Chapter 11 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND UNDERGROUND OPENINGS 11.1 Unlined Openings Tyg 2 Ele = Sh + Be oenze oe O13) 11.1.1 CERCULAR TUNNEL IN AN THEINITE MASS area,Do® *2 uniform horizontal loading Py per unit (Plane strain) | (Fig.11.1) . Pe ay _ * oy = Ba 8) - BG janet HII. og = Fett + Sie Feta + oceto It should be noted that the above solutions apply ‘to the plane stress problem of a plate with a circular hole as well as the plane strain problem of a tunnel. WI farengh anu nehere (196) hg caulged nd eee Rams Ser OD, ae Deas Si srr Te, nee ce HET Insehafrg littl gaemtanestseeietteiaieag a fogs Re, once FIG.11.2 At any point, the vertical and horizontal stress components are calculated as follows: +. @1.73) Sof 26 on bs Due to unifora vertical loading p, per unit ty = = AF conte ~ tygptnt0 «.. (01.70) 2-8) «Me 2) ots Se ee en) oy = FE (=) + Ba + BE 8B) ooo = GD & = Fe (r+ Sy - Sha + 25) conto 201.2)UNDERGROUND OPENINGS TABLE 11.1 STRESSES ON AKES OF CIRCULAR TUNNEL (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952) For pyrlo0, pend For perl, penlsd For Ppt. 0, pend. 25 Tnsartsh ‘ong =-axis ‘Mong s-axls Along saris Along axis Along a-axis Along a-axis (o-0) 3 (0-0) (ono) © = a op °; % %8 Sp %y on %y 7.000 3.000 3.0000 @_—-0.250 0 2.750 208 -ov0s¢ ov127 21688 01327 2.688 -0.084 0.002 “0.109 | onus 2.498 Tio 0-042 Olas bass Oc2ts 20.082 ‘e012 “0-002 0.208 220 eco Osis zen O.si8 ol0i5 0.067 so.1e2OnaIs ao 21s o.378 o.378 sons O:200 “O26 cabs io “oss 339 01339 o-31s 01399 o.332 Osi 200-863 281 o:281 ote 01539 91336 01398 So 8.71 nies ones ora O:778 013060333 300 9:902 0.088 1088 0.302 019171278 0.288 raaue 11.2 STRESSES ABOVE A CIRCULAR TUNNEL ALONG =a (Tercaghi and Richart, 1952) iy for verti Tod only 0 5 ons ez gto, 20) 036 is veo + Speman} ~ 22a — . oes 16 18 80 a6 30 35 50 oe ve (1.9) “ : ? FIG.11.3 Circunterential principal stress at surface Ae the surface of the tumel (ma) Of circslar tunel as faction of W erzaght and Rehart, 1952). * a a o, = tape, + 2alp_-p,)ooe20} see Q1.10) -- G2*N satpgrp,)eint} ws GL)292 ‘UNDERGROUND OPENINGS 11-1.2 CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN A SEMI-INFINITE MASS (Fig.11.4) —suttece__ e Diameter D« 20 FIG.11.4 Mindlin (1940) considered the above problem for three cases of applied loading: case I: at depth 2 (remote froa the tunel), Pz ove Pow ive, isotropic gravitational pressure where w= unit weight of mss. at depth = (renote from tumel), P20 Pha In this case, there is no lateral deformation Tenote from the tunnel. Case ITZ: at depth 2 (remote fron tunnel), ppaus rd ive. no lateral restraint of the mass Feaote fron the tunnel. The solutions obtained by Mindlin were in terns of bipolar coordinates a and 8, which are related to the Cartesian = and 2 coordinates as follows: om A stn8 vee Qi I2ay cosha ~c088 A sinha cosha ~ eoeB and A = ¢ tanka, = a eines 1.126) where a; is the value of a correspond- ing to the boundary of the ‘tunnel, aia " coshay see GLa2e) case T On the circular boundary (aay), ts = 2ilcosiny= coo8) 1-coshoncoss Bora sinker Teonhay-ooe8) (7289) 2088 yo ,ot, - = EBS) 2288 4967550 4(1-») inte, "88 - 5 2, comms} a1.1s) me ry where 2, = W,-ne™ 3, = 7272 (etna costa, -nsinhascoeten,) ™ otnhtnay-nFotnkay ‘The distribution of og around the tunnel is shown in Fig.11.$ for two values of ay. ‘The variation of og/uD at the highest point of the tunnel (a-a;,8=1) with the ratio o/a is show in Fig.11.6. This figure shows that the disturbing influence of the upper free boundary is only effective if o/aci.5. Values of og around the tumel are tabulated in Table 11,3 for three values of v. It should be noted that for v=9.5, Cases I and Ii are identical. Casee IT and IIT For these cases, the solution for [glona, fs obtained by adding the solution for Case T to the following expression ‘WGA costar, ~2088) {Soothe eschar+Seachia;c008 + doin, J 2 coon8} + euGieseha, me (cospstecsha,cosaitece5¥) ss G19) n(n) were 7, = 8,OvLTIED opzures ay feap0-4 azo 05 ¥iG.11.5 Tangential stress around tunnel ‘Gtindlin, 1940). : 2 > ‘vues of FIG.11.6 Variation of tangential stress at highest, point of tunnel vs. c/a (Mindlin, 1940). Case 1. gs. = —lntot)eininay 8 Sink, onteinhta, ya bert sinianeins y ‘coviay 2088 c = 2 for cose It 6(t-v) og =i for Case IIT. 3 os 5 eral r pa ° rt aycosg one of FIG.11.7 Variation of tangential stress at highest point of tunnel vs. c/a. Cases II and IIT. (uindlin, 1940). The variation of og/uD at the highest point of ‘the tunnel (aa, Ben) “with c/a is shown in Fig.11.7. Values of og around the tunnel are tabulated im Table 11.4 for three values of v.uwpencram opewzncs 26 TARE 11.3 (Bou vauuss of Blass, (Qindtin, 1940) cose D wD. 320140160180 100 60 40 20 BSRRAGRARG case T yesageaay SSRS8aBssR v Case I ‘and case IT VALUES OF 8 (See Fig.11.5) CORRESPONDING T0 6 FOR POINTS ON CIRCUMFERENCE 10 «40160180 100 460 20 ots auwcrwep opewrucs ‘TABLE 11.4 loglona vatues or —E-25%1 (cases 11 AND IIT) wD Qiinidtin, 1940) 8 0 20 «4060800120108 veo 0.2 -1.22 4.98 0.17 23.08 -4.41 -5.47 -5.07 0:4 122 i162 1155 s2i31 -3.49 74122-4152 (case 1106-1125 1160 208 2173 -2'93 “373 4103 and 08-4129 1120 2:17 silat 2:57 “3145-3177 case 111) 10-4137 0180 284 voles 2127 -3.27 -3162 2 2147 0.48 2.74 70.38 2100 -3114 -3/55 114 i161 0:22 2:86 (0:08 1:76 3.07 -3.54 16-179 -9:01 2:86 0:60-1:82 3.08 -3/60 118 2:03-0:23 3.08, cila7 Talos -3!98 210 72193 “0146 3124 sil0o “alte “3!as yews 0.2 -0.28 1.09 0.46 -0.87 -1.42 “2.46 -2.69 O14 70127 tat 0.07 -0'83 -1119 -2!28 -2!45 ols 70126 1151 0:63 -0103 “0188 2244-2130 0:8 0.24 1193 4:28 0.40 0.59, es “alte (ease 11) 10 0.22 116 IT 0188 0.16 s1118° -2!03 412 024 tos, 2120 1138 0.22 sea “194 414. 