkv 4979 0.98
20. sImtagvky¬ SmIvkv 4720 0.93
21. a‰n\w 74308 14.60
samØw 508808 100.00
Source: GOK (2016), Appendix I (Details of Staff), Kerala Budget 2016-17
149
]ńI 5.17
iºf ]cn-jvIc
- Ww: G‰hpw Ipd-™Xpw Db¿∂ iºf kvsIbn¬
\S-∏n-em-°nb XobXn G‰hpw Ipd™ kvsIbn¬
1.7.1983 550 (10-˛15) 800
1.7.1988 750 (10-˛25) 1025
1.3.1992 775 (12˛20) 1065
1.3.1997 2610 (60-˛70) 3680
1.7.2004 4510 (120-˛150) 6230
1.7.2009 8500 (230 ˛ 330) 13210
1.7.2014* 16500 -˛ 35700
G‰hpw Db¿∂ kvsIbn¬
1.7.1983 3700 ˛ 125 ˛ 4200
1.7.1988 4435 ˛ 170 ˛ 5785
1.3.1992 5100 ˛ 150 ˛ 6300
1.3.1997 16300 ˛ 450 ˛ 19900
1.7.2004 26600 ˛ 650 ˛ 33750
1.7.2009 48640 (1100 ˛ 1200) 59840
1.7.2014* 93000 ˛ 120000
* Implemented on 20.01.2016.
Hmtcm iºf h¿≤-\a - q-ea

- p≈ A[nI _m[yX dh\yq sNe-hn¬
KWy-amb h¿≤\w hcp-ØpIbpw dh\yq IΩn h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂Xn\pw
CS-bm-°p-∂p. ]ńI 5.18¬ 1981 apX¬ 2001-h-sc-bp≈ iº-fw, iºf
h¿≤-\w, dh\yq sNe-hv, dh\yq sNe-hn¬ iº-f-Øns‚ hnln-Xw,
dh\yq IΩn, dh\yq sNehv A\p-]mXw F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
Hmtcm iºf ]cn-jvIm-chpw dh\yq sNehv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw dh\yq
IΩn Iq´p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1983se iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-∏n-em-°n-
bXv 1985-˛86-em-Wv. CXp-aqew iº-fb - n-\Ø
- n-ep-≠mb hm¿jnI h¿≤\w
26 iX-am-\-am-Wv. CXp-aqew dh\yq sNe-hnepw dh\yq IΩn-bnepw
KWy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. 1989-˛90¬ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂ iºf
150
]ńI 5.18
iºf sNehv: 1980-˛81 apX¬ 2000-˛01 hsc
h¿jw iºfw h¿≤\w dh\yq dh\yqsNe-hn¬ dh\yq IΩn
(cq] (i-Xa
- m-\w) sNehv iº-fØ- ns‚ dh\yq sNehv
tImSn) (cq] hnlnXw A\p-]mXw
tImSn) (i-Xa- m-\w) (i-Xa
- m-\w)
1980 ˛ 81 296 ˛ 668 44.3 4.0
1981 -˛ 82 328 10.8 754 43.5 ˛12.7
1982- ˛ 83 384 17.1 783 49.0 ˛3.4
1983 ˛ 84 455 18.5 992 45.9 5.8
1984 ˛ 85 504 10.8 1139 44.2 1.2
1985 ˛ 86 635 26.0 1445 43.9 5.1
1986- ˛ 87 740 16.5 1655 44.7 9.1
1987 ˛ 88 805 8.8 1781 45.2 10.9
1988 ˛ 89 922 14.5 2061 44.7 7.9
1989 ˛ 90 1356 47.1 2298 59.0 10.9
1990 ˛ 91 1683 24.1 2825 59.6 14.9
1991 ˛ 92 1384 ˛17.8 3216 43.0 11.3
1992 ˛ 93 1419 2.5 3656 38.8 9.2
1993 ˛ 94 1836 29.4 4293 42.8 8.6
1994 ˛ 95 2194 19.5 5066 43.3 7.9
1995 ˛ 96 2230 1.6 5826 38.3 6.9
1996 ˛ 97 2617 17.3 6788 38.6 9.5
1997 ˛ 98 2803 7.1 8241 34.0 13.6
1998 ˛ 99 3255 16.1 9228 35.3 22.0
1999 ˛ 2000 4503 38.3 11566 38.9 31.3
2000 ˛ 01 4451 ˛1.1 11878 37.5 26.5
Source: GOK 2001, White paper on State Finances 2001.
151
]cn-jvI-cWwaqew iºf sNe-hn-ep≈ hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 47 iX-am-

\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew dh\yq sNe-hn¬ iº-f-Øns‚ hnlnXw 59
iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂p. dh\yp IΩn, dh\yp sNehv A\p-]mXw
GXm≠v 11 iX-am-\a - mbn Db¿∂p. iºf ]cn-jvIc
- Ww aqew 1993-˛94se
iºf h¿≤\w 29 iX-am-\-ambpw h¿≤n-®p. 1998-˛2011 Ime-L-´sØ
kwÿm-\sØ [\-X-I¿®-bpsS aqe-Im-cWw 1999-˛2000¬ \S-∏n-em-
°nb iºf ]cn-jvImcw aqe-am-Wv. iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-∏n-em-°n-
b-Xp-aqew iºf sNehv 38 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-®p. CXv dh\yq sNe-
hn¬ h≥ h¿≤\w hcp-Øp-Ibpw dh-\yq IΩn dh\yp sNehv A\p-
]mXw 31 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1981\ptijw CXp-h-
sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ A\p-]mXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bXv Cu h¿j-am-Wv. CXns‚ A¿∞w iºfw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ \nXy-\n-
Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ AYhm dh\yq sNehv \nd-th-‰m≥ FXm≠v aq∂n¬
H∂pw ISw hmtß≠ ÿnXn-bp-≠mbn F∂-Xm-Wv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn 2001-\p-ti-j-ap≈ iºf ]cn-jvImcw krjvSn®
iºf sNehv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
]ńI 5.19¬ 2001\p tij-ap≈ iº-fw, iºf h¿≤-\w, dh\yq
sNe-hn¬ iº-f-Øns‚ hnln-Xw, dh\yq IΩn, dh\yq sNehv A\p-
]mXw F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2004¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb iºf ]cn-jvI-
cWw aqew 2006-˛07, 2007-˛08, 2008-˛09 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ iºf sNe-
hn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. dh\yq sNe-hn¬ iº-f-bn-\-
Øn-ep≈ sNehv GXm≠v 32 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. 2009se iºf ]cnjv-
I-cWw \S∏n-em-°n-b-Xp-aqew iº-f-bn-\-Øn-ep≈ hm¿jnI sNe-hn-
ep≈ h¿≤\w 2011-˛12¬ 45 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n®p. dh\yq sNe-hn¬
iº-f-Øns‚ hnln-Xhpw dh\yq IΩnbpw KWy-ambn h¿≤n®p. 2014
apX¬ ap≥Ime {]m_-ey-tØmsS \S-∏n-em-°nb iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw
{]Jym-]n-®Xv P\p-hcn 2016-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu iºf ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚
IpSn-»n-Ibpw a‰p kmº-ØnI _m[y-Xbpw 2015-˛16 apXep≈ aq∂p
h¿j-ß-fn¬ \S-∏n-em-°m-\mWv k¿°m¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. {]Xn-h¿jw
GXm≠v 8300 tImSn cq]-bpsS A[nI kmº-ØnI _m[yX D≠m-
Ip∂ Cu iºf ]cnjvI-cWw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-{]-Xn-k-‘nsb
[\-Imcy XI¿®-bn-te°v \bn-°m≥ CSbm°pw.
152
]ńI 5.19
iºf sNehv: 2001-\p-tijw
h¿jw iºfw h¿≤\w iº-f-˛-d-h\yq dh\yq IΩn
(cq] (i-X-am-\w) sNehv dh\yq sNehv
tImSn) A\p-]mXw A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w) (i-X-am-\w)
2000 ˛ 01 4451 ˛ 37.5 26.5
2001 ˛ 02 4164 ˛6.4 35.7 22.3
2002 ˛ 03 4250 2.1 28.8 27.9
2003 ˛ 04 5120 20.5 33.0 23.7
2004 ˛ 05 5410 5.7 31.5 21.4
2005 ˛ 06 5678 5.0 30.8 17.0
2006 ˛ 07 6638 16.9 31.9 12.7
2007 ˛ 08 7757 16.9 31.2 15.2
2008 ˛ 09 9146 17.9 32.4 13.1
2009 ˛ 10 9894 8.2 31.8 16.1
2010 ˛ 11 11178 13.0 32.2 10.6
2011 ˛ 12 16229 45.2 35.2 17.4
2012 ˛ 13 17505 7.9 32.7 17.5
2013 ˛ 14 19554 11.7 32.3 18.7
2014 ˛ 15 21621 10.6 30.1 19.2
Source: Same as Table 51.
tI{μ \nc-°n¬ Un.F

kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Poh-\° - m¿°v tI{μ \nc-°n¬ Un.-F. h¿≤\
\¬Ip-∂Xv Kuc-h-amb {Ia-t°Spw A\m-hiy A[nI sNe-hp-am-Wv.
]Øv h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ tI{μ-Øn¬ \SØp∂ iºf ]cn-jvI-c-
W-Øn-eqsS Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ASn-ÿm\ iº-f-Øn-\mWv tI{μ
k¿°m¿ Un.-F. \¬Ip-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv tIc-f-Øn¬ A©p h¿j-
Øn-semcn°¬ Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ASn-ÿm\ iº-f-Øn-\mWv \¬Ip-
153
∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ]Øp h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ am{Xw iºf ]cn-

jvI-cWw \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v am{Xw A¿l-X-s∏´ h¿≤\w AXn\p
A¿l-X-bn-√mØ tIc-f-Ønse Poh-\-°m¿°v e`n-°p-∂p. CXn\v Hcp
\oXo-IcWhpw C√. kmam\y \oXn-b-\p-k-cn®v tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \S-
∏n-em-°p∂ Un.F h¿≤\ \nc-°ns‚ ]Ip-Xn°v am{Xsa kwÿm\
Poh-\-°m¿°v A¿l-X-bp-≈p. AXp-sIm≠v tI{μ k¿°m¿ {]Jym-
]n-°p∂ Un.-F. h¿≤\ \nc-°ns‚ ]IpXn \nc°v am{Xw kwÿm-
\Øv \S-∏n-em-°-pI-- bmWv th≠-Xv.
iºf sNehv IpXn-®p-b-cm-\p≈ a‰p Imc-W-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-
∂-h-bm-Wv. (1) k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v s{]mtamj≥ In´m≥ th≠n
krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂ s{]mtamj≥ t{KUp-Iƒ, XkvXn-I-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh.
Hcmƒ kwÿm\ k¿Δo-kn¬ ¢m¿°mbn {]th-in®p Ign-™m¬
]Øp-h¿jw sIm≠v ]e Db¿∂ t{KUp-If - nepw s{]mtamj≥ \¬-Ip∂
coXn-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. tI{μ k¿°m¿ sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n¬ Hcp ¢m¿-
°mbn k¿Δo-kn¬ Ib-dp∂ Hcmƒ Hcp sk£≥ Hmô-k-tdm, Hcp
Pq\n-b¿ Hmô-km-dmtbm Bbn ap∏-Ø©p h¿jsØ k¿Δo-kv
I-gn™p hnc-an-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kwÿm\ sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n¬ ¢m¿-
°mbn k¿Δo-kn¬ Ib-dp∂ Bƒ sk£≥ Hmô-kn\p apI-fn-ep≈
A≠¿ sk{I-´-dn, sU]yqń sk{I-´-dn, tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´-dn, AUn-
j-W¬ sk{I-´-dn F∂o Db¿∂ XkvXn-I-I-fn¬hsc 30 h¿j-Im-
esØ k¿Δo-kn¬ FØm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. A\m-h-iy-amb H´-\-h[n
t{KUp-Iƒ, s{]mtamj≥ XkvXn-I-Iƒ \¬In iºfw Iqń-s°mSp-
°pI F∂-XmWv CXns‚ ]pd-In-ep≈ [\-cm-jv{So-bw. Poh-\-°mcpsS
kwLS-- \
- Iƒ kwÿm\w `cn-°p∂ {][m\ cm{„ob ]m¿ń-If - psS D]-
kw-L-S-\-I-fm-b-Xp-aqew CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A\¿l-amb s{]mtam-j≥
km[y-X-I-fn¬ am‰-an-√msX \ne-\n¿Øm\pw Ah¿°p Ign-bp∂p.
2) k¿°m¿ F√m hIp-∏p-I-fnepw Ign™ Ipsd h¿j-ß-fmbn
sF.-‰n. kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw C˛-K-thW≥kpw \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp∂p.
CXp-aqew `c-W-h-Ip-∏p-I-fnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw KWy-ambn Ipd-
tb-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ C˛-K-th-W≥kv Hcp-h-iØv \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw
adp-h-iØv Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw h¿≤n-∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂ A\m-
tcm-Ky-I-c-amb kYn-Xn-bn-te°v amdn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. Iºyq-´tdm a‰p
B[p-\nI `cW coXn-Itfm C√m-Xn-cp∂ ]gb ImesØ Hmôkv
154
\S-Øn-∏n\v \n›-bn® Ãm^v ]mt‰-WmWv C˛-K-th-W≥kv \nehn¬

h∂n-´pw A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. tZi-km¬IrX _m¶p-I-fnepw tI{μ
k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw C˛-K-th-W≥kv \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xp-aqew Poh-
\-°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp--≠m-bn. Hmôkv {]h¿Ø\
ssien-bnepw henb am‰w h∂p. F∂m¬ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ am‰-ap-
≠m-Im-Ø-Xp-aqew ]e hIp-∏p-I-fnepw Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw t]¿ \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p.
3) Xm¬°m-enI Bh-iy-ßƒ°p th≠n cq]o-I-cn®v FÃv_v-fn-
jvsa‚p-I-fnse Poh-\-°msc Bhiyw Ign-™mepw \ne-\n¿Øp∂
{]h-W-X-bmWv as‰m∂v. ]≤-Xn-Ifpw t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw \S-∏n-em-°p∂-
Xn\v Xm¬°m-enI FÃm-_vfn-jvsa‚p-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-dp≠v. CØcw
Xm¬°m-enI t{]mP-IvSpIfnse Poh-\-°msc ]ncn-®p-hn-SmsX \ne-
\n¿Øp∂ coXn s]mXphn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Xm¬°m-enI Bh-
iy-ßƒ°p-th≠n Fwtπm-bvsa‚ v FIvkvtN-©p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-
Isf \nb-an-°m-dp-≠v. CØcw Xm¬°m-enI Poh-\-°m-scbpw ]ncn-
®p-hn-SmsX \ne-\n¿Øn ÿnc Poh-\°
- m-cm-°p∂ \S-]S- n-If
- pw XpS-cp∂p.
t{]mPIvSv \S-Øn-∏n-\p-th≠n Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn XpSßn-b-Xpw, ]≤Xn
]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w \ne®
Hmô-kp-I-fn¬ 33,061 Xm¬°m-enI A[nI Poh-\-°msc iºfw
sImSpØp \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]ªnIv FIvkvs]≥Un-®¿
dnhyq IΩn‰n Is≠Øn (sI.-]n.-C.-B¿kn. 2014, aq∂mw dnt∏m¿´v).
4) kwÿm-\sØ k¿°m¿ kvIqfnepw k¿°m¿ iºfw \¬Ip∂
kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fnepw Bh-iy-Øn-e[nIw A[ym-]-I-
cp≠v. P\-kwJym h¿≤\ \nc°nep≈ Ipd-hv, k¿°m¿, FbvUUv
kvIqfp-I-fpsS tami-amb {]h¿Ø-\w, kzImcy hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-ßfpsS Bhn¿`m-hw, Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-fn-te-°p≈ am‰w,
Ipń-Iƒ°v sa®-amb hnZym-`ymkw \¬I-W-sa∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS
Xm¬]cyw XpS-ßn-bhaqew k¿°m¿ FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-ß-fn¬ th≠{X Ipń-Isf In´mØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠v. CXp-aqew hf-
sc-b-[nIw A[ym-]-I¿ tPmen-bn-√mØ A[ym-]-I-cm-bn. Cu A[ym-
]-Isc ]ncn®p hnSp-I-tbm, dn´-b¿sa‚ v th°≥kn-I-fn¬ \nb-an-°p-
I-tbm, ]p\x{Iao-I-cn-°p-I-tbm, A[ym]-I¿ Ipd-hp≈ kvIqfp-I-fn-
te°v am‰n \nb-an-°p-Itbm sNøm≥ Cu cwKsØ i‡-amb kΩ¿±
155
{Kq∏p-IfpsS kΩ¿±w-aqew k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-d-√. X∑q-ew -tPm-en-

sbm∂pw sNømØ A[ym-]I - cbpw “s{]mÍv‰Uv” F∂ t]cp \¬In
- s
iºfw \¬Ip-∂p.
4) s]≥j≥ sNehv
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ \n∂pw, kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß- f
- n¬ \n∂pw hnc-an® Poh-\°
- m¿°v dn´-b¿sa‚ v
B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw {]Xn-amk s]≥j\pw \¬Ip∂ s]≥j≥ k{º-
Zmbw AYhm Ãm‰yq-´dn s]≥j≥ ]≤Xn \ne-hn-ep-≠v. Cu s]≥j≥
k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ am‰w hcpØn tIm¨{Sn_yq´dn s]≥j≥ ]≤Xn
G{]n¬ 2013 apX¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. tIm¨{Sn-_yq-´dn s]≥j≥
]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xp-hsc k¿Δo-kn¬ tN¿∂ F√m Poh-\-
°m¿°pw s]≥j\v A¿l-Xbp≠v. s]≥j≥ e`n-°p∂ hy‡n acW-
s∏-´m¬ {]kvXpX hy‡n-bpsS B{in-X¿°v (`m-cy, `¿Øm-h,v Ipń-Iƒ)
^manen s]≥j\v A¿l-X-bp-≠v. CXn-\p-]p-dsa ap≥ Fw.-F¬.-F-
am¿ kzmX{¥y kac tk\m-\n-Iƒ, Ie-˛-km-lnXy cwK-ß-fn¬ {]h¿-
Øn-®-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pw {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ \¬Ip∂p. ]ńI
5.20¬ hnhn[ s]≥j≥ e-`n-°p∂ hn`m-K-°m-cpsS ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-
]ńI 5.20
s]≥j≥ hmßp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw
h¿jw k¿hokv ^manen a‰phn`mKw samØw h¿≤\w
(i-X-am-\w)
2007 235034 94816 105978 435828 ˛
2008 249594 87795 103662 441011 1.18
2009 245553 87896 95833 429282 ˛2.65
2010 237644 87617 100813 426074 ˛0.74
2011 251548 88810 98396 438754 2.97
2012 237780 93015 128637 459432 4.71
2013 287551 83722 97768 469041 2.09
2014 264790 92554 121432 478776 2.08
Source: CAG, Finance Accounts Vol. II, various years.
156
°p-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. s]≥j≥ e`n-°p∂hcpsS FÆw 2007¬

435828 Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2014¬ 478776 Bbn h¿≤n-®p. 2014se samØw
s]≥j≥Im-cn¬ 55 iXam\w k¿Δokv s]≥j-≥-Imcpw 19 iX-am\w
^manen s]≥j≥Im-cpw 26 iXm\w a‰p hn`m-KØ
- n¬s∏-Sp-∂h- c
- p-am-Wv.
s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Isf {][m-\a- mbpw A©n-\ß
- f
- mbn Xcw Xncn°mw.
H∂v, {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ AYhm dn´-b¿sa‚ v Ae-h≥kv. c≠v, dn´-
]ńI 5.21
s]≥j≥ sNehv: C\w-Xn-cn®v (cq] tImSn)
C\ßƒ 2009-˛10 2014-˛15 h¿≤\w 2014-˛15se
(i-X-am-\w) hnlnXw (%)
1. dn´-b¿sa‚ v Ae-h≥kv 2913.34 6154.18 111.2 54.7
2. s]≥j≥ IΩyq-t´-j≥ 225.81 820.72 263.5 7.3
3. a‰p s]≥j≥
Ae-h≥kp-Iƒ 0.26 0.70 169.2 0.0
4. {Km‰p-hn‰n 226.48 735.23 224.6 6.5
5. ^manen s]≥j≥ 487.97 1226.79 151.4 10.9
6. s]≥j≥ \¬Im-\p≈
hnlnXw 0.09 0.19 111.1 0.0
7. t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v 0.02 0.05 150.0 0.0
8. FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-ß-fnse 727.77 1870.08 157.0 16.6
Poh-\-°m¿
9. ap≥ Fw.-F¬.-F-.
am¿°p≈ s]≥j≥ 11.42 18.16 59.0 0.2
10. eohv F≥Iym-jvsa‚ v 55.73 252.03 352.2 2.2
11. a‰p s]≥j≥ 1.03 1.47 42.7 0.0
12. a‰p sNe-hp-Iƒ 55.59 154.80 178.5 1.4
13. dn°-h-dn-Iƒ 0.00 ˛378 ˛ 0.0
samØw 4705.50 11252.66 139.1 100.0
157
]ńI 5.22
s]≥j≥ sNehv: 1980-˛81 apX¬ 2000-˛01-hsc
h¿jw s]≥j≥ h¿≤\w dh\yq sNe-hn¬
(cq] tImSn) (i-X-am-\w) s]≥js‚ hnlnXw
(i-X-am-\w)
1980-˛81 32 ˛ 4.8
1981˛82 44 37.5 5.8
1982-˛83 55 25.0 7.0
1983-˛84 64 16.4 6.4
1984-˛85 76 18.8 6.7
1985-˛86 103 35.5 7.1
1986-˛87 172 67.0 10.4
1987-˛88 183 6.4 10.2
1988-˛89 186 1.6 9.0
1989-˛90 210 12.9 9.1
1990-˛91 293 39.5 10.4
1991-˛92 339 15.7 10.5
1992-˛93 372 9.7 10.2
1993-˛94 465 25.0 10.8
1994-˛95 565 21.5 11.1
1995-˛96 717 26.9 12.3
1996-˛97 754 5.2 11.1
1997-˛98 913 21.1 11.1
1998-˛99 1154 26.4 12.5
1999-˛2000 1808 56.7 15.6
2000-˛01 1929 6.7 16.2
Source: GOK, 2001, White paper on State finances 2001.
b¿sa‚ v B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fmb s]≥j≥ IΩyq-t´-j≥, eohv F≥Iym-

jvsa‚ ,v {Km‰p-hn‰n XpS-ßn-bh
- . aq∂v, ^manen s]≥j-≥. \mev, FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°p≈ s]≥j≥. A©v,
a‰n-\w. s]≥j≥ C\w-Xn-cn-®p≈ sNehv ]ńI 5.21¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
2014-˛15se samØw s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ 55 iX-am-\hpw k¿°m¿
158
k¿Δo-kn¬ \n∂v dn´-b¿ sNbvX Poh-\-°m-cpsS {]Xn-amk s]≥j-

\m-Wv. samØw s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ 17 iX-am\w sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v dn´-b¿ sNbvX Poh-\-
°m-¿°p th≠n-bm-Wv. dn´-b¿sa‚ v B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fmb s]≥j≥
IΩyq-t´-j≥, {Km‰p-hn-‰n, eohv F≥Iym-jvsa‚ v F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n
16 iX-am\w sNe-hm-°p-∂p. ^manen s]≥j\v samØw sNe-hns‚
11 iX-am-\t- Øm-fa
- mWv 2009-˛10, 2014-˛15 Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬
h¿≤\w h∂n-cn-°p∂ sNe-hn-\ß - ƒ, eohv F≥Iym-jvsa‚ v, s]≥j≥
IΩyq-t´-j≥, {Km‰p-hn-‰n, ^manen s]≥j≥, FbvUUv taJ-e-bnse
Poh-\-°m-cpsS s]≥j≥ F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
iºf ]cn-jvI-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬
s]≥j\pw ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew s]≥j≥ sNehpw XpS¿®-bmbn
h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Cu `mKØv 1981-\p-tijw s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ h∂
h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ]ńI 5.22¬ 1981 apX¬ 2001-h-sc-bp≈
hm¿jnI s]≥j≥ sNehpw a‰p kqNn-I-Ifpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
iº-fw, Un.-F. F∂n-h-bn¬ h¿≤\w \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-
cn®v s]≥j≥ sNehv h¿≤n-°p-∂p. iºf ]cn-jvImcw aqew iº-f-
Øn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤\w h∂ AsX h¿j-ß-fn¬ s]≥j≥ sNe-
hnepw KWy-amb h¿≤\w h∂n-´p-≠.v 1986-˛87¬ 67 iX-am-\hpw 1990-˛91¬
39.5 iX-am-\hpw 1999-˛2000¬ 56.7 iX-am-\hpw h¿≤-\b- p-≠m-bn. 1981-˛2001
-h-sc-bp≈ s]≥j≥ sNehv ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ iºf h¿≤-\-hn-s\-
°mƒ Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈ h¿≤-\-bmWv s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ h∂n-
´p-≈-sX∂v ImWmw. as‰mcp {it≤-b-amb am‰w samØw dh\yq
sNe-hn¬ s]≥j≥ sNe-hv hnln-X-Øn¬ h∂n-´p≈ h¿≤-\-bm-Wv.
1980-˛81¬ samØw dh\yq sNe-hn¬ s]≥js‚ hnlnXw 4.8 iX-am-
\m-bn-cp-∂Xv 1990-˛91¬ 10.4 iX-am-\-ambpw 2000-˛2001¬ 16.6 iX-am-\-
ambpw h¿≤n-®p. dh\yq sNe-hn-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ h¿≤-\-
bp≈ sNe-hn-\-ambn s]≥j≥ amdn.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn 2001-\p-ti-j-ap≈ s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ h∂n-´p≈
h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 2001-\p-ti-jhpw s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ KWy-
amb h¿≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂Xv. iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw
\S-∏n-em-°nb h¿j-ß-fn¬ s]≥js‚ sNe-hnepw KWy-amb h¿≤-
159
]ńI 5.23
s]≥j≥ sNehv
h¿jw s]≥j≥ h¿≤\w dh\yq sNe-hns‚
(cq] tImSn) (i-X-am-\w) hnlnXw (iX-am\w)
2000-˛01 1929 ˛ 16.2
2001-˛02 1838 ˛4.7 15.8
2002-˛03 2283 24.2 15.5
2003-˛04 2409 5.5 15.5
2004-˛05 2601 8.0 15.1
2005-˛06 2861 10.0 15.5
2006-˛07 3295 15.2 15.8
2007-˛08 4925 49.5 19.8
2008-˛09 4686 ˛4.9 16.6
2009-˛10 4706 0.4 15.1
2010-˛11 5767 22.5 16.6
2011-˛12 8700 50.9 18.9
2012-˛13 8867 1.9 16.6
2013-˛14 9971 12.5 16.5
2014-˛15 11253 12.9 15.7
\-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]ńI 5.23¬ 2001\p tij-ap≈ hm¿jnI s]≥j≥

sNehpw hm¿jnI h¿≤-\bpw dh\yq sNehv A\p-]m-Xhpw \¬-In-
bn-´p-≠v. 2007-˛08¬ iºf ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \S-Ønb
s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvI-cWw aqew s]≥j≥ sNehv 49.5 iX-am-\-ambn
h¿≤n-®p. 2011-˛12se s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvIm-csØ XpS¿∂v s]≥j≥ 51
iX-am\w h¿≤n-®p. 2001 apX¬ 2015-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ dh\yq
sNe-hn¬ s]≥js‚ hnlnXw 15 apX¬ 16 iX-am-\w-h-sc-bm-Wv.
iºf sNe-hns‚ h¿≤-\-sb-°mƒ Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈ h¿≤-\-
bmWv s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ 2001-˛2015 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
160
iº-f˛- s
- ]≥j≥ sNehv
iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Iƒ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ G‰hpw
{][m\ sNe-hn-\-amWv. am{X-hpa√ A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ iºf
]cn-jvImc IΩn-js‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-
sIm≠v Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\bpw D≠m-bns°m-
≠ncn-°p-∂p. iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-I-fpsS hm¿jnI icm-icn
h¿≤\w, iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNeh,v dh\yq hchv A\p-]m-Xw, iº-f-
˛-s]≥j≥ sNehv dh\yq sNehv A\p-]mXw F∂o kqNn-I-I-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu C\-ß-fnse sNe-hns‚ h¿≤-\hpw hym]v-
Xnbpw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ]ńI 5.24¬ iº-f˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-
hns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 1980-I-fpsS BZy
]Ip-Xn-bn¬ iºf sNe-hns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w 16.6 iXam-
\hpw c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ 22.2 iX-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1990-I-
fpsS BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ iºf h¿≤\w Ipd-™-Xmbn ImWmw.
2000se [\-Imcy XI¿®sb XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ß-fnse I¿i-\-amb
sNehp Npcp-°¬ \S-]-Sn-aqew iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ hm¿jnI icm-icn
h¿≤\w 5.3 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-™p. F∂m¬ 2006\p tij-ap≈ Ime-
L-´-Øn¬ iºf sNe-hns‚ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w IqSp∂
{]h-WX D≠m-bn.
]ńI 5.24
iºf s]≥j≥ hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w
ImeL´w iºfw s]≥j≥ samØw
(i-X-am-\w) (i-X-am-\w) (i-X-am-\w)
1980-˛81 ˛ 1985-˛86 16.6 26.6 17.7
1986-˛87 ˛ 1990-˛91 22.2 25.5 22.3
1991-˛92 ˛ 1995-˛96 7.1 19.8 9.3
1996-˛97 ˛ 2000-˛01 15.6 23.2 17.5
2001-˛02 ˛ 2005-˛06 5.3 8.6 6.2
2006-˛07 ˛ 2010-˛11 14.6 16.6 14.9
2011˛12 ˛ 2014-˛15 18.8 19.5 19.1
Source: Based on Tables 5.18, 5.19, 5.22 & 5.23
161
1981 apX¬ 2015-h-sc-bp≈ ImeL-´-Øn¬ s]≥j≥ sNe-hnse

hm¿jnI h¿≤\ iº-fs - Ø-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 1980-If
- n¬ s]≥-
j≥ sNe-hp-I-fpsS hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w GXm≠v 26 iX-am-
\-am-bn-cp-∂p. s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-If - n¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ h¿≤\w tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv 2000-Ønse [\-Imcy XI¿®sb XpS¿∂p≈
h¿j-ß-fn-em-Wv. 2006-\p-tijw s]≥j≥ sNe-hn¬ ho≠pw h¿≤-\-
bp-≠m-bn.
iºf˛s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ h¿≤\
\nc°v GXp am\-Z- W vUa - \
- p-kc
- n®v t\m°n-bmepw hfsc Db¿∂-XmWv.
]Øp iX-am\whsc-bp≈ hm¿jnI h¿≤-\bv°v \oXo-I-c-W-ap-≠v.
F∂m¬ 1990IfpsS BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnepw 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy A©p
h¿j-ß-fnepw am{Xta hm¿jnI h¿≤\ \nc°v ]Øp iX-am-\-Øn¬
Xmsg-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 2006-\p-tijw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬ KWy-
amb h¿≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂-Xv. 2011-\p-tijw iºf
s]≥j≥ sNe-hnse hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤\w 19 iX-am-\-am-Wv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Iƒ kwÿm\ dh\yq
hcp-am-\-Øns‚bpw dh\yq sNe-hn-s‚bpw F{X hnln-X-am-sW∂v ]cn-
tim-[n-°mw. 1981¬ samØw iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNehp-Iƒ dh\yq hc-
hns‚ 51 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. (]-ńI 5.25). AXm-bXv kwÿm-\-Øns‚
samØw dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw XpI iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥
]ńI 5.25
iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Iƒ: kqNn-I-Iƒ
h¿jw iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥
sNehv sNehv dh\yq sNehv dh\yq
(cq] tImSn) hchv A\p-]mXw sNehv A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w) (i-X-am-\w)
1980 ˛ 81 328 51.3 49.1
1985 ˛ 86 738 53.8 51.1
1990 ˛ 91 1976 82.2 69.9
1995 -˛ 96 2947 54.3 50.6
2000 ˛ 01 6380 73.1 53.7
162
sNehmbn D]-tbm-K n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]Øp h¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ

Cu hnlnXw 82.2 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-®p. ASpØ Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv
CXn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-sb-¶nepw 2001¬ dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 73 iX-am-
\-am-bn.
samØw dh\yq sNe-hn¬ iºf s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-If - psS hnlnXw
F{X-bm-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 1981¬ samØw dh\yq sNe-hns‚
]Ip-Xn-tbmfw (49 iX-am-\w) iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hm-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ ]Øp h¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ CXv 70 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n®p.
XpS¿∂v Cu sNe-hns‚ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. 2001¬ dh\yq
sNehns‚ 54 iX-am-\-tØmfw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥
sNe-hp-Iƒ°p th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p.
]ńI 5.26
iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNehv: kqNn-I-Iƒ
h¿jw samØw iºf dh\yq hc-hns‚ dh\yq sNe-hns‚ samØw k¿°m¿
s]≥j≥ hnlnXw hnlnXw sNe-hns‚
sNehv (i-Xa- m-\w) (i-Xa- m-\w) hnlnXw (%)
(cq] tImSn)
2000-˛01 6380 73.1 53.7 50.1
2001˛02 6002 66.3 51.5 48.5
2002-˛03 6533 61.4 44.3 41.6
2003-˛04 7529 63.7 48.6 43.2
2004-˛05 8011 59.3 46.7 44.4
2005-- ˛ 06 8539 55.8 46.3 43.7
2006-˛07 9933 54.6 47.7 45.0
2007-˛08 12682 60.1 50.9 46.5
2008-˛09 13832 56.4 49.0 44.6
2009-˛10 14600 55.9 46.9 42.9
2010-˛11 16945 54.7 48.9 43.7
2011-˛12 24929 65.6 54.1 49.0
2012-˛13 26372 59.8 49.3 44.5
2013-˛14 29525 60.0 48.8 44.6
2014-˛15 32874 56.7 45.8 42.8
163
c≠m-bn-c-Øn H∂n\v tij-ap-≈ iºf˛s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Iƒ

Nne kqNn-I-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]ńI 5.26¬
2001-\p-ti-j-ap≈ iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Ifpw kqNn-I-Ifpw \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. 2001-\p-tijw iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hns‚ hym]vXn-bnepw
LS-\-bnepw h∂ am‰-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2001-\p-ti-j-
ap≈ am‰-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Hcp Imcyw {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. 2001 Hcp km[m-cW h¿j-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kwÿm\ Ncn-{X-
Ønse G‰hpw cq£-amb [\-Imcy XI¿® t\cn´ h¿j-ambncp∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v 2001se [\-ÿnXn a‰p h¿j-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xn\v Ht´sd ]cn-an-Xn-Ifp≠v. Cu Imc-W-Øm¬ 2002-˛03se
[\-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv a‰p h¿j-ß-fnse am‰-ßsf
Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {][m-\-ambn D≠mb am‰-ßƒ Xmsg
]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
H∂v, samØw dh\yq hc-hn¬ i-º-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hns‚ A\p-
]mXw Ipd™p hcp∂ {]h-WX Zriy-am-Wv. 2003¬ samØw dh\yq
hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 61 iX-am-\-tØmfw XpI iº-f˛s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-
Iƒ°pth≠n sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Ch 2010-˛11¬ 54.7 iX-am-\ambpw
2014-˛15¬ 56.7 iX-am-\-ambpw amdn. c≠v, samØw dh-\yq-˛-sN-e-hn¬
iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-I-fpsS hnln-X-Øn¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn.
2003¬ Cu hnlnXw 44.3 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂Xv 2011¬ 49 iX-am-\-ambpw
h¿≤n-®p. CXv 2015¬ 45.8 iX-am-\-ambpw Ipd™p. aq∂v, k¿°m-
cns‚ samØw sNe-hn¬ iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-I-fpsS hnlnXw
h¿≤n-°p∂ {]h-W-X-bmWv D≠m-b-Xv. 2003¬ samØ sNe-hns‚
41.6 iX-am\w iº-f-˛-s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-Iƒ°mbn sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p.
CXv ]n¬°m-eØv 49 iX-am\whsc h¿≤n®p (2011-˛12). 2014-˛15¬ Cu
sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw 43 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kwÿm\
k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNe-hn¬ iº-f˛- s - ]≥j≥ sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw
42 iX-am\w apX¬ 49 iX-am-\w -h-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
5) kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß
- ƒ°p≈ So®nwKv
{Km‚ v
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ c≠m-asØ G‰hpw henb sNe-hn-\-
amWv kzImcy FbvUUv hnZy-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°p
164
\¬Ip∂ iº-fhpw dn´-b¿ sNøp-∂-h¿°p \¬Ip∂ s]≥j-\pw.

kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqƒ, tImtfPv A≤ym-]-Isc kzImcy ÿm]-
\-ß-fptS amt\-Pvsa‚mWv \nb-an-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw Ah-cpsS iº-f-hpw
s]≥j\pw \¬Ip- ∂ Xv kwÿm\ k¿°m- c m- W v . Hcp k¿°m¿
kvIqfntem tImtf-Pntem A≤ym-]-I\v e`n°p∂ \nc-°n¬ iº-fhpw
a‰p B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw s]≥j\pw kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I¿°pw A\-≤ym-]-I¿°pw e`n-°p-∂p.
FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fnse A≤ym-]-I¿°p k¿°m¿ \nc-°n¬ iºfw
\¬Im≥ XpS-ßn-bXv 1953 apXemWv. kzImcy B¿´v B‚ v kb≥kv
tImtf-Pnse A≤ym-]-I¿°v k¿°m¿ tImtf-Pnse A≤ym-]-I-cpsS
\nc-°n¬ iºfw \¬Im≥ XpS-ßn-bXv 1973 apX-em-Wv. 1950-I-fn¬
hnZym-`ymk cwK-Øpw kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Ønepw hfsc ]nt∂m°w
\n∂ kwÿm-\-Øn\v kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymk hnI-k-\-Øn\v CØ-c-
Øn-ep≈ \bw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ign™ Adp-]Xp
h¿j-°m-eØv hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰w D≠m-sb-¶nepw
k¿°m¿ iºfw \¬Ip∂ FbvUUv k{º-Zmbw Ct∏mgpw \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p. FbvUUv taJ-e-bnse kvIq-fp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf In´msX
H´-\-h[n kvIqfp-Iƒ AS®p]qt´≠ ÿnXn-bnemWv. kzImcy taJ-
e-bn¬ lb¿ sk°-≠dn hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]pXnb kvIqfp-Iƒ XpS-ßm≥
kzImcy hy‡n-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw Xøm-dm-Wv. F¶nepw FbvUUv
taJ-e-bnse kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-Øn\p hgßn [mcmfw
kvIqfp-Iƒ FbvUUv taJ-e-bn¬ XpSßn JP-\m-hn\v Xmßm-\m-
hmØ kmº-ØnI _m[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. FbvUUv taJ-e-bn¬
A≤ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn\v h≥ tImg hmßm-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-ap-≠v.
Hcp sslkvIqƒ, πkvSq A≤ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn\v 50 e£-Øn-e-
[nIw cq] tImg hmßp-∂-Xmbn ]{X dnt∏m¿´p-I-fp-≠v. FbvUUv
taJ-e-bnse A≤ym-]-I¿°v k¿°m¿ k¿Δoknse Poh-\-°m¿°v
_m[-I-amb k¿Δokv \nb-a-ß-ƒ _m[-I-a-√. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-
cn-°m\pw cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øm\pw a‰p kzImcy {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-ƒ \S-Øm\pw kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-
fnse P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fn¬ Ipsdt]¿ kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I-cm-Wv. cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w apgp-h≥
kab {]h¿Ø-\-ambpw A≤ym-]I tPmen ]m¿´v ssSw {]h¿Ø-\-
hp-ambn Ign-bp∂ A≤ym]-I¿ [mcm-f-ap-≠v.
165
]ńI 5.27
kwÿm-\sØ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ: k¿°m¿,
kzImcy FbvUUv (F-Æw) 2014-˛15.
k¿°m¿ kzImcy kzImcy kzImcy
FbvUUv A¨ samØw FbvUUv
FbvUUv (i-Xa- m-\w)
1. kvIqfp-Iƒ
1) sslkvIqƒ 1161 1406 397 2964 47.4
2) bp.-]n. kvIqƒ 857 1846 205 2908 63.5
3) F¬.-]n.-kvIqƒ 2601 3893 249 6743 57.7
4) samØw 4619 7145 851 12615 56.6
2. lb¿ sk°‚dn 832 850 389 2071 41.0
kvIqƒ*
3. shmt°j-W¬
lb¿ sk°‚dn 261 128 ˛ 389 32.9
4. B¿´v B‚ v
kb≥kv tImtfPv 58 152 N.A 210 72.4
5. F©n-\o-b-dnwKv 9 3 152 164 1.8
tImtfPv
6. t]mfn-sS-Iv\nIv 43 6 N.A 49 12.2
7. saUn-°¬ 8 ˛ N.A ˛ ˛
tImtfPv
8. tlmantbm
saUn-°¬ 2 3 1 6 50.0
tImtfPv
9. Bbp¿thZ
saUn-°¬
tImtfPv 3 2 11 16 12.5
* 2013 h¿jw N.A e`y-a-√.

