SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT-1

Topic
EXTRACTION OF PLANT MATERIALS

Under the Guidance of

Asst. Prof. Mr. Ravi Teja

Students
1.N150532- Naga Chandi Priya Balumuri
2.N150643- Rama Krishna Kollu
3.N150735- Praveen Kumar Kunam
4.N150927- Sai Kumar Vakada

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,

Nuzvid.
 Extraction of Plant Materials

What is Plant extraction?

Plant extraction: It is the process that aims to extract certain components present in plants.
Components can be antimicrobial, antibiotic ,flavonoids.

It is a solid-liquid separation operation, solid object(plant) is placed in contact with

fluid(solvent).The interested component in the plant are solubilised in the solvent and the
rest is collected as raffinate .The solvent present in the desired extract is eliminated.

Plant extraction process:

1. Collect interested plant part.

2. Dry it until it loose moisture.
3. Make it powder (fine particles).
4. Engage this powder with solvent for some time.
5. Filter the whole substance and separate solid and liquid.
6. Solid is free from molecule of interest and liquid consists of solvent and molecules
of interest.
7. Separate the solvent and interested molecule.

Why do we do plant extraction?

Intake of modern medicines which gives us relief instantly and makes our life easy
and intake of medicine becomes a habit. Dosage what we take may sometimes lead to
stomach upset, diahorea and the other chronic diseases.

Hence it is necessary to depend on the nature by which humans never be hurted in

anyway. Extraction of medicinal molecules from the plants is one of the first and foremost
solutions to substitute modern molecules.

Advantages of natural medicines:

 No side effects
 Detoxify the body
 Reduces cholesterol
 Balances hormones
Different solvents for extraction?

Types of solvents:

There are many solvents which can be used in plant extraction process. They are water,
methanol, hexane, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate.

Polar solvents: These solvents contain bonds between atoms with very different electro
negativities.

 These substances have positive and negative charges on the atom.

 Substances which have not dipole moment.
E.g.: water, methanol, acetone, iso-propanol, ethanol etc.

Non polar solvents: Non polar solvents contain bonds between atoms with similar
electro negativities. All hydro-carbons are belongs to non-polar substances. Molecules
whose dipole movement is equal to zero are all non-polar substance.

Based on the polarity of molecule that we want to extract we have to select the
solvent.

i.e., if interested molecule is polar then solvent should be polar and vice versa.

Extraction is the first step to separate the desired natural products from the raw materials.
Extraction methods include solvent extraction, distillation method, pressing and
sublimation according to the extraction principle. Solvent extraction is the most widely
used method. The extraction of natural products progresses through the following stages:
(1) the solvent penetrates in to the solid matrix; (2) the solute dissolves in the solvents; (3)
the solute is diffused out of the solid matrix; (4) the extracted solutes are collected.

Methods of Extraction of Medicinal Plants

Maceration
In this process, the whole or coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in a stoppered
container with the solvent and allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of at least
3 days with frequent agitation until the soluble matter has dissolved. The mixture then is
strained, the marc (the damp solid material) is pressed, and the combined
combined liqu
liquids are
clarified by filtration or decantation after standing.
standing

Infusion
Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with
cold or boiling water. These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude
drugs.

Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction.
It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable.
objectionable. The solvent
efficiency of the Selected Solvent is thereby increased.

Decoction
In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it
is then cooled and strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water
water-
soluble, heatstable constituents. This process is typically used in preparati
preparation of Ayurvedic
extracts called “quath” or “kawath”. The starting ratio of crude drug to water is fixed, e.g.
1:4 or 1:16; the volume is then brought down to one-fourth
one fourth its original volume bby boiling
during the extraction procedure. Then, the concentrated
concentrated extract is filtered and used as such
or processed further.

Percolation
This is the procedure used most frequently to extract active ingredients
ingredients in the preparation
of tinctures and fluid extracts. A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped
cone shaped vessel open at both
ends) is generally used. The solid ingredients are moistened with an appr
appropriate amount of
the specified Selected Solvent and allowed to stand for approximately 4 h in a well cl closed
container, after which the mass is packed and the top of the percolator is closed. Additional
Selected Solvent is added to form a shallow layer above the mass, and the mixture is
allowed to maceratete in the closed percolator for 24 h. The outlet of the percolator then is
opened and the liquid contained therein is allowed to drip slowly. Additional Selected
Solvent is added as required, until
unt the percolate measures about three-quarters
quarters of the
required volume of the finished product. The
The marc is then pressed and the expressed liquid
is added to the percolate. Sufficient Selected Solvent is added to produce ce the required
volume, and the mixed liquid is clarified by filtration or by standing followed by
decanting.

Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet)

In this method, the finely ground crude drug is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” made
of strong filter paper,
er, which is placed in chamber E of the Soxhlet
Soxhlet apparatus (Fi
(Figure 2).
The extracting solvent in flask A is heated, and its vapors condense
condens in condenser D. The
condensed extractant drips into the thimble containing the crude drug, and extracts it by
contact. When the level of liquid in chamber E rises to the top of siphon tube C, tthe liquid
contents of chamber E siphon into fl ask A. This process is continuous and is carried out
until
ntil a drop of solvent from the siphon tube does not leave residue when evapora
evaporated. The
advantagege of this method, compared to previously described methods, is that large amounts
of drug
ug can be extracted with a much smaller quantity of solvent. This effects tremendous
economymy in terms of time, energy and consequently financial inputs. At small scale, it is
employed as a batch process only, but it becomes much more economical and viable when
converted into a continuous extraction procedure on medium or large scale
PROPERTIES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS:

PROPERTIES OF BASIL(TULSI):

 Basil most popularly known as tulsi has been used for thousands of years in
Ayurveda for its diverse healing properties.
 Healing power: the leaves strengthen the stomach and help in respiratory diseases.
 Basil has strengthening effect on kidney.
 Basil leaves are regarded as anti-stress agents.
 Basil makes a good medicine for headache.
 It purifies blood and helps prevent several common elements.

PROPERTIES OF MINT:

 It is rich in nutrients…
 14 grams of mint may contain
o Calories: 6
o Fiber :1 gram
o Vitamin A:12% of the RDI
o Iron:9% of the RDI
o Manganese :8% of the RDI
 May improve irritable bowel syndrome.
 May help relieve indigestion.
 Could improve brain function.
 May decrease breast feeding pain.
 Subjectively improves cold symptoms.
 May mask bad breath.

PROPERTIES OF PAAN:

 The leaves of paan contain full of vitamins like vitamin c, thiamine, niacin,
riboflavin and carotene and are great source of calcium.
 Helps in treating diabetes: It is believed that the componentspresent in the betel
leaves can reduce the level of sugar in the blood, thus treating diabetes.
 Aids in weight loss :betel leave can be used effectively by people who are
trying to shed weight. It reduces the body fat and increases the metabolic rate of
body.
  Prevents carcinogens that lead to cancer.: chewing betel leaves known to
prevent cancer as it helps maintain the ascorbic acid levels in the saliva.
 Heals wounds: betel leaves, when applied over a wound and bandaged can heal
a wound and accelerates healing process.
 They can also be used in Ayurveda.
 Cures headache: The leaves have cooling properties which provide instant relief
from ache when applied externally.

PROPERTIES OF CUMIN(JEERA):

 Promotes digestion. The most common traditional use of cumin is for digestion.
 It is a rich source of iron.
 It contains beneficial plant compounds.
 May help with diabetes.
 May improve blood cholesterol.
 May promote weight loss and fat reduction.
 May prevent food borne illnesses.
 May help with drug dependence.

PROPERTIES OF LEMON PEELS:

 Lemon peel contains a list of vitamin,mineral and fibre like calcium , potassium
and vitamin C which boost your body a nutritional boost.
 Lemon peels also have some healthyenzymes.
 6 grams of lemon peels contain
 Calories:3
 Carbohydrates: 1gram
 Fibre:1 gram
 Fat:0 grams
 Vitamin C:9% of the Daily Value.
 May support oral health: lemon peels contain anti bacterial substances which
inhibit the growth of micro organism.
 May boost immune system: lemon peel extract may boost your immune system
due to its flavonoid and vitamin C content.
PROPERTIES OF CLOVE:

 Cloves are enriched with antiseptic, antiviral and antimicrobial properties.

 Cloves are best known as a sweet and aromatic spice.
 Contain important nutrients: cloves contain fibre , vitamins and minerals, so
using whole or ground cloves to add flavour to your food can provide some
important nutrients.
 2 grams of ground cloves contain..
 Calories:6
 Carbohydrates: 1 gram
 Fibre: 1 gram
 Manganese: 55% of Daily Value.
 Vitamin K: 2% of Daily Value.
 May help protection against cancer: some research suggests that compounds
found in cloves might help protect against cancer.
 Can kill bacteria: cloves have been shown to have antimicrobial properties
meaning they can help stop the growth of the microorganisms like bacteria.

PROPERTIES OF CINNAMON:

 Cinnamon is a high in substance with powerful medicinal properties.

 Cinnamon is loaded with anti oxidants.
 Cinnamon has anti-inflammatory properties.
 Cinnamon may cut the risk of heart disease.
 Cinnamon can improve sensitivity to the hormone insulin.
 Cinnamon powers the blood sugar levels and has a powerful anti-diabetic effect.

PROPERTIES OF CAROM:

 Carom seeds have powerful anti bacterial and anti fungal properties.
 Improve cholesterol levels.
 May lower the blood pressure.
 Combats peptic ulcers and relieve indigestion.
 May prevent coughing and improve air flow.
 It has anti-inflammatory effects.