2019 100 2185 1193 0.65 s1148 =1!80 ile 70117 0198 Bias 2:57 tia sil330=1174 41a 70145 toa 4i2a 31321172 aie =16a 210 701131140 pita alan alaa si02 =1!87 ves 0.2 71.23 1.32 0.08 -0.45 -0.92 -1.67 -2.73 c4.71 -8.09 0:4 1124 1189 180 0.6 -0129 1144-2115, 3:83. -4.03 0:6 71127 1187 197 1157 0161-0152 -1168. c3ia7 -3.74 0:8 -1133 “te 20130 2047 438 oLt1 -4123 23:28 -3.55 (case 111) 110-1141 0:75 2:80 2161 2100 0.72 -0.78 s3!t0 -3144 1120 <1!82. 144 2'70 300 2.62 1133 0.99 salco “3/39 tla it16s 0.17 2181 3:50 3.27 1187 L193 s2!s4 “3140 He -1185 -0.07 2:91 4:18 3199 2'70 O.68 <2's3 -3.48 $18 -2:09 0.29 3:03 4.85, 4!aa 3155 1125, -2'98 -3!63 2.0 -2:39 0.82 3.18 5.61 5.63 4.56 1196 =3!08 -3187 vee 0.2 -1.25 1.26 -0.08 =1.04 1.50 v3.18 -3.36 O.6 =1127 tise tat 70:29 1105 <3!06 3:25 ols “1192 tsi tee 0187-0146 -1146 -2134 -2198 3.17 0:8 1139 103 2108 1:32 “O16 =1108 -2:12 -2185 “3.41 (case 111) 11-1148 01682144 4187 0176-0163 -1189 -2:77 -a!08 20 cHl61 0198 2/64 2's 1137 -0:20 -1168 2:71 -3!08 ta 2476 2.72 3.24 2101 0.28 1148-2169 -alt9 ile 71196 2.82 3196 2178 0.76 4125-2170 -3:29 aia -2!a4 2.83 4@'a0 3/88 1135-1102 -2!76 -3!40 210-2182 3.08 3180 4159 2.08 0.76 -2107 -3/68 Note: Case II, usk and Case I, vsk are identical. Sve Table 11.3 for location of points on circunference in tems of 8. 23s236 ‘UNDERGROUND OPENINGS LA1.5 ELLIPTICAL TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS (Plane strain) (Fig.11.8) WW o @ FIG.11.8 ‘Terzaghi and Richart (1952) quote the solutions of Neuber (1937) which are in terms of elliptical ‘H) * SY * . 11.16¢ coordinates a and 8. @ and 8 are defined as ree Ga ¢ a follows: and the major and minor axes are case a (aoa) MIST MS OF ellipse in = direction 2 (qq) 70 wah se (1.168) 2 = cobha sinB ses (1.158) (gap) = = inline see (L160) 2 = etnha coo ses 1.150) For Case a (a>c), and vertical losding p, ‘The equation for the boundary of the hole 2 282228 eosntast-ape"™-c(1-0"2)) ate Ge) * Goad “Fon GtasO + $2888 eoohsaet-2Be"™c(te"*)] mae the mee lend miive eas ‘Ae + S2tt2B aeinhsinls-costth+ 206"? (2400028) (gaa) 7 @ = c0shitg wes Q15€) neg Big) 70 = eit e +24 ~ 436"*cos28) se @2a7) 7" otha ses G1156) cose b o, = 2 eines sinhBa{1-cos28} ~ Ce™* {2400828} Vajor axis of ellipse in 2 direction (ace) na eine = A+ 25e7*foon28H1 + 228; (coat sinha sins see (11.168) * tomaei* cy te cosha cos c++ 1.160) = 1+ Be? + o(2-679)] tg etustion for the boundary of the hole + Hooen (coho Syn) ++Continued‘UNLINED OPENINGS 237 7 ep tore40 wr n-02s eo on Being os & ‘Stress: om ¥1G.11.9 stresses about elliptical tunnel (2/c=i) ¥1G.11.10 Circuferential principal stress at ‘in nonogeneour stress fields Cin0.25). Surtace of elliptical tunel (0/o)« (Gersaghi and Richart, 1952), (ferzaghi and Richart, 1952), 5 VL beets Py Hs | Ll +0) “0 gE 2c] ~ xo = = . 