Source: SPB, 2016, Economic Review 2015, Vol. II
166
kwÿm-\Øv aq∂p hn`mKw kvIqfp-I-fp-≠v. k¿°m¿, kzImcy

FbvUUv, kzImcy kvIqfp-Iƒ. kwÿm-\sØ 2014-˛15 se samØw
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw Ah aq∂p hn`m-K-ambn Xncn® IW-°p-
Iƒ ]ńI 5.27¬ sImSpØn-´p-≠v. samØw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 57 iX-
am\w kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fp-am-Wv. samØw sslkvIq-fn¬
47 iX-am-\hpw, A∏¿ ss{]adn kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 63 iX-am-\-hpw, temh¿
ss{]adn kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 58 iX-am-\hpw kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-
fm-Wv. lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqfp-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw \s√mcp `mKhpw
kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fm-Wv. samØw lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ 41 iX-am-\hpw, shmt°j-W¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqfp-I-
fn¬ 33 iX-am-\hpw FbvUUv kvIqfp-If- m-Wv. kwÿm-\sØ samØw
k¿°m¿, kzImcy FbvUUv B¿´vkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-PpIƒ
210 BWv. Ch-bn¬ 152 FÆhpw kzImcy FbvUUv tImtf-Pp-If - mWv.
F∂m¬ aq∂v F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pp-Ifpw Bdv t]mfn-sS-Iv\n-°p-
Ifpw am{Xsa FbvUUv taJ-e-bn-ep-≈p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ,
B¿´vkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS knwl-`m-Khpw
kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.
]ńI 5.28
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw
h¿jw k¿°m¿ kzImcy samØw kzImcy
hIp-∏p-Iƒ FbvUUv Poh-\-°m¿ FbvUUv
Poh-\-°m-cpsS
iX-am\w
2008 357143 146063 503206 29.02
2012 361313 141362 502675 28.12
2013 361603 140954 502557 28.04
2014 363992 142564 506556 28.12
2016 368296 140512 508808 27.62
Source: GOK, Appendix 1, Kerala Budget, Various years
167
]ńI 5.29
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse
A≤ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw A\-≤ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw FÆw
hn`mKw am¿®v 2008 am¿®v 2016 h¿≤\w
iX-am\w
I) A≤ym-]-I¿
1) kvIqfp-Iƒ 117290 112564 ˛-4.0
2) B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv
tImtf-Pp-Iƒ 10015 10539 5.2
3) F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pv,
t]mfn-sS-Iv\nIv 912 952 4.4
4) Bbp¿thZ tImtfPv 98 89 ˛9.2
5) tlmantbm tImtfPv 90 130 44.4
samØw 128405 124274 ˛3.2
II) A\-≤ym-]-I¿
1) kvIqfp-Iƒ 10830 9441 ˛-12.8
2) B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv
tImtf-Pp-Iƒ 6079 6075 ˛0.1
3) F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pv,
t]mfn-sS-Iv\nIv 453 432 ˛4.6
4) Bbp¿thZ tImtfPv 178 181 1.7
5) tlmantbm tImtfPv 118 109 ˛7.6
samØw 17658 16238 ˛8.0
BsI samØw (I + II) 146063 140512 ˛3.8
Source: GOK, Appendix I (Details of Staf), Kerala Budget 2008-09 and 2016-17
k¿°m¿ ^≠v D]-tbm-Kn-®v {Sjdn hgn iº-fw \¬Ip∂ k¿°m¿

Poh-\-°mcpw FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m-cp-
apƒs∏sS kwÿm-\Øv 2016¬ 508808 Poh-\-°m-cp-≠v. ]ńI 5.28¬
2008-\p-ti-j-ap≈ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn-te°pw kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - f
- p-sSbpw Poh-\°
- m-cpsS FÆw \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
samØw Poh-\-°m-cn¬ 28 iX-am\w t]cpw kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-
168
`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m-cm-Wv. 2016se samØw FbvUUv

taJ-e-bnse Poh\-°m-cn¬ 124274 t]¿ A≤ym-]-Icpw 16238 t]¿
A\-[ym-]-I-cp-am-Wv. ]ńI 5.29¬ A≤ym-]-I-cpsS hn`mKw Xncn-®p≈
ÿnXn hnhc IW-°p-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. samØw FbvUUv taJe-
bnse A≤ym-]-I-cn¬ 91 iX-am\w t]cpw kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I-cm-Wv.
kvIqfp-Iƒ°p ]pdsa B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, F©n-
\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pv, t]mfo-sS-Iv\n-Iv, Bbp¿thZ tImtf-Pv, tlmantbm
tImtfPv F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fpw FbvUUv taJ-e-bn-ep-≠v. FbvUUv
taJ-e-bnse B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-P-[ym-]-I¿°p bp.-Pn.-
kn. \nc-°nepw F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn-ep-≈-h¿°p F.-sF.-kn.-‰n.C
\nc-°n-ep≈ iºfw \¬Ip-∂p.
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ iº-f-bn-\-Øn-ep≈ sNe-hn¬ GXm≠v
aq∂n¬ H∂pw kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-e-bnse iº-f-Øn\pth≠n
sNe-hm-°p-∂p (So®nwKv {Km‚ v). ]ńI 5.30¬ k¿°m¿ Poh-\° - m¿°p
th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ samØw iº-fhpw kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-e-
bn¬ Poh-\-°m¿°p \¬Ip∂ iº-fhpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2014-˛15¬
samØw iºf sNe-hns‚ 30.6 iX-am-\-amWv kzImcy FbvUUv
taJ-e-bpsS hnln-Xw.
]ńI 5.30
samØw iºf sNe-hn¬ So®nwKv {Km‚ns‚ hnlnXw
h¿jw samØw iºfw kzImcy FbvUUv So®nwKv {Km‚ns‚
(cq] tImSn) ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p≈ hnlnXw
So®nwKv {Km‚ v (i-X-am-\w)
(cq] tImSn)
2008 ˛ 09 9146 3003 32.8
2009- ˛ 10 9894 3124 31.6
2010 ˛ 11 11178 3555 31.8
2011 ˛ 12 16229 5076 31.3
2012 ˛ 13 17505 5547 31.7
2013 ˛ 14 19554 6084 31.1
2014 ˛ 15 21621 6614 30.6
Source: GOK, Budget in brief, various issues
169
kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ G‰hpw

henb {]iv\w th≠{X Ipń-Isf In´p-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. 1950-Iƒ
apX¬ 1980-Iƒhsc P\-kwJy \nc-°n¬ hf¿®-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-aqew
kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Bh-iy-Øn\v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
]n¬°m-eØv P\-kwJy h¿≤\ \nc-°n¬ henb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. IqSp-
X¬ kuI-cy-ßf - p≈ kzImcy kvIq- fp-Iƒ {]tXy-In®v Cw•ojv aoUnbw
kvIqfp-Iƒ kwÿm-\-Øp-≠m-bn. FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ hn´v kzImcy
kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tNcp∂ {]h-WX h¿≤n-®p. X∑qew
th≠{X Ipń-I-fn-√mØ AYhm A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-fpsS
FÆ-Øn¬ henb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. Hcp kvIqfnse Hcp Ãm≥tU¿-
Un¬ 25 Ipń-Is- f-¶nepw C√mØ kvIqfns\ A¨ F°-tWm-anIv F∂p
]d-bp-∂p. 2011¬ Cu \n¿h-N\Øn¬ am‰w hcpØn 15 Ipń-I-fmbn
Ipd-®p.
Ign™ Hcp Zim_vZ ImeØv A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-
fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ {Iam-Xo-X-amb h¿≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]ńI
5.31¬ A¨ F°-tWm-anIv FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆw \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛05¬ 1416 A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂Xv 2013-˛14¬ 2882 Bbn h¿≤n-®p. 2004-˛05¬ samØw FbvUUv
kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 19.4 iX-am\w A¨ F°-tWm-anIv Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2013-
˛14¬ 40 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-®p. ]ńIb\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\sØ
FbvUUv temh¿ ss{]adn kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 60 iX-am-\hpw A¨ F°-
tWm-anIv BWv. F∂m¬ A¨ F°-tWm-anIv Bb sslkvIq-fp-If - psS
FÆw Ipd-hm-W.v (5.5 iX-am-\w). tIcf ]ªnIv FIvks v ]≥Un-®¿ dnhyq
IΩn‰n 2013-˛¬ kwÿm-\Øv 10¬ Xmsg Ipń-I-fp≈ 181 t-em-h¿,
ss{]adn kvIqfp-Iƒ Ds≠∂p Is≠-Øn. Chbn¬ 116 kvIqfp-Ifpw
FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw 65 FÆw k¿°m¿ kvIqfpI--fp-amWv (KPERC,
Third Report 2012-13). sI.-]n.-C.-B¿.kn kzImcy FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-
fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ip]m¿i-I-fmWv \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
(1) kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb kvIqfp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°-
cp-Xv. (2) A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-Ifpw, A[nI A≤ym-]-I-scbpw
Is≠-Øm≥ apºv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw t\cn´v
hnZym-`ymk hIp∏v ]cn-tim-[n°-Ww. CXn\p ]pdsa B[m¿ sFU‚n-
^n-t°-j≥ Im¿Upw D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. (3) Hcp Ãm≥tU¿Un¬ 15
170
Ipń-Iƒ t]mep-an-√mØ A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]pXnb

A≤ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°m≥ ]mSn-√. A[nI A≤ym-]-Isc ]p\¿hn\y-
kn-°p-Itbm Xm¬°m-enI A≤ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p-Itbm thWw.
(4) ]Øv Ipń-I-fn¬ Xmsg am{Xw D≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ AS-®p-]q-´p-Ibpw
Cu kvIqfnse Ipń-Iƒ°v kao] kvIqfp-If
- n¬ ]Tn-°m≥ kuI-cyhpw
G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CØ-c-Øn¬ A\m-hiy sNe-hp-Iƒ Npcp-°m-\m-
bp≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ sI.-]n.C.-B¿.-kn. \¬In-sb-¶nepw Ah \S-∏n-
em-°m≥ k¿°m¿ Xøm-dm-bn-ń-√. kzIm-cy, FbvUUv taJ-e-bnse
i‡-cmb kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v A¨ F°-tWm-
anIv kvIqfp-I-fnepw ]pXnb ÿncw \nb-a\w \S-Øm\pw ]Øn¬
Xmsg Ipń-I-fp≈ kvIqfp-Isf \ne-\n¿Øm\pw henb [\-_m-≤yX
krjvSn-°p∂ ]pXnb kvIqfp-Iƒ (π-kvSp) A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ \b-amWv
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
]ńI 5.31
A¨ F°-tWm-anIv FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆw
h¿jw temh¿ A∏¿ sslkvIqƒ samØw
ss{]adn ss{]adn
2004 ˛ 05 1127 266 23 116
(28.2) (14.2) (1.6) (19.4)
2009 ˛ 10 1708 244 36 1988
(42.9) (13.0) (2.5) (27.3)
2013 ˛ 14 2324 480 78 2882
(59.7) (26.0) (5.5) (40.3)
{_m°-‰n¬: samØw FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A¨ F°-tWm-anIv kvIqfp-I-fpsS
iXam-\w.
Source: KPERC (2014) Report of the KPERC, Third Committee, Third Report.
6) hnZym-`ymk sNehv
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp {][m\ sNe-hmWv hnZym-`ymk
sNe-hv. k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßfpw kzImcy FbvUUv ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v
So®nwKv {Km‚ v \¬Ip-∂-Xp-amb hnZym`ymk ÿm]-\-ßsf \membn
Xncn-°mw. H∂v, ss{]a-dn, sk°‚-dn, lb¿ sk°‚dn, D∂X hnZym-
171
`ymkw, apXn¿∂ ]uc-∑m¿°p≈ hnZym-`ym-kw s]mXp k¿Δ-I-em-

im-e-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂ s]mXp hn-Zym-`ymkw, c≠v, F©n-
\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, t]mfn-sS-Iv\nIv, sSIv\n-°¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ,
F©n-\o-b-dnwKv k¿Δ-I-em-ime XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kmt¶-XnI
hnZym-`ymkw. aq∂v, Atem-∏-Xn, Bbp¿th-Zw, tlman-tbm-∏Xn F∂o
hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ s{]m^j-W¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, saUn°¬ k¿Δ-
I-em-ime XpS-ßn-b saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ymkw. \mev, Im¿jn-Iw, sh‰n-
\-dn, ^nj-dokv F∂o hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ, Im¿jn-I,
sh‰n-\-dn, ^nj-dokv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Im¿jnI hnZym-
`ym-kw. hnZym-`ymk sNe-hn¬ k¿°m¿ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ
\S-Øm-\p≈ sNe-hv, `cW hIp-∏p-I-fpsS sNe-hv, kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ So®nwKv {Km‚ v, k¿Δ-I-em-
im-e-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ {Km‚ v F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
]ńI 5.32
hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnse samØw Poh-\-°m¿ (am¿®v 2016)
hIp∏v FÆw hnlnXw (i-X-am-\w)
1. s]mXp hnZym-`ymkw 169691 33.35
2. lb¿ sk°‚dn 29094 5.72
3. tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw 22364 4.40
4. saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ymkw 13115 2.58
6. shmt°-j-W¬ F®v.-F-kv. 6409 1.26
7. Bbp¿thZ hnZym-`ymkw 1279 0.25
8. F≥{S≥kv ]co-£- 45 0.01
9. samØw hnZym-`ymk 250822 49.30
taJe
10. hnZym-`ymk taJe 257986 50.70
A√m-Øh
samØw Ãm^v 508808 100.00
Source: GOK, Appendix 1 (Details of staff) Kerala Budget 2016-17
172
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ {Sjdn hgn iºfw \¬Ip∂ A≤ym-]-Icpw

A\-≤ym-]-Icpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw
t]cpw hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. ]ńI 5.32¬
hnhn[ hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-I-fpsS Iogn-ep≈ `cWw, A[ym-]-\w,
A\-[ym-]\w F∂n-h-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Poh-\-°m-cpsS IW°v
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. samØw Poh-\-°m-cn¬ ap∂n¬ H∂pw ss{]adn, A∏¿
ss{]a-dn, sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ s]mXp hnZym-`ymk taJ-
e-bn-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. lb¿ sk°‚dn hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-
bn¬ 6 iX-am-\hpw B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn\v 4.4 iX-am\w Poh-\-°m-cp-ap-≠v. AXm-bXv samØw k¿°m¿
Poh-\-°m-cn¬ 49 iX-am\w. CXn¬ kwÿm-\sØ 11 k¿Δ-I-em-im-
e-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√.
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ iºf sNe-hn-\mbn sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI-bn¬
GXm≠v ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-I-fnepw
ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Poh-\-°m-cpsS iº-f-Øn\p th≠n-
bm-Wv. ]ńI 5.33¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ iºf sNehpw
samØw iºf sNehpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. k¿°m-cns‚ samØw iºf
sNehn¬ 49 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv s]mXp hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw
kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw th≠n-bm-Wv. CXn¬ saUn-°¬,
Im¿jnI hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ Poh-\-°m-cpsS iºfw Dƒs∏-SpØn-
bn-ń-√. k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ \n∂v dn´-b¿ sNbvX-h¿ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw
t]cpw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-I-fnse A[ym-]-Icpw a‰p Poh-\-°mcpw
kzImcy FbvUUv ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-cm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ iºfw, s]≥j≥ F∂o sNe-hp-I-fn¬ ]Ip-
Xn-bn-e-[nIw sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xv hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bv°m-Wv. 1956 apX¬
2011-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ipsd kzImcy kvIqfp-Iƒ Hgn®v
as‰√m hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw k¿°m¿ kzImcy FbvUUv taJ-
e-Ifn¬ aXn F∂ \bw aqe-amWv Cu ÿnXn kwPm-X-am-b-Xv. hnZym-
`ym-k-cw-KØv kzImcy \nt£]w XS-™-Xp-aqew hnZym-`ymk taJ-
e-I-fn¬ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb a’-c-ap-≠m-Imt\m KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-
am-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-√. am{X-a√ tIcfw hnZym-
`ym-k-cw-KØv hnI-k\w t\Sn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw anI® \ne-
hm-c-ap≈ tZiob-cwKØv {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp∂ D∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
173
\-ßƒ (B¿Svkv B‚ v kb≥kv, F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv, saUn°¬, a‰p

s{]m^j-W¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh), k¿ΔI-em-im-e-Iƒ, anI-
hp‰ tI{μ-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm\pw Ign-™n-ń-√.
]ńI 5.33
2014-˛15se hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-I-fpsS iºfw sNehv *
C\w cq] hnlnXw
tImSn (i-X-am-\w)
1. s]mXp hnZym-`ymkw 10155 47.4
3. samØw hnZym-`ymkw 10600 49.5
4. k¿°m-cns‚ samØw
iºf sNehv 21411 100.00
* saUn-°¬, Im¿jnI hnZym-`ymkw Hgn-sI.
Source: CAG, Finance Accounts 2014-15, Vol. II
ASp-Ø-Xmbn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p th≠n kwÿm\ k¿°m¿
sNe-hm-°p∂ samØw XpI F{X-bm-sW∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]ńI
5.34 dh\yq, aqe-[\w F∂o C\-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ hn`m-Kw hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿
s]mXp, kmt¶-Xn-I, saUn-°¬, Im¿jnI F∂o hn`mKw hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv 13949 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. CXn¬
85 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv {]mY-an-Iw, sk°‚-dn, D∂X hnZym-
`ym-kw, apXn¿∂ ]uc-∑m¿°p≈ hnZym-`ym-khpw a‰p-≈h F∂nh
Dƒs∏-Sp∂ s]mXp hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\m-Wv. kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn\v 5.3 iX-am-\hpw saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v 7.1 iX-am-\hpw
Im¿jnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v 2.6 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°p-∂p. P\-d¬
hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v ap¥nb ]cn-K-W-\bpw kmt¶-Xn-I, saUn-°¬,
Im¿jnI F∂o hn`mKw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p hfsc Ipd™ ]cn-KW-
\bpw \¬Inb \b-amWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-∂-Xv. CXp-
aqew Ime-L-´-Øns‚ am‰-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kmt¶-XnI Adn-hp≈
s{]m^j-W¬ sXmgn¬ tk\sb krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm\w ]cm-
P-b-s∏-´p. hf-sc-b-[nIw P\-d¬ _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Isf krjvSn-®-Xp-aqew
174
A`ykvX hnZy-cpsS sXmgnen-√mbva cq£-am-bn. A`ykvX hnZycpw

_ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-amb sNdp-∏-°m¿°v kwÿm\ kmº-ØnI taJ-e-
I-fnepw kwÿm-\-Øn\p ]pdØpw hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn¬ sNøm\pw
sXmgnep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p-ap≈ {]m]vXnbpw Adnhpw {]mtbm-KnI-
⁄m\hpw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-√.
]ńI 5.34
2014-˛15se hnZym-`ymk sNehv (cq] tImSn)
hn`mKw dh\yp aqe-[\ samØw samØw
sNehv sNehv (i-Xa- m-\w)
I) s]mXp hnZym-`ymkw
1) {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw 5031.22 1.77 5032.99 36.1
(99.96) (0.04) (100)
2) sk°‚dn hnZym-`ymkw 4914.20 13.03 4927.23 35.3
(99.7) (0.3) (100)
3) tImtfPv/D∂X hnZym-`ymkw 1821.63 17.62 1839.25 13.2
(99.0) (1.0) (100)
4) apXn¿∂ ]uc-∑m¿°p≈ 60.46 3.24 63.70 0.4
hnZym-`ym-khpw a‰p-≈-hbpw (94.9) (5.1) (100)
BsI (I) 11827.51 35.66 11863.17 85.0
(99.7) (0.3) (100)
II) kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ymkw 693.45 46.94 740.39 5.3
(93.7) (6.3) (100)
III) saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ymkw 867.78 119.89 987.67 7.1
(87.9) (12.1) (100)
IV) Im¿jnI hnZym-`ymkw 349.86 8.63 358.49 2.6
(97.6) (2.4) (100)
samØw (I+II+III+IV) 13738.60 211.12 13949.72 100.0
(98.5) (1.5) (100)

{_m°-‰n¬: dh\yq aqe-[\ sNe-hp-I-fpsS hnlnXw
175
hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI-bn¬ Hcp sNdnb

hnln-X-samgn®v as‰√mw sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv iºfw \¬Im\pw a‰p
dh\yq sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-amWv ]ńI 5.34¬ dh\yq/aqe-[\ sNehv Xncn-
®p≈ 2014-˛15se hnZy-`ymk sNehv \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. s]mXp hnZym-`ym-
k-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ samØw XpI-bn¬ 99.7 iX-am-\hpw
sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv dh\yq sNe-hp-Iƒ°m-Wv. kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ samØw XpI-bn¬ dh\yq sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-
th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv 94 iX-am-\-am-Wv. saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn\v Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬ aqe-[\ sNe-hp-≠v. F∂m¬ samØw
sNe-hn¬ 88 iX-am-\hpw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv dh\yq sNe-hp-Iƒ°mWv.
Im¿jnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ aqe-[\ sNehv hfsc Xp—-amWv (2.4
iX-am-\w). B[p-\nI s{]m^j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v KWy-amb
aqe-[\ \nt£]w Bh-iy-am-Wv. aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øns‚ A]-cym-
]vX-X-aqew hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw tami-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
A[ym-]-Icpw, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]Tn-°m-\p≈ ¢mkv apdn-Ifpw
am{X-ap-≠m-bm¬ GXp-Xcw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ \SØmw F∂-
XmWv \ΩpsS k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. D∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-ßfpw Kth-jW hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw B[p-\nI sse{_-dn, et_m-
d-´-dn-I-ƒ, sF.-‰n. kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ, Ipń-Iƒ°v {]mtbm-KnI Adnhv
t\Sm-\p≈ ]T\ kuI-cy-ßƒ, hntZi k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fp-am-bp≈
kwbp‡ ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. CXn\v
th≠{X ]Ww sNe-hm-°msX D∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ \S-
Øp-∂-Xp-aqew hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw tami-am-Ip-∂p. k¿°m¿ tPmen
e`n-°m-\m-h-iyamb tbmKyX k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ t\SpI F∂-Xmbn
hnZym-`ymkw A[x]Xn-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂p. D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v
KpW-\n-e-hmcw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ta[m-hn-Iƒ°pw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°pw C√m-ØXv thZ-
\m-P-\-I-amb Imcy-am-Wv.
ASp-ØX - mbn hnZym-`ymk sNehv samØw dh\yq sNe-hn-s‚bpw
dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw F{X hnln-X-am-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
]ńI 5.35¬ 2014-˛15se hnZym-`ymk sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
s]≥j≥ HgnsI-bp≈ hnZym-`ymk sNehv samØw dh\yq sNe-
hns‚ 19.4 iX-am-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
176
dn´-b¿ sNbvX Poh-\-°m-cpsS s]≥j≥ sNehv IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-

bm¬ sNehv 19576 tImSn-bmbn Db-cpw. hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬
\n∂v dn´-b¿ sNbvX-h-cpsS FÆw e`y-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ samØw s]≥-
j≥-Im-cn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - f
- n¬ \n∂v dn´-
b¿ sNbvXp F∂v A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p. s]≥j≥ sNe-hp-IqSn Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øn-bm¬ dh\yq sNe-hns‚ 27 iX-am\w hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n
sNe-hm-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. kwÿm\ dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øns‚
aq∂n¬ Ht∂mfw (33.8 iX-am-\w) `mKw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pth≠n sNe-
hm°p∂p. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\m-h-iy-ßfpw ]cn-
K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ CXv Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ sNe-hm-Wv.
ASn-ÿm\ LSI hnI-k-\-Øn\v th≠{X ]W-an-√m-Ø-Xp-aqew
kwÿm\w ]e cwKØpw ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-emWv. Cu kml-N-cy-
Øn¬ henb ]W-sN-e-hp≈ ]pXnb hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ XpS-
ßm≥ k¿°m-cn\v [\-ÿn-Xn-bn-√. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ D∂X hnZym-
`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ h≥tXm-Xn-
ep≈ \nt£]w Bh-iy-am-Wv. kwÿm\w cq£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k‘n-
bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwKØv ]pXnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-
ßm≥ kzImcy \nt£-]sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ \b-amWv A`n-
Im-ayw. k¿°m¿ ]Ww apS-°n, k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ krjvSn®v,
Poh-\-°msc \nb-an®v hnZym-`ymk hnI-k\w F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Ime-
]ńI 5.35
2014-˛15se dh\yq sNe-hv, hchv F∂n-h-bn¬
hnZym-`ymk sNe-hns‚ hnlnXw (i-X-am-\w)
C\w cq] dh\yq sNe-hn¬ dh\yq hc-hn¬
(tIm-Sn) hnZym-`ymk hnZym-`ymk
sNe-hns‚ sNe-hns‚
hnlnXw (%) hnlnXw (%)
1) hnZym-`ymk sNehv
s]≥j≥ HgnsI 13950 19.4 24.1
2) hnZym-`ymk sNehv
s]≥j≥ Dƒs∏sS 19576 27.3 33.8
177
l-c-W-s∏´ Bi-b-amWv. kvIqƒ Xe-Øn\p apI-fn¬ P\-d¬ hnZym-

`ym-kØ- n\p ap¥nb ]cn-KW - \- bpw sXmgne-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\v
hfsc sNdnb ]cn-K-W-\bpw \¬Ip∂ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-b-amWv
Ct∏mƒ \ne- h n- e p- ≈ - X v . sslkv I qƒ hnZym- ` ym- k - Ø n- \ p- t ijw
sXmgne-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ am‰hpw Bh-
iy-am-Wv.
7) ]eni
]eni sNehv kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp {][m\ sNe-hm-Wv.
k¿°m-cn\v aq∂p hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. H∂v, IS-]-
{X-an-d°n Itºm-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p-∂-h, sse^v C≥jz-d≥kv
tIm¿∏-td-j≥, \_m¿Uv, \mj-W¬ kvamƒ tkhnwKv ^≠v skIyq-
cn-‰okv F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hmbv]. c≠v, tI{μ k¿°m-
cn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fpw. aq∂v, t{]mhn-U‚ v
^≠v, s]≥j≥ ^≠v, sNd-pInS tkhnwKv XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂
]ªnIv A°u-≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂v. Cu aq∂n-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂
hmbv]-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ ]eni XpI-bm-Wv Cu sNe-hv. kwÿm\
k¿°m-cn\v {]Xn-h¿jw hmbv] FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v tI{μ k¿°m¿ ]cn[n
\n›-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ Cu ]cn[n kwÿm\ Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.-bpsS
aq∂p iX-am-\-Øn\p Xpey-amb XpI-bm-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ ]eni
sNehv 2000-˛01¬ 2258 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2010-˛11¬ 5690 tImSn-
bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 9770 tImSn-bmbpw h¿≤n-®p. ]ńI 5.36¬ 2001-\p-ti-
j-ap≈ ]eni XpI, hm¿jnI h¿≤\ \nc-°v, dh\yq sNe-hn¬
]en-i-bpsS hnlnXw F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2002-˛03¬ ]eni sNe-
hns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\w 18 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-
eØv ]eni sNe-hns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\ \nc°v Ipd-™p-h-cp∂
{]h-W-X-bmWv Zriy-am-b-Xv. F∂m¬ 2011-˛12\p tijw ]eni sNe-
hns‚ hm¿jnI h¿≤\ \nc°v Db-cp∂ am‰-amWv D≠m-b-Xv.
dh\yq sNe-hn¬ ]en-i-bpsS hnlnXw Cu C\Ønep≈ sNe-
hns‚ Hcp kqNn-I-bm-Wv. 2001se [\-Imcy XI¿®sb XpS¿∂p≈
h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]eni sNehv Db¿∂Xmbn-cp∂p 2001-˛02¬ CXv 21 iX-
am-\a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. 2002 apX¬ 2007-hs
- c-bp≈ h¿j-ßf
- n¬ ]eni sNehv
dh\yq sNe-hns‚ 20 apX¬ 21.5 iX-am\whsc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv
Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ ]eni sNe-hn-s\-bmWv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬
178
]ńI 5.36
]eni sNehv (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw ]eni h¿≤\w (%) dh\yq sNe-hn¬
]en-i-bpsS hnlnXw
(i-X-am-\w)
2000-˛01 2258 ˛ 19.01
2001-˛02 2489 10.2 21.34
2002-˛03 2947 18.4 19.97
2003-˛04 3328 12.9 21.48
2004-˛05 3613 8.6 21.04
2005-˛06 3799 5.1 20.62
2006-˛07 4190 10.3 20.12
2007-˛08 4330 3.3 17.40
2008-˛09 4660 7.6 16.51
2009-˛10 5292 13.6 17.00
2010-˛11 5690 7.5 16.41
2011-˛12 6294 10.6 13.67
2012-˛13 7205 14.5 13.47
2013-˛14 8265 14.7 13.66
2014-˛15 9770 18.2 13.62
XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]eni sNe-hns‚ hnln-X-Øn¬ Ipd-hp≠m-

Ip∂ {]h-WX
- b
- mWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈X
- .v CXv Btcm-Ky-Ic
- a
- mb am‰-am-W.v
8) {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v \¬Inb XpI
kwÿm\ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
kwÿm\ \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Hcp hnlnXw {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-
cp-Iƒ°p \¬Im-dp-≠v. aq∂n\w ^≠pI-fmWv {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-
Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. H∂v, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\
sNe-hn\pw A\n-hmcy Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-am-bp≈ P\-d¬
179
]¿∏kv ^≠v. c≠v, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v ssIam-dnb BkvXn-

Iƒ (tdm-Uv, tdmUn-X-cw), ssIamdn Inńb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS BkvXn-
Iƒ (B-ip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h) F∂n-h-bpsS kwc£-
W-Øn\p \¬Ip∂ sabn‚n-\≥kv ^≠v. aq∂v, {]mtZ-inI hnI-k\
]≤-Xn-Iƒ (hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn) cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw \S-∏n-em-°m-\p-ap≈
hnI-k\ ^≠v F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Cu C\-Øn¬ \¬Ip∂ samØw
^≠mWv kwÿm\ \nIpXn hnln-X-ambn {]mtZ-inI k¿-°m-cp-
Iƒ°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]ńI 5.37¬ kwÿm\ \nIpXn hnln-X-ambn
{]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p \¬Inb XpI sImSpØn-´p-≠v. Cu
XpIbv°v ]pdsa \K-c-ß-fnse {]mtZ-inI hnI-k-\m-h-iyßƒ-°mbn
{Km‚p-Ifpw klm-b-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ XpI ]ń-
I-bnse XpI-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√.
]ńI 5.37
{]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v \¬Inb XpI
h¿jw \¬Inb XpI h¿≤\w dh\yp
(cq] tImSn) (%) sNe-hns‚
hnlnXw (%)
2004 ˛ 05 1783 ˛ 10.4
2005 -˛ 06 1565 (˛)12.2 8.5
2006 ˛ 07 1911 22.1 9.2
2007 ˛ 08 2273 18.9 9.1
2008 ˛ 09 2432 7.0 8.6
2009 ˛ 10 2083 (˛)14.3 6.7
2010 ˛ 11 2971 42.6 8.6
2011 ˛ 12 3897 31.2 8.5
2012 ˛ 13 4739 21.6 8.9
2013 ˛ 14 5926 25.0 9.8
2014 ˛ 15 6398 8.0 8.9
Source: KPERC, Third Report 2012-13
GOK, 2016 Medium Term Fiscal Policy 2016-17 to 2018-19
180
{]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p \¬Inb XpI 2004-˛05¬ 1783 tImSn

cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2009-˛10¬ 2083 tImSn-bmbpw 2014-˛15¬ 6398 tImSn-
bmbpw h¿≤n-®p. c≠p h¿j-ß-fn¬ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p
\¬Inb XpI-bn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠∂p ImWmw. F∂m¬
a‰p Nne h¿j-ß-fn¬ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p \¬Inb XpI-
bn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-\bpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°p
\¬Ip∂ XpI-bn¬ h¿jwtXmdpw KWy-amb G‰-°p-d-®n¬ D≠m-
Ip∂ coXn Btcm-Ky-I-c-a-√. 2004-˛05¬ {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v
\¬Inb XpI dh\yq sNe-hns‚ 10 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[n-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Cu A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Ipd-hp-≠m-bX - mbn ImWmw.
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fnse sNehv h¿≤n-°p-∂-t]mse {]mtZ-
inI k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS sNehpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-
I-fpsS h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ `c-W, tkh-\, hnI-k-\m-h-iy-ßƒ°-\p-k-
cn®v k¿°m¿ ^≠v \¬ImØ Ahÿ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Imem-Ime-
ß-fn¬ hne-°b - ‰
- hpw a‰p sNe-hp-If
- psS h¿≤-\h
- n-\p-a\
- p-kc
- n®v ^≠v
\¬Im-\p≈ \bw A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
9) kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ sNehv
kaq-l-Øn¬ kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Zcn{Z P\-
hn-`m-K-ßƒ, hr≤¿, hnI-emw-K¿, hn[-h-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ kmaq-lnI kpc£ {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂p. Zcn{Z
IpSpw-_-ß-fnse sXmgnen-√mØ A`ykvX hnZy¿, \n¿≤-\-cmb kmln-
Xy-Im-c≥am¿, Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, I¿jI sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, A≥]Xp hb-
n\p apI-fn-ep≈ Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb kv{XoIƒ, hn[-h-Iƒ, hr≤¿,
hnI-emw-K¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°mWv {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. 2014-
˛15¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂ {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ \nc°v Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.
\n¿≤-\-cmb kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿, Im¿jnI sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, hr≤¿
F∂o hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v {]Xn-amkw 600 cq]-bmWv s]≥j≥
\¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. hnI-emw-K¿, A≥]Xp hb p Ign™ hnhmlw
Ign-bv°mØ kv{XoIƒ, hn[-h-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°p {]Xnamkw 800 cq]
s]≥j≥ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa sa‚en Ne-©-Uv, sNdp-InS
\ma-am{X I¿j-I¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pw {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ \¬Ip∂p.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v
F{X t]¿°mWv s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂-sX∂pw AXn-\p-th≠n sNe-
181
hm-°p∂ XpI F{X-bm-sW∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 2016 P\p-h-cn-bnse

IW-°-\p-k-cn®v Ggn\w {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ ]≤XnIf-\p-k-cn®v
B\p-Iqeyw e`n-°p∂ KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS FÆw 37.82 e£-amWv.
]ńI 5.38¬ Ggn\w kmaq-lnI kpc£ ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v s]≥j≥
e`n-°p∂ KpW-t`m-‡m-°f - psS F-Æh- pw, {]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ XpIbpw
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ s]≥j≥ e`n-°p∂ hn`mKw hr≤-
cmWv (14.18 e£w). c≠m-asØ hn`mKw hn[-h-I-fmWv (11.26 e£w).
{]Xn-amk s]≥j≥ e`n-°p∂ hr≤-cmb I¿jI sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ A©p
e£-Øn-e-[n-I-am-Wv. sNdp-InS \ma-am{X I¿j-I¿, hnI-emw-K¿,
sa‚en Ne-©-Uv, A≥]Xp hb p Ign™ hnhmlw Ign-°mØ
kv{XoIƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv a‰p hn`m-K-°m¿.
kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p th≠n sNe-hm-
°p∂ XpI-bn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-\-bmWv D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂Xv.
]ńI 5.39¬ hnhn[ kmaq-lnI kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p-
th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI-bn¬ h∂ h¿≤\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 2009-
˛10¬ F´v kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p th≠n sNe-
hm-°nb XpI 464 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv 2014-˛15¬ 2192 tImSn-bmbn
h¿≤n®p. h¿≤\w 372 iX-am-\w. s]≥j≥ XpI-bn¬ G‰hpw henb
h¿≤\w D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv hr≤-cpsS s]≥j-\m-Wv. h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-
bn-´p≈ a‰p s]≥j≥Im-cmWv hn[-h-Iƒ, hnI-emw-K¿, 50 hbkp
Ign™ Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb kv{XoIƒ F∂n-h-¿. ]e Imc-W-ßƒ aqe-
amWv Cu h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. H∂v, s]≥j≥ \nc-°n¬ Imem-
Im-e-ß-fmbn D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ h¿≤-\w. c≠v, s]≥j≥ e`n-
°p∂ KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ D≠mb h¿≤-\w. aq∂v,
s]≥j≥ A¿lX t\Sm-\p≈ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ eLq-I-cn-®-Xv. \mev,
s]≥j≥ A¿l-cmbhsc Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw {]mtZ-inI
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°m-Wv. {]mtZ-inI cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ aqew
A\¿l¿°v Cf-hp-Iƒ \¬In s]≥j\v A¿l-cm-°p∂ {]h-W-X-
bp-s≠∂v hym]-I-amb ]cm-Xn-I-fp-≠v. {]mtZ-inI cmjv{Sob CS-s]-S-
ep-I-fmWv Cu ÿnXn krjvSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Imc-Ww.
H∂v, kmaq-ly-kp-c£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-XnIfn¬ A\¿l-cmb
H´-\h
- [n t]¿°v cmjv{Sob Xm¬]cyw aqew s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂p. c≠v,
Hcp hn`mKwt]¿ c≠p t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw s]≥j≥ e`n-°p-
∂p. DZm-l-cWw Fwtπm-bokv t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, t£a\n[n-Iƒ
182
F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ kmaqly kpc£ s]≥-

j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw. aq∂v, kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ H∂n-e-
[nIw hmßp-∂-h-cpap-≠v. DZm-l-cWw hn[hm s]≥j-\pw, hm¿≤Iy
s]≥j\pw Hcmƒ hmßp-∂p. Hcp hy‡n°v Hcp s]≥j≥ F∂
am\-ZWvUw IrXy-ambn \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w s]≥j-\p≈
am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ IrXy-ambn ]men®v A\¿lsc Hgn-hm-°-Ww.
]ńI 5.38
kmaqly kpc£m s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ (2016 P\p-h-cn)
s]≥j≥ KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS {]Xn-amk
FÆw XpI (cq-])
1) I¿jI sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ 503284 600
2) hr≤¿ 1418411 600
3) sa‚en Ne-©Uv 12553 800
4) hnI-emw-K¿ 315247 800
5) 50 hb p Ign™ hnhmlw
Ign-°mØ kv{XoIƒ 71406 800
6) hn[h 1126564 800
7) sNdp-InS \ma-am{X 335000 600
I¿j-I¿
BsI 3782465
Source: Website of Government Departments, Kerala
kaq-l-Ønse G‰hpw Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßƒ°mWv kmaq-lnI
kpc£ s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. s]≥j≥ XpI Xp—-am-b-Xn-\m¬ KpW-
t`m-‡m-°-fpsS {][m-\m-h-iy-ß-fmb Blm-cw, hkv{Xw, NnIn’
sNe-hv, a‰p \nXy-sN-e-hp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh \nd-th-‰m≥ CXv ]cym-]vX-
a-√. F¶nepw Cu XpI Zcn{Z P\-ßƒ°v henb Bizm-k-amWv \¬Ip-
∂-Xv. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v {]Xn-amk iºfw \¬Ip-∂-
Xp-t]mse IrXy-ambn kmaq-ln-I s]≥j≥ \¬Im≥ k¿°mcp-Iƒ
Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®n-ń-√. CØcw s]≥j≥ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw sImSp-
Øm¬ aXn-sb-∂-XmWv k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. ]e h¿j-ß-fnepw
{]Xn-h¿jw Ht∂m ct≠m {]mh-iy-amWv Cu s]≥j≥ XpI hnX-
183
cWw sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu s]≥j≥ e`n-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Hcp sNdnb hn`m-K-

samgn®v as‰-√m-hcpw hr≤-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v ]Ww amkw tXmdpw AXym-
h-iy-am-W.v Blm-cw, NnIn’ sNehv F∂nh \nd-th-‰p-Ib
- mWv {][m\w.
s]≥j≥ hnX-c-W-Øn\p≈ Cu `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw s]≥j≥
IrXy-ambn hnX-cWw sNøm≥ XS- a - m-W.v s]≥j≥ XpI \¬tI≠Xv
]e k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fm-Wv. hnX-cWw \S-tØ-≠Xv {]mtZ-inI
k¿°m-cp-I-fmb {Kma-]-©m-b-Øv, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n, ap\n-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-
td-j≥ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. ap≥]v aWn-tbm¿U¿ kwhn-[m\w hgn-bmWv
s]≥j≥ hnX-cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXv \S-Øm≥ {]mtZ-inI k¿-
°m-cp-Iƒ°v henb {iaw th≠n h∂n-cp-∂p. _m¶v A°u-≠p-Iƒ
hgn hnX-cWw \S-Øm≥ th≠{X {ia-ßƒ \S-s∂-¶nepw CXv hnP-
bn-®n-√. sF.-‰n. kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn®v t]mÃv Hmô-kp-hgn
s]≥j≥ hnX-cW {iahpw hnP-bn-®n-√. s]≥j≥ hnX-cW {]iv\w
Hcp cmjv{Sob apX-se-Sp∏p {]iv\-ambn amdn-b-X-√msX CXn\p ê-
{]-Z-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Ign™n-ń-√. _m¶p-
Itfm, t]mÃm-ô-kp-Itfm hgn-bp≈ hnX-cWw hn´v s]≥j≥ hnX-
c-W-Øn\v a‰p am¿§-ß-ƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu cwKØv Acm-P-IXzw
krjvSn-°p-∂p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. hnX-cWw Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ GP≥-
kn-Iƒ Ir{Xnaw Im´m\pw Agn-aXn \S-Øm\pw henb km[y-X-I-
fp≠v. KpW-t`m-‡m-°-sf√mw _m¶p-Ifn¬ A°u≠v XpS-ßp-Ibpw
Ahn-tS°v IrXy-ambn ]Ww {Sm≥kv^¿ sNøp-I-bp-amWv {]mtbm-Kn-
I-amb am¿§w. InS-∏p tcmKn-Iƒ, _m¶p-I-fn¬ FØn ]Ww FSp-
°m≥ Btcm-Ky-an-√m-Ø-h¿, BtcmKyw \jvS-s∏´ hr≤¿ XpS-ßn-b-
h¿°v Xß-fpsS A°u-≠nse XpI ]W-ambn hoń-se-Øn-°m≥
_m¶p-Iƒ kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-°p-I-bmWv A`n-Im-ayw. _m¶p-Iƒ IΩn-
j≥ FSp-Øp-sIm≠v Cu XpI KpW-t`m‡m-°f - psS hoSp-If - n¬ FØn-
°p-∂-Xn\v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
10) Hmôkv, bm{X, hml\ sNe-hp-Iƒ
k¿°m-cns‚ `c-Wh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ sNe-hn-\ß
- f- mWv Hmôkv,
bm{X, sabn‚n-\≥kv, s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬, tamt´m¿ hml-\-ßƒ, hmS-
Ibpw \nIp-Xnbpw XpS-ßn-bh - . Cu C\-ßƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ 2014-˛15se
sNehv 466 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. ]ńI 5.40¬ 2008-˛09 sebpw 2014-˛15-
sebpw Hmô-kv, bm{X, hml\ sNe-hp-If - psS IW°v \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
184
]ńI 5.39
kmaqly kpc£m s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ (cq] tImSn)
]≤-Xn-bpsS t]cv 2009-˛10 2014-˛15 h¿≤\w 2014-˛15
(%) hnlnXw
(i-X-am-\w)
1) sXmgnen-√mbva klmbw 47.28 37.65 (˛)20.4 1 .7
2) \n¿≤-\-cmb kmlnXy,
Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°p-ap≈
[\-k-lmbw 1.37 2.40 77.4 0.1
3) I¿jI sXmgnemfn
s]≥j≥ 174.70 375.11 114.7 17.1
4) 50 hb- n\p apI-fn-ep≈
Ahn-hm-ln-Xcmb
kv{XoIƒ 12.80 56.80 343.8 2.6
5) hn[hm s]≥j≥ 130.70 848.40 549.1 38.7
6) hnI-emwK s]≥j≥ 54.00 295.71 447.6 13.5
7) hn[-h-I-fpsS s]¨
a°-fpsS hnhml
[\-k-lmbw ˛ 26.73 ˛ 1.2
8) tZiob hm¿≤-Iy-Ime
s]≥j≥ 42.90 449.55 1181.0 25.1
samØw 463.75 2192.35 372.7 100.0
Source: Explanatory Memorandum on budget for 2016-17 and 2013-14
Cu C\-ß-fnse samØw sNehv A©p h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ 34.5 iX-

am\w h¿≤n-®p. Hmôkv sNehv 24 iX-am\w h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ hmS-
Ibpw \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv 47 iX-am\w h¿≤n-®p. k¿°m¿
hml-\-ßƒ°pw C‘-\-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ sNe-hn-emWv henb
h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-b-Xv. k¿°m¿ hml-\-ßƒ°pth≠n 2014-˛15¬ 25
tImSnbpw s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬ XpS-ßn-bhbv°v 78 tImSnbpw sNe-hm°n.
AXm-bXv k¿°m¿ hml-\-ßƒ°p≈ samØw sNehv 103 tImSn
cq]-bm-Wv. CXn\p ]pd-sa-bp≈ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS bm{Xm
sNehpw 71 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-®p. k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, k¿°m¿
^≠p-]-tbm-Kn®p \S-Øp∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw kan-Xn-I-fn-tebpw
185
ta[m-hn-Iƒ HutZym-KnI bm{Xbv°v BUw-_c hml-\-ßƒ hym-]-

