Practical Applications :

Fluid power is used in the

automotive industry :
steering,
brake system, and automatic
transmissions of cars and trucks.
Fluid power is used to
control airplanes and spacecraft,
harvest crops, mine coal,
drive machine tools, and process food.
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Types of fluid power systems
 Fluid transport system
 Transport of water from reservoir using pipe lines
 Transport of oil in pipe to two countries.

 Fluid power system

 Oil used in equipment's to acquire desire
movement.
 Compressed air in pneumatics for crane
movements
Properties of hydraulic fluids
 Density
 The density of a fluid is its mass per unit volume:
 Liquids are essentially incompressible
 Density is highly variable in gases nearly proportional
to the pressure.

Note: specific volume is defined as:

 Viscosity
◦ Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
It determines the fluid strain rate that is generated
by a given applied shear stress.

 Cohesion
◦ Intermolecular attraction between molecules of
same liquid

 Adhesion
◦ Attraction between molecules of liquid and
molecules of solid boundary in contact with liquid.
 Cavitation
◦ Cloud of vapour bubble will form when liquid
pressure drops below vapour pressure due to flow
phenomenon

 Capillarity
◦ Liquid rises into a thin glass tube above or below its
general level.

 Vapour pressure
◦ Pressure exerted by vapour which is in equilibrium
with liquid
 Compatibility
◦ Ability of hydraulic fluid to be compatible with the
system.

 Volatility
◦ The degree and rate at which it will vapourize
under given conditions of temperature and
pressure

 Corrosiveness
◦ Tendency to promote corrosion in hydraulic
system.
 Mineral-Oil based
used jacks and pumps,
low pressure hydraulic
system
Used in industries where
chances of fire hazards, such
as foundries, military,
die-casting and basic metal
industry
Fire Resistant
Fluids

Environmental
Acceptable Hydraulic
used in forestry, lawn equipment, off-shore
Fluids (EAHF)
drilling, dams and maritime industries
 Fluid Power Physics
Energy
The ability to do work
Energy Transfer
From prime mover, or input source, to an actuator,
or output device
Work
Force multiplied by distance
Measured in foot-pounds
Example:
How much work is completed by
moving a 1000 lb force 2 ft?
2000 foot-pounds of work
Power
The rate of doing work
Work over time in seconds
Example:
How many units of power
are needed to lift a 1000
pound force 2 feet in 2
seconds?
1000 units of power
(1000lb x 2ft) / 2 s
 Fluid Power Principles
Horsepower
Term used to give relative meaning for
measuring power
Unit measurement of energy
Hydraulic horsepower is expressed as:
Calculate the horsepower needed in the system below
to lift a 10,000lb force in 2 s.
Heat
Law of conservation of energy states that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, although it
can change forms.
Energy not transferred to work takes the form of
heat energy.

Calculate the
wasted horsepower
in the system.
Torque
Twisting force
force x distance
Measured in foot-pounds
Calculate the torque produced when 10 lb
of force is applied to a 1 ft long wrench.
Torque
The generated work of a hydraulic or pneumatic
motor
Motor rpm at a given torque specifies energy
usage or horsepower requirement
Flow
Makes actuator operation possible

To extend the cylinder, flow must be directed into port B.

 Flow is directed into Port B
and cylinder is extended.

To retract the cylinder, flow must be directed

into what port?
 The cylinder retracts when
flow is directed into Port A.
To retract the cylinder, flow must be directed
into what port?
Rate of Flow
Determines actuator speed
Measured in m / min (gpm)
Generated by a pump
With a Given Flow Rate
Actuator volume displacement directly
affects actuator speed
The less volume to displace, the faster the
actuator
Will the actuator illustrated below travel the same
speed as it retracts and extends if a constant flow
rate is maintained? No. The actuator will travel faster as it
retracts due to less volume caused by
the actuator shaft.
Pressure
The resistance to flow
Pumps produce flow, not pressure
- If you restrict the flow from the pump, pressure will result.
All points of resistance in series within a system
contribute to total system pressure, including long
runs of pipe, elbows, etc.
Any Questions ? ? ?

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