3 e a 20 +0) I 2s, =| = & “30 i. on Beebe PIG,11.11 Stresses about elliptical tunnel (2/o=2.0) in homogeneous stress fields (N=0.25). (ferzaghi and Richart, 1952).238 vupeRcroUND OPENINGS + coshton co™**} ses Q118) -Beinhta-dBe"*4ace28) a, = 2 eeinss eT at + sin28 EB (sinhzal Ireoshta-28e"** = 0(1-67*9)} -etnhto-co* A + cos2Blsinhte-ce”*4256"#8)] ves Q1A9) where A = -I-cosh2ay d2a0y 3 B= Jette f ete c= 146 and the distortion factor i is determined by Hf = sinktaveoe"B. At any point of the surface of the elliptical hole, @ is equal to ag, hence At the top of the hole, for which 0, (ogl=-p, while on the z-axis, 8-1/2 and arty 80 (og) = p(itecthas) = p(iv2 $) —... (11.21) ay a oF For Case b (aco), and vertical loading p, og = BAERS - $0828) (2-coshaat2ae" = sixhza + c(t?) + [eatesinioa-2ce"*™ toce28(-2atinzand86"*-2ce"*})} a.22) B (SERBS [-seinhtals-ooea8) + co°* + (arovessle 28e"*eoe2s+ Hfeoetan + {I-cos28} + Ce”**{is00028} + 2862+ wots Beane + c0a-3*)]} wee 1.25) oy = B (SEE eset sreoeaneotite*) = 2Be"*) + A + sinhta{t-cos28} = Ce"*"{14e0828)~,286"*%0828] - sige [astnhene2(ce2p)e"*}} se 1.28) and the distortion factor i is determined by . Wa sinhta + sints. As with the cixoular tumel, the above solutions ‘also apply to an elliptical hole in a thin plate. Stresses along the axes of the tunnel have been ‘tabulated and plotted by Terzaghi and Richart (1952) for a/o-0.5 and 2.0, and are reproduced in Tables 11.5 and 11.6 and in Figs. 11.9 to 11.11. To obtain the resultant stress produced by hori- zontal and vertical stress fields at any point in the material 5 fing an elliptical tunnel having 2 span-to-height ratio of a/c, it is necessary to solve the two component probleas first. The stresses are determined along the = and 2 axes for a tunnel having span-to-height ratio i/o, (case a) and then for the tunnel having this ratio = o/a;(case b).‘UwEWED OPENINGS 239 TABLE 11.5 STRESSES ON AXES OF ELLIPTICAL TUNNEL a/o=0.5. perlo Pend pel.0 Pad Pgl.0 W=0.25 (@) Stresses along the 2-5 2.00 “1.0000 2.05 “0.790 0.254 2106 3635 0.421 22 0.413 0.650 2135 0.155 0.102 0.746 2188 0.491 0.017 0.547 4167 0.828 0.019 0.192 7:89. 0.943 0.008 0.065 = 1000 0 ° (b) Stresses along the s-axis 1.00 2.000 0 1.750 0 1106 1.925 0.028 15700. 0.025 AI 11859. 0.059 11656 0.054 112511747 0.092 11583 0.085 1:59 11476 0.166 -0.311 11398 0.172 2/30 11219 0.188 -0.030 aaa 0.287 4.33 11043 0.099 0.055 1.057 0.264 7:70 1.010 0.038 0.028 1.017 0.257 = 1000 @ ° 15000 0.250 (Gerzaghi and Richart, 1952) ‘TABLE 11.6 ‘STRESSES ON AKES OF ELLIPTICAL TUNEL a/en2.0 Paal.0 PaO Peat.d =) Parl-0 0.25 Zoek oo, % 9% 5, (@) Stresses along the z-axis 0.50 0 -1.000 0 2.000 0 -0.500 0.53 -0.015 -0.900 0.028 1.925 -0.006 -0.419 0.021 -0.814 11859 0.003 -0.349, 0.026 [747 0.003 +0121 0.023 11476 0.065 0.058 0.254 -0.030 1219 0.281 0.274 0.660 0.055, 11043 0.685 0.316 0.875 0.028 1.010. 