I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v (S-tbm-´ Ct\mh apX-em-b-h). BUw-_c
hml-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb am\-Z-WvU-ßtfm \nb-
{¥-W-ßtfm C√. k¿°m¿ hml-\-ßƒ kzImcy Bh-iy-ßƒ°v
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {]h-W-Xbpw hym]-I-amWv. cmjv{Sob kzm[o-\-ap-≈-
h¿°v BUw-_-c-Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂-XmWv \ΩpsS `c-W-co-Xn.
k¿°m¿ hml\w hmßn ss{Uhsd \nb-an®v HmSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw
hmS-Ibv°v FSp-°p∂ coXn-bn-te°v amdm-ØXpw Cu sNehv h¿≤n-
°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. k¿°m¿ hml\ [q¿Øv \nb-{¥n-°p-
∂Xn\v kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-®n-ń-√.
]ńI 5.40
Hmô-kv, bm{X, hml\ sNehv (cq] tImSn)
sNe-hn-\-ßƒ 2008-˛09 2014-˛15 h¿≤\w
(i-X-am-\w)
1) Hmôkv sNehv 146.23 181.52 24.1
2) bm{Xm sNehv 69.04 118.41 71.5
3) sabn‚n-\≥kv sNehv 57.50 31.00 (˛)46.1
4) s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬ XpS-ßn-bh 35.98 77.60 115.7
5) tamt´m¿ hml-\-ßƒ 15.44 24.89 61.2
6) hmS-Ibpw \nIp-Xnbpw 21.92 32.17 46.8
samØw 346.11 465.60 34.5
Source: CAG, Finance Accounts 2010-11 and 2014-15 Vol.I
Hu-tZymKnI Imdp-I-fpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-hpw, BUw-_-chpw Ah-
km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. H∂v, k¿°m¿, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mXp
^≠ns‚ klm-b-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-
bnse ta[m-hn-Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw HutZym-KnI Imdmbn BUw_c
Imdp-Iƒ (S-tbm-´ Ct\mh XpS-ßn-b-h) D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv hym]-I-am-
Wv. F√m DtZym-K-ÿcpw CS-Øcw km[m-cW Imdp-Iƒ am{Xta D]-
tbm-Kn-°mhq F∂ am\-ZWvUw \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. c≠v, ]e hIp∏p
ta[m-hn-I-fpw, Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿcpw H∂n-e-[nIw Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-
186
°p-∂p. hIp∏p ta[mhn F∂ \ne-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ hml-\h - pw, hIp-

∏n\p Iogn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS hml-\-ß-fpw. Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ≥
H∂n-e-[nIw Imdp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv I¿i-\-ambn XS-b-Ww. Cu
\nbaw ewLn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ta¬ I¿i-\-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw ss^≥ CuSm-°p-Ibpw thWw. aq∂v, HutZym-KnI hml\w
kzImcy Bh-iy-ßƒ°v hym-]-I-ambn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-∂p. CXv
]cn-l-cn-°m≥ I¿i\ in£W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. CXn\v
\mev Ccń ss^≥ -hm-ß-Ww.
11) _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w
k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿs\ “knhn¬ k¿h‚ v” AYhm “P\-ß-
fpsS tkh-I≥” F∂mWv k¿°m¿ \nb-am-h-en-I-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
P\-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ \nIp-Xn-I-fpw, ôkp-I-fpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ k¿°m¿
hcp-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Ch¿°v iº-fhpw hnc-an-®-h¿°v s]≥j\pw
\¬Ip-∂-Xv. P\-ß-f-psS \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v iºfw \¬Ip-∂Xv P\-
ßsf tkhn-°m-\m-Wv. C∂v k¿°m¿ DtZym-Kÿ - - n¬ ‘P\-tk-hI
c - sc’
Is≠-Øm≥ hnj-a-am-Wv. ImcWw Ah-cpsS FÆw Xosc Ipd-hmWv.
P\-ß-fpsSta¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ {]am-Wn-am-cm-bpw, am^nb kz`m-h-
Øn-ep≈ t{SUv bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-°-fm-bpw, k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ
\¬Im≥ tImg hmßp-∂-h-cm-bpw, k¿°m¿ sNe-hn¬ BUw-_c
PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-h-cpambn \s√mcp `mKw k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ amdn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿ Xß-fm-sW∂pw k¿°m-cn\p e`n-°p∂ hn`-h-
ßfpw a‰p kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS BUw-_c Pohn-X-Øn\v D]-
tbm-Kn-°m≥ D≈-Xm-sW-∂p-ap≈ ^yqU¬ ImgvN-∏mSv Hcp hn`mKw
Poh-\-°m-cn¬ hym]-I-am-Ip-∂p. kwÿm\ ap≥ No^v sk{I-´dn {io.
Fkv.-Fw. hnP-bm-\μv tIc-f-Ønse _yqtdm-{I-kn-sb-∏‰n ]d™ A`n-
{]mbw ChnsS {]k-‡-am-Wv. “No^v sk{I-´dn F∂ ]Z-hn-bn-√msX
Hcp k¿°m¿ Hmô-kn-te°v Ib-dn-s®-√m≥ F\n°v t]Sn-bm-Wv.
k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-I-fn-se-Øp∂ s]mXpP-\-ß-fpsS apJy ]cmXn
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS tami-amb s]cp-am‰w kw_-‘n-®XmWv”. (am-Xr-`qan
Zn\-]{Xw, 2016 Pq¨ 26). A[n-Im-chpw cmjv{Sob kzm[o-\hpw ]W-
hp-an-√mØ km[m-c-W-°m-c≥ k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-I-fn¬ t]mbm¬
Ah\v A`-bm¿∞n-bp-sStbm `n£m-S-I-s‚tbm ]cn-K-W\ t]mepw
]e k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-I-fnsebpw Poh-\-°m¿ \¬Im-dn-√. tkmjy-
187
enÃv, IΩyq-WnÃv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ tIcfw `cn-s®-¶nepw P∑n \mSp-hm-

gn-Im-esØ _yqtdm-{Ikn kz`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂v P\-tk-h-Is‚ tdmfn-
te°v k¿°m¿ _yqtdm-{I-knsb am‰m≥ Ign-™n-ń-√.
_yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv ]e am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-
bm-Wv. H∂v, hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
bh F√m hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w A\nhm-
cy-am-sW∂ {]N-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. hnI-k\sa∂p ]d™p \S-∏n-em-
°p∂ GXm≠v F√m ]≤-Xn-Ifpw _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Ah-
km-\n-°p-∂p. c≠v, Hcp ^b¬ Ht∂m ct≠m aqt∂m DtZym-K-ÿ¿
]cn-tim-[n®v hIp∏v ta[mhn Xe-Øn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw H´-
\-h[n XkvXn-I-bn-ep-≈-h¿ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. A\m-h-iy-ambn H´-\-
h[n XkvXn-I-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ipsd t]¿°v Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈
iºfw sImSp°m-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Hcp
^b¬ sk{I-´dn/hIp∏p ta[mhnhsc FØm≥ 8 apX¬ 10 Xeßƒ-
hsc-bp-≠v.
Hmôkv Akn-Ã‚ v Akn. sk£≥ Hmô-k¿ sk£≥
Hmô-k¿ Hmôkv kq{]≠v A≠¿ sk{I-´dn sU]yqń sk{I-
´dn tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn AUn-j-W¬ sk{I-´dn kvs]jy¬
sk{I-´dn sk{I-´-dn.
aq∂v, k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ tNcp∂ Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ\v ct≠m
aqt∂m h¿jw IqSptºmƒ s{]mtamj≥ \¬In Db¿∂ iº-f-ap≈
XkvXn-I-I-fn¬ \nb-an-°p-∂p. ap∏Xp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]tØm AXn-
e-[n-Itam s{]mtamj≥ km[y-X-Iƒ sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n-ep-≠v. \mev,
k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Isf hn`-Pn®v sNdnb sNdnb ]pXnb hIp-∏p-Iƒ
krjvSn-°p-∂p. ]pXnb hIp-∏n\v A[n-I-ambn Ub-d-IvSdpw A\p-_‘
D∂X Xk-Xn-I-Iƒ, HutZym-KnI hml\w XpS-ßn-bh \¬Ip-∂p.
{]tXyI hIp∏v IqSpX¬ s{]mtamj≥ XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.
A©v, sU]yq-t´-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv as‰m∂v. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚
{][m\ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ Pn√m ]©m-bØv XpS-ßnb AUvan-\n-kvt{S-
‰ohv Hmô-k¿, ss^\m≥kv Hmô-k¿ F∂n-h¿ sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n¬
\n∂v sU]yq-t´-j\mbn t]mIp-∂p. CXp-aqew sk{I-t´-dn-tb-‰n¬
sU]yqń sk{I-´dn apX¬ AUn-j-W¬ sk{I-´-dn-amcpsS XkvXn-I-
188
bn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-°p-∂p. Bdv, XkvXn-I-I-fpsS t]cp am‰n

Db¿∂ iºf kvsIbn-ep-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. DZm-l-cWw ˛ A∏¿ Unhn-
j≥ ¢m¿°ns\ Akn-Ã‚ v sk£≥ Hmô-k-dm°n Db¿∂ kvsI-
bn¬ \¬Ip-I, Pq\n-b¿ F©n-\o-bsd Akn-Ã‚ v F©n-\o-b-dm°n
am‰pI XpS-ßn-b-h. Ggv, dn´-b¿ sNøm≥ sN-dnb Ime-b-f-hn-ep≈
DtZym-K-ÿs\ Db¿∂ t]mÃn¬ \nb-an®v Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈
s]≥j≥ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ t\Sm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m°n sImSp°p-I.
ChnsS A\m-h-iy-ambn A[nI [\-_m-[y-X-bp-≠m-°p-∂p. F´v, a{¥n-
am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, k¿°m-¿ Poh-
\-°m¿°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ henb tXmXn-ep≈ iº-fhpw s]≥-
j≥ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬Ip-I. H≥]-Xv, sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ P\-{]Xn-
\n-[n-Iƒ°v ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ bm{X, NnIn-’, kuP\y Xmakw XpSßnb
B\p-Iqeyßƒ \¬Ip-I. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ ]Ww \¬In e`n-
°p∂ tkh-\-ßfpw a‰pw kuP-\y-ambn \¬IpI F∂-XmWv \bw.
sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v _yqtdm-{Ikn
apJy-a{¥n, a‰p a{¥n-am¿, No^v sk{I-´-dn, a‰p sk{I-´-dn-am¿,
Ah-cpsS Iogn-ep≈ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, AXnse DtZym-K-ÿ¿
F∂nh {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hmôkv kap-®-b-amWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ
sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v. sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse Poh-\-°m¿ `c-Ww, [\-Im-cyw,
\nbaw, a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^v XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-
Sp-∂p. 2008se sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw 4784 Bbn-cp-
∂Xv 2016¬ 5324 Bbn h¿≤n-®p. h¿≤\ 11.3 iX-am-\w. sk{I-´-dn-tb-
‰n¬ Ign™ Ipsd h¿j-ß-fmbn ^b¬ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-
Øp-I-bm-Wv. sF.-‰n. kmt¶-XnI hnZy, C˛-K-th-W-≥kv F∂nh sk{I-
´dntb-‰n¬ F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Cu Xc-Øn¬ C˛-Kth-W≥kv \S-∏n-em-°n-bm¬ Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw
Im¬`m-K-sa-¶nepw Ipd-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Hcp `mKØv C˛-K-th-
W≥kv \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw adp-`m-KØv ]pXnb XkvXn-I-Iƒ kr-jvSn®v
Poh\°mcpsS FÆw XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse Hcp {][m\ hIp-∏mb [\-h-
Ip-∏nse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆ-Ønse h¿≤-\-bpw, LS-\bpw ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw. ^n\m≥kv hIp-∏nse samØw Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw 2008¬
189
608 Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2016¬ 868 Bbn h¿≤n-®p. h¿≤\w 48 iX-am-\w.

]ńI 5.41¬ ^n\m≥kv hIp-∏nse Ãm^v LS\ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. C˛-
K-th-W≥kv \S-∏n-em-°nb Cu hIp-∏nse Poh-\-°m-cpsS GÆw Ipd-
bp-∂X- n-\p-]I
- cw h¿≤n-°p-Ib
- mWv sNbvXX
- v. _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w
Fßs\ \S-Øm-sa-∂-Xns‚ Hcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv [\-h-Ip-∏v. [\-h-
Ip-∏n¬ ]pXp-Xmbn tNcp∂ Hcp ¢m¿°v/Akn-Ã‚ v k¿ho-kn¬ e`n-
°p∂ s{]mtamj≥ XkvXn-I-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.
[\-h-Ip-∏nse s{]mtam-j≥ XkvXn-I-Iƒ
Akn-Ã‚ v Akn-Ã‚ v t{KUv H¨ Akn-Ã‚ v sk£≥
Hmô-k¿ sk£≥ Hmô-k¿ sk£≥ Hmô-k¿ lb¿ t{KUv
A°u≠v Hmô-k¿ A≠¿ sk{I-´dn sU]yqń sk{I-´-dn
tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn AUn-j-W¬ sk{I´dn
Hcp Akn-Ã‚ v k¿ho-kn¬ Ib-dn-bm¬ GXm≠v 30 h¿jsØ
k¿ho-kn-\nsS Abmƒ°v 10 ÿm\-ß-fnte°v s{]mtamj≥ e`n-°m≥
th≠ s{]mtamj≥ km[y-X-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Hmtcm s{]mtamj≥-aqew
iºf kvsIbn¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p.
[\-hIp-∏n¬ [\w, kmº-Øn-Iw, sImtagvkv F∂o hnj-b-ß-
fn¬ {]mK-¤y-ap≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Bh-iy-ap-≠v. B hnj-b-ß-fn¬
_ncp-Zm-\¥c _ncp-Z-ap≈hsc Pq\n-b¿ Hmô-k¿am-cmbn \nb-an®v
[\-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ {]mK-¤y-ap≈ DtZym-K-ÿsc krjvSn-t°-≠-Xm-h-
iy-am-Wv. tI{μ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬ [\, kmº-Øn-I Imcy-ßƒ
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ {]tXyI Bƒ C¥y k¿hokv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-
cp-≠v. (C-¥y≥ F°-tWm-anIv k¿ho-kv, C¥y≥ dh\yp k¿hokv
XpS-ßn-b-h) CØc-Øn¬ s{]m^j-W¬ tbmKy-X-bp-≈-hsc \nb-
an-°p-∂Xv XS-bm≥ sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse i‡-cmb t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-
Iƒ°v i‡n-bp-≠v. sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v Poh-\-°m-cpsSbpw t{SUv bqWn-
b≥ Xm¬]-cy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \oßm≥ a{¥n-am¿°v Ign-hn-√. [\-`-
cWw ¢dn-°¬ tIU-dn-ep-≈-h¿ \S-Øp-∂-Xp-aq-e-amWv [\-`-cWw
C{Xbpw IpØ-gn-™-Xm-Im-\p≈ Hcp {][m\ Imc--Ww. ct≠m, aqt∂m
h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ Hcp s{]m-tam-j≥ \¬Ip∂ coXn sk{I-´-dn-tb-
‰n\p ]pd-Øp≈ hIp-∏p-I-fnse DtZym-K-ÿ-¿°n-√.
190
]ńI 5.41
^n\m≥kv hIp-∏nse Ãm^v LS\
Im‰-Kdn am¿®v am¿®v h¿≤\w
2008 2016 (i-Xa- m-\w)
sk{I-´-dnbpw AXn\v apI-fn-ep-≈-h¿ 3 3 0.0
kvs]jy¬ sk{I-´dn ˛ 1 ˛
AUn-jW¬ sk{I-´dn 14 14 0.0
tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn 12 15 25.0
sU]yqń sk{I-´dn 12 14 16.7
A≠¿ sk{I-´dn 25 33 32.0
A°u≠v Hmô-k¿ 7 15 114.3
sk£≥ Hmô-k¿ (H.G) 49 45 (˛)8.2
Akn-Ã‚ v sk£≥ Hmô-k¿ ˛ 100 ˛
Hmôkv Akn-Ã‚ v 224 228 (˛)1.8
a‰p-≈-h¿ 222 345 55.4
samØw 608 868 42.8
Source: Appendix I, Kerala Budget 2016-17 (Details of staff)
sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse a‰p hIp-∏p-I-fnse ÿnXnbpw hyXy-kvX-a√.

¢dn-°¬ k¿ho-kn¬ Ib-dp-∂-h¿°v ct≠m aqt∂m h¿j-Øn-sem-
cn°¬ s{]mtamj≥ \¬In Db¿∂ XkvXn-I-I-fn-te°v Db¿Øp∂
coXn-bmWp≈-Xv. sk{I-´-dn-tb‰v XpS-ßnb Imew apXep≈ coXn-bmWv
A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pw AXv XpS-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv Poh-\-°m-cpsS
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ AanX s{]mtamj≥
km[y-X-Iƒ sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n\p ]pd-Øp≈ ¢dn-°¬ Poh-\-°m¿°v
C√ F∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n\p ]pdØp≈ hIp-∏p-I-
fnse Poh-\°
- msc aq∂mw-InS ]uc-∑m-cm-bmWv sk{I-´d- n-tb‰v _yqtdm-
{Ikn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Xß-fmWv k¿°msc∂pw _m°n-bp-≈-h¿
aq∂mw-InS k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ F∂p≈XmWv \ne-]m-Sv. sk{I-´-dn-
tb-‰nse Hcp ¢m¿°v a‰p hIp-∏n-I-fnse ¢m¿°pw XΩn¬ iºfkvsI-
bn-en¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. BZysØbmƒ H∂mw-InS DtZym-K-ÿ\pw
191
c≠m-a-sØ-bmƒ aq∂mw-InS°mc-\p-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. sk{I-

´-dn-tb-‰nse ¢m¿°n\v s{]mtamj≥ hgn AUn-j-W¬ sk{I-´dnhsc-
bmbn Db-cmw. CXc hIp-∏p-If- nse ¢m¿°v Hcp Hmôkv kq{]-≠mtbm
BZy t{KUv Kk-‰Uv Hmô-k-dmtbm hnc-an-°pw. sk{I´dn-tb-‰v, a‰p
hIp-∏p-Iƒ F∂o hyXym-kan-√msX Hmtc tbmKy-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ ¢m¿°v-amsc dn{Iq´v sNøp∂ coXn-bp-≠m-h-Ww. Ch¿°v Htc
iºf kvsIbn¬ \¬I-Ww. sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse ¢m¿°v ^yqU¬
{]am-Wnbpw a‰p k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fnse ¢m¿°v ASn-bm-\p-sa∂
^yqU¬ _yqtdm-{Ikn coXn Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy k¿°m-cn\v `qjWa√.
12) a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^v
a{¥n-am¿°v Xß-fpsS Hmô-knepw hońepw {]h¿Øn-°m≥
t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns\ \nb-an-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ss{]h‰v sk{I-´-dn, ¢dn-
°¬ Ãm^v, A‰≥U¿, Ip°v, ss{Uh¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv t]gvkW≥
Ãm^n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 2008¬ apJy-a-{¥n-bp-sSbpw a{¥n-am-cp-sSbpw
t]gvkW- ¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw 509 Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2016¬ 640 Bbn h¿≤n®p.
]ńI 5.42¬ a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvkW
- ¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
F´p h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆ-Øn¬ 26 iX-
am\w h¿≤-\-bp-≠v. 2008¬ Hcp a{¥n°v icm-icn 27 t]¿ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂Xv 2016¬ 32 Bbn h¿≤n-®p. tI{μ k¿°m-cnse Hcp a{¥nbv°v 15
t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^v am{Xsa D≈p. B \nebv°v t\m°p-tºmƒ
kwÿm-\sØ a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw hfsc
IqSp-X-em-Wv. X∑qew Cu C\-Øn¬ A\m-h-iy-ambn h≥ XpI sNe-
hm-°p-∂p.
a{¥n-am-cpsS Ãm^v c≠p hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. kwÿm\
k¿ho-knep≈hcpw A√msX \nb-an-°p-∂-h-cpw. kwÿm\ k¿Δokn-
ep≈h¿°v k¿ho-kn-ep-≈-t∏mƒ In´p∂ iº-fhpw a‰p Ae-h≥kp-
Ifpw e`n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ A√msX \nb-an-°p-∂-h¿°v c≠p h¿jw
tPmen-sN-bvXm¬ an\naw s]≥j\v A¿l-X-bp-≠v. Cu s]≥j≥
B\p-Iqeyw t\Sm≥ th≠n Nne a{¥n-- am¿ c≠p h¿jw XnI-bp-tºmƒ
\ne-hn-ep≈hsc ]ncn-®p-hn´v ]pXnb Bfp-Isf \nb-an-°m-dp-≠v.
k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ ]Øp h¿jw k¿hokp ]q¿Ønbm-b-h¿t°
an\naw s]≥j\v A¿l-X-bp-≈p. c≠p h¿jw tPmen sNbvX-h¿°v
s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v \oXo-I-c-W-an-√. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ IqSn A[n-
192
]ńI 5.42
apJy-a{- ¥n-bpsSbpw a{¥n-am-cp-sSbpw t]gvkW
- ¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw
Ãm^v hn`mKw am¿®v am¿®v h¿≤\w
2008 2016 (i-X-am-\w)
1)Akn-Ã‚ v sk{I-´dnbpw AXn\p
apI-fnepw 139 192 38.1
2) ¢dn-°¬ Ãm^v 229 226 (˛)1.3
3) A‰≥U¿, Ip°v, emÃv t{KUv 141 222 57.4
4) samØw Ãm^v 509 640 25.7
5) Hcp a{¥n-bpsS Hmô-kn-ep≈
icm-icn Poh-\-°m¿ 27 32 18.5
Source: GOK, 2016, Appendix I, Kerala Budget 2016-17 (Details of staff)
Im-c-Øn¬ hcp∂ Hcp k¿°m-cn\v A©p h¿j Imem-h[nbp≠v.

A©p h¿j-sa-¶nepw a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^mbn \nb-an-°p-
∂-h¿°p s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Ipd-s®-¶nepw \oXn-I-c-W-ap-≠v.
F∂m¬ `mhn kmº-ØnI _m[y-I-sfm∂pw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX c≠p
h¿jw k¿Δo-kn-ep-≈-h¿°pw s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂Xv ip≤ [q¿-Øm-
Wv. Cu [\ [q¿Øv \SØn \nIpXn ]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬
`cW˛{]-Xn-]£ t`Z-sas\y cm{„ob ]m¿ń-Iƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p. CXv
k¿Δ km[m-c-W-amb \m´p \S-∏m-sW-∂mWv \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob t\Xm-
°-fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. Cu [\-[q¿Øv \S-Øp-∂-Xv P\-ß-fpsS \nIpXn
]W-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®m-sW∂v Ah¿ ad-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
13) hIp∏v hn`-P\ [q¿Øv
tIcfw t]mse 14 Pn√-Iƒ am{X-ap≈ Hcp sIm®p kwÿm-\Ø - n\v
`cW \S-Øn-∏n\v \qdn-e-[nIw hIp-∏p-I-fpsS Bh-iy-an-√. _yqtdm-
{Ikn hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n Poh-\-°m-cpsS kwL-S-\-Ifpw a‰p
ÿm]nX Xm¬]-cy-°mcpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp am¿§w hIp-∏p-Isf
hn`-Pn®p sNdnb hIp-∏p-I-fm-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. hnI-k-\-Øn\v hIp∏v
hn`-P\w A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ {]Xy-b-imkv{XamWv ÿm]nX Xm¬]-
cy-°m¿ CXn\p th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. hIp∏p hn`-Pn®p sNdnb
hIp-∏p-I-fm-°p-∂-Xp-aqew ]pXnb Ub-d-IvS¿ XkvXn-Ibpw a‰p D∂X
193
XkvXn-I-Ifpw krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IqSp-X¬ D∂X XkvXn-I-

Iƒ, Poh-\-°m¿, hml-\-ßƒ, a‰p kuI-cy-ßƒ F∂nh ]pXnb
hIp-∏n\p e`n-°p-∂p. 2016-˛17se _P‰v A\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\Øv 114
hIp-∏p-I-fp-≠v. H≥]Xv hIp-∏p-I-fnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw 30¬
Xmsg-bm-Wv. Hcp D]-h-Ip-s∏∂ ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw kzX{¥
hIp-∏mbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
Htc kz`m-h-Øn-ep≈ taJ-ebv°v H∂n¬ A[nIw hIp-∏p-Iƒ
D≠v. DZm-l-cWambn lb¿ sk°‚dn FUyq-t°-j≥, shmt°j-
W¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn FUyq-t°-j≥ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, hyh-km-b-Øn\v
hyh-kmb hIp-∏n\v ]pdsa lm≥Uveq-an\pw Ib-dn\pw {]tXyI hIp-
∏p-I-fp-≠v. 13 Poh-\-°m-cp≈ kmwkvIm-cnI hIp∏pw 18 Poh-\-°m-
cp≈ kmwkvIm-cnI Ub-d-IvS-td-‰p-ap-≠v. {]n‚nwKv B‚ v tÃj-\dn
hIp-∏ns\ hn`-Pn®v c≠m°n am‰n. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn, ]ńI h¿§-Øn\p
{]tXyI hIp-∏p-If - p-≠.v \K-cI
- m-cy-ßƒ°v Tu¨ B‚ v I¨{Sn πm\nßv,
A¿_≥ A^-tbgvkv F∂o c≠p hIp-∏p-I-fp-≠v. Xpd-apJ Imcy-
ßƒ°v t]m¿´v hIp∏pw lm¿_¿ F©n-\o-b-dnwKv hIp-∏p-ap-≠v.
sse{_dn \S-Øn-∏n\pw ayqknbw, arK-ime \S-Øn-∏n\pw {]tXyI
hIp-∏p-If - p≠v. Cu hIp∏v krjvSn-°¬ ˛ hnπ-h-Øns‚ apJy e£yw
A\m-h-iy-amb Ub-d-IvS¿ a‰p D∂X XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn®v [\-
[q¿Øv \S-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Htc taJ-e-bn¬ H∂n-e-[nIw hIp-∏p-Iƒ
krjvSn®v `cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xp-aqew ]e {]iv\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. H∂v,
Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ c≠v hIp-∏p-Iƒ c≠p kao-]-\-ßfpw \b-ß-fpw
kzoI-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. c≠v, Hcp hnj-bsØ ka-{K-
ambn I≠v \b-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p. aq∂v, hIp∏p
ta[m-hn-Ifpw CutKm-Ifpw hy‡n Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw aqew hIp-∏p-Iƒ
XΩn¬ X√m-\p≈ {]h-W-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. \mev, ]pXnb hIp-∏p-Iƒ
XpS- ß p- ∂ - X n\pw \S- Ø p- ∂ - X n\pw h≥tXm- X n- e p≈ [\- _ m- [ yX
krjvSn-°p∂p.
`cWw Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw samØØn-ep≈ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw
[\-[q¿Øv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Htc taJ-e-bn-ep≈ hIp-∏p-Isf
kwtbm-Pn-∏ nt°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. ]pXnb hIp∏v krjvSn-°-en\v
Fs¥ms° t\-´-ßƒ ]d-™mepw ê-Øn¬ A[nI DtZym-Kÿ
XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂, [\-sN-ehv h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ [\-[q¿Øn-
\n-S-bm-°p∂ _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k-\-Ønse FØn-t®-cp-I-bp-≈p.
194
14) ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j≥

kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿,-
A¿≤ k¿°m¿, kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m¿
XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-t°≠ ÿm]-\-amWv.
a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ s]mXpta-Jem tPmen-Iƒ°p th≠n A`y-
kvX-hn-Zy¿ At]-£-I-cm-bp≈ kwÿm-\-am-Wv tIcfw. ]ªnIv
k¿hokv IΩn-j\v 1640 Poh-\-°m-cp≈ henb `cW kwhn-[m-\-ap≠v.
F∂m¬, IΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂Xv sNb¿-
am\pw AwK-ß-fpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ IΩn-j-\m-Wv. hnhn[ XkvXn-I-Ifn¬
DtZym-K-ÿsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tXyI {]mK-¤yhpw B taJ-
e-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\s-- Ø-°p-dn®v Adnhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. F∂m¬
kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-js‚ AwK-ßf - m-Ip-∂h
- ¿°v {]tXyI
tbmKyX Bh-iy-an-√. km£-c-X-bp≈ B¿°pw IΩn-j≥ AwK-am-
I-W-sa-∂-XmWv \ΩpsS \m´p-\-S-∏v. cmjv{Sob ]cn-K-W\ h®v cmjv-
{Sob t\Xm-°-sfbpw a‰pw IΩn-j≥ AwK-ambn \nb-an-°p-∂p. ChnsS
cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p th≠n-am{Xw {]h¿Øn-®-h¿°v \njv]-
£-ambn DtZym-K-ÿsc sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-tam-sb-∂Xv hen-
sbmcp tNmZy-am-Wv. cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ°v a{¥nbmIm-sa-¶n¬ F¥p-
sIm≠v IΩn-j≥ AwK-am-bn-°qSm F∂-XmWv CXn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn.
c≠m-asØ {]iv\w IΩn-js‚ hen-∏-am-Wv. 2016¬ IΩn-js‚ apgp-
h≥ AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw 21 BWv. Hcp apgp-h≥ kab AwK-Øn\v
iº-fw, a‰p B\p-Iq-ey-ß-ƒ, HutZym-KnI hml-\w, Xma-kn-°m≥
hoSv XpS-ßnb B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. am{X-a√
- , IΩn-j≥ Imemh[n
Ign-™m¬ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ s]≥j\pw e`n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm AwK-
Øn\pw th≠n h≥ XpI k¿°m¿ sNehm-°p-∂p. C{Xbpw hen-∏-
ap≈ Hcp IΩn-js‚ Bhiyw tIc-f-Øn-\pt≠m F∂-XmWv {]k-
‡-amb tNmZyw. a≤y-{]-tZiv ]n.-F-kv.-kn°v sNb¿am≥ Dƒs∏sS
aq∂p AwK-ßƒ am{X-ta-bp-≈p. alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ A©p t]¿ am{Xw.
B mw, _olm¿, HUnj, ]›na _wKmƒ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
sNb¿am≥ AS°w Bdv t]tc-bp-≈p. tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ apgp-h≥
DtZym-K-ÿsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ bqWn-b≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-
j\v sNb¿am-\-S°w ]Xn-s\m∂v AwK-ß-sfbp≈p. CXn¬ \n∂v
kwÿm-\-Øn\v C{Xbpw hen-∏-ap≈ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-js‚
195
Bh-iy-an-√-sb∂v hy‡-am-Wv. k¿°mcn\v Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ Ipsd

t]¿°v P\-ß-fpsS \nIpXn ]W-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v BUw-_c PohnXw
\S-Øm≥ kuI-cy-samcp°p∂ [\-[q¿Ømbn am{Xta CXns\ ImWm-
\m-Iq. \ne-hnse AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw aq∂n¬ H∂mbn Ipd-bvt°-≠-
XmWv A`n-Im-ayw.
15) P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ ]e B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°v A¿l-
cm-Wv. AXn¬ H∂mWv NnIn’m B\p-Iq-eyw. Fw.-F¬.-F-am¿°pw,
ap≥ Fw.-F¬.-F-am¿°pw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-ßƒ°pw ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ
NnIn’m sNehv \S-Ømw. CØ-cØ - n-ep≈ sNehv k¿°m-cmWv hln-
°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]gp-Xp-]-tbm-Kn®v 1.9 tImSn-tbmfw cq] NnIn-’bv°v
th≠n sNe-h-gn® P\-{]-Xn-\n-[nbpw \Ωp-sS \mń-ep-≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬
\ΩpsS Ct∏mgp≈ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ap≥ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw sNehp
\S-Øn-bm¬ k¿°m¿ IpØp-]m-f-sb-Sp-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√.
CXns\ P\-ß-fpsS \nIpXn ]Ww sIm≈b-Sn-°p∂ Hcp ]I¬-
sIm≈-bmbn am{Xsa ImWm≥ Ign-bq. P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒt°m, ap≥
P\-{]-Xn-\n[nIƒt°m, a{¥nam¿t°m CØ-c-Øn¬ ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ
B\p-Iqeyw \¬Ip-∂Xv icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-b-√. \¬Ip∂ GXv B\p-
Iq-ey-Øn\pw ]cn[n \n›-bn-°-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ [\-[q¿Øn\v
Hcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an-√.
16) tami-amb hnI-k\ t{]m-P-IvSp-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v
hnhn[ kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw ÿm]nX Xm¬]-cy-°m¿°pw
th≠n [\-[q¿Øv \S-Øp-hm≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v henb Bth-i-amWv.
F∂m¬ \mńse hnI-k-\-Øn\v th≠n-bp≈ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ \S-∏n-
em-°m≥ Hcm-th-i-hp-an-√. kwÿm\ Akwªn sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬
GXm≠v F√m ÿm\m¿∞n-I-fpw P\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p∂ ap{Zm-hmIyw Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. “aWvU-e-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-
Øn-\p-th≠n Fs∂ hnP-bn-∏n-°p-I”. cmjv{Sob ap∂Wn-Iƒ sXc-
s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ Xß-fpsS {]I-S\ ]{Xn-I-I-fn¬ hnI-k-\-amWv apJy
AP≠-sb∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CØcw {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ°v
sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ hnP-bn-°m-\p≈ ]c-ky-sa-∂-Xn¬ Ihn™v henb
{]m[m\yw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-h¿ \¬Ip-∂n-√.
196
Cu {]Jym-]-\-ß-fpsS Hcw-iw-t]mepw hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS

\S-Øn-∏n¬ \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. sXc-s™-Sp∏v Ign-bp-tºmƒ
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw a{¥n-amcpw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Ifpw Xß-fpsS hnI-
k\ {]Jym-]\ - ß- ƒ
- ad-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ aq∂p h¿j-°mew hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \S-Ønb G‰hpw
henb A≥]Xp hnI-k\ t{]mP-IvSp-IfpsS ]≤Xn sNehv ]cn-tim-
[n°mw. ]ńI 5.43¬ G‰hpw henb 50 t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS samØw
_P‰v Atem-°-j\pw sNehpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2012-˛13¬ Cu t{]mP-
IvSp-Iƒ°p-th≠n sImSpØ XpI-bpsS 70 iX-am\w am{Xta sNehm-
°nbp-≈p. F∂m¬ 2013-˛14-¬ Cu t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°p-th≠n sNe-hm-
°n-bXv 59 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wv. AXm-bXv 41 iX-am\w XpIbpw
sNe-hm-°m≥ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v
Ign-™n-√. 2014-˛15¬ Cu t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°p th≠n sNe-hm-°n-bXv
]≤Xn XpI-bpsS 69.8 iX-am-\-am-Wv. Cu kmº-ØnI h¿jw \S-∏n-
em-°nb t{]mP-IvSp-I-fn¬ 28 FÆ-Øn\v ]≤Xn XpI apgp-h≥ sNe-
hm-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. kwÿm-\-Ønse G‰hpw henb t{]mP-IvSp-
Iƒ°v Cu ÿnXn-bm-sW-¶n¬ a‰p sNdp-InS t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS \S-
Øn-∏ns‚ \ne-hmcw Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p. h≥InS t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ
Imcy-£-a-ambpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambpw \S-∏m-°m≥ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-
Ifpw, a{¥n-amcpw, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xns\bmWv CXv
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
]ńI 5.43
kwÿm-\sØ G‰hpw henb 50 t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS
]≤Xn sNehv * (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw _P‰v sNehv sNehv
Atem-t°-j≥ (i-X-am-\w)
2012-˛13 3269.88 2301.11 70.4
2013-˛14 5168.48 3055.53 59.1
2014-˛15 7030.80 4905.21 69.8
* _P‰v Atem-t°-j\pw sNehpw D≈ C\-ßƒ am{Xw.
Source: CAG, Finance Accounts 2014-15, Vol.II
197
ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bmØ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ

