Concrete

Technology
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, MODULUS OF
RUPTURE, FATIQUE, PREFABRICATION OF CONCRETE
Preview:
The effect of temperature on different properties of concrete is considerable and remained
the subject of research activities of a lot of researchers. Different investigators moved in
different ways and investigated temperature effect by changing different parameters such
as w/c ratio, mix ratio, early change in temperature etc.

Effect of High Temperature:

It has been found that high early temperature has negative impacts on later strength of
concrete. Some researchers investigated the adverse effect on long term strength of
concrete due to high initial temperature. High initial rate of hydration due to increased
temperature retards the subsequent hydration and produces a non-uniform distribution of the
products of hydration. Its reason is that at high initial rate of hydration, there is insufficient time
available for the diffusion of the products of hydration away from the cement particle and for
a uniform precipitation in the interstitial space. All this results in concentration of the products
in the vicinity of the hydrating particles which causes subsequent retardation in hydration and
effects strength
Assignment-1
• Effect of temperature on compressive strength of Concrete
• Low and High temperature effect on Concrete Strength
• Describe their effect at different Stages

Submission Date: 15-01-2020

Stress:
Stress is defined as force per unit area that the force acts upon. Thus, Stresses are either tensile or
compressive. ... For instance, concrete is strong in compression and relatively weak in tension.

Strain:
Strains in concrete are the reduction in volume of concrete after the application of loading then
change in volume with respect to volume of concrete before applied loading is the measure
of strains in concrete.
Mathematically:

Strain = change in length / original length.

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete can be defined as the slope of
the line drawn from stress of zero to a compressive stress of 0.45f' c
Stress-strain Relationship in compression
Modulus of Elasticity
➢ The slope of the initial straight portion is the initial tangent modulus.
➢ The slope of the joining the point to the origin is the secant
modulus.
➢ The value of secant modulus depends on the stress and the rate of
application of the load.
➢ Elastic modulus is greatly depend on stiffness of aggregates.
➢ for limestone and sandstone aggregate the value from equation
should be reduced by 10% and 20%
Tensile Strength
Modulus of rupture is a measure of the tensile strength of concrete beams
or slabs.
The tensile strength of concrete is about the tenth of compressive strength.
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a
measure of an unreinforced con- crete beam or slab to resist failure in
bending. It is measured by loading 6 x 6-inch (150 x 150-mm) concrete
beams with a span length at least three times the depth.
Fatigue:
Fatigue is caused by repeated application of stress to the metal. It is the
failure of a material by fracture when subjected to a cyclic stress.

Fatigue is distinguished by three main features.

➢ Loss of strength
➢ Loss of ductility
➢ Increased uncertainty in strength and service life
❖ Fatigue is an important form of behavior in all materials including
metals, plastics, rubber and concrete.
❖ All rotating machine parts are subjected to alternating stresses.
Example: aircraft wings are subjected to repeated loads, oil and gas
pipes are often subjected to static loads but the dynamic effect of
temperature variation will cause fatigue.
❖ There are many other situations where fatigue failure will be very
harmful.
❖ Because of the difficulty of recognizing fatigue conditions, fatigue
failure comprises a large percentage of the failures occurring in
engineering.
❖ To avoid stress concentrations, rough surfaces and tensile residual
stresses, fatigue specimens must be carefully prepared.
S-N Curve
✓ A very useful way to visual the failure for a specific material is with the
S-N curve.
✓ The “S-N” means stress verse cycles to failure, which when plotted
using the stress amplitude on the vertical axis and the number of cycle
to failure on the horizontal axis.
✓ An important characteristic to this plot as seen is the “fatigue limit”.
Factors affecting fatigue properties
▪ Surface finish:
Scratches dents identification marks can act as stress raisers and so
reduce the fatigue properties. Electro-plating produces tensile residual
stresses and have a detrimental effect on the fatigue properties.
• Temperature:
As a consequence of oxidation or corrosion of the metal surface
increasing, increase in temperature can lead to a reduction in fatigue
properties.
• Residual stresses:
Residual stresses are produced by fabrication and finishing processes.
Residual stresses on the surface of the material will improve the fatigue
properties.
• Heat treatment:
Hardening and heat treatments reduce the surface compressive stresses;
as a result the fatigue properties of the materials are getting affected.
• Stress concentrations:
These are caused by sudden changes in cross section holes or sharp
corners can more easily lead to fatigue failure. Even a small hole lowers
fatigue-limit by 30%.
PREFABRICATION
INTRODUCTION:
• Prefabrication is the production of housing or housing components , using
factory mechanization.
• It enhances the affordability through a combination of quantity ,
purchasing of material , mass-production , assembly techniques ant the
use of less skilled labor.
• Prefabrication may take three forms- prefabricated components ,
modular housing , manufactured housing.
• Prefabrication, in architectural construction, is a technique whereby
large units of a building are produced in factories to be assembled,
ready-made, on the building site.
• The technique permits the speedy erection of very large structures. It has
been applied to urban housing for more than a century
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
• Dimensional coordination of the components governs the choice of
material to be used.
• An accurate tie-up between the respective dimensions of structure and
cladding units is essential and thus a material with a higher degree of
tolerance shall be used.
• Materials that allow a large span construction shall be used.
• Actual manufactured components vary slightly when made from the
specified dimensions , thus a material shall be used which gives minimum
variation.
• Economic and cost– effective materials.
• Aesthetically sound material shall be used to improve the appearance of
building.
• material must be able to take the structural loads and stresses.
• A material that can be moulded to variety of shapes shall be used.
• Ease of maintenance.

AIMS OF PREFABRICATION
• To speed up the construction time.
• To lower the labor cost .
• To allow the year round construction.
• To ensure precise conformity to building codes , standards and greater
quality assurance.
• To allow less wastage of materials than n in site- built construction.
• To ensure higher worker safety and comfort level than in site- built
construction