0.885 0.280 ‘= 1.000 0 1,000 1.000 0.250 (b) Stresses along the s-axis | 1.00 5.000 9 -1.000 0 4.750 0 Lol 4.425 0.254 -0.790 -0.042 4.226 0.243 105 5.974 0.821 0.636 -0.057 53.815 0.407 1,06 5.281 0.630 -0.413 0.039 3.178 0.621 118 24155 0.746 -0.102 0.155 2.129 0.785 1:44 1.470 0.547 0.017 0.491 1.474 0.670 2133 L114 0.192 0.019 0.828 1.119 0.399 3194 1,035 0.065 0.008 0.943 1.036 0.301 = (1.000 6 12000 1.000 0.250 (Ferzaghi and Richart, 1952) 11.1.4 A NEARLY RECTANGULAR TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS (Fig.11.12) r Va | r FIG.1L.12 Obert and Duval (1967) sumarize the results of Brock for the boundary stress around a square tunnel with rounded comers. These results are plotted in Fig. 11.13. iF ers 0020304050 6070 8090 #1G.11.13 Boundary stress aromd square opening with Founded corners (Obert and Duvall, 1967).240 UwencncoxD OPENTIGS For rectangular tunnel with rounded comers, the maximm stress around the tunnel (obtained by Heller, Brock and Bart, 1958) is show in Fig.11.14 for various values of ‘r/Wp and Ho/lo. oo oe 03a 5 ILLS FLAT ELLIPTICAL CRACK IN AN INFINITE MASS (Fig.11.15) ¥IG.12.15 For a uniform stress ficld p_per unit area inclined at an angle 8 to the plane of the crack, Jaeger and Cook (1963) quote the following results in terms of elliptical coordinates and Mr ig + Op, =P 00088 + api (1-co02Beinhae = eingB vinan) see 1.28) Og - 9, oP cosh2E cosz(n-B) + apt (1-coszb) + (oosin-I)sink2g-cosh2t cos28 + coa2(n-B) ~ cosh2t sint3 sini) see (1.28) fen 7 Ae stnh2E otn2(f-n) + kpo*otnh2E cfn28(oooin-1) + (1-00828) (coshtt-1)einan} ses (1.26) where @ = (cosh2-cos2n)"? and the elliptical coordinates are related to the Cartesian corodinates as 5 = 0 ooehE coon B= 0 sinht sinn Om the surface of the crack, [40 and com ==. For the caso of a crack subjected to pure shear @ per ait area, oF q(cosh2&-1) (a-a*)sinzn ©, = gla? coshat-1)-a(cosh2e+1) sinan eee (11.28) qa1.29) ses GL.27) eq 7 lse08en-a2 (1-cosen)Letnhae For an uniaxial stress field p perpendicular ‘to the plane of the crack, the vertical displacenent at the surface of the crack is P, = 2G-VUR (oPaty* see 130) 12.1.6 SPHERICAL CAVITY IN AN INFINITE MASS (Fig.11.16) WANA dee #tG.11.36‘owzruep OPENINGS 2a Torzaghi and Richart (1952) quote the following ‘The stresses along the axes of the cavity are solutions obtained by Neuber (1946) for uniform ver= given in Table 11.8 for \=0.2. The case of uni- teal loading pz per unit area: axial loading (pz=1, pyrpy-d) and triaxial loading for 0.25 (peel, porpy-025) axe considered. = beg = + ie Joints MB eR x TABLE 11.8 (i2aye STRESSES ALONG THE AXES OF A a ve GLa SPHERICAL CAVITY (v=0..20) ‘Mong the z-axis Along the z-axis oy = [py + EE + Ge Jointe 1B (0-0) = a Boe (2e-1)¢ see GL) g°n_ ee ss ey (@) For the case penl.0, parpy-0 SIC) pintg 128, A, (Cac e (SE + SESE gente LB, A, Ooctde 1.00 0-950 9 2.00 0 -0.025 0.352 0.080 1.804 0.020 ses (1.33) 110 0.012 0.245 0.150 1.654 0.035 1.20 0.068 .