2014-˛15se kn.-F.-Pn-bpsS dnt∏m¿-ń¬ Hcp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw XpI-
bp≈ ]q¿Øn-bm-Im-\m-hmØ t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS ]ńI \¬In-bn-´p-
≠v. (CAG, Finance, Accounts 2014-15, Vol.II) t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ \S-∏n-em°n
XpS-ßnb h¿jhpw, ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \n›-bn® Imehpw Ct∏m-gsØ
Ah-ÿbpw Cu ]ń-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Xøm-dm-°nb kw{Klw ]ńI 5.44¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. F´v C\-ßf - n-embn
\S-∏n-em-°nb t{]mP-IvSp-If - psS \S-Øn-∏ns‚ hnh-cß - ƒ e`y-am-Wv.
]ńI 5.44
Hcp tImSn-°p-ta¬ XpI-bp-≈ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°mØ
t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS FÆw
C\ßƒ t{]mPIvSv t{]mP-ISv p- ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ 2015epw
XpS-ßnb I-fpsS \n›bn®Imew ]q¿Øn--
h¿jw FÆw (h¿jw) bm-°mØh
bpsS FÆw
1. a’y-_-‘\ 1994 1 12 1
Xpd-apJw 2000 1 2 1
2006-˛12 4 1 4
2. I\m¬ 2010 1 2 1
3. IS¬ B{I-aWw 2010-˛12 10 (1-˛2) 10
XS-b¬
4. Pe-tk-N\ 1991 1 1 1
]≤Xn 2008-˛12 3 1 3
5. sIń-S-ßƒ 1999 2 (3-˛7) 2
2006-˛13 60 (1-˛2) 60
2007-˛13 7 (3-˛5) 7
6. ]me-ß-ƒ 2009-˛13 51 (1-˛3) 51
7. tdmUp-Iƒ 2009-˛14 94 (1-˛3) 94
8. tZiob ]mX-Iƒ 2012 1 1 1
samØw ˛ 236 ˛ 236
{_m°-‰n¬: ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \n›-bn® h¿j-ßƒ.
Source: CAG, Finance Accounts 2014-15, Vol.II
198
a’y-_-‘\ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS Bdp t{]mP-IvSp-I-fmWv \S-∏n-

em-°n-b-Xv. 1994¬ XpS-ßnb Ago°¬ Im¿tKm Xpd-apJ ]≤Xn 15.75
tImSn cq]-bpsS FÃn-ta-‰-\p-k-cn®v ]{¥≠p h¿jw-sIm≠v ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m≥ e£y-an-ń-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 21 h¿jw-sIm≠v 23.64 tImSn cq]
sNe-h-gn-®n´pw t{]mPIvSv ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. 2000¬ c≠p
h¿jwsIm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb a‰p a’y-_-‘-\, Xpd-
apJ t{]mPIvSv 15 h¿jw Ign-™n´pw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n-√. Hcp h¿jw-
sIm≠v \S∏n-em-°m≥ Dt±-in® a‰p \mep a’y-_-‘\ Xpd-ap-J-ß-
fpambn _‘-s∏´ t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.
ISem{I-aWw XS-bm≥ th≠n Ip´-\m-ń¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb 10 ]≤-Xn-I-
fp-sSbpw ÿnXnbpw hyXy-kvX-a-√. 1991¬ XpS-ßnb as‰mcp kv]n¬th
t{]mPIv S v 24 h¿jw Ign- ™ n´pw ]q¿Øo- I cn- ° m≥ Ign™n√.
Ht∂m ct≠m h¿j-ßƒsIm≠v ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ e£y-an´p
XpS-ßnb 60 sIńS t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n-√. H∂p apX¬
aq∂p h¿jw sIm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ e£yan´p XpS-ßnb 51 ]me-
ß-fp-sSbpw 94 tdmUp-If- p-sSbpw ]Wnbpw ]q¿Øo-Ic
- n-°m≥ Ign-™n√.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ Hcp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw XpI-bp≈ 236 t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ ka-
b-_‘n-X-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p∂-Xn¬ hogvN-bp-≠m-bn.
hnI-k\ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xnse A\m-ÿbpw sISp-
Im-cy-ÿ-Xbpw Aew-`m-h-sØ-bp-amWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. t{]mP-
IvSp-IfpsS \S-Øn∏v k¿°m¿ Imcyw apd-t]mse F∂ \ne-]mSmWv
_‘-s∏-´-h¿°v. t{]mPIvSv \S-Øm≥ DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏´ hIp∏v DtZym-
K-ÿ¿, hIp∏v ta[m-hn-Iƒ, hIp∏v a{¥n F∂nh¿°v CXn¬ DØ-c-
hm-Zn-Xz-an-√mØ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu IpØ-gn™ ÿnXn-s°-Xnsc
i_vZn-°m≥ hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n thm´p tNmZn®p Pbn® P\-{]-Xn-
\n-[n-Isfbpw ImWm-\n-√. Cu ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Ah-ÿbv°p am‰w-
h-cmsX kwÿm\Øn\v hnI-k-\- cw-KØv apt∂-dm≥ Ign-bn√ F∂Xv
\nkvX¿°-amb Imcy-am-Wv. hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬
hnP-bn°m\pw a‰p cmjv{Sob t\´-ßƒ D≠m-°m-\p≈ {]N-cW ]cn-
]m-Sntbm ]c-ky-ßtfm As√∂p \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n Kuc-
h-ambn \S-∏n-em-t°≠ Imcy-ß-fm-sW-∂p-ap≈ ImgvN-∏mSv DtZym-K-
ÿ¿, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, a{¥n-am¿ F∂n-h¿°v D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-
°p∂p.
199
ASp-Ø-Xmbn hm¿jnI ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v tami-am-Im-\p≈ Imc-

W-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. tIcf ]ªnIv FIvks v ]≥Un-®¿ dnhyq IΩn‰n
2012¬ 13 hIp-∏p-I-fnse ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v tami-am-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ IΩn‰n Is≠-Øn-
bXv Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. H∂v, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v kmt¶-
XnI ta≥a-bp-≈Xpw th≠{X \ne-hm-c-ap-≈Xpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn
\S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ D≠m-°m-\p≈ Ign-
hn-√m-bva. c≠v, hni-Z-amb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂Xv an°-t∏mgpw
]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°p∂ L´-Øn¬ am{Xw. aq∂v, t{]mPIvSv s{]mt∏mk-
ep-Iƒ `c-Wm-\p-a-Xn°v th≠n Ab-bv°m≥ C˛-sa-bn¬ kwhn-[m-\-
an-√m-Ø-Xv. \mev, Hcp t{]mPIvSv \S-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb th≠{X XpI
A\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xp-aqew. A©v, t{]mPIvSv cq]o-I-cWw, `c-Wm-\p-aXn
hmß¬, \S-Øn∏v F∂n-hbv°v hIp-∏n¬ B¿°pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-
√mØ Ah-ÿ. Bdv, _UvP-‰n¬ t{]mPIvSp-IfpsS ]ńI slUv-
shbv-km-bmWv \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv A√msX hIp-∏-\p-k-cn-®√ F∂Xv
Nn¥m-Ip-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. Ggv, kmº-ØnI h¿jw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v
apºv _P‰v ]mkm-°p-∂n-√. hIp-∏p-Iƒ _P‰v ]m m-°p-∂-Xp-hsc
ImØn-cn-°p-∂p. F´v, t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS \S-Øn-∏n-\p≈ sS≥U¿ \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ sshIp-I, Imem-\p-k-cWw km[m-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS \nc°v
h¿-≤n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, th≠{X D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw Imcy-ti-jn-bp≈
tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am-cpsS A`mhw F∂nh ]≤-Xn- \S-Øn∏v tami-am-
°p∂p. H≥]-Xv, `qan Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ime-Xm-a-kw, tdmUv hoXn-
Iq-´¬, amen\y \n¿Ωm¿÷\w XpS-ßnb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m\p≈
s]mXpP-\-ß-fpsS FXn¿∏v, hIp-∏p-I-fpsS GtIm-]-\-an-√mbva F∂nh
]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏v tami-am-°p-∂p. ]Øv, tI{μm-hn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v
th≠ am®nwKv {Km‚ v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \¬Im-ØXpw ]q¿Øn-
bm-°nb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°v bYm-k-abw bqń-sse-tk-j≥ k¿ń-^n-
°‰v \¬Im-ØXpw t{]mPIvSv s{]mt∏mk¬ bYm-ka - bw \¬Im-ØXpw
]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v tami-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw `c-W˛km-t¶-XnI A-\p-aXnIƒ
F∂nh \¬IpI, Bh-iy-amb ]Ww A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, \S-Øn∏v tamWn-
‰¿ sNøpI F∂-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw hIp∏v ta[m-hn-Iƒ°m-Wv.
F∂m¬ ]≤Xn cq]o-I-c-Whpw \S-Øn∏pw Kuc-h-I-c-ambn ImWm\pw
200
ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw hIp∏v ta[m-hn-Iƒ

s]mXphn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v tami-am-°p-∂-
Xns‚ aqe-Im-c-W-am-Wv. Hmtcm h¿jhpw \S-∏n-em-°p∂ hm¿jnI
]≤-Xn-b-h-tem-I\w sNøp-Ibpw 80 iX-am\w ]≤Xn XpI-sb-¶nepw
sNe-hm-°m≥ Ign-bmØ hIp-∏p-Isf ]≤Xn tami-ambn \S-Ønb
hIp-∏p-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°-Ww. ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏ns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw
hIp∏p sk{I-´-dnbpw a{¥nbpw Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww. Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√mØ \ne-
bn¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°mØ hIp∏v sk{I-´-dn-bpsS t]cn¬ A®-
S° \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. \mSns‚ hnIk\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-
em-°m≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ hIp∏p a{¥n kzbw cmPn-h-bv°-Ww. CØ-c-
Øn¬ ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏ns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw _‘-s∏-´-h¿ Gs‰-Sp-
°msX ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v Imcy-£-a-am-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.
D]-kw-lmcw
apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb sNe-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-I-e\w D]-kw-l-
cn-°mw. (1) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc dh\yq sNe-hp-
Iƒ AYhm \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ IpXn-®p-b-cp-∂p. CXv \nd-th-
‰m≥ th≠n Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn ISsaSpØ XpI-bmWv
hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. (2) \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥
th≠n aqe-[\ sNehv shń-°p-d-bv°p-∂p. (3) 1980-Iƒ apX¬ D≠mb
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A©v h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-∏n-em-
°p∂ iºf˛- s ]≥j≥ ]cn- j v I m- c - ß - f pw h¿j- Ø n¬ icm- i cn
\¬Ip∂ c≠v Un.F h¿≤-\-I-fp-amWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS aqe-Im-
c-W-sa∂v ImWmw. (4) 1983\ptijw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Ggv iº-f-
˛-]-cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°n. 1983¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ kvsIbnense
ASn-ÿm\ an\naw iºfw 3700 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2014¬ 93000 cq]-bmbn
h¿≤n-®p. Hmtcm iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ A[nI [\-
_m-[yX dh\yq IΩn \nc°v AXmXv h¿j-ß-fn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
(5) c≠m-asØ G‰hpw henb sNe-hn-\-amb kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ So®nwKv {Km‚pw dn´-b¿ sNbvX-
h¿°v \¬Ip∂ s]≥j\pw h≥ [\-_m-[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. th≠{X
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ C√mØ ÿm]-\ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-I, tPmen-bn-√mØ
Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v A≤ym-]-I¿°v iºfw \¬IpI, πkvSp taJ-e-
bn¬ H´-\-h[n ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°pI XpS-ßn-bh k¿°m-cn\v
201
h≥ _m[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. (6) k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßfpw FbvUUv

ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ samØw hnZym-`ymk taJ-ebv°p sNehv
òa-am-Wv. k¿°m¿ dh\yp hcp-am-\Øns‚ aq∂n¬ H-t∂mfw CXn-\p-
th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂p. Cu sNehv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ k¿°m¿
Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂n-√. (7) s]mXp ISw XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p∂-
Xp-aqew ]eni sNehpw KWy-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. 2011-˛12-\p-tijw
dh\yp sNe-hns‚ 14 iX-am-\w ]en-i-bn-\-Øn¬ sNe-h-gn-°p∂p (8)
`c-Ww, Bkq-{XWw F∂o cwK-ß-fnse hntI-{μo-I-c-Whpw, {]mtZ-
inI k¿°m-cp-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp
{][m\ e£y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ImcWw {]mtZ-inI
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v A¿l-X-s∏´ kwÿm\ \nIpXn hnlnXw \¬Ip-
∂n-√. (9) kmaq-lnI kpc£m s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-fnse KpW-t`m‡m-
°-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw s]≥j≥ \nc-°nepw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-
aqew Cu C\-Ønse sNehv XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p∂p. A\¿l-
cmb H´-\h - [n t]¿°v {]mtZ-inI cmjv{Sob Xm¬]cyw aqew s]≥j≥
\¬Ip-∂p. (10) k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-I-fpsS \S-Øn-∏v, k¿°m¿ hml\-
ßƒ°p≈ sNehv, DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS bm{Xm-sN-ehv XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿ hml-\-ßƒ°p
th≠n am{Xw {]Xn-h¿jw \qdp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw XpI sNe-hm-°p∂p.
(11) k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n \S-Øp∂
_yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w h≥ [\ _m[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. A\m-h-
iy-amb Ht´sd s{]mtamj≥ XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-I, hIp-∏p-Isf
hn`-Pn®v ]pXnb hIp∏v krjvSn-°p-I, A[nI XkvXn-I-I-ƒ krjvSn-
°m≥ th≠n sU]yq-t´-j≥ DZm-c-am-°p-I, XkvXn-I-I-fpsS t]cv am‰n
IqSp-X¬ iºfw \¬Ip-I, a{¥namcpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw
h¿≤n∏n°pI, ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j≥ AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-
∏n-°pI XpSßnbh _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Nne DZm-l-c-W-
ß-fm-Wv. (12) C˛-K-th-W≥kv \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xp-aqew sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆw Ipd-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ C˛-K-th-W≥kv
Hcp hiØpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\hpw
adp-h-iØv D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. (13) apI-fn¬ hnh-cn® C\-ß-
fn-ep≈ sNehv \nb-{¥n®v [\-[q¿Øv XS-bm≥ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬
kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-an-√.
202
kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm]nX Xm¬]-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw Xm¬]-cy-

ßƒ°v FXn-cmbn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-
cy-an-√. (14) \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw P\-t£-a-Øn\pw A\n-hm-cy-
amb hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰p {][m\ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-fp-
sSbpw \SØn∏v ka-b-_-‘n-X-amb \S-∏nem°m≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v
Ign-bp-∂n-√. Hcp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw XpI-bp≈ 236 {][m\ hnI-k\
t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ Imcy-£-ambn \S-Ømt\m ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn ]q¿Øo-
I-cn-°mt\m Ign-™n-ń-s√∂v kn.-F.-Pn. 2014-˛15se dnt∏m¿ń¬ Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (15) tIcf kwÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-®n´v Bdv Zim_vZw
Ign™n´pw C{Xbpw ImesØ ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏v A\p-`-h- ]-cn-N-b-ap-
≠m-bn´pw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v Imcy-£a-ambpw ka-
b-_-‘n-X-ambpw Hcp h≥InS hnI-k\ t{]mPIvSv cq]o-I-cn-°mt\m
\S-∏n-em-°mt\m D≈ Imcy-{]m]vXn CXphsc B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n-
ń-√. ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏n\v t\XrXzw \¬tI≠ hIp∏p ta[m-hn-Ifpw
hIp∏p a{¥nbpw ImgvN-°m-cmbn t\m°n \n¬°p-∂p.
203
A≤ymbw Bdv
s]mXpISw
Cu A[ym-bØ
- n¬ s]mXpI-SØ
- nse h¿≤-\w, B`y¥c hmbv]-
Iƒ, tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw, eLp kºm-Zyw,
t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, s]mXpIS kqNn-I-Iƒ, ISw hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-
∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ ]eni XpS-ßn-bh N¿® sNøp-∂p. s]mXp-ISw
F∂-Xn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv aq∂n-\-ß-fm-Wv. (1) B`y-¥c hmbv]-Iƒ,
(2) tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw, (3) eLp kºm-Zyhpw
t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠pw. F∂m¬ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw IS-_m-[yX
AYhm “^nkvI¬ eb-_n-en-‰n-”bn¬ s]mXpI-S-Øn\p ]pdsa dnk¿hv
^≠v, sUt∏m-kn-‰p-Ifpw AUzm≥kp-Ifpw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. dnk¿hv
^≠v, kn¶nwKv ^≠v, Uh-e-]vsa‚ v sh¬^-b¿ ^≠p-Iƒ F∂n-h-
bnse _m[y-X-I-fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv dnk¿hv ^≠v. tem°¬ ^≠v,
knhnƒ sUt∏m-kn-‰v, a‰p sUt∏m-kn-‰p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse [\-h-chpw
_m[y-X-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv sUt∏m-kn-‰p-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw.
1) s]mXpISw: {][m-\-bn-\-ßƒ
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ s]mXpISw 2001¬ 23, 919 tImSn cq]-
bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2011¬ 78, 673 tImSn-bmbpw 2015¬ 135, 440 tImSn-bmbpw
h¿[n-®p. ]ńI 6.1¬ 2011-\p-ti-ja
- p≈ samØw s]mXpI-Shpw AXns‚
LS-I-ß-fmb B`y-¥c hmbv]-Iƒ, tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw,
ap≥-Iq-dp-Ifpw, sNdp-InS kºm-Zyhpw, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v F∂nh
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
204
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.1
tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXpISw (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw B`y-¥c tI{μk¿°m¿ eLp kºm-Zyhpw samØw
ISw hmbv]-Ifpw t{]mhn-U‚ v ISw
ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw ^≠pw
2001 7627 6102 10190 23919
2002 9342 6346 11262 26950
2003 11747 6535 12778 31060
2004 17421 5628 14403 37452
2005 21676 5411 14791 41878
2006 25671 5417 14841 45929
2007 29969 5372 14534 49875
2008 34019 5533 15858 55410
2009 38814 6009 18477 63300
2010 43368 6305 21296 70969
2011 48528 6359 23786 78673
2012 55397 6396 27625 89418
2013 65628 6622 31311 103561
2014 76804 6662 35543 119009
2015 89068 7065 39307 135440
Source: GOK (2016): Budget in brief 2015-16
A`y-¥-c-ISw
H∂m-a-Xmbn B`y-¥c IS-Øns‚ h¿≤-\-bnepw LS-\-bnepw
h∂ am‰-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. Itºm-fw, F¬.-sF.kn, P\-d¬
C≥jp-d≥kv tIm¿∏-td-j≥, \_m¿Uv, \mj-W¬ tIm∏-td-‰ohv sUh-
e-]vsa‚ v tIm¿∏-td-j≥, a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-
°p∂ hmbv]-I-fmWv B`y-¥-c-I-Sw. 2001se [\-Imcy XI¿®sb
XpS-¿-∂p≈ \mep h¿j-ß-fn¬ B`y-¥-c-I-S-Øn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-
\-bp-≠m-bn. IS-Ønse {]Xn-h¿j h¿≤\w 22.5 apX¬ 48.3 iX-am\w
hsc-bm-bn-cp-∂p (]-ńI 6.2). 2004-emWv G‰hpw henb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-
205
b-Xv (48.3 iX-am-\w). F∂m¬ 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-s‚ BZy Zim_vZ

ImesØ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ B`y-¥c IS-Øns‚ {]Xn-h¿j h¿-
≤\ \nc-°n¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ 2012-\ptijw ho≠pw B`y-
¥c IS-Øns‚ hm¿jnI hf¿®m \nc°v h¿≤n-®p. B`y-¥c IS-
Øns‚ LS-\-bnepw 2001-\p-tijw henb am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
2001¬ samØw s]mXpI-S-Øn¬ B`y-¥-c-I-S-Øns‚ hnlnXw 32 iX-
am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2010¬ 61 iX-am-\-ambpw 2015¬ 66 iX-am-\-
ambpw h¿≤n®p (]-ńI 6.3). B`y-¥c hmbv]-bn-\-ß-fn¬ Itºmf
hmbv] IqSp-X¬ FSp-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xp-aq-e-amWv Cu am‰w D≠mbXv.
]ńI 6.2
s]mXpI-S-Øns‚ h¿≤\w (i-X-am-\w)
2001 ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛
2002 22.5 4.0 10.5 12.7
2003 25.7 3.0 13.5 15.3
2004 48.3 ˛13.9 12.7 20.6
2005 24.4 ˛3.9 2.7 11.8
2006 18.4 0.1 0.3 9.7
2007 16.7 ˛ 0.8 ˛2.1 8.6
2008 13.5 3.0 9.1 11.1
2009 14.1 8.6 16.5 14.2
2010 11.7 4.9 15.3 12.1
2011 11.9 0.9 11.7 10.9
2012 14.2 0.6 16.1 13.7
2013 18.5 3.5 13.3 15.8
2014 17.0 0.6 13.5 14.9
2015 16.0 6.0 10.6 13.8
206
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.3
s]mXpI-S-Øns‚ LS\ (i-X-am-\w)
2001 31.9 25.5 42.6 100.0
2002 34.7 23.5 41.8 100.0
2003 37.8 21.0 41.1 100.0
2004 46.5 15.0 38.5 100.0
2005 51.8 12.9 35.3 100.0
2006 55.9 11.8 32.3 100.0
2007 60.1 10.8 29.1 100.0
2008 61.4 10.0 28.6 100.0
2009 61.3 9.5 29.2 100.0
2010 61.1 8.9 30.0 100.0
2011 61.7 8.1 30.2 100.0
2012 62.0 7.2 30.9 100.0
2013 63.4 6.4 30.2 100.0
2014 64.5 5.6 29.9 100.0
2015 65.8 5.2 29.0 100.0
samØw B`y-¥c hmbv]b -- n¬ 81 iX-am-\hpw Itºmf hmbv]-
I-fmWv. 2015 am¿®n¬ hnhn[bn\-ß-fn¬ FSpØ B`y-¥c hmbv]-
bpsS hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI 6.4¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. \mj-W¬ kvtamƒ
tkhnwKv ^≠n-te-°p≈ {]tXyI skIyq-cn-‰n-bmWv c≠m-asØ
{][m\ hmbv]-bn-\w. samØw B`y-¥c hmbv]-I-fpsS 13 iX-am-\-
amWv Cu C\-Øn¬ FSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. F¬.-sF.-kn, \_m-¿Uv F∂n-
h-bn¬ \n∂v GXm≠v A©p iX-am\w hmbv] FSpØn´p≠v. a‰n-\-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v GXm≠v Hcp iX-am-\-tØmfw hmbv]-bmWv hmßn-bn-
´p-≈-Xv. hmbv] LS-\-bn¬ a‰n\w hmbv]-I-fn¬ \n∂v Itºmf hmbv]-
207
bn-te°p amdp∂ am‰w kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-Imcy Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°v

\√-Xm-Wv. ImcWw a‰p [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hmbv],
t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ Itºmf hmbv]-IfpsS ]eni
\nc°v Ipd-hm-Wv.
tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw
s]mXpI-S-Øn¬ c≠m-asØbn\w tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p≈
hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fp-am-Wv. t]meo-kv tamU-ssW-tk-j-≥, a‰p
t\m¨πm≥ hmbv], tªm°v hmbv], kwÿm\ ]≤Xn hmbv], \mj-
W¬ tem¨ kvtImf¿jn∏v F∂obn-\-ß-fn-ep≈ hmbv]-bmWv tI{μ
k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu C\-Øn-
ep≈ hmbv] 2001¬ 6102 tImSn-bm-bn-cp∂Xv 2011¬ 6359 Bbpw 2015¬
7065 Bbpw h¿≤n-®p. Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]-bn¬ Imcy-amb hm¿-
jnI h¿≤\w 2001-\p- ti-jw D≠m-bn-ń√ (]ńI 6.2). ]e h¿j-ß-
fnepw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]-I-fn¬ h¿≤-\-bv°p-]-Icw CSnhv
-D-≠m-b-Xmbn ImWmw. samØw s]mXpI-S-Øn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep-≈-
h-bpsS hnlnXØn¬ henb Ipd-hp-≠m-b-Xmbpw ImWmw. 2001¬
samØw s]mXpI-S-Øn¬ tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv] IfpsSbpw ap≥Iq-
dp-I-fpsS hnlnXw 25 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv 2006¬ 12 iX-am-\-
ambpw 2015¬ 5 iX-am-\-ambpw Ipd™p (]-ńI 6.3). Npcp-°-Øn¬
tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-I-fpsS hnln-X-Øn¬ henb Ipd-hp≠mIp∂
Hcp am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
ASp-ØX - mbn tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]I - fpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw GsX√mw
C\-ß-fm-sW∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-I-fp-sSbpw
ap≥Iq-dp-I-fp-sSbpw C\w Xncn-®p≈ 2015se IW°v ]ńI 6.5¬ \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. CXn¬ 70 iX-am-\hpw tªm°v hmbv]-I-fn¬ _m°n \n¬-
°p∂ XpI-bm-Wv. 2006-\p-tijw tªm°v hmbv]-Iƒ tI{μ k¿°m¿
\¬Ip-∂n-√. as‰mcp 29 iX-am\w kwÿm\ ]≤-Xn°p th≠n-bp≈
hmbv]-I-fm-Wv. a‰n-\-ßƒ°p≈ hmbv] ˛ t]meokv tamU-ssW-tk-
j≥, a‰p t\m¨ πm≥ hmbv]-Iƒ, \mj-W¬ tem¨ kvtImf¿jn∏v
hmbv] ˛ F∂n-h-bpsS hnlnXw Hcp iX-am-\-Øn¬ XmsgbmWv.
a‰n\w hmbv]-I-fpsS ]eni \nc-°n-s\-°mƒ Ipd™ ]en-i-bmWv
tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Iƒ°p \¬tI-≠-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu C\-Øn-
ep≈ hmbv]-Iƒ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw kwÿm-\-Øn\p e`n-°p-∂n-√.
208
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.4
B`y-¥c hmbv] (am¿®v 2015)
C\ßƒ hmbv] XpI iX-am\w
(cq] tImSn)
1. Itºmf hmbv]-Iƒ 71960 80.8
2. F¬.-sF.kn 2228 2.5
3. P\-d¬ C≥jp-d≥kv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 253 0.3
4. \_m¿Uv (NABARD) 2254 2.5
5. t_m≠p-Iƒ 117 0.1
6. \mj-W¬ tIm∏-td-‰ohv 333 0.4
sUh-e-]vsa‚ v tIm¿∏-td-j≥
7. a‰p ÿm]-\-ßƒ 117 0.1
8. {]tXyI skIyq-cn-‰okv (NSSF) 11806 13.2
samØw 89068 100.0
]ńI 6.5
tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-I-fpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw (am¿®v 2015)
C\ßƒ hmbv] XpI iX- am\w
(cq] tImSn)
1. t\m¨πm≥ hmbv]
(t]m-eokv tamU-ssW-tk-j≥) 22 0.3
2. tªm°v hmbv] 4964 70.3
3. kwÿm\ ]≤Xn hmbv] 2077 29.4
4. \mj-W¬ tem¨ kvtImf¿jn∏pw
a‰p-≈-hbpw 2 0.0
samØw 7065 100.0
209
eLp-k-ºm-Zy-ßfpw, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠pw

s]mXpI-S-Øns‚ aq∂m-asØbn\w eLp kºm-Zyw, t{]mhn-U‚ v
^≠v F∂n-hbmWv. CXv k©nX \n[n°p ]pd-Øp≈ ]ªnIv
A°u≠v hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ ISw 2001¬
10190 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2011¬ 23786 tImSn-bmbpw 2015¬ 39307
tImSn-bmbpw h¿≤n-®p. 2005 apX¬ 2007-h-sc-bp≈ h¿j-ß-sfmgn®m¬
Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-sb∂v
ImWmw (]ńI 6.2). samØw s]mXp IS-Øn¬ Cu C\-Øn-ep≈
hmbv]b - psS hnlnXw Ipd-bp∂ am‰-amWv 2001-\p-tijw D≠mbn´p-≈Xv.
2001 apX¬ 2003-hsc samØw s]mXpI-S-Øn¬ eLp kºm-Zy-ßƒ,
t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v F∂n-h-bpsS hnlnXw 40 iX-am-\-Øn\v apI-fn-
em-bn-cp∂p (]-ńI 6.3). F∂m¬ Cu hnlnXw 2011¬ 30 iX-am-\hpw
2015¬ 29 iX-am-\-hp-ambn Ipd-™p.
eLp-k-ºm-Zy-ßƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, C≥jp-d-≥-kv, s]≥j≥
^≠p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb C\-ßf - n¬ \n∂p e`n® hmbv] XpI ]ńI 6.6¬
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]-I-fn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw e`n°p-
∂Xv t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠n¬ \n∂mWv (49 iX-am-\w). k¿°m¿ DtZym-
K-ÿ¿ Xß-fpsS {]Xn-amk iº-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp sNdnb hnlnXw
t{]mhnU‚ v ^≠mbn \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Poh-\-°m¿ t{]mhn-U‚ v
^≠n-te°v \nt£-]n® XpI-bn¬ \n∂v Ah¿°v KUp-°-fmbn hmbv]
FSp-°m≥ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠n-te°p \nt£-]n®
XpIbv°v ]en-ibpw e`n-°p-∂p. {Sj-dn-I-fnse eLp kºmZy ]≤-
Xn-bn¬ \nt£-]n® sUt∏m-kn-‰mWv as‰mcn\w. samØw ]ªnIv
A°u-≠nse hmbv] XpI-bn¬ 40 iX-am-\hpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬
hcp-∂p. aq∂m-asØ C\w C≥jp-d≥kv, s]≥j≥ ^≠p-I-fm-Wv.
Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv] XpI samØw XpI-bpsS ]Øp iX-am-\-
tØm-f-am-Wv. Itºmf hmbv]-Iƒ, tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Iƒ F∂n-
h-sb-°mƒ Db¿∂ ]eni \nc-°mWv t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠n\pw eLp-
k-ºm-Zy-ßƒ°pw \¬tI≠-Xv.
210
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.6
eLp-k-ºm-Zy-ßƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v XpS-ßn-bh
C\ßƒ XpI iX-am\w
(cq] tImSn)
1. kwÿm\ t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v 19378 49.3
2. C≥jp-d≥kv, s]≥j≥ ^≠p-Iƒ 4030 10.3
3. tkhnwKv sUt∏m-kn‰v 15899 40.4
4. a‰n\w 0.0 0.0
samØw 39307 100.0
2) ]en-i-\n-c°v
k¿°m¿ FSp-°p∂ hmbv]-Iƒ°v ]e \nc-°n-ep≈ ]en-i-bmWv
\¬tI-≠-Xv. Itºmf hmbv]-Iƒ°pw tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw
\_m¿Un¬ \n∂pw FSp-°p∂ hmbv]-Iƒ°v Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd™
\nc-°n-ep≈ ]en-i-bmWv \¬tI-≠-Xv. ]ńI 6.7¬ hnhn[ hmbv]-
Iƒ°p \¬Inb ]en-i-\n-c°v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Itºmf hmbv]-Iƒ°v
2004-˛2005¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂ ]eni \nc°v 6.4 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂Xv 2011-
- ˛ 12¬ 7.2 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-®p. Ipd™ ]eni \nc-°n¬ hmbv]
e`n-°p∂ as‰mcp ÿm]\w \_m¿Um-Wv. G‰hpw Ipd™ \nc°n¬
hmbv] e`n-°p-∂Xv tI{μ-k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂m-Wv. 2011-˛12se ]eni
\nc°v 6.6 iX-am-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ F¬.-sF.-kn, Pn.-sF.-kn, F≥.-F-
kv.-Fkv.F^vs‚ {]tXyI skIyq-cn-‰n-Iƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v F∂n-
h-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ hmbv]-I-fpsS ]en-i-\n-c°v Db¿∂-Xm--Wv.
CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ _m¶nw-Kvbn-Xc [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
kz`m-h-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv. G‰hpw Db¿∂ ]eni \nc°v \mj-W¬
tIm∏-td-‰ohv sUh-e-]vsa‚ v tIm¿∏-td-js‚ hmbv]-bm-Wv. 2001-\p-
tijw Itºm-f-bn-Xc C\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Itºmf hmbv]-bn-te°v
amdp∂ Hcp am‰w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. 2015se samØw IS-Øn¬ 53 iX-am-
\hpw Ipd™ ]eni \nc-°n-ep≈ Itºmf hmbv]-I-fm-Wv. CXv ]en-
i-bn-\-Øn-ep≈ [\-_m-≤yX Ipd-bv°m≥ klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v.
211
3) hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hnhn[ t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂v FSpØ
hmbv]-bpsS Xncn-®-Shv Imem-h[n ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]ńI 6.8¬ ASpØ
Hmtcm h¿jhpw Xncn-®-S-bvt°≠ IS-_m-≤y-Xsb°pdn-®p≈ ÿnXn-
hn-h-c-°-W°v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2014-˛15se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v samØw
IS-_m-≤y-X-bpsS 3.4 iX-am\w Hcp h¿jw-sIm≠mWv Xncn-®-S-bvt°-
≠-Xv. F∂m¬ GXm≠v 10 iX-am\w hmbv] XpI H∂p apX¬ aq∂p
h¿jw-sIm≠v Xncn-®-S-bv°-Ww. aq∂p apX¬ A©p h¿jw sIm≠v
Xncn-®-S-bvt°-≠Xv GXm≠v 14 iX-am\w hmbv]-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv
ASpØ A©p h¿jw-sIm≠v Xncn-®-S-bvt°≠ hmbv] 28 iX-am-\-
am-Wv. A©p h¿jw apX¬ Ggp h¿jw-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ 17
iX-am\w hmbv] Xncn-®-S-bv°-Ww. F∂m¬ samØw hmbv]-bp-sS 51
iX-am-\hpw Xncn-®-S-bvt°-≠Xv Ggp h¿j-ßƒ°p tij-am-Wv.
hmbv]b - psS Xncn-®S- hv ImesØ LS\ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 2014-˛15se
\nebpw 2010-˛11se \nebpw XΩn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-ka - n-s√∂p ]dbmw.
samØw IS-Øn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw Ggp h¿jw Ign-™mWv Xncn-®-S-bvt°-
≠-Xv.
]ńI 6.7
hmbv] ]eni \nc°v
hnhn[ hmbv]-Iƒ 2004-˛05 2011-˛12
1. Itºmf hmbv] 6.4 7.2
2. F¬.-sF.kn 8.5 8.4
3. Pn.-sF.kn 9 9.4
4. F≥.-kn.-Un.-kn. 8.5 10.3
5. \_m¿Uv (NABARD) 6.5 6.8
6. tI{μ k¿°m¿ 9 6.6
7. F≥.-F-kv.Fkv.-F^v 9.5 9.7
8. t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v 8.5 8.7
9. icm-icn ]eni \nc°v 8.2 8.4
Source: KPERC, Third Committee, First Report (2010-11): Second report (2011-12)
212
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.8
hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv Imem-h[n
Imem-h[n 2010-˛11 iX-am\w 2014-˛15 iX-am\w
(h¿jw) XpI XpI
(cq] tImSn) (cq]tImSn)
1. Hcp h¿jw 2567 4.7 3289 3.4
2. H∂p apX¬ aq∂p 5205 9.5 9140 9.5
h¿jw
3. aq∂p apX¬ A©p 6260 11.4 13265 13.8
h¿jw
4. A©p apX¬ Ggp 9315 17.0 16668 17.4
h¿jw
5. Ggp h¿jhpw AXn\p
apI-fnepw 28162 51.3 48959 50.9
6. hnhcw e`y-a-√m-ØXv 3378 6.1 4812 5.0
7. samØw 54887 100.0 96133 100.0
Source: CAG, Report on State Finances, 2011 and 2015.
4) hmbv] _m[y-X-Iƒ
ASp-Ø-Xmbn kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-°m-hp∂
hmbv], hmbv] Xncn-®-S-hv, ]en-i, _m[yX F∂nh Ign-™p≈ an®w
XpI F{X-bm-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. IS-_m-[y-X-bpsS Hcp kqNn-I-
bmWv {]Xn-h¿jw IS-sa-Sp-°p∂ XpI-bn¬ IS-_m-[y-Xbv°pw ]en-
ibv°pw sNe-hn-Sp∂ XpI. Hmtcm h¿jhpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v
FSp-°m-hp∂ hmbv] XpIbv°v tI{μ k¿°m¿ ]cn[n \n›-bn-®n-´p≠v.
kwÿm\ Pn.-Un.-]n-bpsS aq∂p iX-am-\-tØmfw hcp∂ XpI-bmWv
{]Xn-h¿jw IS-sa-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xv. 2010-˛11¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ FSpØ
hmbv] 7189 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. CXv 2014-˛15¬ 18509 tImSn cq]-bmbn
h¿≤n-®p. ]ńI 6.9¬ {]Xn-h¿jw FSpØ hmbv], hmbv] Xncn-®-S-hv,
]en-i, an®w XpI F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-Iƒ
\¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
213
]ńI 6.9
k©n-X-\n-[n-bn-ep≈ hmbv] hchpw an®hpw (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw hmbv] hmbv] ]eni an®w an®w XpI
hchv Xncn-®-Shv AShv XpI hmbv] hchv
A\p-]mXw (%)
2010-˛11 7189 1975 2707 2507 34.9
2011-˛12 9799 2893 2480 4426 45.2
2012-˛13 13261 2804 5253 5204 39.2
2013-˛14 14461 3245 6151 5065 35.0
2014-˛15 18509 5843 7301 5365 29.0
Source: CAG Report on State Finances, 2012-2015.
ap≥]v FSp-Øn-cp∂ hmbv] XpI-bpsS Xncn-®-S-hn\v 2010-˛11¬
th≠n-h-∂Xv 1975 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. ]en-i-bmbn 2707 tImSn cq]
AS-bvt°≠nh-∂p. Cu _m[y-X-I-sf√mw Ign™v an®-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂
XpI2507 tImSn cq]-bm-W-v. AXm-bXv B h¿jw FSpØ hmbv]
XpI-bpsS 35 iX-am\w am{Xw. 2011-˛12¬ FSpØ IS-Øn¬ _m[y-X-
Iƒ Ign™v an®w Inń-bXv 45 iX-am-\-tØm-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ß-fn¬ _m[y-X-Iƒ Ign™v an®w XpI-bmbn e`n-
°p∂ \nc-°n¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Ipd-hmWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. 2014-˛15¬
FSpØ hmbv]-bn¬ 71 iX-am-\hpw hmbv] _m[y-X-Iƒ°pth≠n
sNe-hm-t°-≠n-h-∂p. an®w Inń-bXv 29 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wv.
eLp-k-ºm-Zy-ßƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v XpS-ßnb ]ªnIv A°u-
≠n¬ hcp∂ hmbv]-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. eLpkºm-Zy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p
tiJ-cn-°p∂ \nt£-]hpw Imem-h[n Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]en-i-k-lnXw
Xncn®p \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS iº-f-Øns‚ Hcp
hnlnXw t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠n¬ amkwtXmdpw \nt£-]n-°m-dp-≠v. Cu
XpIbv°pw ]eni \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠n¬ \nt£-]n-
°p∂ XpI Hcp \n›n-X-Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ hmbv]-bmbpw A√m-
sXbpw ]n≥h-en-°m≥ \nt£-]-I\v kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. Npcp-°-Øn¬
Ch _m¶v \nt£-]-ß-fpsS kz`m-hØn-ep≈ \nt£-]-ß-fpw Ch
]eni klnXw aS°n \¬Im≥ k¿°m¿ _m[y-ÿ-hp-am-Wv. ]ńI
6.10¬ ]ªnIv A°u-≠n¬ hcp∂ hc-hv, aS-°n-sImSpt°≠ XpI,
214
s]mXp-ISw
]eni \¬tI≠ XpI, an®w XpI F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2012-˛13¬

]ªnIv A°u-≠nse XpI-bpsS aS-°n-\¬I¬, ]eni sNehv Ch
Ign-®m¬ an®-ap≈ XpI 2950 tImSn cq] am{X-am-Wv. AXm-bXv samØw
]ªnIv A°u≠v hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 9 iX-am-\w. XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ß-
fn¬ Cu \nc-°n¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn.
]ńI 6.10
]ªnIv A°u-≠nse hmbv] hchpw an®hpw (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw hmbv] hmbv] ]eni an®w an®w XpI
hchv Xncn-®-Shv AShv XpI hmbv] hchv
A\p-]mXw (%)
2012˛13 32853 27966 1937 2950 9.0
2013-˛14 39832 35445 2102 2285 5.7
2014-˛15 46979 41780 2454 2745 5.8
Source: CAG, Finance Accounts, 2012-13 to 2014-15, Vol. I
apI-fn¬ hnh-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v k©n-X-\n-

[n-bn¬ \n∂pw ]ªnIv A°u≠v C\-Øn¬ \n∂pw {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-
°m-hp∂ hmbv]b - psS Hcp sNdnb `mKw am{Xsa IS-_m-[y-XI
- ƒ Ign™v
an®-ambn e`n-°p-∂p-≈p. CXns‚ A¿∞w ISw hmßp∂ XpIbpsS
Hcp sNdnb iX-am\w am{Xsa hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n (hm¿jnI ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ, aqe[\ \nt£-]w) sNe-hm-°m≥ e`y-amIq F∂m-Wv. hmbv]
_m[y-X-I-fnse Cu h¿≤\w [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS cq£-X-sb-bmWv
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. dh\ypIΩn Ipd-®p-sIm≠v h∂m¬ am{Xta Cu
ÿnXn°v Hcp am‰-ap-≠m-Im≥ km[y-Xb - p-≈p. A√m-Ø]- £w k¿°m¿
AXn-cq-£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°v kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ \oßm≥
km≤y-X-bp-≠v. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ X\Xv hcp-am-\-
ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw dh\yp sNehv \nb-{¥n®v [\-ÿnXn sa®-
am-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
IS-Øn\p \¬tI≠ ]eni C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv Ipd-bv°m≥
hmbv] hmß¬ ]p\x{Iao-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]ªnIv A°u≠v
hn`m-K-Ønepw a‰pw Db¿∂ ]eni \nc-°n-ep≈ hmbv]-Iƒ Ipd®v
Ipd™ ]en-i-\n-c-°p-I-fn-ep≈ Itºmf hmbv]-I-fn-te°v amtd-≠-
Xm-Wv. ]en-i-\n-c°v hfsc Ipd-hp≈ hntZi hmbv]-Ifpw IqSp-X-
215
embn FSp-°Ww. sh¬s^-b¿ ^≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂v FSp-°p∂ hmbv]-

I-fpsS ]eni \nc°v hfsc Db¿∂-XmWv. Cu ^≠p-Iƒ _m¶p-I-
fn¬ Db¿∂ ]en-i \nc-°n¬ ÿnc \nt£-]-ambn Cń-cn-°p∂ XpI
]n≥h-en-®mWv k¿°m-cn\v hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-∂-Xv. CXn\v Db¿∂
]eni \nc-°pw, ÿnc-\n-t£]w ]n≥h-en-®-Xp-aqew D≠m-Ip∂ ]eni
\jvShpw IW-°m-°p-∂p. CØcw Db¿∂ ]eni \nc-°n-ep≈ hmbv]-
Iƒ Hgn-hm-°-Ww.
5) s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p \¬Inb hmbv]-Iƒ
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb
Hcp Imcyw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw [\-Imcyßfn¬ Ahsb kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-°p-I-bp-am-Wv.
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv Ãm‰yq-´dn tIm¿∏-td-
j-\p-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ Iº-\n-Iƒ, tPmbn‚ v tÃm°v Iº-\n-Iƒ, kl-
I-cW _m¶p-Iƒ, kl-Ic - W kwL-ßƒ F∂n-hb- m-Wv. _m¶p-Ifn¬
\n∂pw [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hmbv]-sb-SpØv {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns\ hfsc IqSp-X¬ B{i-bn®p
Ign-bp∂ {]h-W-X-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. X∑qew s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ß-fnse \jvSw, ]eni sNehv XpS-ßn-b-Xns‚ _m[yX
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-hcp∂p. kwÿm\ s]mXp taJem
ÿm]-\-ß-fnse apX¬ apS-°n¬ \n∂v hfsc Xp—-amb BZm-bta
(return) e`n-°p-∂p-≈p.
]ńI 6.11¬ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - f
- nse \nt£]w, BZmbw,
k¿°m¿ hmbv]I - f
- psS ]eni \nc°v F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2014-˛15se
s]mXp taJem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse apX¬ ap-S°v 6085 tImSn cq]-bm-
sW-¶nepw BZmbw 74 tImSn cq] am{X-am-Wv. AXm-bXv apX¬ apS-
°ns‚ 1.2 iX-am-\w. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v hmbv]-bm-bpw,
aqe-[\ \nt£-]-hp-ambn \¬Inb XpI k¿°m¿ hmbv]-sb-Sp-°p-
∂Xv 7.3 iX-am\w ]en-i\ - n-c°
- n-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-
\-ß-fpsS \nt£-]-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂ BZmb- \n-c°v shdpw 1.2
iX-am\w am{Xw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ°v
k¿°m¿ hmbv]-sb-SpØp \¬Ip∂ \nt£-]-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂
XpI- Xp-—am-Wv.
216
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.11
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse k¿°m¿ \nt£-]hpw
BZm-bhpw
h¿jw \nt£]w BZmbw BZmbw k¿°m¿ FSpØ
h¿jm-hk- m\w (Return) (i-Xa- m-\w) hmbv]b
- psS
(cq] tImSn) (cq] tImSn) icm-icn
]eni (%)
2006-˛07 2392 30 1.3 8.4
2007˛08 2484 29 1.2 7.9
2008-˛09 3153 34 1.1 7.5
2009-˛10 3328 27 0.8 7.5
2010-˛11 3808 75 2.0 7.3
2011-˛12 4206 67 1.6 7.2
2012-˛13 4511 48 1.1 7.1
2013-˛14 5624 101 1.8 7.1
2014-˛15 6085 74 1.2 7.3
Source: CAG, Report on State Finances, 2011 and 2015 Vol.I
\nt£]-Øn\p ]pdsa hmbv]I - fpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw s]mXpta-Jem

ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p k¿°m¿ \¬Ip-∂p. an° s]mXp taJem ÿm]\-
ßfpw h¿jw-tXmdpw hmbv]bpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fpw k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v
ssI∏-‰p-∂p. ]ńI 6.12¬ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ°v k¿°m¿
\¬Inb hmbv]bpw e`n® ]en-ibpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2014-˛15-hsc
\¬Inb hmbv]-XpI (t¢m-knwKv _me≥kv) 12332 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv.
2014-˛15¬ ]pXp-Xmbn \¬Inb hmbv] 619 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. hmbv]
e`n® {][m\ s]mXpta-J-em ÿm]-\-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
sI.-Fk - .v B
- ¿.-‰n.kn (2663 tImSn cq]), tIcf hm´¿ AtXm-dn‰n (53 tImSn
cq]) tIcf A¿_≥ B‚ v dqd¬ sUh-e-]vsa‚ v ^n\m≥kv tIm¿∏-
td-j≥ (25 tImSn cq]).
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ Xßƒ°v e`n® hmbv]-bpsS ]en-
i-bmbn k¿°m-cn\p \¬Ip∂ XpI Xp—-am-Wv. 2012-˛13¬ 19 tImSn
cq]bpw, 2013-˛14¬ 21 tImSn cq]-bpw, 2014-˛15¬ 27 tImSn cq]-bp-am-Wv
217
]en-i-bmbn k¿°m-cn\p \¬In-b-Xv. ]en-i-bmbn e`n® XpI samØw

hmbv] XpI-bpsS 0.2 iX-am\w am{X-ta-bp-≈p.
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-
cn\p \¬tI≠ aqe-[\tam ]en-itbm bYm-k-abw \¬Ip-∂n-√.
X∑qew h≥XpI B C\-Øn¬ IpSn-»n-I-bmbn k¿°m-cn\p e`n-°m-
\p-≠v. ]ńI 6.13¬ hmbv] Xncn-®-S-hv, ]eni F∂o C\-ß-fn¬ IpSn-
»nI hcp-Ønb s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS FÆhpw IpSn-»nI
XpIbpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2013¬ hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv, ]eni F∂n-h-bn¬
IpSn-»nI hcp-Ønb s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ 68 FÆ-am-Wv. Cu
ÿm]-\-ßƒ hcp-Ønb samØw IpSn-»nI 6383 tImSn cq]-bm-Wv.
2015¬ IpSn-»nI hcp-Ønb s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS FÆw 71
Bbn h¿≤n-®p. B ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ hcp-Ønb samØw IpSn-»nI 8795
tImSn cq]-bm-Wv. 2015se samØw IpSn-»nI XpI-bn¬ 86 iX-am\w
IpSn-»nI hcp-Øn-bXv A©p s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß-fm-Wv. tIcf
hm´¿ AtXm-dn‰n (3613 tImSn cq]) sI.-F-kv.-C._n (1747 tImSn) sI.-
F-kv.-B¿.-‰nkn (925 tImSn) tIcf tÃ‰v luknwKv t_m¿Uv (915
tImSn), tIcf tÃ‰v Iip-h≠n hnI-k\ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ (367 tImSn).
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ Imcy-£-a-ambpw em`-I-c-ambpw \S-
Øm≥ i‡-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign™ Bdp Zim_vZ
ImeØv tIcfØn¬ A[n-Im-c-Ønencp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xm¬]cyw
ImWn-®n-ń-√. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ßsf cmjv{Sob, t{SUv bqWn-
b≥ Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ D]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bmWv
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. F{X \jvSw h∂mepw k¿°m¿ kwc-
£n®p-sIm≈psa∂ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bmWv s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-Ønse
Poh\°m¿, t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-Iƒ, amt\-Pvsa‚ v XpS-ßn-b-h¿°p-≈Xv.
AXp-sIm≠v ÿm]\w Imcy-£-a-ambpw em`-I-c-ambpw \S-Øm≥
Imcy-amb {iahpw Ah-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠m-Imdn√. k¿°m-cn¬
\n∂p e`n-°p∂ hmbv]-Iƒ bYm-k-abw Xncn-®-S-bvt°-≠-Xm-sW∂v
s]mXptaJem ÿm]-\-ß-tfm, Int´≠ IpSn-»nI IrXy-ambn hmß-
Wsa∂v k¿°mtcm Icp-Xp-∂n-√. Imcy-£-a-amb {]h¿Ø\w hgn
em`w t\Sn kmº-ØnI kzbw ]cym-]vXX t\Sp∂Xn\p-]-Icw k¿°m-
cn¬ \n∂v ISw hmßnbpw [\-k-lm-b-hpw t\Snbpw \ne-\n¬°mw
F∂p Icp- X p- ∂ Xv kºq¿Æ XI¿®- b n- t e°p \oßp- ∂ - X ns‚
ap≥]p≈ L´-am-sW∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p.
218
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.12
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw a‰pw \¬Inb hmbv]bpw
e`n® ]en-ibpw (cq] tImSn)
h¿jw \¬Inb samØw ]pXp-Xmbn e`n® e`n® ]eni
hmbv] \¬Inb ]eni samØw hmbv]
(t¢m-knwKv XpI A\p-]mXw
_me≥kv) (i--X-am-\w)
2006-˛07 5714 283 28 0.5

2007-˛08 6410 848 51 0.9
2008-˛09 7228 948 48 0.7
2009-˛10 7749 839 46 0.6
2010-˛11 8467 718 54 0.7
2011-˛12 9404 943 23 0.2
2012-˛13 10456 1062 19 0.2
2013-˛14 11721 1361 21 0.2
2014-˛15 12332 619 27 0.2
Source: CAG, Report on State Finances, 2011 and 2015 Vol.I
]ńI 6.13
hmbv] Xncn-®-Shv apS-°nb s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ
(cq] tImSn)
h¿jw Xncn-®-Shv apS-°nb hmbv] ]eni samØw
ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS IpSn-»nI IpSn-»nI IpSn-»nI
FÆw
2012 NA 2429 1627 4056
2013 68 3746 2637 6383
2014 72 4649 3009 7658
2015 71 5277 3518 8795
Source: CAG, Report on State Finances, 2012 to 2015, Vol.I
219
6) s]mXphmbv] kqNnIIƒ
k¿°m-cns‚ samØw IS_m-[yX (Debt stock)sb hne-bn-cp-Øm-
\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kqNnI s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n. A\p-]m-X-amWv.
CXv kwÿm\Øns‚ B`y¥c hcp-am-\-Øn\v ka-amb XpI-bn¬
IS-_m-[y-X-bpsS hnln-X-am-Wv. tIcf ^nkvI¬ sdkvt]m¨kn-_n-
en‰n BIvSv 2003 (sI.-F^
- v.B
- ¿.-BI
- vSv) A\p-kc
- n®v kwÿm\ k¿°m-
cns‚ [\-ÿnXn kpÿncam°m≥ -I-S-_m-[yXbn¬ \nb-{¥Ww
Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. 13-˛mw tI{μ [\-Imcy
IΩn-js‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v [\-Imcy kpÿn-c-Xbv°p-
th≠n kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw IS-_m-[y-Xbv°v Nne ]cn[nIƒ
\n›-bn-®n-´p-≠v. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ IS-_m-[yX Cu ]cn-[n-Iƒ°p-≈n-
emtWm F∂p t\m°mw.
]ńI 6.14¬ s]mXpI-Sw, Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n A\p-]mXw, sI.-F-^v.-
B¿ BIvSv A\p-k-cn-®p≈ IS-sa-Sp∏v ]cn[n F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
2000-˛01¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXpISw Pn.F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
32.9 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv samØw B`y-¥c hcp-am-\-Øns‚
aq∂nsemt∂mfw hcp∂ XpIbmWv. 2005-˛06epw Cu kqNnI Db¿∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2010-˛11\p-tijw Cu kqNn-I-bn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-b-
Xmbn ImWmw. 2010-˛11-\p-tijw Hcp h¿j-samgn®v as‰√m h¿jhpw
B kqNnI 31 iX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kwÿm-\-Øns‚
IS-_m-[yX 2011-˛12 apX¬ 2014-˛15-hscbp≈ ImeØv Hcp h¿j-samgn®v
as‰√m h¿jhpw sI.-F-^v.-B¿. BIv-Sns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-≈n-em-bn-cp-∂p.
2012-˛13¬ am{Xsa kqNnI ]cn[n Ihn-™p-≈p. CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ IS-_m-[yX [\-am-\-Z-WvU-ß-fpsS ]cn-[n-bn-em-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv.
D]-kw-lmcw
apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb hni-I-e\w D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. (1) kwÿm\
k¿°m-cns‚ samØw IS-_m-[yX Ign™ A©p h¿j-°mew {]Xn-
h¿jw icm-icn 14 iX-am\w h¿≤n-®p. (2) Itºm-fh
- m-b]
v , F¬.-sF.-kn.
XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ B`y¥c hmbv]-bpsS hnln-X-Øn¬ KWy-
220
s]mXp-ISw
]ńI 6.14
s]mXpISw: kqNn-I-Iƒ
h¿jw s]mXpISw sI.-F-^v.-B¿.-BIvSv*
Pn.F-kv.Un.]n A\p-k-cn®p≈
A\p-]mXw (%) A\p-]mXw (%)
2000 ˛ 01 32.9 ˛
2005 ˛ 06 33.5 ˛
2010 ˛ 11 31.2 ˛
2011 ˛ 12 29.8 32.3
2012 ˛ 13 31.2 31.7
2013 ˛ 14 31.3 30.7
2014 ˛ 15 31.4 29.8
* tIcf ^nkv°¬ sdkvt]m¨kn-_n-en‰n BŒv
Source: CAG, Report on State Finances 2015.
amb h¿≤-\bpw tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv], eLp kºm-Zy-ßƒ, t{]mhn-

-U‚ v ^≠v F∂n-h-bpsS hnln-X-Øns‚ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-
°p∂Xpamb hmbv] LS\ am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. (3) Cu LS\m-
am‰w ]en-i-\n-c°v Ipd-bm\pw ]eni _m[y-X-bn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-Im\pw
CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. (4) samØw hmbv] XpI-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Xncn-
®-S-bvt°-≠Xv Ggp h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijamWv. CXv hmbv] Xncn-®-S-
hn\v Ipsd kmhImiw \¬Ip∂p. (5) IS-sa-Sp∏v kqNn-I-I-fpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ IS_m-[yX ]cn-[n-°p-
≈n-em-Wv. (6) F∂m¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw FSp-°m-hp∂ hmbv]bv°v
]cn[n \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqehpw, {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-°p∂ hmbv]
XpI-bn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠n-e-[nIw `mKw Xncn-®-S-hn\pw ]en-ibv°pw sNe-
hm°p∂Xp-aq-ehpw, Imcy-amb an®w e`y-a√mØ ÿnXn-bp-≠v. (7)
k©n-X-\n-[n, ]ªnIv A°u≠v F∂o C\-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-
°m-hp∂ hmbv]-bpsS Hcp sNdnb `mKw am{Xsa IS-_m-[y-X-Iƒ
Ign™v an®-ambn e`n-°p-∂p-≈p. (8) {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-°p∂ hmbv]-
XpI apgp-h\pw IS-_m-[yX Xo¿°m≥th≠n sNe-hm-t°≠ ÿnXn-
221
bn-te°p kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \oßp-∂p. (9) s]mXptaJem ÿm]-

\-ßƒ°v {]Xnh¿jw henb XpI k¿°m¿ hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-∂p-
sh-¶nepw `qcn-`mKw ÿm]-\-ßfpw k¿°m-cn\p Xncn®p \¬tI≠
aqe-[-\tam ]en-itbm bYm-k-abw \¬Ip-∂n-√. (10) sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-
X-aqew \jvS-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßsf \ne-
\n¿Øm≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ 7.3 iXam\w \nc-°n¬ hmbv] hmßn-
\¬Ip-∂p. (11) s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse k¿°m¿ \nt£-]-
Øn\p Xp—-amb BZmbw (return) am{X-am-Wv k¿°m-cn\v e`n-°p-∂Xv
(1.2 iX-am-\w).
222
A≤ymbw Ggv
[\-ÿnXn:
a‰p kwÿm-\ß
- f
- p-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw
Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ tIcf kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn
C¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse [\-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw
sNøp∂p. Cu Xmc-Xa - y-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv dnk¿Δv _m¶ns‚
hm¿jnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-amb kwÿm\ [\-Imcy ÿnXnsb Ipdn-
®p≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Ønse ÿnXn-hn-h-c- IW-°p-I-fmWv (Reserve
Bank of India, State Finances: A study of Budgets). C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-
ßsf c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fm-bmWv Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv:
{]tXyI hn`m-K-w, A√mØ hn`mKw AYhm km[m-cW hn`m-Kw.
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≈ kwÿm-\-ßƒ {]tXyI hn`m-
K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. (1) tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈
{Km‚p-Iƒ e`y-am-sW-¶nepw hmbv] Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw km[m-
cW kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ Db¿∂h (2) Ch-bpsS ]eni sNehv
dh\yp A\p-]mXw Db¿∂-XmWv (3) Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS `q{]-
tZi {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ sIm≠v X\Xp hcp-am\w Imcy-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-
°m≥ km[y-X-bn-√m-ØXpw, k¿°m¿ sNehv Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep-≈-
Xp-amWv. km[m-cW hn`mKw kwÿm\ßfpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmsg
]d-bp-∂p. (1) hmbv] Pn.-Fkv.Un.]n A\p-]mXw {]tXyI hn`mKw
223
kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ Ipd-™-Xm-Wv. (2) ]eni sNehv dh\yp hcp-

am\ A\p-]mXw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. (3) `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ {]tXyI
]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Imcy-amb kzm[o\w
sNep-Øm-Ø-Xv. tIcfw km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v
[\-ÿnXn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Cu hn`mKw kwÿm-\-ßfp-am-
bmWv. dh\yp IΩn, [\-I-Ωn, dh\yq hchv, dh\yp sNe-hv, {][m\
sNe-hn-\-ßƒ, aqe-[\ sNe-hv, hmbv]-Iƒ, hnI-k\ sNe-hv F∂n-
h-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
km[m-cW hn`m-KØ
- n¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\ß
- f
- psS ASn-ÿm\
hnh-c-ßƒ
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS 2011se P\-
kw-Jy, P\-kw-Jy-bpsS hnln-Xw, \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS hnln-Xw, icm-
icn kmº-ØnI hf¿®m-\n-c-°v, Zmcn{Zy tcJbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-h¿,
2013-˛14se _P-‰nse samØw sNehv F∂n-h ]ńI 7.1¬ \¬In-bn-´p≠v.
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tKmh am{Xta
Hcp sNdnb kwÿm-\a - m-bp-≈p. P\-kwJy hnlnXw, _P-‰nse samØw
sN--e-hv, a‰p kqNn-I-Iƒ F∂nh FSp-Øm¬ as‰√m kwÿm-\-ßfpw
hen-∏-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. \K-c-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-
ßƒ XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. _olm¿, HUoj F∂o kwÿm-
\-ß-fn¬ Imcy-amb \Kch¬°-cWw \S-∂n-ń-s√∂p ImWmw. kmº-
ØnI hf¿®m\nc-°nepw kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ G‰-Ip-d-®n-ep-I-fp≠v.
Zcn-{Z¿ AYhm Zmcn{Zytc-Jbv°v Xmsg-bp≈ P\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≠v. _olm-¿, a≤y-{]tZiv,
HUoj F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ GXm≠v aq∂n-sem∂p `mKw P\-
ßfpw Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. _P-‰nse samØw sNehv kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-
fpsS [\-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep≈ hen-∏sØ ImWn-°p-∂p.
224
[\-ÿnXn: a‰p kwÿm\ßfp-am-bp≈ XmcXayw
]ńI 7.1
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ
kwÿm\w 2011se P\-kwJy \Kc P\ icm-icn Zmcn{Zy 2013-˛14se
samØw hnlnXw kwJy-bpsS kmº-ØnI tcJbv°p _P-‰nse
P\ (%) hnlnXw hf¿®m Xmsgbp samØw
kwJy (%) \nc°v ≈h¿ sNehv
(e-£w) (2009-˛10 (%) (cq]
apX¬ _ney¨)
2013˛14-hsc)
(%)
1. B{‘m 845.81 6.99 33.5 6.30 9.2 1291.3
{- ]-tZiv
2. _olm¿ 1040.99 8.60 11.3 10.10 33.7 772.8
3. OØo-kv 255.45 2.11 23.2 NA NA 377.8
Km¿lv
4. tKmh 14.58 0.12 62.1 NA NA 78.1
5. KpP-dmØv 604.39 4.99 42.6 8.57 16.6 982.1
6. lcn-bm\ 253.51 2.09 34.8 7.93 11.2 464.6
7. Pm¿Jfiv 329.88 2.72 24.1 NA NA 283.9
8. I¿Æm-SI 610.95 5.05 38.6 5.68 20.9 1018.1
9. tIcfw 334.06 2.76 47.7 6.83 7.1 612.7
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 726.27 6.00 27.6 8.52 31.7 812.2
11. alm-cmjv{S 1123.74 9.28 45.2 8.03 17.4 1745.2
12. HUojm 419.74 3.47 16.7 4.42 32.6 529.4
13. ]©m_v 277.43 2.29 37.5 5.94 8.3 434.8
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 685.48 5.66 24.9 8.13 14.7 897.3
15. Xan-gv\mSv 721.47 5.96 48.4 8.41 11.3 1200.6
16. DØ¿ 1998.12 16.50 22.3 6.15 29.4 1827.9
{]-tZiv
17. ]›n-a 912.76 7.54 31.9 6.59 19.9 987.7
- _w-Kmƒ
18. samØw 12107.27 100.00 31.2 6.68 21.9 15810.0
C¥y
N.A: Not available
Source:1. GOI (2014), India 2014.
2. EPW Researach Foundation, India, a pocket book on Data series 2013.
3. GOI (2016), Economic Survey 2015-16, Vol.II
4. RBI, State Finances, A study of Budgets of 2015-16
225
dh\yp IΩnbpw [\-I-Ωnbpw

[\-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Hcp {][m\ kqNn-I-bmWv dh\ypIΩn AYhm
dh\yp hchns\-°mƒ IqSnb dh\yp sNehv. dh\yp IΩn-bpsS kqNn-
I-bmWv dh\yp IΩn, Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw. Cu kqNn-I-b-\p-
k-cn®v km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-
Øns‚ kqNnI hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. ]ńI 7.2¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-
Øn¬s∏Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS dh-\yp-I-Ωn, Pn.-F-kv.Un.-]n. A\p-
]mXw F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛08 Ime-L-´sØ Cu kqNn-I-
bpsS icm-icn \nc°v ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-
fn¬ FØmw. samØw 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 9 FÆ-Ønepw dh\yp
an®-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv dh\yp sNe-hn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w
D≠m-bn-cp∂ sa®-s∏´ [\-ÿn-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. dh\yp IΩn-bp-≠m-
bn-cp∂ kwÿm-\ßƒ 4 FÆ-Øns‚ dh-\yp-IΩn \ma-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p
(0.2 iX-am-\w). c≠p iX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬ dh\yp IΩn-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂Xv \mev kwÿm-\ß - ƒ am{Xw: ]›na _wKmƒ, tIc-fw, ]©m_v,
Pm¿J-WvUv. Cu Ime-L-´Øv km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂Xpw
{]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb 28 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]›n-a-_w-
Kmƒ Ign-™m¬ Db¿∂ dh\yp IΩn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv tIc-fØ - n-emWv.
F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ dh\yp IΩn-bn¬ 2010-˛11 Bb-t∏mƒ sNdnb
am‰w h∂p-sh-¶nepw ]n¬°m-eØv IqSp-X¬ tamiambn. 2013-˛14 Bb-
t∏mƒ km[m-cW hn`m-Khpw {]tXyI hn`m-Khpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ C¥y-
bnse 28 kwÿm- \ - ß - f n¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ dh\yp IΩn- b p≈
kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw amdn. Npcp-°-Øn¬ dh-\yp-IΩn kqNn-I-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bm¬ C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw tami-amb
[\-ÿn-Xn-bp≈ kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw amdn.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-IΩn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. \nXy-\n-
Zm\ sNe-hp-I-fmb dh-\yp sNehpw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn\v sNe-
hm-°p∂ aqe-[\ sNehpw tNcp-∂X - mWv samØw sNe-hv. Cu XpIbpw
ISw hmßnbsXmgn®p≈ hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-amWv [\-
I-Ωn. [\-IΩn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ kqNn-I-bmWv [\-IΩn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-
]n. A\p-]m-Xw. ]ńI 7.3¬ km[m-cW hn`m-KØ -- n¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm\-
ß-fnse [\-IΩn Pn.-Fk - v.U
- n.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛08
Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu kqNn-I-bpsS iX-am\w 3.2 iX-
226
]ńI 7.2
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS dh-\yp-IΩn:
dh-\yp-IΩn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 0.0 ˛0.4 0.0
2. _olm¿ ˛2.0 ˛3.0 ˛1.9
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv ˛2.7 ˛2.9 0.4
4. tKmh ˛0.1 ˛2.0 0.7
5. KpP-dmØv 0.2 1.0 ˛0.6
6. lcn-bm\ ˛0.9 1.0 1.0
7. Pm¿JWvUv 2.0 0.1 ˛1.6
8. I¿Æm-SI ˛1.3 ˛1.1 ˛0.1
9. tIcfw 2.3 1.3 2.9
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv ˛1.8 ˛2.5 ˛1.4
11. alm-cmjv{S 0.2 0.1 0.3
12. HUoj ˛1.4 ˛2.0 ˛1.2
13. ]©m_v 2.1 2.4 2.1
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 0.2 ˛0.3 0.2
15. Xan-gv\mSv ˛0.6 0.5 0.2
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 0.2 ˛0.6 ˛1.2
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 3.3 3.6 2.7
18. samØw km[m-cW hn`mKw 0.2 0.1 0.2
19. samØw C¥y 0.0 ˛0.0 0.1
(˛) ASbmfw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv an®w
Source: RBI (2013): State Finances, A Study of Budgets of 2012-13
RBI (2016): State Finances, A Study of Budgets of 2015-16
am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ 17 kwÿm-

\-ß-fn¬ tIcfw Ggmw ÿm\-Øv. tIc-f-sØ-°mƒ Db¿∂ [\-I-
Ωn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fmWv Pm¿J-WvUv, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ,
227
DØ¿{]-tZ-iv, tKmh, a≤y-{]-tZ-iv, ]©m_v F∂n-h-.- F∂m¬ 2013-˛14

Bb-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-IΩn IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
[\-I-Ωn-bpsS ImcyØn¬ tIcfw km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬-s∏´ 17
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ ÿm\-sØ-Øn. Cu ]Xn-t\gp
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 15 FÆ-Øn-s‚bpw [\-IΩn 3 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-IΩn 4.3 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
]ńI 7.3
[\-IΩn: [\-IΩn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 2.8 2.0 2.1
2. _olm¿ 2.6 1.9 2.4
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 0.9 ˛0.3 2.7
4. tKmh 3.6 1.7 2.8
5. KpP-dmØv 2.6 2.9 2.4
6. lcn-bm\ 0.4 2.7 2.1
7. Pm¿JWvUv 7.4 4.4 1.3
8. I¿Æm-SI 2.0 2.8 2.8
9. tIcfw 3.2 2.8 4.3
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 3.3 1.9 2.3
11. alm-cmjv{S 2.4 1.8 1.7
12. HUoj 0.1 0.3 1.7
13. ]©m_v 3.3 3.2 2.8
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 3.1 1.3 2.9
15. Xan-gv\mSv 1.4 3.2 2.4
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 3.7 3.0 2.7
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 4.4 4.1 3.6
19. samØw C¥y 2.3 2.1 2.2
(˛) ASbmfw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv an®w
228
apI-fn¬ \S-Ønb hni-I-e\w D]-kw-l-cn-°mw. 2004-\p-ti-j-ap≈

Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-
Øp-tºmƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n cq£-am-bn-cp-∂p. dh\yp
IΩnbpw [\-I-Ωnbpw h¿≤n-®p. 2013-˛14¬ C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂
dh\yp IΩn-bp≈ kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw amdn. km[m-cW hn`m-K-
Ønepw {]tXyI hn`m-K-Ønepw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ 29 kwÿm\ßfn¬
G‰hpw Db¿∂ dh\yp IΩn-bp≈ kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. [\-
I-Ωn-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw tIc-f-Øns‚ \ne tamiam-Wv. [\-I-Ωn-bpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ tIcfw km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
H∂mw ÿm\-ØmWv. [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂Xn\v a‰p -kw-
ÿm-\ß - ƒ Imcy-amb \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v [\-ÿnXn sa®-am-°p∂p.
F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-X-aqew [\-ÿnXn IqSp-X¬
cq£-am-°p-∂p. Cu \ne-bn-ep≈ apt∂m-´p-t]m°v tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-
ÿn-Xnsb kºq¿Æ XI¿®-bn-te°v \bn-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√.
dh\yp hchv
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS dh-\yp-h-chv {][m-\-ambpw \mev C\-
ß-fn-em-Wv. X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-bn-\-ßƒ, tI{μ \nIpXn
hnln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ. km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂ kwÿm-\-ß-
fpsS dh\yp hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw ]ńI 7.4¬ sImSpØn-
´p-≠v. 2004-˛08-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ dh-\yp-h-chv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n
A\p-]mXw a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf At]-£n®v tIc-f-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-bn-
cp-∂p. ]ń-I-bnse 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ
13 kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw dh\yp Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw tIc-f-sØ-
°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-sW∂p ImWmw. KpP-dm-Øv, almcm-jv{S, ]›n-a-
_w-Kmƒ F∂o aq∂p kwÿm\ßƒ am{Xsa tIc-f-sØ-°mƒ
Ipd™ A\p-]mXw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. 2013-˛14 Bb-t∏mƒ tIc-f-
Øns‚ dh\yp hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ sNdnb h¿≤\w
D≠m-sb-¶nepw tIcfw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ hfsc ]n∂n-emWv.
]Xn-s\m∂v kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sebpw dh\yp hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-
]mXw tIc-f-sØ-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-Wv.
X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-amWv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS G‰hpw {][m-
\-s∏´ hc-hv. X\Xv \nIpXn Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ tIc- f - Ø ns‚ ÿnXn Ipsd sa®- a mWv . ]ńI 7.5¬
229
]ńI 7.4
dh-\yp-hc
- hv: dh\yp hchv Pn.-Fk
- v.U
- n.-]n. A\p-]mXw (i-Xa
- m-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 14.0 13.8 1.29
2. _olm¿ 21.9 20.9 20.1
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 16.5 19.3 17.3
4. tKmh 15.1 16.7 13.2
5. KpP-dmØv 10.5 10.2 10.4
6. lcn-bm\ 12.8 9.7 9.8
7. Pm¿JWvUv 13.7 18.1 15.1
8. I¿Æm-SI 15.8 15.3 14.6
9. tIcfw 11.6 11.2 12.4
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 17.7 19.1 17.4
11. alm-cmjv{S 10.6 9.9 9.9
12. HUoj 16.9 17.1 17.9
13. ]©m_v 13.9 12.3 11.1
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 14.8 14.2 14.4
15. Xan-gv\mSv 13.2 13.5 12.6
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 16.5 19.4 19.5
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 9.9 10.0 10.3
19. samØw C¥y 11.9 12.2 12.1
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS X\Xv \nIpXn hchv

Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬
Cu A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIcfØns‚ ÿm\w A©m-a-
Xm-Wv. 2013-˛14 Bb-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xv \nIpXn A\p-]m-X-
Øn¬ sNdnb h¿≤\w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-
230
am-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIcfw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p. ]ńI 7.6¬

km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-
Xc hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛08 Ime-
L-´-Øn¬ samØw 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 15epw X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc
Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw tIc-f-sØ-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. 2013-˛14¬
Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ sNdnb am‰-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw
a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ s]mXphn¬ Ipd-
hm-sW∂v ImWmw. `qcn-`mKw kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sebpw A\p-]mXw tIc-
f-sØ-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Øn¬
Imcy-amb h¿≤\w hcp-Øm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v.
tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-Xhpw tI{μ {Km‚p-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hchv
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS {][m\ dh\yp hcp-am-\-ß-fm-Wv. ]ńI 7.7¬ tI{μ-
Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-
´p≠v. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Cu A\p-
]mXw tIc-f-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-sW∂p ImWmw. 2004-˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬
tI{μ hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw 11 kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tIc-f-
sØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ \nIpXn hn`-
P-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn\v s]mXp-hn¬
A\p-Iq-e-a-√m-Ø-Xp-aq-e-amWv Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hcp-am\w Ipd-bm≥
CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. 2013-˛14 Bb-t∏mƒ Cu A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ ho≠pw
Ipd- h p- ≠ m- b - X mbn ImWmw. km[m- c W hn`m- K - Ø n¬s∏- S p∂ 17
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ H≥]-Xnepw Cu A\p-]mXw tIc-f-sØ-°mƒ IqSp-
X-em-bn-cp∂p. apI-fn¬ hnh-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂v X\Xv \nIpXn hchns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ tIc-
f-Øns‚ ÿnXn Ipd®p sa®-am-Wv. F∂m¬ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\w,
tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-Xw, tI{μ {Km‚p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚
ÿnXn a‰p kwÿm-\ß - sf At]-£n®v ]nt∂m-°a- m-W.v X∑qew samØw
dh\yp hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIcfw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p.
231
]ńI 7.5
X\Xv \nIp-Xn-h-chv: X\Xv \nIpXn hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
A\p-]mXw (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(icm-icn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 7.6 7.7 7.5
2. _olm¿ 4.2 4.6 5.8
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 7.2 7.7 7.7
4. tKmh 7.3 6.6 7.3
5. KpP-dmØv 6.5 7.1 7.4
6. lcn-bm\ 8.0 6.4 6.6
7. Pm¿JWvUv 4.4 5.4 5.4
8. I¿Æm-SI 9.8 10.1 10.2
9. tIcfw 7.6 7.8 8.1
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 7.2 7.9 7.7
11. alm-cmjv{S 7.1 7.0 7.2
12. HUoj 5.7 5.7 6.2
13. ]©m_v 7.3 7.5 7.6
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 6.8 6.4 6.5
15. Xan-gv\mSv 8.8 9.2 8.6
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 6.5 7.2 7.7
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 4.5 4.5 5.1
19. samØw C¥y 5.7 6.0 6.3
232
]ńI 7.6
X\Xv \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv: X\Xv \Ip-Xn-tb-Xc hchv Pn.-
F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 1.9 1.8 1.8
2. _olm¿ 0.5 0.5 0.4
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 2.4 3.3 2.7
4. tKmh 5.5 7.0 3.4
5. KpP-dmØv 1.5 1.0 0.9
6. lcn-bm\ 2.9 1.3 1.3
7. Pm¿JWvUv 2.1 2.8 2.2
8. I¿Æm-SI 1.9 0.9 0.7
9. tIcfw 0.7 0.7 1.4
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 2.3 2.1 1.8
11. alm-cmjv{S 1.5 0.8 0.8
12. HUoj 2.1 2.5 3.1
13. ]©m_v 4.1 2.4 1.0
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 1.9 1.9 2.6
15. Xan-gv\mSv 1.0 0.9 1.1
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 1.4 1.9 1.9
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 0.5 0.5 0.3
19. samØw C¥y 1.4 1.2 1.2
233
]ńI 7.7
tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-Xhpw {Km‚p-Ifpw: tI{μ-hc
- hv Pn.-Fk
- .v U
- n.-]n.
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 4.4 4.3 3.6
2. _olm¿ 17.2 15.8 13.8
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 6.9 8.4 6.8
4. tKmh 2.3 3.2 2.5
5. KpP-dmØv 2.5 2.2 2.2
6. lcn-bm\ 1.8 2.0 1.9
7. Pm¿JWvUv 7.2 9.9 7.5
8. I¿Æm-SI 4.1 4.3 3.7
9. tIcfw 3.4 2.6 2.9
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 8.2 9.1 7.9
11. alm-cmjv{S 2.0 2.1 2.0
12. HUoj 9.1 8.9 8.7
13. ]©m_v 2.6 2.4 2.5
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 6.1 5.8 5.3
15. Xan-gv\mSv 3.4 3.4 2.9
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 8.6 10.2 9.9
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 4.9 5.0 5.0
19. samØw C¥y 4.7 5.0 4.6
dh\yp sNehv
k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-th≠n sNe-hm°p-
∂XmWv dh\yp sNehv. CXn¬ Hcp `mKw πm≥ AYhm hm¿jnI
]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn sNe-hm-°p-∂p. ]ńI 7.8¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-
Øn¬s∏Sp∂ kwÿm\ßfpsS dh\yp sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-
234
]ńI 7.8
dh-\yp-sN-ehv: dh\yp sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 14.0 13.3 12.9
2. _olm¿ 20.0 17.9 18.2
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 13.9 16.5 17.7
4. tKmh 14.9 14.7 13.9
5. KpP-dmØv 10.7 11.2 9.8
6. lcn-bm\ 11.9 10.7 10.8
7. Pm¿JWvUv 15.6 18.3 13.6
8. I¿Æm-SI 14.5 14.2 14.5
9. tIcfw 13.9 12.5 15.3
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 16.0 16.6 16.1
11. alm-cmjv{S 10.8 10.0 10.3
12. HUoj 15.5 15.1 16.7
13. ]©m_v 16.1 14.6 13.1
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 15.1 13.9 14.6
15. Xan-gv\mSv 12.6 14.1 12.9
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 16.7 18.8 18.3
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 13.2 13.6 13.0
19. samØw C¥y 11.9 12.1 12.2
]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 200-4˛08 Ime-L´Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ dh\yq

sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw ]ń-I-bnse `qcn-`mKw kwÿm-\-
ßsf°mƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Xmc-X-tay\ sa®-amb [\-ÿn-Xn-
sb-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv dh\yp sNe-hn¬
h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. 2013-˛14 Bbt∏mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ dh\yp sNehv
235
]ńI 7.9
]eni sNehv: ]eni sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 2.6 1.6 1.5
2. _olm¿ 3.8 2.0 1.6
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 1.8 1.0 0.7
4. tKmh 2.6 2.0 1.8
5. KpP-dmØv 2.6 1.9 1.7
6. lcn-bm\ 1.9 1.3 1.5
7. Pm¿JWvUv 1.5 2.0 1.5
8. I¿Æm-SI 1.9 1.5 1.3
9. tIcfw 2.8 2.1 2.1
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 2.8 1.9 1.5
11. alm-cmjv{S 2.0 1.5 1.4
12. HUoj 3.6 1.6 1.1
13. ]©m_v 3.4 2.5 2.5
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 3.5 2.3 1.8
15. Xan-gv\mSv 1.9 1.5 1.5
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 3.4 2.5 2.0
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 4.2 2.9 2.9
19. samØw C¥y 2.3 1.6 1.5
A\p-]mXw 12 kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ Db¿∂p. iº-fw, s]≥j≥,

kzImcy hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ So®nwKv {Km‚ v, `c-
W-sN-e-hp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ h∂ XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\-hmWv CXn-
\n-S-bm-°n-b-Xv. IpXn-®p-b-cp∂ dh\yp sNe-hmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-
{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS {][m\ Imc-Ww.
236
ASp-Ø-Xmbn tIc-f-Ønse ]eni sNehv a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-