-0.115 0:17 11446 0.088 op, +22 + ME) ointcoety tygelstyyeD 1140 01279 -0L008 01179 1.231 0.043 aT R a 0g RY 1.70 0.530 0.031 0.153 1.104 -0.033 + G1.34) 2100 0.688 0.031 0.098 1054 0025 ; 2150 0.829 0.022 0.054 1.026 0.015 in which 5.00 0.897 0.014 0.054 1.012 0.008, 4,8, and @ are the polar co-ordinates 6:00 0.986 0.005 1.001 0,001 ‘= 1.000 @ 1.000 a= 2(t-v) Pe@ the unifornly distributed vertical (b) For the case peel.0, 25. (Had 25; eras @) © Parl. 0, PomPy=0.25 (2 7) (250) » 1.00 0 0 01.875 0.375 - Wan Pe 1.05 0.016 0,094 0.098 1.711 0.345 eel 1110 0.083 0.358 0.160 1158s 01320 pa Pe 1:20 0.156 0.258 0.258 1.407 0.289 asa 140 0.368 0.295 0.288 1.219 0.262 fn 1.70 0.597 0.298 0.299 1.105 0.251 ae 2100 0.735 0.289 0.289 11056 0.248 35a 2's0 0.855 0.274 0.274 11026 0.248 3:00 0.914 0.270 0.267 1.014 0.249 ‘The results from the above equations for the ui- 6.00 01989 0.282 0.252 Llooz 01280 axial stress field may be superposed to obtain the 1.000 0.280 0:250 1% : results for biaxial or triaxial stress fields. It oma erate) should be noted that, in contrast to the plane strain (ferzaghi and Richart, 19521 cases of a circular or an elliptical hole, the stress- > 5 in this case are dependent on v. ‘Stresses above the spherical cavity, along the ‘ Line ‘sma, have been tabulated by Terzagt and Richart ‘The influence of v on the tangential stress og ee hcstenenstees : ence has been evaluated by Terzaghi and Richart fora point (1852) fF v=d-2, and are reproduced in Table 11.9, 4 on the equator, at mid-height of the cavity, and st The stresses above a spherical cavity for the ‘the centre C of the roof of the cavity. The ents . estes CNet eset oe te ase Ba0.25 and “=0.2 are plotted in Fig. 11.17 TABLE 11.7 INFLUENCE OF ‘v ON STRESSES ‘AROUND SPHERICAL CAVITY Se/Ps o6/Pz ad atc 0 1.929 -0.214 0.20 21000 0.500 0:30 2.088 0.682 0:50 2.167 -1.167‘UNDERGROUND OPENEIGS ‘STRESSES ABOVE A SPHERICAL CAVITY ALONG THE LINE 2=a (v0. 20) (erzaghi and Richart, 1952) zz % , ga 70 oh 1.000 oo 105 0,32 -0.0581 -0.086 110 014s 20.070 “0193 120 0:66 =01065 01357 tao 019 20:025 -01496 70 13 0.009 -0:506 200 1: 0.018 0.460 2502: 0.016 “0.383 300 2 0-012 “0.325 6200 5. 0.002 “0.165 ° 6 (®) For the case 1.00 -0.500 0 ° 0s 701310 0.086 -0.032 10 2012080. 701153 20 20092 70.260 40 20.028 0.195 70 20-011 “0.064 ‘00 2oL010 Solon 50 20008 0.009 500 70-006 0.009 0 20.001 0.001 0 ° (c) For the case 1.00 0 2.000 oO alos 0.32 1508 0.029 PyPteOs PPO 119 O46 ese 0.062 1120 0:66 ree onto 140 0:98 3.231 on a0 1!37 3108 0.079 2100 1.75 ios 0.051 2's0 2129 3.024 0.025 3l00 2183 1012 o:o1s 0592 1001 0.009 1000 ° (a) For the case oO 0.375 8750 0-32 0.520 465 -0.374 046 0.282 [242 “01385 0:66 0.274 a1 20.281 0198, 0:27 924 0.210 us? 0.282 885 “01187 as 0.279 886 0.111 228 0.270 ou 283 0.264 340 5192 0.252 390 ei 01280 000uwETweD OPENINGS 203 11.1.7, SPHEROTDAL CAVITY IN AN INFINITE MASS Detailed treatuents of this problem have been made by Neuber (1957), Sadowsky and Sternberg (1947), Edwards (1951) and Terzaghi and Richart (1952). Stresses are tabulated and plotted by Terzaghi and Richart (1952) for two cases: a/o-5.0 and /e=60.0 (see Fig.11.20 for definition of a and ¢J. Im both-cases, = is the major seni-axis of the ellipse and 00.2. Stresses on the z-axis are tab- ulated in Table 11.10 while stresses above the equator of the spheroid (i.e. at 2a) are tabulated in Tables AL11 and 11.12. ‘The distribution of stresses along various vert- ical Lines is plotted in Figs, 11.18 and 11.19. ‘The variation of circumferential principal stress at the roof and at mid-height on the cavity with a/c is shown in Figs. 11,20 and 11.21 which also show the stresses for the elliptical tunnel. peeren ‘3 meres mae gn sores aoe a aso to 3) S= 5.0, w0.2 : 7 a Ta fone lotr 3 see lon ts “abies naan i. on. oe ae srussis now ns MH i! cero comes = EK 28 ou e ae 7 33 Tepekar hepa ergene 32 ac a eal oe er @ y Sh Sy oh Sy *h 7 Oy bee ing 3 @ G69) Seer tes see bo me o -ons Be oe aa 0:40 0.008 0.312 0.003 0.009 0.014 am onan 0:60 0.158 -0.101 0.005 0.139 0.175 ‘2 toa = i000, “oo 3000 01280 ° © €-a Ty Be ini 9 7 & i conditions, 0.05 1.217 oe oe oe - o 3 $8 oa oe aoe o8 aH 1982) (ferzaghi and Richare, 1952)26 ‘UwpERGROUND oPENTaGS Se me er wal tusrawre-s0 (nis0-28) 7 : SiS | I Do 1 0 700 2 FIG.11.18 stresses above a spheroidal cavity. 426,11.20 Cireunferential principal stress 0, ‘a/ex5.0 (Perzaghi and Richart, 1952), ‘at centre of roof of cavity (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952). 100 wee 10 oy lor aprou N=FGV=0-5) * Ter spperai (025-020). ono + ¥IG,11,19 stresses above a spheroidal cavity. ¥IG.11.21 Cizcunferential principal stress 0, ‘/e=50 (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952). ‘at mid-height of wall surface of cavity (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952).‘Lave opnurcs 245 roots 11.22 STRESSES ADOVE EQUATOR OF SPHEROID (at 2=c) S50, wo. eS "oh (a) For the loading 0 o 63.537 0 Emraitions, 0,02 1.081 “42787 Peto Ost? 2°580 Peed st 0:000 | 1°287 2:05-0:30 O:841 243 “0.000 1548 oS Toone @) fore loading 0 0 -0.987 0 Conditions, * 0.01 0.695 0-142 -0.050 Peel Sst ofe7s “acon 2.010 1.0 8:51 61975 Cocoo. 01 3s e07 “oc009 “o%001 243 0:000 0.001 5 of (c) For the leading 0 0 0 0 conditions 0,01 1.254 4.825 1.661 0104 o1ss4 21575 “0.980 Orst O1m43 1256. “0.269 Bos 01182 Olas 0.147 243 0125001964 “0.08 =" 01350 1.0003 (ersaghi and Richart, 3952) 11.2 Lined Openings 12.2.1. CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS (Plane strain) (Fig.11.22) % | =f | » | -—-—— S 5 Note: Boundaries ore for away trom turn ig.11.22 ‘This problen has been considered in detail by Burns and Richard (1964) and Hoeg (1968), and is relevant \here Stresses are applied after tunel excavation. The stress and displacenent solutions are as follows! = CHO [ta Q’] - 1-1 [2-5028)" ~ 4a)" Joo020) ses @1.35) spl ae [2401 9") + (1-4) [2-302 "Jeos20? ‘a1.36) ¥p(1-1) [14842 @)" + 2038) *]oinze see (11.37) ip Ela (1-0) (14 Sb + [tra @)* + 4¢t-was @)*Jeo029) a.se) % + ac-avas(Q*Joind 1.39) where v = Poisson's ratio of mss M.