ambn Xmc-Xayw sNømw. ]ńI 7.9¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´
kwÿm\-ß-fpsS ]en-i -sN-ehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-
bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS icm-icnsb°mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]eni A\p-]mXw
Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. `qcn-`mKw kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚
\nc°v Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 2003-\p- tijw kwÿm-\-ßƒ ^nkvI¬
sdkvt]m¨kn-_n-en‰n BIvSv ]m m-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ s]mXpISw \nb-{¥n-°m≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. X∑qew ]en-
i-sN-e-hn¬ s]mXphn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]eni
A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Imcy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-√. 2013-˛14¬ km[m-cW hn`m-
K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS icm-icn ]eni Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
A\p-]mXw 1.6 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv 2.1 iX-am-\-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]ń-I-bnse 13 kwÿm-\-ßsf°mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]eni
A\p-]mXw Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ Db¿∂
tXmXn-ep≈ ]eni _m[y-X-sb-bmWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
iº-f-sN-ehv
Cu `mK-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse samØw iº-f -sN-e-hpw, Cu sNe-
hn-\-Ønse h¿≤-\bpw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse iºf sNe-hp-ambn
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p. ]ńI 7.10¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS 2001-˛02, 2012-˛13 h¿j-ß-fnse samØw iº-f-sN-
ehpw Ah-bpsS h¿≤-\hpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. iº-f-sN-ehv XpI \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv _ney-\n-emWv (Hcp _ney≥ 100 tImSnbmWv). 2001-˛02
apX¬ 2012-˛13-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS iº-f-sN-
e-hn¬ s]mXphn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. c≠p kwÿm-
\-ß-sfmgn®v as‰√m-Øn-sebpw iºf h¿≤\w 200 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[n-
I-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-sf- A-t]-£n®v henb h¿≤-
\-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. KpP-dm-Øv, DØ¿{]-tZiv F∂o
kwÿm-\-ßƒ Ign-™m¬ 2001-˛02 apX¬ 2012-˛13-h-sc-bp≈ ImeØv
G‰hpw henb h¿≤\w iº-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-emWv.
a‰p kwÿm-\-ßƒ tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ coXn-bn¬ ]Øp h¿j-Øn-
semcn°-¬ iºf ]cn-jvImcw \S-Øp-tºmƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ A©p
h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ ]cn-jvImcw \S-Øp∂p. am{X-a√ h¿j-Øn¬
icm-icn c≠p Un.-F. h¿≤-\hpw \S-Øp-∂p.
237
2001-˛02¬ ]e henb kwÿm\ßfn-sebpw samØw iº-f-sN-

ehv tIc-f-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂p h¿jw
Ign-™-t∏mƒ ÿnXn KXn-bn¬ henb am‰-ap-≠m-bn. sNdnb kwÿm-
\-amb tIc-f-Øns‚ samØw iº-f-sN-ehv henb kwÿm-\-ß-sf-
°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn. CXv hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Xmsg
\¬Ip-∂p. (1) tIc-f-Øns‚ aq-∂n-cń P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv
]ńI 7.10
kwÿm-\-ßfpsS samØw iºf sNehv (cq] _ney¨)*
kwÿm\w 2001˛02 2012˛13 h¿≤\w
(i-X-am-\w)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 81.7 257.7 215
2. _olm¿ 52.8 139.8 165
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 19.2 76.9 300
4. KpP-dmØv 23.1 186.4 707
5. lcn-bm\ 29.2 106.2 264
6. Pm¿JWvUv NA 64.5 -˛
7. I¿Æm-SI 49.7 160.8 223
8. tIcfw 42.6 175.6 312
9 a≤y-{]-tZiv 49.3 162.2 229
10. alm-cmjv{S 184.8 537.1 191
11. HUoj 37.4 116.7 212
12. ]©m_v NA 169.8 ˛
13. cmP-ÿm≥ 53.0 176.0 232
14. Xan-gv\mSv 82.6 276.0 234
15. DØ¿{]-tZiv 69.6 291.5 319
16. ]›na _wKmƒ 93.0 283.4 205
* Hcp _ney¨ 100 tImSn
NA: Not Available
238
_olm¿ (]-ńI 7.1). 2001-˛02¬ _olm-dnse iº-f-sN-ehv 52.8 _ney≥

cq]-bmbncp-∂-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv 42.6 _ney≥ cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]Xn-s\m∂p h¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ _olm-dns‚ iº-f-sN-ehv 165 iX-
am\w h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse h¿≤\w 312 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
2012˛13 Bbt∏mƒ _olm-dn-s\-°mƒ iºf sNe-hp≈ kwÿm-\-
ambn tIcfw amdn. (]-ńI7.10).
2) tIc-fØns‚bpw I¿Æm-S-IbpsSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ CtX am‰w-
Xs∂ kw`-hn-®p. tIc-f-Øns‚ P\-kw-Jy-sb-°mƒ 83 iX-am\w
A[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kwÿm-\a - mWv I¿Æm-SI - . 2001-˛02¬ I¿Æm-
S-Ib- psS iº-fs - N-ehv 49.7 _ney≥ cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ tIc-fØ - n-t‚Xv
42.6 _ney≥ cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\m∂ph¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ I¿Æm-
S-I-bpsS iº-f-sN-ehv 223 iX-am\w h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse
h¿≤\w 312 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. 2012-˛13 Bb-t∏mƒ I¿Æm-S-I-sb-
°mƒ iº-f-sN-e-hp≈ kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw amdn. 3) tIc-f-Øns‚
P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Cc-ń-bn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv a[y-
{]-tZiv. 2001-˛02¬ a[y-{]-tZ-inse iº-f-sN-ehv 49.3 _ney≥ cq]-bm-
bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønt‚Xv 42.6 _n-ey≥ cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-
s\m∂p h¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ a[y-{]-tZ-ins‚ iº-f-sN-ehv 229 iX-
am\w h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse h¿≤\w 312 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp∂p.
2012-˛13¬ a[y-{]-tZ-in-s\-°mƒ iºf sNe-hp≈ kwÿm-\-ambn
tIcfw amdn. (4) cmP-ÿms‚ Imcy-Ønepw GXm≠v CXn\p kam-\-
amb am‰-amWv D≠m-b-Xv. 2012-˛13¬ cmP-ÿm-s‚bpw tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw
iº-f-sN-ehv GXm≠v Htc XpIbmbn amdn. Npcp-°-Øn¬ tIc-f-
Øn¬ A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-Øp∂ iºf ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw
h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn c≠p XhW \S-Øp∂ Un.F h¿≤-\hpw tIc-
f-Ønse iº-f-sN-ehv IpXn-®p-b-cp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
km[m-cW hn`m-KØn¬s∏´ kwÿm\ßfpsS hm¿jnI icm-
icn iº-f-sN-ehpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 2001-˛02 apX¬ 2011-˛13-
h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´sØ aq∂mbn Xncn-®mWv iºf sNe-hnse
h¿≤\w ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xv. ]ńI 7.11¬ Cu Ime-L´sØ hm¿jnI
icm-icn iºf h¿≤\®ehv \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2001-˛02 apX¬ 200-5˛06-
h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ kwÿm-
239
\-ß-fn¬ iº-f-sN-e-hn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ hm¿jnI h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-

bn-´p-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ 2006-˛07- ap-X¬ 2009-˛10-h-sc-bp≈
Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ iºf ]cn-jvImcw \S-Øn-b-Xp-aqew
]e kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw hm¿jnI icm-icn iºf sNehv tIc-f-
sØ-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2010-˛11 apX¬ 2012-˛13-hs - c-bp≈
ImeØv KpP-dmØv Ign-™m¬ iºf sNe-hn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂
hm¿jnI icm-icn h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bXv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.
]ńI 7.11
hm¿jnI icm-icn iº-f-sN-ehv h¿≤\w (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2001˛02˛ 2006-˛07˛ 2010-˛11˛
2005-˛06 2009-˛10 2012-˛13
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 6.1 14.2 15.0
2. _olm¿ NA NA NA
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 4.5 63.8 ˛7.7
4. KpP-dmØv 4.1 54.6 23.9
5. lcn-bm\ 6.5 22.9 8.7
6. Pm¿JWvUv NA NA NA
7. I¿Æm-SI 4.5 15.3 17.0
8. tIcfw 7.5 15.1 22.0
9 a≤y-{]-tZiv 5.8 15.4 15.4
10. alm-cmjv{S 5.5 16.3 9.3
11. HUoj 3.9 21.5 8.1
12. ]©m_v NA NA NA
13. cmP-ÿm≥ 6.6 20.7 7.9
14. Xan-gv\mSv 2.2 21.5 12.6
15. DØ¿{]-tZiv 6.8 43.8 ˛
16. ]›na _wKmƒ 2.3 21.7 10.1
NA: Not Available
Source: Based on Statement 29 of RBI (2016): State Finance, A Study of
Budgets of 2015-16
240
s]≥j≥ sNehv
s]≥j≥ sNehv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂
kqNnI s]≥j≥ Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-am-Wv. ]ńI 7.12¬ km[m-
cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwÿm\ßfpsS s]≥j≥ Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
]ńI 7.12
s]≥j≥ sN-ehv: s]≥j≥ sNehv Pn.-Fk
- v.U
- n.-]n. A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 1.3 1.6 1.6
2. _olm¿ 2.7 2.9 2.8
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 0.9 1.5 1.5
4. tKmh 1.0 1.1 1.2
5. KpP-dmØv 0.9 1.1 1.1
6. lcn-bm\ 0.9 1.2 1.1
7. Pm¿JWvUv 1.2 1.7 2.0
8. I¿Æm-SI 1.2 1.1 1.5
9. tIcfw 2.3 2.1 2.5
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 1.2 1.4 1.4
11. alm-cmjv{S 0.7 0.8 0.9
12. HUoj 1.5 2.1 2.2
13. ]©m_v 1.5 2.4 2.0
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 1.2 1.6 1.5
15. Xan-gv\mSv 1.7 2.3 1.7
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 1.4 2.2 2.3
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 1.5 1.7 1.6
19. samØw C¥y 1.1 1.7 1.6
Source: RBI (2013): State Finances, A Study of Budgets of 2012-13;
241
A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2004-˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚

s]≥j≥ A\p-]mXw _nlm¿ Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.
a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈Xns\-°mƒ DZm-c-amb s]≥j≥
k{º-Zm-b-amWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿
Poh-\-°m¿°p ]pdsa FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
hnc-an® A[ym-]I
- ¿°pw Poh-\°- m¿°pw s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂p. CXn\p
]pdsa A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-Øp∂ s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvIm-
chpw henb tXmXn-ep≈ [\-_m-[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. 2013-˛14 Bb-
t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse s]≥j≥ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn.
_nlm¿ Ign-™m¬ s]≥j≥ Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw G‰hpw
IqSp--X-emb kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ iºf
s]≥j≥ _m[y-X-Iƒ tIcfØns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bp≈ [\-{]-Xn-k-
‘n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ Imc--W-am-Wv.
s]mXp IS_m≤yX
IS- _ m- ≤ yX hne- b n- c p- Ø p- ∂ - X n\v D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ kqNnI
samØw s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-am-Wv. ]ńI 7.13¬
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.-
Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 2000¬ a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf At]-
£n®p tIc-f-Ønse s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw Ipd-hm-
bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2005 Bbt∏mƒ IS-_m-≤yX A\p-]mX-Øn¬ KWy-
amb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ 2003-\p-tijw kwÿm-\-ßƒ ^nkv-
°¬ dkvt]m¨kn-_n-en‰n BIvSv \nbaw \S-∏n-em°n IS-_m-≤yX
Ipd-bv°m≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p. X∑qew km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬-
s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS IS-_m-≤y-X-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Ipd-hp-
≠mbn. 2014 Bb-t∏mƒ kwÿm-\-ßƒ ^nkv°¬ dkvt]m¨kn-
_n-en‰n BIvSns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-te°p IS-_m-≤yX Ipd-®p. F∂m¬ a‰p
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ h∂ Ipd-h-\p-k-cn-®v tIc-f-Øns‚ IS-_m-≤y-X-bn¬
Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-√. 2014¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp ISw Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-
]mXw 31.7 iX-am-\ amWv. ]›na _wKmfpw, ]©m_pw Ign-™m¬
G‰hpw Db¿∂ IS-_m-≤yX tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ km[m-
cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈ IS-
_m-≤y-X-bp≈ kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw \n¬°p-∂p.
242
]ńI 7.13
samØw s]mXpISw: s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2000 2005 2010 2014
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 25.5 33.6 25.9 22.9
2. _olm¿ 62.0 55.5 36.5 25.8
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv ˛ 25.4 16.4 14.0
4. tKmh 35.8 34.7 28.9 27.2
5. KpP-dmØv 28.9 35.1 28.6 24.6
6. lcn-bm\ 26.3 26.0 18.3 20.5
7. Pm¿JWvUv ˛ 21.9 26.8 21.9
8. I¿Æm-SI 19.5 26.6 25.0 22.6
9. tIcfw 29.7 36.6 32.5 31.7
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 30.6 39.5 29.8 22.2
11. alm-cmjv{S 22.1 30.0 23.8 20.5
12. HUoj 44.2 47.6 28.1 18.5
13. ]©m_v 39.5 48.6 34.3 32.2
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 35.2 46.9 34.5 24.8
15. Xan-gv\mSv 20.4 25.6 21.2 21.0
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 42.4 52.2 39.4 30.9
17. ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 32.7 46.7 44.0 36.7
18. samØw C¥y 25.2 31.3 25.5 21.9
hnI-k-\-sN-ehv
dh-\yq, aqe-[\
- w, hmbv]I- fpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m
sNe-hp-I-sfbpw aq∂n\w k¿ho-kp-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. tkmjy¬,
C°-tWm-an-Iv, P\-d¬. CXn¬ tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-anIv k¿ho-kp-
Isf hnI-k-\-sN-e-hmbpw, P\-d¬ k¿ho-kns\ hnIkt\-Xc sNe-
hmbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnI-k-\-sN-ehv hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ aq∂p
kqNn-I-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. (1) hnI-k\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n
243
A\p-]mXw (2) kmaqly taJem sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw

(3) aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw.
BZy-ambn hnI-k\
- s
- N-ehv Pn.-Fk
- .v U
- n.-]n. A\p-]mXw D]-tbm-Kn®v
hnI-k\ sNehv hne-bn-cp-Ømw. ]ńI 7.14¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬-
s∏Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnI-k\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-
]ńI 7.14
hnI-k\ sNehv: hnI-k\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
A\p]mXw (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 12.2 11.2 10.7
2. _olm¿ 15.3 15.4 15.7
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 12.7 14.3 16.0
4. tKmh 13.3 13.3 11.3
5. KpP-dmØv 8.8 9.3 9.2
6. lcn-bm\ 9.3 8.8 8.3
7. Pm¿JWvUv 15.5 16.1 10.6
8. I¿Æm-SI 12.2 13.6 12.4
9. tIcfw 7.6 7.4 8.7
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 14.5 14.6 13.9
11. alm-cmjv{S 8.5 8.0 7.9
12. HUoj 9.5 12.0 14.2
13. ]©m_v 8.2 7.1 7.2
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 12.0 10.3 12.8
15. Xan-gv\mSv 9.1 10.6 9.8
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 11.9 13.2 13.6
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 7.4 8.0 8.2
19. samØw C¥y 9.1 9.4 9.5
244
]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. hnI-k-\-sN-e-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚

ÿnXn hfsc tami-am-Wv. 200-4˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ _olm¿, Pm¿-
JWvUv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fnse hnI-k\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
A\p-]mXw 15\p apI-fn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønt‚Xv 7.6 iXam-\-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]›n-a_
- w-Kmƒ Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ hnI-k\ sNehv
A\p-]mXap≈ kwÿm-\-ambncp∂p tIc-fw. 2010-˛11 Bb-t∏mgpw tIc-
f-Øns‚ ÿnXn-bn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-bn-√. F∂m¬ 2013-˛14¬-tIc-f-Øns‚
ÿnXn-bn¬ sNdnb ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-bn. F¶nepw hnI-k\ sNehv
A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ tIcfw hfsc ]nt∂m-°-amWv (13-˛mw-ÿm-\w).
hnI-k\ sNehv hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ as‰mcp kpNn-
I-bmWv kmaqly taJe sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-Xw. s]mXp
hnZym-`ym-kw, s]mXpP-\m-tcmKyw, IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-Ww, `h\-\n¿-
ΩmWw, {Kma hnI-k\w XpS-ßnb sNe-hp-I-fmWv CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. ]ńI 7.15¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ßfpsS
kmaqlytaJem sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
2004-˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Db¿∂ kmaqly taJ-em -sN-ehv A\p-]m-X-
Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 12 Bbn-cp-∂p. 2013-˛14 Bb-t∏mƒ tIc-
f-Øns‚ kmaqly taJem sNe-hn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w D≠m-bn-√. Cu
sNehv A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 13 BWv.
CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv kmaq-ly-t£a sNe-hn¬ tIcfw a‰p kwÿm-
\-ß-sf-°mƒ hfsc ]n∂n-em-sW-∂m-Wv.
aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-amWv hnI-k\ sNehv
hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ as‰mcp kqNnI. kmº-ØnI taJ-e-
I-fpsS ASn-Ød krjvSn-°p-∂Xv aqe-[\ sNe-hp-Iƒ aqe-am-Wv. ASn-
ÿm\ LS-I-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\hpw \S-°p-∂Xv aqe-[\ sNe-hns\
B{i-bn-®m-Wv. ]ńI 7.16¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwÿm-\-
ß-fpsS aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
2004-˛08 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Ipdhv
tIc-f-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p (0.6 iX-am-\w). 2013-˛14 Bb-t∏mgpw Cu ÿnXn-
bn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w D≠m-bn-√. ]©m-_v, ]›na _wKmƒ, lcn-
245
bm\ F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ aqe-[\

sNehv A\p-]m-X-ap≈ kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw \n¬°p-∂p. XpS¿®-
bmb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-aqew aqe-[\ sNehv shń-°p-d-®-Xp-aq-e-amWv
tIcfw Cu \ne-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv.
]ńI 7.15
kmaq-ly-ta-Je sNehv: kmaqly taJe sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 6.2 6.6 6.3
2. _olm¿ 10.2 9.1 10.2
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 8.2 10.1 11.3
4. tKmh 6.1 6.4 6.0
5. KpP-dmØv 4.7 5.6 5.5
6. lcn-bm\ 4.3 5.2 4.7
7. Pm¿JWvUv 9.8 11.1 6.8
8. I¿Æm-SI 6.2 7.5 6.8
9. tIcfw 5.4 4.9 6.0
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 7.3 8.6 8.2
11. alm-cmjv{S 4.8 5.0 5.2
12. HUoj 6.2 7.8 9.1
13. ]©m_v 3.6 3.7 4.1
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 7.6 7.0 8.1
15. Xan-gv\mSv 5.7 7.0 6.5
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 7.1 8.8 8.9
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 5.0 6.4 6.5
19. samØw C¥y 5.2 5.9 6.0
246
]ńI 7.16
aqe-[\ sNehv: aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.Fkv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw
(i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w 2004-˛08 2010-˛11 2013-˛14
(i-cm-i-cn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 3.0 1.9 1.8
2. _olm¿ 3.6 4.3 4.1
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 3.2 2.5 2.5
4. tKmh 3.7 3.8 2.1
5. KpP-dmØv 2.4 1.9 3.0
6. lcn-bm\ 1.6 1.5 1.0
7. Pm¿JWvUv 3.9 3.9 2.7
8. I¿Æm-SI 3.2 3.5 2.8
9. tIcfw 0.6 1.2 1.1
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 4.4 3.2 2.5
11. alm-cmjv{S 1.9 1.7 1.3
12. HUoj 1.6 2.2 2.8
13. ]©m_v 1.4 1.1 0.7
14. cmP-ÿm≥ 3.0 1.6 2.6
15. Xan-gv\mSv 1.9 2.4 2.0
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 3.4 3.5 3.8
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 0.8 0.5 1.0
19. samØw C¥y 2.2 2.0 1.9
ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ°p≈ sNehv

Hcp \mSns‚ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂X - ns‚ {][m\
LSIw ASn-ÿm\ LS-Ih - n-Ik
- \
- Ø
- n-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂ XpIbpw
B taJ-e-bn¬ t\Snb t\´-hp-am-Wv. ]ńI 7.17 ¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-
247
Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm\ßfpsS ASn-ÿ-m\ LSI sNehv samØw

sNehv A\p-]mXw F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. BZy-ambn tdmUp-I-
fpsSbpw ]me-ß-fp-sSbpw aqe-[-\-sN-ehv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. samØw
sNe-hns‚ 4.6 iX-am-\-amWv tdmUp-Iƒ°pw ]me-ßƒ°pw th≠n
tIcfw 2013-˛14¬ sNe-h-gn-®-Xv. km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ 17
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 12 BWv. _olm¿, OØokv-
Km¿lv, Pm¿JWvU,v HUoj F∂o kwÿm-\ß - ƒ samØw sNe-hns‚
Ggn-e-[nIw iXam\w XpI tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ F∂n-hbv°p-th≠n
sNe-hm-°n. ]ń-I-bnse ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw kwÿm-\-ß-fpw Cu C\-Øn-
\p-th-≠n sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xv 5.6 iX-am\w apX¬ 7.2 iX-am-\w-h-scbmWv.
samØw sNe-hn¬ ASn-ÿ-m\ LS-I-amb C‘\Øn-\p-th≠n
sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI as‰mcp kqNn-I-bm-Wv. Cu kqNn-I-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ tIc-
f-Øns‚ ÿnXn ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-Wv. tIcfw CXn-\p-th≠n 2013-˛14¬
sNe-hm-°n-bXv samØw sNe-hns‚ 0.3 iX-am-\-am-Wv. 17 kwÿm-\-
ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Ipdhv ASnÿm-\-L-SI sNe-hp≈ kwÿm\w tIc-
f-am-Wv. tKmh, lcn-bm-\, ]©m-_v, cmP-ÿm≥ F∂o kwÿm\-
ßƒ samØw sNe-hns‚ 11 apX¬ 16.9 iX-am\w C‘\ hnI-k-\-
Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-h-gn-°p∂p F∂v Hm¿°-Ww. \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNehp-
I-fn¬ h∂ h¿≤-\w- aqeamWv Cu ZpxÿnXn tIc-f-Øn\p≠mbXv.
hnI-k-\-Øn\pw aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn\pw ASn-ÿm\ LSI \nt£-
]-Øn-\p-ap≈ sNehv shń-°p-d®v \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ]Ww
Is≠-tØ≠ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb \ne-bn¬ tIcfw FØn-\n¬°p∂p.
henb hn`mKw P\-ßƒ Zcn-{Z-cm-bp≈ kwÿm\ßfmb _olm¿,
a≤y-{]-tZ-iv, HUo-j, DØ¿{]-tZiv F∂n-h-t]mepw ASnÿm\ LSI
hnI-k-\-Øn\v henb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-tºm-gmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu
Zp¿K-Xn.
248
]ńI 7.17
2013-˛14se ASn-ÿm\ LSI sNehv: samØw sNe-hns‚
hnlnXw (i-X-am-\w)
kwÿm\w tdmUp-Ifpw C‘\w
]me-ßfpw (F-\¿Pn)
1. B{‘m-{]-tZiv 3.4 5.9
2. _olm¿ 7.1 7.6
3. OØo-kvKm¿lv 7.2 1.3
4. tKmh 4.7 16.9
5. KpP-dmØv 5.8 5.8
6. lcn-bm\ 5.6 12.0
7. Pm¿JWvUv 7.4 6.0
8. I¿Æm-SI 6.6 6.0
9. tIcfw 4.6 0.3
10. a≤y-{]-tZiv 4.3 9.7
11. alm-cmjv{S 4.8 4.8
12. HUojm 7.0 2.1
13. ]©m_v 1.7 11.0
14. cmPÿm≥ 4.1 12.4
15. Xan-gv\mSv 4.2 3.9
16. DØ¿{]-tZiv 6.8 6.2
17. ]›na _wKmƒ 2.1 2.0
18. samØw C¥y 5.1 6.7
D]-kw-lmcw
km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-
Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn¬ \n∂v Xmsg ]d-bp∂
\nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØmw. (1) km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 17 kwÿ-m-
\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ dh\yq IΩn-bp≈ kwÿm\w tIc-f-amWv.
am{X-hp-a√ {]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 11 kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tIc-f-
249
Øns‚ ÿm\w H∂m-a-Xm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse 28 kwÿm-

\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ dh\yq IΩn-bp≈ kwÿm\w tIc-f-amWv.
AXm- b Xv C¥y- b n¬ G‰hpw cq£- a mb [\- { ]- X n- k - ‘ n- b p≈
kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. (2) [\-I-Ωn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ km[m-cW
hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 17 kwÿm\ßfn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ [\-I-Ωn-bp≈
kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. (3) Db¿∂ dh\yq hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n A\p-
]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w
12 BWv. (4) Db¿∂ dh\yq sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 6 BWv. (5)
D-b¿∂ ]eni sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬
17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIcfw aq∂mw ÿm\-Øm-Wv. (6) tIc-f-sØ-
°mƒ henb kwÿm-\-ß-fmb _olm¿, I¿Æm-S-I, a≤y-{]-tZiv
F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ samØw iº-f-sN-ehv IqSp-X-em-Wv.
(7) hm¿jnI icm-icn iºf sNe-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ KpP-dmØv Ign-
™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°p-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. (8) s]≥j≥
sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ _nlm¿ Ign-
™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°p-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. (9) s]mXpISw
Pn.- F kv . - U n.]n A\p- ] m- X - Ø ns‚ Imcy- Ø n¬ ]›n- a - _ w- K mfpw
]©m_pw Ign™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-ap-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-
em-Wv. (10) Db¿∂ hnI-k-\-sN-ehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 13 BWv.
(11) Db¿∂ kmaqly taJe sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIcfØns‚ ÿm\w 13 BWv.
(12) Db¿∂ aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\ß - f
- n¬ tIc-fØ - ns‚ ÿm\w 14 BWv. (13) samØw
sNe-hn¬ tdmUv, ]meßƒ°p≈ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-sN-ehv hnln-X-
Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 11 BWv. (14) `qcn-`mKw kwÿm-\-ß-
fpw Xß-fpsS samØw sNe-hns‚ 6 apX¬ 17 iX-am-\w-hsc C‘\
ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°n-b-t∏mƒ tIcfw sNe-hm-
°n-bXv 0.3 iX-am-\-am-Wv. 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Ipdhv sNe-
hmWnXv. (15) dh\yp hchv h¿≤n-∏n®pw dh\yp sNehv Ipd®pw a‰p
250
kwÿm-\-ßƒ [\-ÿnXn sa®s∏Sp-Øp-tºmƒ tIcfw Cu cwK-ß-

fn¬ ]nt∂m-´p-t]mbn [\-ÿnXn tami-am-°p-∂p. (16) aqe-[-\w, hnI-
k-\w, ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw F∂n-hbv°p a‰p kwÿm-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬
]Ww Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ tIcfw Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hnlnXw shń-
°p-d®v \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂p. (17) Npcp-°-Øn¬ [\-
ÿnXn sa®s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw hn`-h-ßƒ hnI-k-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xnepw ]cm-P-b-s∏´ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Nn{X-amWv Cu XmcXay
]T\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
251
A≤ymbw F´v
kw{K-lhpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw
I. kw{Klw
tI cf k¿°m- c ns‚ [\- { ]- X n- k ‘n Hcp Xm¬°m- e nI
{]iv\tam Hcp k¿°m-cns‚ ImetØm D≠mbtXm A√. {]Xn-k-
‘n-bn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw k¿°m¿ Ign™ aq∂p
Zim-_vZ-°m-e-Øv XpS¿®bmbn [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. Ct∏mƒ
Cu {]iv\w AXn-cq-£hpw k¿°m-cn\v ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ {]Xn-
k-‘n-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. apgp-h≥ dh\yp hchpw tI{μ k¿°m¿
A\p-hZ- n-®n-´p≈ ]cn-[n-bn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ hmbv]bpw FSp-Ømepw \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ am{Xta XnIbq F∂ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-
amb \ne-bn-te°v [\-ÿnXn FØn-\n¬°p-∂p. Cu \ne-bv°m-Wv
apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-sX-¶n¬ 2017-˛18¬ kwÿm\w kºq¿Æ [\-Imcy
XI¿®-bn-te°pw AcmPI-Xz-Øn-te°pw \oßm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v
2016se [h-f-]{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. Cu ZpxÿnXn-bn¬ FØn-b-Xns‚ ASn-
ÿm\ ImcWw kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ap∂Wn k¿°m-
cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn® [\-[q¿Øvcmjv{So-b-am-Wv.
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ
1. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ [\-[q¿Øvcmjv{So-
bhpw [\-\bßfpw
2. [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kz`m-hw, hym]vXn, Imc-W-ßƒ.
252
3. k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ hchv C\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-I-e\w

4. k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ sNehv C\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-I-e\w
5. s]mXpISw
6. [\-ÿnXn: a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-X-ayw.
7. ]T-\-Øns‚ kw{K-lhpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw
[\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw
1) Hcp k¿°m¿ P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn-bmbpw a‰n-\-ß-fnepw
]ncn-°p∂ XpIbpw a‰p hcp-am-\-ßfpw IS-sa-Sp-°p∂ XpIbpw `cWw
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn\pw \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-
Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂X - n-\p-]I
- cw cmjv{Sob A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿-Øm\pw
cmjv{Sob t\´-ßƒ t\Sm-\pw, _yqtdm-{I-kn, kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ,
cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n£n]vX Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-
£n-°m\pw `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-_-c-Øn\pw [q¿Øn\pw sNehm-
°p∂Xns\ [\-[q¿Øv F∂p ]d-bmw. 2) P\-t£-a-Øn\pw \mSns‚
hnI-k-\-Øn\pw sNe-hm-t°≠ hn`-h-ß-fn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw _yqtdm-
{Ikn hnI-k-\-Øn-eqsS k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°mcpw a‰p kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-
Ifpw Xń-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. 3) Hcp hiØv thm´¿ {]oW\ [\-cm-jv{Sobw
k¿°m-cns‚ hcp-am-\-t{km-X- p-Iƒ (\n-Ip-Xn-Ifpw, \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-
bn-\-ß-fpw) h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ adp-
hiØv B\p-Iqey hnX-cW ]cn-]mSnIfpw, [\-[q¿Øpw, \nXy-\n-Zm-
\-sN-e-hp-Ifpw A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn h¿≤n-∏n®v Ah-km-\n-°mØ [\-
{]-Xn-k‘n krjvSn-°p-∂p. 4) kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ kΩ¿±-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ°v kmº-ØnI t\´w D≠m-°m≥
klm-b-I-chpw k¿°m-cn\v [\-\jvSw krjvSn-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv
s]mXphn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿, A¿≤-k¿°m¿, s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ F∂n-h-bnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS kwL--S-\Iƒ,
hnZym¿∞n kwL-- S\-Iƒ, \nIpXn \¬Ip∂ hn`m-K-°m¿, hym]mcn
hyh-kmbn kwL-S\ - I
- ƒ, PmXn, aX, kmaqly kwL-S\ - I
- ƒ, kzImcy
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-h¿, k¿°m¿ `qanbpw
h\-`q-anbpw ]m´-Øn-s\-Sp-°p-∂-h¿, aW¬, aÆv, ]md XpS-ßn-bh
J\\w sNøp-∂-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
5) k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, A¿≤-k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mXpta-
253
Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ ^≠p-sIm≠p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ a‰p

ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ta[m-hn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿
s]mXp ]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn®p sNe-hm-°p∂ {]h-WX hym]-I-am-Wv.
a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ AanX hen-∏w, h≥ hen-∏-ap≈
]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-j≥, k¿Δ-I-em-ime kn≥Un-t°-‰p-Iƒ, a‰p
k¿°m¿ kan-Xn-Iƒ, HutZym-KnI BUw-_c Imdp-Iƒ, k¿°m¿
hml-\-ß-fpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-Kw, P\-{]Xn\n-[n-Iƒ°pw DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw
\¬Ip∂ ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ B\pIqeyßƒ, hkq-em-°p∂ Xp—-amb
bqk¿ Nm¿÷p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh CXn-\p≈ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
6) tI{μ k¿°m¿ ]Øp h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ iºfhpw s]≥j\pw
]cn-jIv c
- n-°p-tºmƒ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-If
- psS LS-Iß
- f
- m-bp≈ kwÿm\
Poh-\-°m-cpsS t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kwÿm-
\Øv A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn-°¬ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa
{]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn c≠v Un.F h¿≤-\hpw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. 7)
kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v Hcp [\-]-cn-[nbpw
t\m°msX k¿°m¿ ]pXnb _m®p-Iƒ, ÿm]\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh
A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂p. 8) temIsØºmSp-ap≈ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ Zcn-{Zs\
kº-Øp-≈-h-\m-°m-\p≈ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-amWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fpsS {][m\ {]h¿-Ø\w
P\-ßsf Zcn-{Z-\m°n (_n.-]n.-F¬) k¿°m¿ [\-k-lmb hnX-c-W-
amWv. 9) Imcy-£-ahpw em`-I-c-ambpw \S-tØ≠ ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv
s]mXp taJem ÿm]-\-ß-sf∂v cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Itfm, t{SUv bqWn-
b-\p-I-tfm, k¿°mtcm ImWp-∂n-√. A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ ]m¿ń-
bpsS cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Xe-∏-Øn-cn-°p∂h-
cpsS hy‡n Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw t\Sm-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-am-bmWv Chsb
ImWp-∂-Xv. 10) kwÿm-\sØ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xnbpw a‰p hnI-k\
]≤-Xn-Ifpw Imcy-£-a-ambpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambpw \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-
Xm-sW∂v CXn\v DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h¿ (h-Ip-∏nse DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hIp∏p
ta[m-hn, hIp∏p a{¥n) ImWp-∂n-√. sXcs™Sp∏p ImeØpw _P‰v
Ah-X-cW ka-bØpw {]N-c-W-Ønt\m ]c-ky-Ønt\m th≠n ]dbm-
\p≈ Hcp hnj-b-am-bmWv k¿°m¿, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ, a{¥n-am¿,
P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Isf ImWp-∂-Xv.
254
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n: kz`m-hw, hym]vXn

1) kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ AXn-cq-£amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-Wv.
apgp-h≥ dh\yp hchpw tI{μ k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ ]cn-[n-bn-
ep≈ apgp-h≥ hmbv]bpw FSp-Ømepw \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \ndth-
‰m≥ am{Xta XnI-bq. Cu \ne-bv°mWv apt∂m´p t]mIp∂sX-¶n¬
2017-˛18¬ kwÿm\w kºq¿Æ [\-Imcy XI¿®-bn-te°pw Acm-P-
I-Xz-Øn-te°pw \oßm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v 2016se [h-f-]{Xw ]d-
bp-∂p. (2) [\-{]-Xn-k‘n Hcp Xm¬°m-enI {]iv\tam Hcp k¿°m-
cns‚ ImetØm D≠m-b-X-√. {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n¬ D≠m-
bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw k¿°m¿ Ign™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv XpS¿®-bmbn
[\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. (3) Cu \nXy [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n°p ImcWw
kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn® [\-
[q¿Øvcmjv{So-bhpw [\-\-b-ß-fp-am-Wv. (4) [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-aqew \nXy-
\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ hm¿jn-I-]-≤-Xn, aqe-[\
\nt£]w F∂n-hb - nse sNehv shń-°p-d® - n-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew BtcmKyw,
hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb s]mXp k¿ho-kp-Iƒ, ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-
fmb tdmUv, ]me-ßƒ, IpSn-sh-≈w, sshZypXn XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-fn¬
tIcfw ]nt∂m´p t]mbn. (5) A‘-amb [\-[q¿Øv cmjv{Sobw A\p-
h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew hne-°-b-‰-Øn\pw kmº-ØnI- am‰-ßƒ°p-a-
\p-k-cn®v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ
F∂n-h-bpsS \nc-°n¬ h¿≤\w hcp-Øp-∂n-√. CXp-aqew Zo¿L-Imew
\nc-°p-Iƒ am‰-an-√msX \ne-\n-∂p. (6) tami-amb \nIpXn ]ncn-hv,
Agn-a-Xn, k¿°m¿ tÃ-Iƒ, IpSn-»nI ]ncns®Sp°p∂Xnse A\mÿ,
\nIpXn ]ncn-hn\v sF.-‰n. kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ h∂
]cm-Pbw XpS-ßnbh \nIpXn hcp-am\ hf¿® apc-Sn-∏n-®p. (7) kwÿm-
\-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hf¿® Db¿∂ \nc-°n-em-Ip-tºmƒ X\Xp hcp-
am\w h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw amμy-Im-eØv hf¿® Ipd-bp-tºmƒ hcp-am\w
Ipd-bp∂ {]h-WX s]mXphn¬ Zriy-am-bncp-∂p. (8) `qcn-`mKw s]mXp-
ta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw XpS¿®-bmbn \jvS-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-
Xp-aqew k¿°m-cn\p e`n-t°≠ em`-hn-ln-Xw, ]eni Xncn-®-S-hv, \n-
Ip-XnIƒ F∂nh e`n-°mØ Ahÿbnem-bn-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿ IS-
sa-SpØv \¬In-bn-cp∂ hmbv]-Ifpw Xncn-®-S-bv°m-dn-√. (9) [\-e-`yX
IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX cmjv{Sob {]N-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \n›-bn-°p∂
255
Db¿∂ XpI-bv°p≈ ]≤-Xnbpw AXp krjvSn-°p∂ Acm-P-I-Xzhpw

_P-‰n¬ ]Ww I≠p-sIm≠p XpS-ßp∂ t-{]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ ]W-an-√msX
]IpXn hgn-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. (10) Hcp `mK-Øv dh\yp hcp-am\w aμ-
K-Xn-bn¬ h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ adp-`m-KØv dh\yp sNehv Hcp \nb-{¥W-
hp-an-√msX IpXn-®p-b-cp-∂p. dh\yp sNe-hp-I-fmb iº-fw, s]≥j≥,
]eni, kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p≈ So®nwKv
{Km‚ v, k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ, `c-W-sN-e-hp-Iƒ, \jvS-Øn¬ \S-
°p∂ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p≈ klmbw, kmaqly kpc-
£m-s]≥j≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤-\-
bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. (11) cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-fp-sSbpw i‡-cmb kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-
I-fp-tSbpw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ th≠n ]e dh\yp sNe-
hp-I-fnepw \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-ń-√.
X∑qew ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ Hcp \nb-{¥-W-hp-an-
√sX IpXn-®p-b¿∂p. (12) Ign™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-Im-esØ [\-{]-Xn-
k-‘n-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬
\S-Øp∂ iºf, s]≥j≥ ]cn-jvIm-chpw h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn \S-
Øp∂ c≠p Un.-F. h¿≤-\hpw aqew krjvSn-°p∂ h≥ [\-_m-≤y-
X-bmWv {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ Imc-W-sa-∂p ImWmw. (13)
k¿°m-cns‚ [\-ÿnXn ]cn-K-Wn-°msX kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-
`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v [\-_m-≤y-X-bp-≠m-°p∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ
\¬Ip-∂p. A\m-h-iy-ambn ]pXnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ, _m®pIƒ A\p-
h-Zn-°p-I, tPmen-bn-√mØ A≤ym-]-I¿°v iºfw \¬Ip-I, Ipń-Iƒ
C√mØ kvIqfp-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-I, ]pXnb \nb-a\ßƒ \S-Øm≥
A\p-hmZw \¬IpI XpS-ßnb \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. (14) hn`hß-
fpsS ]n≥_-e-an-√msX {]N-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n henb hm¿jnI ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-°pI, \jvS-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-
\-ßƒ°v [\-k-lm-bhpw hmbv]bpw \¬Ip-I, AwKo-I-cn® _P-
‰n\p ]pdØv sNe-th-dnb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ {]Jym-]n°pI XpS-ßnb
\S-]S- n-Ifpw [\-{]-Xn-k‘
- n-bv°p≈ Imc-Wß - f- m-Wv. (15) k¿°m-cns‚
[\-ÿn-Xn°p Xmßm≥ Ign-bmØ hnZym-`ymk sNe-hmWv as‰m∂v.
2001-hsc D∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ k¿°m¿ taJ-eb - nepw kzImcy
FbvUUv taJ-e-bnepw am{Xw aXn F∂ \b-amWv A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-
∂-Xv. (16) IS-_m-≤y-X-bpsS KWyamb h¿≤-\hpw X∑q-e-ap≈ hmbv]
256
Xncn-®-S-hv, ]eni _m[y-X-bnse h¿≤\w F∂n-hbpw [\-{]-Xn-k-

‘n-°p≈ Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. (17) [\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-
°p-∂ a{¥n-am¿, Fw.-F¬.Fam¿, cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ, t{SUv bqWn-
b≥ t\Xm-°ƒ, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fnse P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, DtZym-
K-ÿ¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS [\-cm-jv{So-bhpw [\-Im-cy-ß-fn-ep≈ A⁄-
Xbpw [\-ÿnXn sa®-am-°m≥ XS- -ambn \n∂n-cp-∂p.
(1) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn®v hcp∂ [\-\-b-Øn¬
X\-Xp-\n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \nc-°p-Iƒ
Imem-\p-k-cWw am‰mt\m \nIpXn ]ncnhv k{º-Zm-bhpw kwhn-[m-\-
ßfpw Imcy-£-a-am-°m-t\m, IpSn-»nI bYm-k-abw ]ncns®Sp-°mt\m
Imcy-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. (2) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns\
\nXy-[-\-Imcy {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°nb Hcp {][m\ ImcWw X\Xv
\nIp-Xn˛-\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fn¬ Imcy-amb h¿≤\w hcm-Ø-XmWv.
\nIpXn \nc-°p-Iƒ Imem-Imew h¿≤n-∏n-°m-Ø-Xv, tami-amb \nIpXn
]ncnhv, \nIpXn IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Aew-`m-hw, \nIpXn
]ncnhv XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ‘tÃ’Iƒ, Nne \nIpXnbn\-ßƒ°v \¬In-
bn-cn-°p∂ {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \nIp-Xn-h-cpam-\sØ
{]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. (3) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\
\nIpXn hcp-am-\-ßƒ ]tcm-£-\n-IpXnIfm-b-Xp-sIm≠v kwÿm\
kmº-Øn-I-cw-KsØ Db¿® XmgvN-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v \nIpXn hcp-am\
hf¿®-bn¬ henb G‰-°pd-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p--≠v. (4) \nIp-Xn-tb-
Xc hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ `mKy-°p-dn-sbmgn®v a‰n-\-
ßfpsS hcp-am\w H´pw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√. Ct∏mƒ hnhn[ k¿°m¿ hIp-
∏p-Iƒ ]ncn-°p∂ `qcn-`mKw ôkp-Ifpw, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Ifpw hfsc
Ipd™ \nc-°n-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. ]e-bn\w ôkp-Ifpw bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-I-
fp-sSbpw \nc°v Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn Imcy-amb am‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-∂p.
(5) \jvS-Ønepw sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-X-bnepw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw k¿°m-
cn\v XpS¿®-bmbn kmº-ØnI _m[yX krjvSn-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂-
Xp-amb s]mXpta-Je ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m
Ah \n¿Ø-em-°mt\m k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®n-ń-√. (6)
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc IpSn-»n-IIƒ ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-bn-´p≈ A\m-ÿ,
A\m-h-iy-amb k¿°m¿ tÃIƒ, tImS-Xn-Ifpw A∏-te‰v t_mUn-
257
Ifpw \¬Inb ‘tÃ’Iƒ am‰p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw \nba \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ h∂ hogvNbpw, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw s]mXp-ta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßfpw \¬tI≠ XpI-Iƒ bYm-k-abw \¬Im-Xncn-°p-∂Xpw
IpSn-»nI h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. (7) tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j\pIƒ A\p-
h¿Øn®v h∂n-cn-°p∂ \nIpXn hn`-P\ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ s]mXp-hn¬
tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-a√. F∂m¬ ]Xn-\memw [\-Imcy IΩn-js‚
ip]m¿i-Iƒ aqew tIc-f-Øn\v sa®-amb Ahm¿UmWv e`n-°p-I.
tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-X-Øn¬ kwÿm\ßfpsS hnlnXw 42 iX-am-\-
ambn h¿≤n-∏n-®-Xv, tIc-f-Øns‚ \nIpXn hnln-X-Øn¬ h∂ sNdnb
h¿≤-\w, dh\yp IΩn \nI-Øm-\mbn 3 h¿jw \¬Ip∂ {]tXyI
{Km‚ ,v Xt±i kzbw-`c- W ÿm]-\ß
- ƒ°v e`n-°p∂ {Km‚nse h¿≤\w
F∂nh kwÿm-\-Øn\v e`n® hnln-X-Ønepw XpI-bnepw h¿≤-\-
hp-≠m-°pw.
(1) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc dh\yq sNe-hp-Iƒ
AYhm \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ IpXn-®p-b-cp-∂p. CXv \nd-th-‰m≥
th≠n Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn ISw FSpØ XpI-bmWv hn\n-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. (2) \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥
th≠n aqe-[\ sNehv shń-°p-d-bv°p-∂p. (3) 1980-Iƒ apX¬ D≠mb
[\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A©v h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \S-∏n-em-
°p∂ iºf˛-s]≥j≥ ]cn-jI v m-cß
- f
- pw h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn \¬-Ip∂
c≠v Un.F h¿≤-\-I-fp-amWv [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS aqe-Im-c-W-sa∂v
ImWmw. (4) 1983\ptijw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Ggv iº-f-˛-]-cn-jvIm-
c-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°n. 1983¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ kvsIbnense ASn-ÿm\
an\naw iºfw 3700 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2014¬ 93000 cq]-bmbn h¿≤n®p.
Hmtcm iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ A[nI [\-_m-[yX
dh\yq IΩn \nc°v AXmXv h¿j-ß-fn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. (5) c≠m-
asØ G‰hpw henb sNe-hn-\-amb kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v \¬Ip∂ So®nwKv {Km‚pw dn´-b¿ sNbvXh - ¿°v \¬Ip∂
s]≥j\pw h≥ [\-_m-[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. th≠{X hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ C√mØ ÿm]-\ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-I, tPmen-bn-√mØ Bbn-c-
°-W-°n\v A≤ym-]-I¿°v iºfw \¬IpI, πkvSp taJ-e-bn¬ H´\-
-h[n ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°pI XpS-ßn-bh k¿°m-cn\v h≥
258
_m[yX krjvSn-°p-∂p. (6) k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßfpw FbvUUv

ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ samØw hnZym-`ymk taJ-ebpsS sNehv
òa-am-Wv. k¿°m¿ dh\yp hcp-am-\Øns‚ aq∂n¬ H-t∂mfw CXn-\p-
th≠n sNe-hm-°p∂p. Cu sNehv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ k¿°m¿
Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂n-√. (7) s]mXp ISw XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p-
∂-Xp-aqew ]eni sNehpw KWy-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. 2011-˛12-\p-tijw
dh\yp sNe-hns‚ 14 iX-am-\w- ]en-i-bn-\-Øn¬ sNe-h-gn-°p∂p (8)
`c-Ww, Bkq-{XWw F∂o cwK-ß-fnse hntI-{μo-I-c-Whpw, {]mtZ-
inI k¿°m-cp-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚
Hcp {][m\ e£y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ImcWw {]mtZ-
inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v A¿l-X-s∏´ kwÿm\ \nIpXn hnlnXw
\¬Ip-∂n-√. (9) kmaq-lnI kpc£m s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-fnse KpW-
t`m‡m-°-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw s]≥j≥ \nc-°nepw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-
Ip-∂-Xp-aqew Cu C\-Ønse sNehv XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p∂p.
A\¿l-cmb H´-\-h[n t]¿°v {]mtZ-inI cmjv{Sob X¬]cyw aqew
s]≥j≥ \¬Ip- ∂ p. (10) k¿°m¿ Hmô- k p- I - f psS \S- Ø n- ∏ v ,
k¿°m¿ hml-\-ßƒ°p≈ sNehv, DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS bm{Xm-sN-ehv
XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿
hml-\-ßƒ°p th≠n am{Xw {]Xn-h¿jw \qdp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw XpI
sNe-hm-°p∂p. (11) k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n
\S-Øp∂ _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w h≥ [\ _m[yX krjvSn-°p-
∂p. A\mhiy-amb Ht´sd s{]mtamj≥ XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-
I, hIp-∏p-Isf hn`-Pn®v ]pXnb hIp∏v krjvSn-°p-I, A[nI XkvXn-
I-I-ƒ krjvSn-°m≥ th≠n sU]yqt´-j≥ DZm-c-am-°p-I, XkvXn-I-
I-fpsS t]cv am‰n IqSp-X¬ iºfw \¬Ip-I, a{¥namcpsS t]gvk-
W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw h¿≤n∏n°pI, ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩn-j≥
AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI XpSßnbh _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-
k-\-Øns‚ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. (12) C˛-K-th-W≥kv \S-∏n-em-
°n-b-Xp-aqew sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰nse DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆw Ipd-tb-≠-
Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ C˛-K-th-W≥kv Hcp hiØpw, DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆ-
Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmb h¿≤-\w adp-h-iØpw D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p.
(13) apI-fn¬ hnh-cn® C\-ß-fn-ep≈ sNehv \nb-{¥n®v [\-[q¿Øv
XS-bm≥ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂
259
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-an-√. kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm]nX

Xm¬]-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°v FXn-cmbn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°m≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-an-√. (14) \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw
P\-t£-a-Øn\pw A\n-hm-cy-amb hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰p
{][m\ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw \SØn∏v ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn \S-
∏nem°m≥ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂n-√. Hcp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw XpI-
bp≈ 236 {][m\ hnI-k\ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ Imcy-£-ambn \S-Ømt\m
ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°mt\m Ign-™n-ń-s√∂v kn.-F.-Pn.
2014-˛15se dnt∏m¿ń¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (15) tIcf kwÿm\w
cq]o-I-cn-®n´v Bdv Zim_vZw Ign™n´pw C{Xbpw ImesØ ]≤Xn
\S-Øn∏v A\p-`-h- ]-cn-N-b-ap-≠m-bn´pw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-
Iƒ°v Imcy-£a-ambpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambpw Hcp h≥InS hnI-k\
t{]mPIvSv cq]o-I-cn-°mt\m \S-∏n-em-°mt\m D≈ Imcy-{]m]vXn
CXphsc B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n-ń-√. ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏n\v t\XrXzw
\¬tI≠ hIp∏p ta[m-hn-Ifpw hIp∏p a{¥nbpw ImgvN-°m-cmbn
t\m°n \n¬°p-∂p.
s]mXpISw
(1) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ samØw IS-_m-[yX Ign™ A©p
h¿j-°mew {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn 14 iX-am\w h¿≤n-®p. (2) Itºm-
f-hm-bv], F¬.-sF.-kn. XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ B`y¥c hmbv]-bpsS
hnln-X-Øn¬ KWyamb h¿≤-\bpw tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv], eLp
kºm-Zy-ßƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v F∂n-h-bpsS hnln-X-Øns‚ Ipd-
hp-≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ hmbv] LS\ am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
(3) Cu LS-\m-am‰w ]en-i-\n-c°v Ipd-bm\pw ]eni _m[y-X-bn¬
Ipd-hp-≠m-Im\pw CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. (4) samØw hmbv] XpI-bpsS
]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Xncn-®-S-bvt°-≠Xv Ggp h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijamWv. (5)
IS-sa-Sp∏v kqNn-I-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ kwÿm-\-
Øns‚ IS_m-[yX ]cn-[n-°p-≈n-em-Wv. (6) F∂m¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw
FSp-°m-hp∂ hmbv]bv°v ]cn[n \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqehpw, {]Xn-
h¿jw FSp-°p∂ hmbv] XpI-bn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠n-e-[nIw `mKw Xncn-
®-S-hn\pw ]en-ibv°pw sNe-hm°p∂Xp-aq-ehpw, Imcy-amb an®w e`y-
a√mØ ÿnXn-bp-≠v. (7) k©n-X-\n-[n, ]ªnIv A°u≠v F∂o
C\-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-°m-hp∂ hmbv]-bpsS Hcp sNdnb `mKw
260
am{Xsa IS-_m-[y-X-Iƒ Ign™v an®-ambn e`n-°p-∂p-≈p. (8) {]Xn-

h¿jw FSp-°p∂ hmbv]-XpI apgp-h\pw IS-_m-[yX Xo¿°m≥th≠n
sNe-hm-t°≠ ÿnXn-bn-te°p kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \oßp-∂p. (9)
s]mXptaJem ÿm]\-ßƒ°v {]Xnh¿jw henb XpI k¿°m¿
hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-∂p-sh-¶nepw `qcn-`mKw ÿm]-\-ßfpw k¿°m-
cn\p Xncn®p \¬tI≠ aqe-[-\tam ]en-itbm bYm-k-abw \¬Ip-
∂n-√. (10) sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-X-aqew \jvS-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øm≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ 7.3 iXam\w \nc-
°n¬ hmbv] hmßn-\¬Ip-∂p. (11) s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse
k¿°m¿ \nt£-]-Øn\p Xp—-amb BZmbw (return) am{X-amWv k¿°m-
cn\p e`n-°p-∂Xv (1.2 iX-am-\w).
[\-ÿnXn: a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw
C¥y-bnse {][m\ (km[m-cW hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏-Sp∂) 17 kwÿm-
\-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-ÿnXn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn¬ \n∂v
Xmsg ]d- b p∂ \nK- a - \ - ß - f n¬ FØmw. (1) km[m- c W hn`m- K -
Øn¬s∏´ 17 kwÿ-m-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ dh\yq IΩn-bp≈
kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. am{X-hp-a√ {]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 11
kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w H∂m-a-Xm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬
C¥y-bnse 28 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ dh\yq IΩn-bp≈
kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. AXm-bXv C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw cq£-amb [\-
{]-Xn-k-‘n-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. (2) [\-I-Ωn-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 17 kwÿm\ßfn¬ G‰hpw
Db¿∂ [\-I-Ωn-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. (3) Db¿∂ dh\yq
hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-
fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 12 BWv. (4) Db¿∂ dh\yq sNehv Pn.-
F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-
f-Øns‚ ÿm\w 6 BWv. (5) D-b¿∂ ]eni sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n.
A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIcfw aq∂mw
ÿm\-Øm-Wv. (6) tIc-fs - Ø-°mƒ henb kwÿm-\ß - f
- mb _olm¿,
I¿Æm-S-I, a≤y-{]-tZiv F∂n-h-sb-°mƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ samØw iº-
f-sN-ehv IqSp-X-em-Wv. (7) hm¿jnI icm-icn iºf sNe-hns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ KpP-dmØv Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°p-≈Xv tIc-f-
Øn-em-Wv. (8) s]≥j≥ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚
261
Imcy-Øn¬ _nlm¿ Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°p-≈Xv tIc-

f-Øn-em-Wv. (9) s]mXpISw Pn.-Fkv.-Un.]n A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ ]›n-a-_w-Kmfpw ]©m_pw Ign™m¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ A\p-
]m-X-ap-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. (10) Db¿∂ hnI-k-\-sN-ehv Pn.-F-kv.-
Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-
Øns‚ ÿm\w 13 BWv. (11) Db¿∂ kmaqly taJe sNehv Pn.-F-
kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIcf-
Øns‚ ÿm\w 13 BWv. (12) Db¿∂ aqe-[\ sNehv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-
]n. A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚
ÿm\w 14 BWv. (13) samØw sNe-hn¬ tdmUv, ]meßƒ°p≈
ASn-ÿm\ LS-Is - N-ehv hnln-XØ- n¬ tIc-fØ- ns‚ ÿm\w 11 BWv.
(14) `qcn-`mKw kwÿm-\-ß-fpw Xß-fpsS samØw sNe-hns‚ 6 apX¬
17 iX-am-\w-hsc C‘\ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-Øn-\p-th≠n sNe-hm-°n-
b-t∏mƒ tIcfw sNe-hm-°n-bXv 0.3 iX-am-\-am-Wv. 17 kwÿm-\-ß-
fn¬ G‰hpw Ipdhv sNehmWnXv. (15) dh\yp hchv h¿≤n-∏n®pw
dh\yp sNehv Ipd®pw a‰p kwÿm-\-ßƒ [\-ÿnXn sa®s∏SpØp-
tºmƒ tIcfw Cu cwK-ß-fn¬ ]nt∂m-´p-t]mbn [\-ÿnXn tami-am-
°p-∂p. (16) aqe-[\- w, hnI-k\
- w, ASn-ÿm-\L- S- Iw F∂n-hbv°p a‰p
kwÿm-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Ww Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ tIcfw Cu C\-
Øn-ep≈ hnlnXw shń-°p-d®v \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-
∂p. (17) Npcp-°-Øn¬ [\-ÿnXn sa®s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw hn`-h-ßƒ
hnI-k-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnepw ]cm-P-b-s∏´ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb
Nn{X-amWv Cu XmcXay ]T\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
II. \n¿t±-iß
- ƒ
[\-[q¿Øvcmjv{Sobw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI:
1. kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ap∂Wn k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-
h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ [\-[q¿Øvcmjv{Sobw aqew krjvSnbv°s∏´
cq£-amb [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS ]cn-lmcw Cu hgn-]n-g® cmjv{So-
b-Øn\v Adp-Xn-h-cp-ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu {]Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-
cn-°m≥ a‰p Ipdp-°p-h-gn-I-fn-√.
2. \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fpsS \nc-°p-Iƒ Imem-Imew
h¿≤n-∏n-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂ [\cmjv{Sobw [\-{]-Xn-k‘n cq£am-
262
°mt\ CS-bm-°q. hne-°-b-‰-Øns‚ \nc-°ns‚tbm a‰p kmº-

ØnI kqNn-I-I-fp-sStbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nc-°p-Iƒ aq∂p
h¿j-Øn-semcn°-se-¶nepw h¿≤n-∏n-°-Ww.
3. _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w h¿jw-tXmdpw JP-\m-hn\p Xmßm≥
Ign-bmØ h≥ A[nI _m≤yX krjvSn-°p-Ibpw hnI-k\ - Ø
- n\p
th≠ s]mXp]Ww Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. _yqtdm-{Ikn
hnI-k\w I¿i-\-ambn \nb{¥n°Ww. C˛K-th-W≥kv, `cW
\ho-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, sNdp hIp-∏p-I-fpsS kwtbm-P-\w, Nne
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]pdw Icm¿ \¬IpI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew
Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°-Ww.
4. kΩ¿± {Kq∏p-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ [\-_m-[yX krjvSn-°p∂
AXn-cp-hn´ Bh-iy-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. k¿°m¿,
A¿≤ k¿°m¿, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°mcpsS
kwL-S-\-Iƒ, hnZym¿∞n kwL-S-\-Iƒ, \nIpXn \¬tI≠ Nne
hn`m-K-°m¿, hym]mcn hyh-kmbn kwL-S-\-Iƒ, PmXn, aX,
kmaqly kwL-S-\-Iƒ, kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-h¿, k¿°m¿ `qanbpw h\-`q-anbpw ]m´-Øn-s\-
Sp-Ø-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°p \¬Ip∂ [\-k-lm-bhpw Cf-hp-Ifpw
I¿i\ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-I.
5. ]e cwK-ß-fnepw Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ [\-[q¿Øv Ah-km-\n-
∏n-°m≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. a{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬
Ãm^ns‚ AanX hen-∏w, h≥ hen-∏-ap≈ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv
IΩn-j≥, k¿Δ-I-em-imem kn≥Un-t°-‰v, k¿°m¿ kan-Xn-Iƒ,
HutZym-KnI BUw-_c Imdp-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ hml-\-ß-fpsS Zpcp-
]-tbm-Kw, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw \¬Ip∂ ]cn-
[n-bn-√mØ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h.
6. _n.-]n.-F¬ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ cm{„ob Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-th-≠n,
A\¿l¿°p \¬Ip∂ {]h-WX hym]-I-am-Wv. _n.-]n.-F¬ am\-
Z-WvU-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h¿°p am{Xw B\p-Iq-
ey-ßƒ \¬I-Ww. A\¿lsc _n.-]n.-F¬ ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂pw
Hgn-hm-°-Ww.
7.- sI-Sp-Im-cy-ÿX aqew XpS¿®-bmbn \jvS-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v JP-\m-hn¬ \n∂v [\-kl
- m-bhpw,
263
k¿°m¿ ISw hmßn hmbv] \¬Inbpw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. cmjv{Sob

]m¿ń-I-fp-sSbpw t{SUv bqWn-b≥ Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°pw ÿm]\w
\S-Øp-∂-h-cpsS kzImcy em`-Øn-\pw-th≠n \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cn-
°p∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ [\-k-lm-
bhpw hmbv]-Ifpw \n¿Ø-em-°p-I.
8. IpXn-®p-b-cp∂ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠n hm¿-
jnI ]≤-Xnbpw a‰p hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw shń-°p-d-bv°p∂
[\-cm-jv{So-b-am-Wv Ct∏mƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\p ]Icw
hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw a‰p hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw ap¥nb
]cn-K-W\ \¬In hn`-h-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-
Ifpw A\m-hiy sNe-hp-Ifpw shń-°p-d-bv°p-Ibpw thWw.
9. hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Ifpw a‰p hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw {]N-cW
- Ø- nt\m
]c-ky-Ønt\m th≠n-bp≈XmsW-∂mWv CXv \S-∏n-em-°m≥
DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏´ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw a{¥namcpw Icp-Xp-∂Xv.
hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn \S-∏n-em°n ]q¿Øo-
I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ hIp∏p ta[m-hn-Iƒ, hIp∏p a{¥n-am¿ F∂n-
h¿ CXns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww. hogvN hcp-Ønb
DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS t]cn¬ in£W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
hIp∏p a{¥n DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-SpØv cmPn-h-bv°-Ww.
dh\yp IΩnbpw [\-I-Ωnbpw Ipd-bv°pI:
10. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈ dh\yp IΩnbp≈
kwÿm-\-ambn dnk¿hv _m¶v 2013-˛2014¬ Is≠-Ønb kwÿm-
\-amWv tIc-fw. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw dh\yp hcp-am\w
t\m¨-πm≥ dh\yp sNe-hn\v t]mepw XnI-bmØ Ah-ÿb - mWv.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp CS-°me [\ ]p\-{I-ao-I-cW ]≤Xn
\S-∏n-em-°-Ww. ASpØ aq∂p h¿jw-sIm≠v ]qPyw dh\yp IΩn
t\Sm≥ e£y-an-´p≈ [\-\-b-ßƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°-Ww. X\Xv
\nIp-Xn˛\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-ßƒ KWy-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-®pw
t\m¨πm≥ dh\yp sNehv ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn shń-°p-d®pw Cu
e£yw t\S-Ww.
11. km[m-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ 17 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 2013˛-14¬
G‰hpw Db¿∂ [\IΩn-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. [\-I-
264
Ωnbpw ASpØ aq∂p- h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ tI{μ k¿°m¿ \n›-

bn® ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n¿Øp-∂Xv ]eni sNehv Ipd-bv°m≥ klm-
bn°pw. AtXm-sSm∏w hmbv] FSp-°p-∂ XpI- apgp-h\pw aqe[\
\nt£-]-Øn\pw hm¿jnI ]≤Xn \S-Øn-∏n\pw th≠n \o°n-
h-bv°-Ww.
X\Xv hchv h¿≤n-∏n-°pI:
12. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ t\cn´p ]ncn-°p∂ X\Xv \nIpXn \nIp-Xn-
tb-Xcbn\-ß-fpsS hcp-am\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥ Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂
[\-\bw A\p-h¿Øn-°p-I.
13. kwÿm\ `c-W-Øn¬ G‰hpw ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ \¬tI-≠Xv
X\Xv hchv h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw \nIpXn ]ncnhv Imcy-£-a-am-°m-
\pam-bn-cn-°-Ww.
14. \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-bn-\-ß-fnse \nc-°p-Iƒ Imem-Im-e-ß-
fn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, \nIp-Xn-`-cWw -Im-cy-£-a-am-°p-I, IpSn-»nI
IrXy-ambn ]ncn-°pI, \nIpXn X¿°-ßfpw tIkp-Ifpw Ffp∏w
Xo¿∏m-°m≥ \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I, \nIpXn tÃIƒ Hgn-hm-
°p-I, Agn-aXn \S-Øp∂ DtZym-Kÿ - ¿°v ISpØ in£ \¬IpI,
C˛-Kt- h-W≥kv \S-∏n-em-°pI XpS-ßnb \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.
15. G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ \mev \nIpXn C\-ßf - psS ]ncn-hn\v {]tXyI
]cn-K-W\ \¬IpI. samØw \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 98 iX-
am-\hpw e`n-°p-∂Xv \mev C\-ß-fn-emWv (1) hn¬∏\ \nIpXn,
hm‰v (78.2%) (2) ap{Z-]-{X-ß-fpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkpw (7.6%)
(3) hml\ \nIpXn (7.1%) (4) kwÿm\ FIvsskkv (5.2%).
16. hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn, hm‰v F∂n-h-bpsS ]ncnhv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoIcn°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. (1) cPn-kvt{S-
j≥ FSp-°mØ henb hn`mKw I®-h-S-°msc \nIpXn cPn-
kvt{Sj≥ kwhn-[m\Øn¬ sIm≠ph-cnI (2) hym]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-
Ip∂ hm¿jnI IW-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[\ \S-ØpI (3) \nIpXn
Ak-kvsa‚ v sa®-am-°pI (4) IS-I-fn¬ kmºnƒ ASn-ÿm\-
Øn¬ tÃm°v ]cn-tim-[\ \S-ØpI (5) sN°v t]mÃp-Iƒ
B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cn-°p-I, sN°v t]mÃp-Iƒ shń®v CS-tdmUp-
Iƒ hgn-bp≈ Nc°p KXm-KXw XSbp-I, sN°v t]mÃp-I-fnse
265
Agn-aXn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI (6) \nIpXn ]ncnhv XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂

tÃIƒ \¬Im-Xn-cn-°pI (7) tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ s]mXpta-Jem
ÿm]-\-ßfnse IpSn-»nI bYm-k-abw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-I.
17. Imcy-£-a-amb \nIpXn ]ncnhv \S-ØmØ c≠p \nIpXnIfmWv
BUw-_c tlm´-ep-I-fnepw temUvPp-I-fn-epw Npa-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂
e£zdn SmIvkpw, ]pXp-Xmbn ]Wn-bp∂ sIń-S-ßƒ°v dh\yp
hIp∏v H‰-Ø-hW ]ncn-°p∂ hkvXp \nIp-Xn-bpw. Imcy-£-a-
am-°m≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
18. k¿°m-cns‚ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fmb k¿°m¿ \¬Inb
hmbv]-I-fnse ]eni hc-hv, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fnse
em`-hn-ln-Xw, h\w hIp-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\w, ôkp-Iƒ XpS-
ßnbhbn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\w, Xmc-X-tay\ sNdnb XpI-bmWv.
Cu C\-ß-fnse hchv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ henb km[y-Xbp-≠v.
19. k¿°m¿ ôkp-Iƒ, hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy k¿ho-kp-Iƒ°p≈
ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿÷p-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ hIp∏pIƒ hn¬-°p∂
km[-\ß- f- psS hne, hmSI XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- psS \nc-°p-If
- n¬ Imem-
Imew h¿≤\w hcp-Øp∂ coXn \ne-hn-en-√. hne-°-b-‰-Øn\pw
CØcw tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Im-\p≈ sNe-hp-I-fn¬ h∂ h¿≤\hn-
s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ aq∂p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ \nc-°p-Iƒ
h¿≤n-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
20. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ôkv C\-ßƒ°v Ct∏mƒ CuSm-°p∂ \nc°v
hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. CXn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤\w hcp-tØ-≠-XmWv.
(1) ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-js‚ ]co£m ôkpw a‰p ôkp-Ifpw.
(2) s]mXpa-cm-aØp hIp∏v sIń-S-ß-fp-tSbpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-
tSbpw dÃv lukp-I-fp-tSbpw hmSI (3) k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-I-
fnse tkh-\-ßƒ°p CuSm-°p∂ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ (4) B¿Svkv B‚ v
kb≥kv tImtf-Pv, s{]m^j-W¬ tImtfPpIƒ, a‰p D∂X
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Syqj≥ ôkpw a‰p ôkp-Ifpw
(5) arK-ime, ImgvN-_w-•mhv XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS {]th-i\ ôkv
(6) k¿°m¿ Izm¿t´-gvkn\v Poh\-°m¿ \¬Ip∂ hmSI (7)
h≥-In-S, CS-Øcw Pe-]-≤-Xn-I-fnse sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ skkv, sh≈w hn¬∏\ XpS-ßn-bh (8) hnt\mZ k©mc
tI{μ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hcp-am-\w.
266
21. Hmtcm k¿°m¿ hIp-∏pw, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-hpw, Xt±i

kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\hpw a‰p hIp-∏p-Iƒ°pw k¿°m¿ ÿm]-
\-ßƒ°pw \¬tI≠ ôkp-Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿÷p-Iƒ, \nIpXn,
hmS-I, `qan-Icw XpS-ßn-bh bYm-k-abw \¬ImsX IpSn-»nI
hcp-Øp-∂p. CXp-aqew hmWnPy kz`m-h-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂
hIp-∏p-Iƒ a‰p k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mXp taJem ÿm]-
\-ßƒ F∂nh [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-Ip-∂p. a‰p hIp-∏p-Iƒ°pw
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°pw \¬tI≠ IpSn-»nI XpI bYm-
k-abw AS®p Xo¿°-W-sa∂v \n_-‘\ sIm≠ph-cn-Ibpw
I¿i-\-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw thWw.
t\m¨πm≥ dh\yp sNehv Ipd-bv°pI
22. t\m¨πm≥ dh\yp sNehv (F≥.-]n.-B¿.-C) AYhm \nXy-\n-
Zm\ sNehv dh\yp hc-hn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X-embXpaqew CXv \nd-
th-‰m≥ ISw hmßp-∂p. Cu sNe-hv Ipd-bv°pIbpw \nb{¥Whn-
t[-b-am-°n-bm¬ am{Xta [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v Ic-I-b-dm≥
Ign-bq. [\-\-b-Øns‚ e£yw Cu sNehv Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xm-bn-
cn-°-Ww.
23. F≥.-]n.-B¿.-C°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥th≠n hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-
sN-e-hv, aqe-[\ sNehv F∂nh shń-°p-d-bv°p∂ [\-\-b-amWv
Ct∏mƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-I-Ww. CXn\p
]Icw F≥.-]n.-B¿.C sNe-hp-Iƒ shń-°p-d-bv°p∂ [\-\bw
\S-∏n-em-°Ww. [\-{]-Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ hm¿jnI ]≤Xn
sNehv Hcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw shń-°p-d-bv°-cp-Xv.
iº-fw, Un.F, saUn°¬ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ
24. 1983-\p-tijw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v Ggp iºf
]cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn c≠p Un.F h¿≤-\hpw
\S-∏n-em-°n. CXp-aqew krjvSn® A[nI [\-_m-[y-X-bmWv
Ign™ aq∂p Zim-_vZ-Im-eØv k¿°m-cns\ \nXy-[\ {]Xn-k-
‘n-bn-em-°n-b-Xv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw
A©p h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°-en¬ \n∂v ]Øp h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-
°¬ \S-ØpI (tI{μ k¿°m¿ 10 h¿j-Øn-semcn°-emWv
iºf ]cn-jvImcw \S-Øp-∂-Xv).
267
25. tI{μ k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n-°p∂ Un.F h¿≤\ \nc-°ns‚ ]IpXn

\nc-°n¬ am{Xw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS Un.-F.-bn¬
h¿≤\w \S-∏n-em-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ tI{μ k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n-°p∂
Un.-F. \nc-°n-\\- p-kc
- n®v h¿≤\w {]Jym-]n-°p-∂X
- n\v Hcp \oXo-
I-c-W-hp-an-√. ]Øp h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ tI{μ-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂
iºf ]cn-jvI-c-WØn-eqsS Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ASn-ÿm\ iº-
f-Øn-\mWv tI{μ k¿°m¿ Un.F \¬Ip∂Xv. F∂m¬ CXv
tIc-f-Øn¬ A©p h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ASn-
ÿm\ iº-f-Øn-\mWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ]Øp h¿j-
Øn-semcn°¬ am{Xw iºf ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v
am{Xw A¿l-X-s∏´ Un.F h¿≤\w AXn\p A¿l-X-bn-√mØ
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v e`n-°p-∂p.
26. k¿°m¿ tkh\w \S-Øn-b-Xn\p {]Xn-^-e-ambn s]≥j-≥-
Im¿°v e`n-°p∂ saUn°¬ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-
°m¿, ap≥ Fw.-F¬.-F-am¿, ap≥ ]n.-F-kv.kn AwK-ßƒ, ap≥
sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v Htc am\-ZWvUw A\p-
k-cn®v \¬Ip-I. CXnse ISpØ hnth-N-\hpw [\-[q¿Øpw
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-scmgn®v apI-
fn¬ ]d™ hn`m-K-°m¿°pw, Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°pw
saUn-°¬ sNehv ]q¿Æ-ambpw k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ k{º-Zmbw
\ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Nne hn`m-K-ßƒ ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ saUn-°¬
B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°v A¿l-cm-Wv. ^yqU¬ `c-W-{Iaw \ne-\n¬-
°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ CØcw B\p-
Iq-ey-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww.
kzImcy hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS So®nwKv {Km‚ v
27. k¿°m-cns‚ c≠m-asØ {][m\ sNehv kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°v k¿°m¿ \nc-°n¬
iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu sNehv \nb-{¥n-°m≥
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°mw. (1) kzImcy FbvUUv
hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb ÿm]-\-ßfpw tImgvkp-Ifpw
A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. (2) \ne-hn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb
tImgvkp-Iƒ A¨ FbvUUv k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ am{Xw XpS-ßpI.
(3) Ipń-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xp-aqew tPmen-bn-√mØ A≤ym-]-I¿°v
268
iºfw \¬Ip∂ ]cn-]mSn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I. (4) ]tØm

AXn¬ Xmsgtbm Ipń-Iƒ D≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°pI.
(5) ]pXnb ÿnc A≤ym-]-I-cpsS \nb-a\w ac-hn-∏n-°p-I. tIm¨-
{SmIv‰v hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Xm¬°m-enI A≤ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p-I.
A\m-hiy _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w XS-bp-I
28. A\m-hiy [\-_m-≤yX krjvSn-°p∂ _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I. (1) hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw `cW \S-]-Sn-{I-a-Øn-
s‚bpw t]cn¬ ÿncw XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. (2)
t{]mPIvSp-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bnse XkvXn-I-Iƒ
\n¿Ø-em-°p-I. (3) kmº-ØnI B\p-Iqeyw \¬Im≥ th≠n
c≠pw a - q∂pw h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ Db¿∂ XkvXn-II - ƒ \¬Ip∂
t{KUp-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I. (4) Hcp XkvXn-I-bn¬ ]pXn-b-
Xmbn k¿Δo-kn¬ Ib-dp∂ hy‡n°v e`n-°m-hp∂ Db¿∂
t{KUp-Iƒ, s{]mtamj-\p-Iƒ, XkvXn-I-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS FÆw
]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. (5) emÃv t{KUv Poh-\-°m-scbpw, ¢dn-°¬
hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂-h-tcbpw s{]mtamj≥ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Hmô-k¿ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v \nb-an-°p∂ \ne-hnse coXn Ah-km-
\n-∏n-°p-I. Cu \S-]Sn `cW Imcy-£-aX C√m-Xm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Hmô-k¿ XkvXn-I-I-fn¬ t\cn´v \nb-a\w \S-Ø-Ww. (6) acn®p-
t]mb Poh-\-°m-cpsS B{in-X¿°v \¬Ip∂ \nb-a\w Zpcn-Xm-
izm-k-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Ahsc emÃv t{KUv Poh-\-°m-cpsS XkvXn-
I-If- n¬ am{Xta \nb-an-°m-hq. (7) hIp-∏p-Isf hn`-Pn®v {]tXyIw
hIp-∏p-I-fm°n A\m-hiy XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ {]h-WX
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I, sNdnb hIp-∏p-Isf Iqń-t®¿Øv hIp-∏p-I-
fpsS FÆw Ipd-bv°p-I. (8) XkvXn-I-I-fpsS t]cp am‰n Db¿∂
iºf kvsIbn¬ \¬Ip-I, sU]yq-t´-j≥ hgn ]pXnb XkvXnI-
Iƒ krjvSn-°p-I, eohv F-Sp-∏n®v hnc-an-°-en\p Znh-k-ßƒ°p
apºv s{]mtamj≥ \¬IpI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-
°p-I.
a‰p sNe-hp-Np-cp-°¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
29. k¿°m¿, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-
ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ÿnc Poh-\-°msc
269
\nb-an®p \S-Øp-∂X - n\p ]Icw ]pdw Icm¿ \¬Ip-I. (1) ¢o\nwKv,

skIyq-cn-‰n, ]qt¥m´ ]cn-]m-e-\w, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-I-fpsS ]ncn-hv,
At]£m ^md-ß-fpsS hnX-c-Ww, ssS∏nwKv XpS-ßn-b-h. (2)
k¿°m¿ tamt´m¿ hml\w hmßn, ss{Uhsd \nb-an-®v, C‘\
sNe-hv, dn∏-b¿ sNehv XpS-ßn-bh hln®v HutZym-KnI Bh-
iy-ßƒ°v HmSn-°p∂Xn\p-]-Icw tI{μ k¿°m¿ amXr-I-bn¬
hml-\-ßƒ hmS-Ibv°v FSp-°p-I. (3) Xt±i kzbw-`-cW
ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v amen\y tiJ-c-Ww, tdmUv, s]mXpÿ-e-ßƒ
XpS-ßn-bh hrØn-bm-°¬, IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-Ww, k¿°m¿
klm-b-ßƒ hnX-cWw sNø¬ XpS-ßn-bh ]pdw-I-cm¿ hgn \S-
∏m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
30. `cW \ho-I-cW \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Cu Kth-W≥kpw hgn k¿°m¿
Hmô-kp-I-fnsebpw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-
£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw, Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw
sNøp-I. Cu \S-]Sn sk{I-t´-dn-tb-‰n¬ \S-∏n-em°n a‰p hIp-
∏p-Iƒ°v amXr-I-bm-I-Ww.
31. kwÿm\ {Sj-dn-bn¬ \n∂v iºfw \¬Ip∂ Poh-\° - m-cn¬ ]Ip-
Xnbpw iºfbn\-Øn¬ sNe-hm-°p∂ XpI-bpsS ]IpXnbpw
hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv. Cu kml-Ncy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿
]pXp-Xmbn ÿm]-\ß - fpw k¿Δ-Ie- m-im-eI
- fpw XpS-ßp-∂Xv DNn-
X-a-√. D∂X hnZym-`ymkØns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]Ww sNh-gn-°-Ww.
32. KXm-KXw, sshZyp-Xn, IpSn-sh-≈w, `£yhnX-cWw F∂n-h-
sbmgn®v XpS¿®-bmbn \jvS-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂Xpw JP-\m-
hn\v [\-_m-≤yX krjvSn-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂-Xp-amb s]mXpta-
Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬In
AS-®p-]q´Ww. Ah-bpsS `qan-b-√mØ BkvXn-Iƒ hn¬t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. Cu ÿm]-\ß - f
- psS `qan a‰p hnI-k\ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°p-
th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
33. kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ A\¿l-cmb H´-\-
h[n t]¿°v cmjv{Sob Xm¬]-cyw-aqew s]≥j≥ \¬Ip-∂p.
CXv Ah-km\n∏n°-Ww. s]≥j≥ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ IrXy-ambn
]men®v A\¿lsc Hgn-hm-°-Ww. am{X-hp-a√ Hcp hy‡n°v Hcp
270
s]≥j≥ F∂ am\-ZWvUw IrXy-ambn \S-∏n-em-°W- w. Ct∏mƒ