= one dimensional sodulus of mass = EY) ae a-2) Fyy¥, = Young's modulus and Poisson's D = average tune! diameter + = thickness of tunnel wall © = comressibitity ratio 1 v2) w Man ® Fs flexibility ratio = FEM yt) # aw Fe) 5, (ote that a system with both ¢ and P zero signifies perfectly rigid tunnel wall). The values a1,a2,a3 are constants which depend fon the boundary condition at the tunnel-mass interface. ‘Two cases are considered: (@) no slip for which ay = AaB) So “(eav oH full adhesion) on interface, (21.40) (ator - da-aston {ca-toeta-Beie(d -bweFI0H8-bo «ai.aoy)246 ‘UNpeRsRoUND OPENINGS tecreavere - Haeayoe as [Gs-20)e(1n2v)c1FE- avesv?)c48-89 vse (Lede) (2) free s1ip on interface, for shich = GBD) 3 ae GEie see QLAla) 2es1-20 aq = 2D ses OLA) 2BH5=60 aaa 27-1 a- tse Q-Ale) The variation of the radial contact stress is shown in Fig.11.25 for @=0 and 90° and for both no slip and free s1ip. ‘The variation of radial stress op with radial distance from the cylinder is shown in Fig.11.24 for ‘FeO and C=0.08. The variation of radial deflection at the tuntel crom with flexibility ratio F is shown in Fig. 11.25. Distributions of stress, displacenent, maximum moment and thrust around the tunnel have also been Presented by Burns and Richard (1964) for a mumber of specific cases. Krizek et al (1971) have sumarized the results of Bumnsand Richard's calculations, and dimensionless plots of deflection, thrust, moment and shear forces aro shown in Pigs. 11.26 to 11.29. The sign definition is given in Fig.11.26. In all cases, ‘the solutions are for a undirectional uniformly dis- tributed pressure p acting at an infinite distance from the opening, i.e. kad in Holg's notation, and for ¢ small,‘LINED OPENINGS 27 HES{©*90" yr¢.11.23 Radial contact stress versus flexibility § =o Fatio (Ho8s, 1968) ao nS & 02 ° -08 a estates eeroees arene es eee oa Doaso Sena Ss cs oa. oor 22 o| I : OR YR eae ae Radi Daten rm hire 28 4 LT fs a + T ¥2G.11.25 Radial cylinder deflection versus LT flexibility ratio (Hodg, 1968). chad ete is iron oe) O38 ki0-35, ea(oust Sxez33y uw dey) ADpITATAOTS snszeq 80425 TOUS 62*TT"OTa ak 94 1 o A 49, e0 0, Yor, 80 80 F882 a5 04 0) OE wath, ‘UnpeRcRoMD OPENINGS (oust “x9 pus dey) Aapryarxers SRSLOA 3ENIL LZ"TT°OT a a o o ‘ 10, [e/s-0-2 ka uo a.0..0546) 7 "Ast etsy eonenCor8) ous ude oy azo soon wef son, 20 willzorn |For rou wap oe 8 ot “(oust ‘497424 pur ox) Aaqryqpeorg snsz94 quowoe BuppUSE gz" TT"OLE sCoxer ‘102TH pue dey) AayTyayxo13 suszon UoTaewIOF0q 97*TT°OTS o 208 o . 10, uae i popeunsna