Hcp hn`mKw t]¿ c≠p t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw s]≥j≥
hmßp∂p. DZm-l-cWw Fwtπm-bnkv t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, t£a
\n[nIƒ, kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h.
CXn\p ]pdsa H∂n-e-[nIw kmaqly kpc£ s]≥j≥ In´p∂-
h-cp-ap-≠v.
[\-[q¿Øv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI
34. k¿°m¿ ]e cwK-ß-fnepw [\-[q¿Øvcmjv{Sobw A\p-h¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xp-aqew A\m-h-iy-ambn s]mXp]Ww sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p. Cu
A\m-hiy sNehv \nb-{¥n-°-Ww. (1) a{¥n--am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬
Ãm^ns‚ FÆw ap∏-Xn¬ \n∂v ]Ip-Xn-bmbn Ipd-bv°p-I. (2)
apgp-h≥ kab ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-j≥ AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw
21¬ \n∂v aq∂n-sem∂mbn Ipd-bv°p-I. (a-≤y-{]-tZiv ]ªnIv
k¿hokv IΩn-j-\n¬ sNb¿am≥ Dƒs∏sS aq∂p AwKßƒ
am{X-amWv D≈-Xv). (3) k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS kn≥Un-t°‰v
AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw 23¬ \n∂v ]Ip-Xn-bmbn Ipd-bv°p-I. (4)
Fw.-F¬.-F, ap≥ Fw.-F¬.-F-am¿°pw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-
ßƒ°pw ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ NnIn-’bv°v ]Ww sNe-hm-°m-sa∂
]gpXp]tbm-Kn®v 1.9 tImSn-tbmfw cq] sNe-h-gn® P\-{]-Xn-\n-
[nbpw \ΩpsS \mń-ep-≠v. ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ
\¬Ip∂ ]cn-]mSn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. CXn\v am\-Z-WvU-ß-
fn¬ am‰w hcpØ-Ww.
35. BUw-_c Imdp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw \n¿Øp-I-bpw, HutZym-KnI
Imdp- I - f psS Zpcp- ] - t bmKw Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNøp- I .
k¿°m¿, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ, s]mXp^≠v D]-tbm-
Kn®v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse ta[m-hn-
Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw HutZym-KnI Imdmbn BUw-_-c-Im-dp-Iƒ
(S-tbm-´ Ct\mh XpS-ßn-bh - ) hym]-Ia
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu
[q¿Øv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. F√m DtZym-K-ÿcpw CS-Øcw
km[m-cW Imdp-Iƒ am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°mhq F∂ \n_-‘\
I¿i-\-ambn \S-∏nem-°-Ww. ]e D∂X DtZym-K-ÿcpw H∂n-e-
[nIw HutZym-KnI Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hIp∏p ta[mhn F∂
\ne-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ hml-\-hpw, hIp-∏n\v Iogn-ep≈ hml-\-
271
ßfpw Htc kabw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CXn\v ]pdsa HutZym-KnI

hml\w kzImcy Bh-iy-ßƒ°v hym]-I-ambn Zpcp-]-tbmKw
sNøp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hml\ Zpcp-]-tbmKw \n¿Ø-em-°m≥
I¿i-\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. k¿°m¿ hml\w hmßn
ss{Uhsd \nb-an®v HmSn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw hmS-Ibv°v FSp-°p∂
coXn-bn-te°v amd-Ww. tI{μ k¿°m¿ Cu coXn-bmWv Ct∏mƒ
A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
hmbv] hnI-k-\-Øn\v
36. hm¿jnI hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p-th≠n s]mXpISw FSp-Øn-
c-p∂ ÿm\Øv \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-th≠n (F≥.-]n.-
B¿.-C) hmbv] XpI D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ÿnXn-
bm-Wv. CXv hnØn\p h®n-cn-°p∂ s\√v IpØn `£n-°p-∂-Xn\v
Xpey-am-Wv. {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-°p∂ hmbv] XpI apgp-h\pw
hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn°pw aqe-[\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°p-ambn \o°n-hbv-
°Ww. Cu e£yw t\Sm≥ Hcp CS-°me hmbv] ]p\-{I-ao-I-
cW ]≤Xn Xøm-dm°n aq∂p h¿jw-sIm≠v \S-∏n-em-°-Ww.
37. k©nX\n[n, ]ªnIv A°u≠v F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw FSp-°p∂
hmbv]-bpsS Hcp sNdnb `mKw am{Xta IS-_m-≤y-X-Iƒ Ign®v
an®-ambn e`n-°p-∂p-≈p. {]Xn-h¿jw FSp-°p∂ hmbv] XpI
apgp-h\pw IS-_m-≤y-X-Iƒ Xo¿°m≥ th≠n sNe-hm-t°≠
ÿnXn-bn-te°p kwÿm\w \oßp-∂p. CXn\p ]cn-lmcw dh\yp-
IΩn ]qPy-Øn-te°v FØn°pI-tbm dh\yp an®w t\Sp-I-tbm-
bm-Wv.
38. IS-Øn\p \¬tI≠ ]eni C\-Øn-ep≈ sNehv Ipd-bv°m≥
hmbv] hmß¬ ]p\x{Iao-Ic - Ww Bh-iy-am-W.v ]ªnIv A°u≠v
hn`m-KØ
- nepw a‰pw Db¿∂ ]eni \nc-°n-ep≈ hmbv]I - ƒ Ipd®v
Ipd™ ]eni \nc-°p-I-fn-ep≈ Itºmf hmbv]-I-fn-te°v amtd-
≠-Xm-Wv. ]eni \nc°v hfsc Ipd-hp≈ hntZi hmbv]-Ifpw
IqSp-X-embn FSp-°-Ww.
39. sh¬s^-b¿ ^≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂v FSp-°p∂ hmbv]-I-fpsS ]eni
\nc°v hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ^≠p-Iƒ _m¶p-I-fn¬ Db¿∂
]eni \nc-°n¬ ÿnc \nt£-]-ambn Cń-cn-°p∂ XpI ]n≥hen-
272
®mWv k¿°m-cn\v hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-∂-Xv. CXn\v Db¿∂

]eni \nc-°pw, ÿnc \nt£]w ]n≥h-en-®Xpaqew D≠m-Ip∂
]eni \jvShpw IW-°m-°p-∂p. CØcw Db¿∂ ]eni \nc-
°n-ep≈ hmbv]-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°-Ww.
40. `qcn-`mKw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\p
\¬tI≠ hmbv] Xncn-®-S-bv°p-I-tbm, ]eni \¬ImsX IpSn-
»nI CSp-Itbm sNøp-∂p. hmbv] IpSn-»nI ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v
I¿i-\-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. hmbv] IpSn-»nI aqe-
[\ \nt£-]-ambn am‰p∂ ‘_p°v AUvP-Ãp-sa‚ v’ \S-]Sn Ah-
km-\n-∏n-°-Ww.
41. s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v hmbv]-bmbpw aqe-[\ \nt£-
]-ambpw \¬Inb XpI k¿°m¿ hmbv] FSp-ØXv 7.3 iXam\w
]eni \nc-°n-em-Wv. F∂m¬ \nt£-]-Ønse icm-icn BZmbw
1.2 iX-am-\-am-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ s]mXptaJem ÿm]-\-
ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ hmbv]I - fpw klm-bß
- fpw \n¿ØWw.
s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßsf kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m≥ {]m]vX-
am-°p∂ [\-\bw A\p-h¿Øn-°-Ww.
273
-A\p-_‘w H∂v
Abbreviations
AG Accountant General
APL Above Poverty Line
BPL Below Poverty Line
CAG Comptroller and Auditor General of India
CSO Central Statistical Office
CSS Centrally Sponsored Schemes
DA Dearness Allowance
DES Department of Economics and Statistics
EPW Economic and Political Weekly
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFD Gross Fiscal Deficit
GIC General Insurance Corporation
GOI Government of India
GOK Government of Kerala
GSDP Gross State Domestic Product
IT Information Technology
KFRACT Kerala Fiscal Responsibility Act
KPERC Kerala Public Expenditure Review Committee
KSRTC Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
274
LDF Left Domocratic Front
LG Local Government
LIC Life Insurance Corporation
NABARD National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development
NCDC National Co-operative Development Corporation
NPRE Non Plan Revenue Expenditure
NSSF National Small Savings Fund
OECD Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development
PSC Public Service Commission
PWD Public Works Department
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RE Revenue Expenditure
SPB State Planning Board
UDF United Democratic Front
VAT Value Added Tax
275
A\p-_‘w c≠v
\nL≠p (Glossary)
[\-Im-cy-]-T\w: Nne \n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ
dh\yp IΩn: dh\yp IΩn = dh\yp hchv ˛ dh\yp sNe-h.v dh\yp
hchv {][m-\-ambpw \men-\-ß-fm-Wv. X\Xv \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-X-c-
bn-\-ßƒ, tI{μ \nIp-Xn-hnlnXw, {Km‚p-Iƒ. k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-
Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°mbn {][m-\-ambpw sNe-hm-°p-∂-XmWv dh\yp
sNehv. CXn¬ Hcp sNdnb `mKw hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn°v th≠nbpw sNe-
hm-°p∂p.
[\-IΩn: [\-IΩn = k©nX \n[n-bn¬ hcp∂ samØw sNehv
(d-h\yp + aqe[\w) ˛ samØw hchv (-ISw hmßn-b-sXmgn®v).
Pn.-F-kv.Un.-]n. (kw-ÿm\ B`y-¥c samØ hcp-am-\w): Hcp
kwÿm\ kºZv L-S-\-bn¬ Hcp h¿j-°mew D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw k¿Δo-kp-I-fp-sSbpw samØw aqeyw \ne-hn-ep≈
hne-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IW-°m-°p∂ XpI-bmWn-Xv.
tZiob hcp-am-\sØ Pn.-Un.-]n. F∂pw kwÿm\ hcp-am-\sØ Pn.-
F-kv.-Un.-]n. F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. CXv \ne-hnse hne \ne-hm-c-Øn-epw,
\n›nX hne \ne-hm-c-Ønepw (ap≥]p≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp h¿j-sØ)
IW-°m-°p-∂p.
hm¿jnI [\-Imcy tÃ‰vsa‚ v (_-UvP-‰v): kwÿm-\sØ hc-hp-
sN-e-hp-I-fpsS FÃn-ta-‰p-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v \nb-a-k-`-bpsS apºmsI
276
hbv°p∂ tÃ‰p-sa‚n-s\-bmWv hm¿jnI [\-Imcy tÃ‰vsa‚ v As√-
¶n¬ _UvP‰v F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ap≥h¿j-Ønepw \S∏p h¿j-Ønepw
hcm≥ t]mIp∂ h¿j-Ønepw D≈ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m
CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw Cu tÃ‰vsa‚n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
[\-\bw: \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ sNehv
F∂n-h-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew kmº-ØnI cwK-ß-fn¬
kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂ \b-ßsf [\-\-b-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂p. \nIpXn
\nc-°p-Iƒ, sNehv C\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ßƒ, D¬-
∏m-Z\
- s
- Øbpw D]-t`m-Ks
- Øbpw sXmgn¬ Ah-kc - ß
- s
- fbpw kzm[o\w
sNepØn kmº-ØnI am‰-ß-ƒ D≠m-°p-∂p.
[\-Imcy IW-°p-Iƒ: `c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-k-cn®v k¿°m-cns‚ hchv
sNehv IW-°p-Isf aq∂p hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-°mw.
1) k©n-X-\n[n (Cosolidated fund) (2) I≠n-P≥kn ^≠v (3) ]ªnIv
A°u≠v
k©n-X-\n[n: k©nX\n[n-bn¬ dh-\yp, aqe-[-\w, ISw F∂nh
kw_-‘n® F√m k¿°m¿ CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. dh\yp hn`m-
K-Øn¬ \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn-ep≈ hc-hn-s\bpw dh\yp hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-
Sp∂ a‰p hc-hp-I-sfbpw AXn¬\n-∂p≈ sNe-hp-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v
{]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-êw X∂m-≠sØ dh\yp
A°u-≠v an®amtWm IΩn-bmtWm F∂v ImWn-°p-∂p. aqe-[\ hn`m-
K-Øn¬ ÿmbn-bmb kz`m-h-ap≈ kv]jvSamb BkvXn-Iƒ h¿≤n∏n-
°p-Itbm Bh¿Ø\ _m[y-X-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-Itbm sNøp∂ hchv˛-
sN-ehv IW-°p-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p. aq∂m-asØ hn`m-K-amb IS-Øn¬,
am¿°‰v hmbv]-Ifpw, tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw, ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw,
kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fp-sSbpw CS-
]m-Sp-Iƒ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
I≠n-P≥kn ^≠v: k¿°m-cns‚ F√m sNe-hp-Iƒ°pw \nb-a-k-`-
bpsS AwKo-Imcw thWw. F∂m¬ \oń-h-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXpw ASn-
b-¥nc kz`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb BI-kvanI sNehv t\cn-Sm-\mbn
\nbaw aqew ‘ap≥]Ww’ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp I≠n-P≥kn ^≠v
cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. \qdp-tImSn cq]-tbmfw D≈ Cu ^≠v kwÿm\
277
Kh¿W-dpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-Wv. Cu ^≠n¬\n∂v sNe-hm-°p∂

GsXmcp XpIbpw \nb-a-k-`-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn In´p∂
D]-[-\m-`y¿∞-\-sIm≠v \nI-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
]ªnIv A°u≠v: k¿°m¿ Hcp _m¶¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-
°pIbpw, hmßnb ]Ww aS-°n-s°mSp°m-\p≈ _m[yX hln-°p-
Ibpw, sImSpØ ]Ww hkq-em-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ ‘]ªnIv A°u≠v’ F∂-Xn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. ]ªnIv
A°u-≠n¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1) eLp-
k-ºm-Zy-ßƒ, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v apX-em-b-h. (2) dnk¿hv ^≠p-Iƒ
(3) \nt£-]-ßfpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw (4) kkvs]≥kpw ]e-h-Ibpw (5)
]W-a-S-bv°¬.
[\-[q¿Øvcmjv{Sobw: Hcp k¿°m¿ P\-ßf - n¬ \n∂v \nIp-Xn-bmbpw,
a‰n-\-ß-fnepw ]ncn-°p∂ XpI-bpw, a‰p hcp-am-\-ßfpw, ISw FSp-°p∂
XpIbpw, `cWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw, P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-\pw,
\mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw cmjv{Sob A[n-
Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw cmjv{Sob t\´-ßƒ t\Sm\pw _yqtdm-{I-kn,
kΩ¿-±-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ, cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n£n]vX
Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m\pw `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ BUw-_-c-Øn\pw
[q¿Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xns\ [\-[q¿Øv F∂p-]-d-bmw.
_yqtdm{Ikn hnI-k\w: k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆw Iq´p-I,
s{]mtamj≥ km[y-X-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, Db¿∂ XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjv-
Sn-°p-I, a‰p s{]mtamj≥, dn´-b¿sa‚ v B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \¬IpI F∂o
e£y-tØmsS A\m-h-iy-ambn H´-\-h[n XkvXn-I-I-fpw, FÃm-ªn-
jvsa‚p-I-fpw, Bô-kp-Ifpw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw
sNøpI. `cWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m\pw
CØcw _yqtdm-{Ikn hnI-k\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂ {]N-cWw \S-
Øp-Ibpw, `cW \ho-I-c-W, C˛-K-th-W≥kv XpS-ßnb \S-]Sn-Isf
Ań-a-dn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
278
hchv
samØw hchv: k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hc-hns\ aqe-[\
- w, dh\yp F∂v
c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
dh\yp hchv: dh\yp hchv {][m-\-ambpw \mev C\-ß-fm-Wv. X\Xv
\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xcbn\-ßƒ, tI{μ \nIp-Xn-hn-ln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ
F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
aqe-[\ hchv: aqe-[\ hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv hnhn[ t{kmX- p-I-
fn¬ \n∂v ISw FSpØ XpI-bpw, k¿°m¿ \¬Inb hmbv]-I-fpsS
Xncn-®-Shpw a‰p aqe-[\ hc-hp-I-fp-amWv.
X\Xv \nIp-Xn-h-chv: k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\ X\Xv \nIpXn hcp-am-\-
ßƒ, H∂v: hn¬∏-\ aqey-h¿≤nX \nIp-Xn, c≠v: ap{Z-]-{X-ß-fpw, cPnkv-
t{S-j≥ ôkpw, aq∂v: kwÿm\ FIvssk-kv, \mev: hml\ \nIpXn.
a‰p \nIp-Xn-Iƒ: Im¿jnI BZmb \nIp-Xn, `q\nIpXn, BUw-_c
\nIp-Xn, hnZyp-—‡
- n-bn≥ta-ep≈ \nIp-Xn, ÿmhc hkvXp-hn≥ta-ep≈
\nIpXn F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
hn¬∏-\, aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn: Ch {][m-\-ambpw \mev C\-ß-
fn¬\n-∂p≈ hcp-am-\-am-Wv. H∂v: tI{μ hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bnse hyh-
ÿ-Iƒ {]Imcw kwÿm-\-¥c hym]mc-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂
\nIp-Xn. c≠v: P\-d¬ skbn¬SmkvIv BIvSv {]Imcap≈ kwÿm\
hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn. aq∂v: 2005 G{]n¬ H∂mw XobXn apX¬ \S-∏n-em-
°nb aqey-h-¿≤nX \nIpXn (hm-‰v), \mev: tIcf t]∏¿ tem´dn \nIp-
Xn-bn≥ta-ep≈ hchv XpSßnb-h.
ap{Z]--{X-ßfpw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkpw: CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv {][m-\-
ambpw aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. H∂v: ap{Z-]-{X-ßƒ ˛ tImSXn kw_-‘n-
®p-≈-Xv, c≠v: ap{Z-]-{X-ßƒ ˛ tImSXn kw_-‘n-®n-´p≈X√m-Ø-Xv,
aq∂v: cPn-k vt{S-j≥ ôkv.
kwÿm\ FIvsskkv: Cu \nIpXn {][m-\-ambpw A©p hn`m-K-
ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. H∂v: hntZi aZy-ß-fpw, Nmcm-
b-hpw, c≠v: ]pfn-∏n® \mS≥ aZyw, aq∂v: bh aZy-ßƒ, \mev: ]ng-
Ifpw I≠p-sI-´-epw, A©v: a‰p hc-hp-Iƒ.
279
hml\ \nIpXn: aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv CXv ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-

∂-Xv. H∂v: kwÿm\ tamt´m¿ hml\ BIvSv {]Im-c-ap≈ hc-hp-
Iƒ, c≠v: C¥y≥ tamt´m¿ hml\ BIvSv {]Im-c-ap≈ hc-hp-Iƒ
(c-Pn-kvt{S-j≥ ôkv, ss{UhnwKv ôkv, s]¿an‰v ôkv, ^n‰v\kv
k¿ń-^n-°‰v ôkv XpS-ßn-b-h). aq∂v: a‰p hc-hn-\-ßƒ.
`q\n-IpXn: `q DS-a-bpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ samØw `qan-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ `qan-Icw, πmt‚-j≥ ô, Xcnip `qan hn‰p-In-´p∂ hchv,
a‰p hc-hn-\-ßƒ F∂n-h.
BUw-_c \nIpXn: BUw-_c tlm´-ep-I-fnepw, temUvPp-I-fnepw
Npa-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ \nIp-Xn.
hnZyp-—‡n \nIpXn: hnZyp-—‡n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn≥taepw hn¬-
∏-\-bn≥taepw D≈ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ ˛ C¥y≥ Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n \nb-a-{]-Im-
c-ap≈ ôkv, ao‰¿ ]cn-tim-[\ ôkv XpS-ßn-b-h.
ÿmhc hkvXp-hn-t∑-ep≈ \nIpXn: Irjn-`q-an -H-gn-sI-bp≈ ÿmhc
hkvXp-hn-≥-taep≈ \nIp-Xn. ]pXp-Xmbn ]Wn-bp∂ sIń-S-ßƒ°pw,
hoSp-Iƒ°pw dh\yp hIp∏v H‰-Ø-hW ]ncn-°p∂ \nIp-Xn.
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv: ]eni hc-hn-\-ßƒ, s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-
\ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ em`-hn-lnXw, k¿°m¿ tem´-dn-I-fn¬
\n∂p≈ hc-hv, h\w hIp-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ hchv XpS-ßn-b-h.
ôkp-If- pw, bqk¿ Nm¿÷pw: k¿°m¿ `cW hIp-∏p-Iƒ ]ncn-°p∂
ôkp-Iƒ, hnZym`ymk BtcmKy k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ôkp-
Iƒ, bqk¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂p hmßp∂ km[-
\-ß-fpsS hne, hmSI XpS-ßn-bh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ: \nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v k¿°m-cn\v
Hmtcm kmº-ØnI h¿jhpw e`n-t°≠ hchv apgp-h\pw AtX h¿jw
Xs∂ ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmsX IpSn-»nI hcp∂ XpI-bm-Wn-Xv.
tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-X-hpw, {Km‚p-Ifpw: tI{μ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw
aq∂v Xc-Øn-ep≈ hchv kwÿm-\-Øn\v e`n-°p-∂p. H∂v: tI{μ [\-
Imcy IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-Iƒ A\p-kc - n-®p≈ tI{μ \nIpXn hnln-Xhpw
a‰p {Km‚p-I-fpw, c≠v: hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp≈ πm≥
280
{Km‚ ,v aq∂v: t\m¨πm≥ C\-Øn-ep≈ a‰p {Km‚p-Ifpw klm-bß
- f
- pw.
tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥: C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v tI{μ-
\n-Ip-Xn-bpsS tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ hnln-Xhpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-
I-fpsS hnln-X-hpw, {Km‚p-Ifpw hoXn®p \¬Ip-∂Xv Hmtcm A©p
h¿jhpw IqSp-tºmƒ \nb-an-°p∂ tI{μ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ BWv.
kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v A¿l-X-s∏´ \nIpXn hnlnXw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv
Nne am\-ZWvU-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.
sNehv
samØw sNehv: samØw sNe-hns\ aq∂v C\-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw.
H∂v: dh-\yp, c≠v: aqe-[-\w, aq∂v: hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-I-fpw.
dh\yp sNehv: k¿°m-cns‚ \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°mbn {][m-
\-ambpw sNe-hm-°p-∂-XmWv dh\yp sNe-hv. dh\yp sNe-hns‚ Hcp
sNdnb `mKw hm¿jnI ]≤Xn °p-th-≠nbpw sNe-hm-°p-∂p (πm≥).
aqe-[\ sNehv: ÿnc-amb BkvXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-\pw, \ne-hn-ep≈
BkvXn-Iƒ A‰-Ip-‰-]Wn \S-Øp-Itbm ]pXp-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn-
\pw, _m[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿°m-\p-ap≈XmWv aqe-[\ sNe-hv. aqe-[\ sNe-
hns\ πm≥, t\m¨πm≥ F∂o C\-ß-fn-embn sNe-hm-°p-∂p.
P\-d¬ k¿Δokv sNehv: `cW ÿm]-\-ßfpsS \nIp-Xn-Ifpw a‰p
hcp-am-\ß
- f
- p-sSbpw ]ncnhv, s]mXp`-cW
- w, \nba ]cn-]m-e\
- w, t]meokv,
Pbn¬, s]≥j≥, a‰p s]mXp k¿ho-kp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbhbpsS sNe-
hmWv P\-d¬ k¿Δo-kv.
tkmjy¬ k¿Δokv sNehv: hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh-≈w,
`h\ \n¿Ωm-Ww, \Kc hnI-k-\w, Fkv.-kn., Fkv.-Sn, ]nt∂m° hn`m-
K-ß-fpsS t£aw, sXmgn¬, kmaqly kpc£m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, a‰p
kmaqly tkh-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS sNe-hm-Wv.
kmº-ØnI k¿Δo-kp-I-fpsS sNehv: Irjnbpw A\p-_‘ taJ-
e-Ifpw, {Kma-hn-Ik
- \
- w, Pe-tk-N\
- w, sshZyp-Xn, Du¿÷w, hyh-kmbw,
KXm-K-Xw, kb≥kv B‚ v sSIvt\m-fPn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS sNe-hp-
Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
281
t\m¨πm≥ dh\yp sNehv: samØw dh\yp sNe-hn¬ ]≤Xn

sNehv AYhm πm≥ sNehv Ign-®p≈ XpI-bm-Wn-Xv.
s]≥j≥ sNehv: kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬\n∂pw kzImcy
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hnc-an® Poh-\-°m¿°v
\¬Ip∂ dn´-b¿sa‚ v B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fpw, {]Xn-amk s]≥j-\pw, acn®p-
t]m-b-h-cpsS B{in-X¿°v \¬Ip∂ ^manen s]≥j\pw, a‰p Nne
hn`m-K-°m¿°v \¬Ip∂ (ap≥ Fw.-F¬.-F-am¿, kzmX-{¥y-k-ac
tk\m\n-Iƒ, Iem-km-lnXy cwK-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h¿) s]≥j\pw
CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.
iº-fs- N-ehv: bm-{Xm-∏Sn HgnsI DtZym-Kÿ≥am¿°pw Poh-\°
- m¿°p-
ap≈ iº-fhpw Ae-h≥kp-Ifpw (A-h[n bm{Xm kuP-\y-apƒs∏sS)
CXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cnse Poh-\-°m¿°pw, kzImcy
FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°p-amWv k¿°m¿
t\cn´v iºfw \¬-Ip∂-Xv.
So®nwKv {Km‚ v: kzImcy FbvUUv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse
A[ym-]-I¿°pw a‰p Poh\°m¿°pw \¬Ip∂ iº-fhpw hnc-an-®-
h¿°v \¬Ip∂ s]≥j\pw CXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p. k¿°m¿ hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\-Ønse A≤ym-]-I¿°pw a‰p Poh-\-°m¿°pw \¬Ip∂ \nc-
°n-ep≈ iº-fhpw a‰v B\p-Iqeyßfpw s]≥j\pw FbvUUv taJ-
e-bnse Poh-\-°m¿°pw \¬Ip∂p.
hnI-k\ sNehv: dh-\yp, aqe-[-\w, hmbv]-Ifpw, ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw Dƒ-
s∏-sS-bp≈ F√m sNe-hp-I-sfbpw aq∂n\w k¿Δo-kp-I-fmbn Xcw-
Xn-cn°mw tkmjy¬, C°-tWm-an-Iv, P\d¬. CXn¬ tkmjy¬, C°-
tWm-anIv k¿Δo-kp-Isf hnI-k\ sNe-hmbpw P\-d¬ k¿ho-kns\
hnI-k-t\-Xc sNe-hmbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
bm{Xm-sN-e-hp-Iƒ: I¨h-b≥kv Ae-h≥kpw \n›nX bm{Xm-∏-Sn-
bp-aS- °w tPmen ka-bØ
- p≈ F√m bm{Xm- sNe-hpIfpw CXn-epƒs∏Spw.
F∂m¬ Ah[n bm{Xm kuP\yw -CXn¬s∏Sp-I-bn-√.
Bôkv sNe-hp-Iƒ: X]m¬, Bô-km-h-iy-ßƒ°p≈ bt{¥m-]-
I-cW
- ß
- ƒ hmß¬, iotXmjvW Imem-hÿ sNe-hp-Iƒ, sSen-t^m¨,
282
sh≈w, sshZypXn sNe-hp-Iƒ, tÃj-\d
- n, t^md-ßf
- psS A®Sn F∂n-
h-bv°p≈ sNe-hn-\-ßƒ CXn¬s∏Spw.
kwÿm\ [\-Imcy IΩn-j≥: C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \nIp-Xn-bpsS kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚
hnln-Xhpw, {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cns‚ hnln-Xhpw, {Km‚p-Ifpw hoXn®p
\¬Ip-∂Xv Hmtcm A©p h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ \nb-an-°p∂ kwÿm\
[\-Imcy IΩn-j≥ BWv. {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-
sN-ehv, ssIamdn Inńb BkvXn-Iƒ, ssIamdn Inńb ÿm]-\-ß
-f-psS BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS sabn‚-\≥kv, hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v
th≠n-bp≈ sUh-e-]vsa‚ v ^≠v XpS-ßn-bh IΩn-js‚ ip]m¿i-
I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
s]mXpISw
s]mXpISw: s]mXpISw F∂-Xn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv aq∂n-\-ß-fm-Wv.
H∂v: B`y-¥c hmbv]-Iƒ, c≠v: tI{μ-k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-
dp-I-fpw, aq∂v: eLp kºm-Zy-ß-fpw, t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠pw.
B`y-¥c hmbv]: CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv Itºmfw, F¬.-sF.-kn, P\-
d¬ C≥jp-d≥kv tIm¿∏-td-j≥, \_m¿Uv, \mj-W¬ tIm∏-td-‰ohv
sUh-e-]vsa‚ v tIm¿∏-td-j≥, a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂
hmbv]-Iƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
tI{μ k¿°m¿ hmbv]-Ifpw ap≥Iq-dp-Ifpw: t]meokv tamU-ssW-
tk-j≥, a‰p t\m¨ πm≥ hmbv]-Iƒ, tªm°v hmbv], kwÿm\
]≤Xn hmbv], \mj-W¬ tem¨ kvtImf¿jn∏v, F∂o-bn-\-ß-fpsS
hmbv]-I-fmWv CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
eLp-k-ºm-Zyhpw t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠pw: Cu C\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]
k©nX \n[n°v ]pd-Øp≈ ]ªnIv A°u-≠v hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂-
Xm-Wv. eLp-k-ºm-Zy-ßƒ kwÿm\ t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, C≥jp-
d≥kv, s]≥j≥ ^≠p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Cu C\Øn¬ s]Sp∂p.
s]mXp hmbv] kqNnI: k¿°m-cns‚ samØw IS-_m-[y-X -hnebncp-
Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kqNnI s]mXpISw Pn.-F-kv.-Sn.-]n. A\p-]mXw
BWv.
283
A\p-_‘w aq∂v
Nm¿´p-Iƒ
Nm¿´v 1
2015˛16 se k¿°m-cns‚ hchv (93058 tImSn):
hnlnXw (%)
284
Nm¿´v 2
2015-˛16 \nIp-Xn- h-chv LS\ (%)
285
Nm¿´v 3
2015-˛16 se \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hchv LS\ (%)
286
Nm¿´v 4
2015˛16 se k¿°m-cns‚ samØw sNehv
(93093 tImSn): hnlnXw (%)
287
Nm¿´v 5
2015˛16 se samØw sNehv:
dh-\yq, aqe-[-\w, hmbv]-Iƒ (%)
288
Nm¿´v 6
2015˛16 se samØw sNehv:
hnhn[ k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ (%)
289
Nm¿´v 7
iº-fw, s]≥j≥ C\-ß-fnse sNehv (cq] tImSn)
290
Nm¿´v 8
kwÿm\k¿°m-cns‚ s]mXp-ISw (cq] tImSn)
(C A G dnt∏m¿´v 2016)
291
Bibliography
Abraham K.M (2004): “Kerala: The Fiscal Crisis and its Aftermath” in B.A
Prakash (ed.), Kerala’s Economic Development: Performance and
Problems in the Post-Liberlisation Period (New Delhi: Sage
Publications).
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG): Report of the CAG on State finances
for the year ended March (reports from 2011-15)(Trivandrum:
Government of Kerala).
CAG: Report of the CAG on revenue sector for the year ended March
(reports from 2011-15), (Trivandrum: Government of Kerala).
CAG (2016): Report of the CAG on Public Sector Undertakings for the year
ended 31 March 2015, Report - 3(Trivandrum: Government of
Kerala).
CAG: Finance Accounts for the years 2010-11 to 2014-15, Vol. I & II
(Trivandrum: Government of Kerala).
David N. Hyman(2011): Public Finance: A Contemporary Application of
Theory to Policy (New Delhi: Cengage Learning India Private
Limited).
Department of Economics and Statistics (DES) (2010): Gross State Domestic
Product of Kerala from 1970-71 to 2008-09 (Base Year 1999-
2000) (Trivandrum: Government of Kerala).
Edagar K. Browning and Jacquelene M. Browning(1994): Public Finance
and the Price System (New Delhi: Pearson Education).
292
EPW Research Foundation (2013): India, A Pocket Book Of Data Series
2013 (New Delhi: Academic Foundation).
George K.K (1990): Kerala Fiscal Crisis: A Diagnosis, Economic and Political
weekly. Vol. Page No.2097-2015
George K.K (1993): Limits to Kerala Model of Development: An analysis of
fiscal crisis and its implications (Trivandrum: Centre for
Development Studies).
George K.K (1994): “Trends in Kerala State Finances” in B.A Prakash (ed.),
Kerala’s Economy: Performance Problems Prospects (New Delhi:
Sage publications).
George K.K, K.K. Krishnakumar (2003): “Fiscal Management in Kerala:
Constraint and policy options”, Working Paper No. 9 (Kochi:
Centre for Socio-economic and Environmental Studies).
George K.K, K.K. Krishnakumar (2012): “Trends in Kerala State Finaces-
1991-92 to 2012-13: A Study in the Backdrop of Economic Reforms
in India”, Working Paper 28
Government of Kerala (GoK) (2001): White Paper on State Finances
(Trivandrum: Government of Kerala)
GoK (2011): White Paper on State Finances (Trivandrum: Government
of Kerala).
GoK (2011): Report of the Fourth State Finance Commission, Part I & II
GoK (2016): White Paper on State Finances (Trivandrum: Government
of Kerala).
GoK (2016): Revised Budget 2016-17 At A Glance (Trivandrum: Government
of Kerala).
GoK (2016): Medium term fiscal policy and strategy statement with medium
term fiscal plan for Kerala (Trivandrum:Government of Kerala).
GoI (2016): Economic Survey 2015-16 Vol I & II (New Delhi: Government of
India).
GoI (2016): India 2014 (New Delhi Publication Division Government of
India).
GoK: Appendix I Details of Staff, various issues of Kerala budget
(Trivandrum: Government of Kerala) .
293
GoK: Budget in Brief various years (Trivandrum: Government of Kerala).

GoK: Budget Speeches for various years (Trivandrum: Government of
Kerala).
GoK: Explanatory Memorandum on the Budget, various years (Trivandrum:
GoK(2013): Memorandum presented to 14 th Finance commission
Government of India (2009): Report of the Thirteenth Finance Commission
2010-2015 (New Delhi: Government of India).
Government of India (2014): Report of the Fourteenth Finance Commission
2015-2020 (New Delhi: Government of India).
Jerry Alwin (2014): Recent Trends in Kerala State Finances (New Delhi:
Serials Publications).
Joseph K.P (1999): “Poor Management of State Finances in Kerala” in B.A.
Prakash (ed.), Kerala’s Economic Development: Issues and
problems (New Delhi: Sage Publications).
Kerala Public Expenditure Review Committee (KPERC) (First Committee):
Reports- First Report on May 2006, Second Report on November
2006, Third Report onNovember 2007 (Trivandrum: Government
of Kerala).
KPERC (Second Committee): Reports- First Report (2007-08), Second
Report (2008-09), Third Report (2009-10)(Trivandrum:
KPERC (Third Committee): Reports- First Report (2010-11), Second Report
(2011-12), Third Report (2012-13), Fourth Report (2013-14)
Kurian N.J (1999): “State Government Finances: A Survey of Recent Trends”,
Economic and Political Weekly Vol.34, No.19 -Page No.1115-1125.
Kurian N.J, Joseph Abraham (1999): “The Financial Crisis: An Analysis” in
B.A. Prakash (ed.), Kerala’s Economic Development: Issues and
problems (New Delhi: Sage Publications).
Nair R.P (2008): “Emerging Trends in Revenue and Expenditure of Kerala”
in B.A. Prakash and V.R. Prabhakaran Nair (ed.), Kerala’s
294
Development Issues In the New Millennium (New Delhi: Serials
Publications).
Rajesh K. Jha (2012): Public Finance (New Delhi: Pearson).
Rakhe P.B (2003): “Estimation of Tax Leakage and its Impact on Fiscal
Health in Kerala”, Working Paper 347 (Trivandrum: Centre for
Development Studies).
Ramaligom Aiyer.R, K.N. Kurup (1992): “State Finances in Kerala” in
Ameresh Babchi et al (ed.) State Finances in India (New Delhi:
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy).
Reserve Bank of India: State Finance a study of Budgets (from 2012-13 to
2015-16) (Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India).
Richard A. Musgrave and Peggy B. Musgrave (1989): Public Finance In
Theory And Practice (New York: McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY).
State Planning Board: Economic Review for various years (Trivandrum:
State Planning Board).
Tapas K.Sen (2012): “Recent Development in Kerala State Finances”, Working
Paper Series 449 (Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies).
Thomas Issac, T.M. and R. Mohan (2016): “Sustainable Fiscal Consolidation:
Suggesting the Way Ahead for Kerala”, Working Paper Series
469, (Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies).
295

(/ - (Q¿øvcmjv (So-Bhpw CQ (/ - XN-K - NBPW: - N.-F. Imivv

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(/ - (Q¿øvcmjv (So-Bhpw CQ (/ - XN-K - NBPW: - N.-F. Imivv

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

[\-[q¿Øvcmjv{So-bhpw

Ih-Sn-bm¿ _n.-F. {]Imiv

“kwÿm-\Øv Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ A[n- I m--c Øn¬ Ccp∂

Ign-bptam F∂ {]Xo-£-t]mepw A∂v [h-f-]{Xw Xøm-dm-°n-b-h¿°v

amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c ImesØ tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp \nt£-]w.

bp-ambn _‘-s∏´p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnhn[ hIp-∏pIƒ, {]mtZ-inI

cn-°p-∂-h¿, hnZym-`ymk B\p-Iqeyw In´p-∂-h¿, kz¥w `qan k¿°m¿

\nIpXn, sNe-hv F∂nh P\-ßf - psS t£a-tØbpw kº-ZL v S- \- s

Hcp apX-em-fnØ Itºm-fh - y-hÿ

Ah-k-c-Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ s]mXp]Ww kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fn¬

jvI-cn®p hnI-k\w \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw \ΩpsS an{i-k-º-ZvL-S-\-bpsS

CXv \nXy-\n-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ F{X IΩn-bp≠v AYhm F{X

1. dh\yp hchv Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw

BI-kvanI sNehv t\cn-Sm-\mbn \nbaw aqew ‘ap≥]Ww’ F∂ \ne-

I≠nP≥kn ^≠v k©n-X-\n[n ]ªnIv A°u≠v

dh\yp aqe-[\w eLp kºm-Zy-ßƒ,

hchv sNehv hchv

\nIp-Xn, P\-d¬, tkmjy¬, sNehv/]Ww sImSp°¬

kzIm-cytaJebpw, hen∏w Ipd™ s]mXpta-Je - bpw tN¿∂p≈ an{i

Øn\pw sNe-hm-°p-∂X - n-\p-]I

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿ ]Ww apS-°n, k¿°m¿

Poh-\-°m¿, Ip´n-I-fn-√mØ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-

3. k-Ω¿± {Kq∏p {]oW-\-cm-jv{Sobw

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS c£-I¿Øm-°-fpsS kmº-ØnI \ne ]cn-K-Wn-

ambn k¿°m-cn\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNø-Ws - a∂ ]Xnhv hym]mcn-Iƒ°n-√.

tI{μ-a-{¥n-am-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ Ãm^ns‚ FÆw icm-icn 15

\-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ¿, Pn√m-Xe DZy-K-ÿ¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v HutZym-

am¿°pw NnIn-’bv°v ]cn-[n-bn-√msX ]Ww sNe-hm-°m≥ hyh-ÿ-

kn≥Un-t°‰v kanXn D≠v. tImtfPv A[ym-]-I-cmb Nne kn≥Un-

fpsS \bw. X∑qew tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Un.-F \nc-°n¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-

≤ym-]I- ¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Poh-\°

h≥XpI tImg hmßm≥ kuIcyw \¬IpI, XpS-ßnbh FbvUUv

Bb-hsc _n.-]n.-F¬ B°p-I-bm-Wv. _n.-]n.-F¬. IpSpw-_-ß-fnse

Bdp Zim-_vZ-°m-eØv kwÿm-\Øv aqe-[\ \nt£-]-ambpw hmbv]-

s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - sf Imcy-£a- h - pw em`-Ic - a- mbpw \S-Øm≥

tij-ap≈ BZy aq∂p Zim-_vZ-ß-fn¬ (1956 apX¬ 1986-h-sc) ASn-

Np-cp-°¬ h∂Xv hnI-k\ sNe-hn-em-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ k¿°m-cns‚

[\-cm-jv{Sobw k¿°m-cns‚ hcp-am\ t{kmX- p-Iƒ (\n-Ip-Xn-I-fpw

F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-fpsS {][m\ {]h¿Ø\w

Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® [h-f-]-{X-a-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm\w

CXv ]tcm£ \nIpXnhcp-am-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p.

Bb-t∏mƒ skbn¬ SmIvkv IpSn-»nI 262 tImSn cq]-bmbn Db¿∂p.

[\-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°p \bn® sNe-hn-\-ß-fpsS Imc-W-ßƒ

bnepw am{Xw aXn F∂ \b-amWv A\p-h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂-Xv. CXp-

IΩn C{Xbpw h¿≤n-°m-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw kwÿm-\-Øns‚

F∂m¬ hmbv] hmßp-∂Xv dh\yp sNehv AYhm \nXy-\n-Zm\

]Xn-hm-bn. (4) k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-bp∂ Poh-\-°m¿°v

Xp—-amb ^okp-I-fmWv hnZym-`ymk Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ NpaØn-

Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ [\-I-Ωnbpw hfsc Db¿∂ \nc-°n-em-bn-cp-

2006 apX¬ 2011-h-sc-bp≈ F¬.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØpw

Pn.-F-kv.-Un.-]n. A\p-]mXw 30.8 iX-am\w apX¬ 33.5 iX-am-\-am-bn-

_n√ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb “e°n-hm‰v tem´dn” hn¬∏\

ÿ-bn-em-bn. CXv kwÿm\w IS-s°-Wn-bn-em-b-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-

s]mXpI-Sw, Pn.-F-kv.-Un.]n A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

(7) k¿°m¿ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sImSpØp Xo¿t°≠ _m≤y-X-

Cu [\-{]-Xn-k-‘n°v [h-f-]{Xw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv c≠p

sh∂pw bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv (2011-˛16-h-sc) hfsc tami-

kwÿm-\Øv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn® [\-

{Km‚ v, k_vknUn-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ, `c-W-sN-e-hp-Iƒ, \jvS-Øn¬ \S-

c-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bkq-{XW

k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw hcp-Øp∂

\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc C\-ßƒ, tI{μ-\n-IpXn hnln-Xw, {Km‚p-Iƒ

k¿°m-cns‚ samØw hchv 2000-˛01¬ 11004 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv