y , ~~ edexcel advancing learning, changing lives ata dle tg Mathematics 2 Edexcel AS and A-level Modular MathematicsContents About this book 1 Inequalities 1,1 Solving inequalities by manipulation 1.2. Solving inequalities graphically Series 2.1. Using the method of differences to sum simple finite series Further complex numbers 3.1 The modulus-argument form 3.2 Euler's relation 3.3 Multiplying and dividing two complex numbers 3.4 De Moivre’s theorem 3.5. De Moivre’s theorem applied to trigonometric identities 3.6 Using de Moivre’s theorem to find the nth roots of a complex number 3.7. Using complex numbers to represent a locus of points on an Argand diagram 3.8. Using complex numbers to represent regions on an Argand diagram 3.9 Applying transformations that map points on the z-plane to points on the w-plane by applying a formula relating z= x + iy tow =u + iv Review Exercise 1 First order differential equations 4.1 Solving first order differential equations with separable variables and the formation of differential equations and sketching members of the family of solution curves 4.2 Solving exact equations where one side is the exact derivative of a product and the other side can be integrated with respect tox 4.3 Solving first order linear differential equations of the type g + Py = Q where Pand Qare functions of x, by multiplying through the equation by an integrating factor to produce an exact equation 4.4. Using a given substitution to reduce a differential equation into one of the above types of equation, which you can then solve iv * n 12 18 19 24 32 36 Sl 53 66 72 73 7 8 81Second order differential equations SA norte general solution of the linear second order differential equation alts aaat 5.2 Finding te egencral solution of the linear second order differential equation af? Sb © = 0, where a, b and care constants and where b? > 4ac + o® » + cy = 0, where a, b and care constants and where b? = 4ac 4 oe 5.3 Finding = sgeneral solution of the linear second order differential equation ay, ay a Bs + DG + cy =0, where a, b and c are constants and where b? < 4ac 5.4. Finding the general solution of the linear second order differential equation aay dy at oe + oy = f(), where a, b and c are constants, by using y= ee, function + particular integral 5.5. Using boundary conditions, to 7 a specific solution of the linear second order a differential equation aty +b D+ cy = fe), where a, band care constants, or ial conditions to find a oF solution of the linear second order differential ii 2 equation a : " +b & + ex = f(O), where a, b and care constants 5.6 Using a given substitution to transform a second order differential equation ito one of the above types of equation, and solving it ‘Maclaurin and Taylor series 6.1 Finding and using higher derivatives of functions 6.2. Expressing functions of x as an infinite series in ascending powers of x: using Maclaurin’s expansion 6.3. Finding the series expansions of composite functions using known Maclaurin’s expansions. 6.4 Finding an approximation to a function of x close tox = a, where a # 0, using ‘Taylor's expansion of the function 6.5 Finding the solution, in the form of a series, to a differential equation using the Taylor series method Polar coordinates 7.1 Polar and Cartesian coordinates 7.2. Polar and Cartesian equations of curves 7.3. Sketching polar equations 7.4. Areas using polar coordinates 7.8. Finding tangents parallel and perpendicular to the initial line Review Exercise 2 Examination style paper Answers Index 87 88 91 93 97 100 105 106 108 2 us 118 127 128 130 132 136 139 145 1585 187 185About this book This book is designed to provide you with the best preparation possible for your Edexcel FP2 unit examination: Brief chapter overview and ‘links’ to underline the * This is Edexcel’s own course for the GCE specification. React * Written by a senior examining team at Edexcel: the chair to the real world, to your of examiners, chief examiners and principal examiners. study of further units and * The LiveText CD-ROM in the back of the book contains to your career even more resources to support you through the unit. Finding your way around the book Every few chapters, a review exercise helps you consolidate your learning Detailed contents list shows which parts of the FP2 specification are covered in each section Each section | begins with a statement of what is covered in the section Concise learning points Each section ends Step-by-ste| with an exercise ae pares — the questions are — they are model sae carefully graded solutions and s so they increase include examiners : in difficulty and hints = gradually bring you up to standard Each chapter has a different Each chapter ends with At the end of the book there is colour scheme, to help you find a mixed exercise and a an examination-style paper. the right chapter quickly summary of key points.Published by Pearson Fducation Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, M20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828 Edexcel isa registered trademark of Edexcel Limited ‘Text © Greg Attwood, Lee Cope, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins 2009 13 12.11 1009 10987654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available from the British Library on request. ISBN 978 0435519 21 6 Copyright notice All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently ot incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the ‘Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Strect, London ECIN 813 (www.cla.co.uk), Applications for the copyright owners written permission should be addressed to the publisher. Edited by Catherine Riches, ‘Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd lustrated by Tech-Set Ltd Cover desiga by Christopher Howson Picture research by Chrissie Martin. Cover photo/illustration © Edexcel Printed in the UK by Seotprint Acknowledgements ‘The author and publisher would like to thank the following i reproduce photographs: viduals and organisations for permission to Getty Images / Lester Lefkowitz pl; Alamy / Chis Howes / Wild Places Images pM; Science Photo Library / Victor Habbick Visions p18; Alamy / Roger Bamber p72; Alamy / Stefan Hunziker ~ worw.sportsphotography.ch p87; Alamy / Andrew Paterson p1OS; Science Photo Library / Dr. John Brackenburg p127, Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in subsequent printings if notice is given to the publishers, Disclaimer ‘This Edexcel publication offers high-quality support for the delivery of Edexcel qualifications. Edexcel endorsement does not mean that this material is essential to achieve any Edexcel qualification, nor docs it ‘mean that this is the only suitable material available to support any Edexcel qualification. No endorsed material will be used verbatim in setting any Edexcel examination/assessment and any resource lists produced by Edexcel shall Include this and other appropriate texts. Copies of official specifications forall Edexcel qualifications may be found on the Edexcel website — www.edexcel.com,After completing this chapter you should be able to: © manipulate inequalities determine the critical values of an inequality # find solutions of algebraic inequalities. Inequalities In manufacturing or business you will want to know what level of price will ensure that Most applletions of mathematics your profit is greater than your production require the solution of inequalities 7 costs ~ this means solving inequalities. at some stage.“ Solve the inequality 1 You can pulate inequ In Cl you leamt how to solve simple quadratic inequalities by rearranging them. The inequality sign can be treated like an equals sign as long as you do not divide or multiply both sides of the expression by a negative number. ‘There are three steps to solving inequalities. mae Solve 2x? 6 ta 2 Seti = j 5) 2am x41 6\5 3 2. 3 ‘7 @rne-1 andy = 4— ee 7: © Solve 37% <a y=4-— xis a straight line crossing the axes at (4, O) and (0, 4). has a root at (0, O). There is a vertical asymptote at x = — There is a horizontal asymptote at y = So the sketch looks like this 1 3 Z 5 Wi Sx + 1 7x = 1?x+4—- 3x? -—x = 4-2 3x2 — 4x —4=0-° (ox + ZX — 2) = 0 S50 x=—£or2 c Marking these points on the graph 50 the solution is —2,, 4 ex Zor KZ Inequalities For the sketches look for: 1 intersections with the axes 2 any vertical asymptotes 3 any horizontal asymptotes — to find these x = + « Writing y = {325 a _ Fit 1-1 _ 4 eT ) might help. ; Multiply both sides by 3x + 1. Multiply out and collect terms to form a quadratic equation. Solve the equation in the usual way — this one factorises. Look on the sketch for the places where the line is above the curve. These places will give the solution. Notice how the vertical asymptote has an influence on the second part of the answer.CHAPTER 1 The sketching approach is particularly useful if the inequality involves the modulus function. Solve |x? — 4x| < 3 A sketch of y = |x* — 4x| and y = 3 looks like: ¥ Since there is a modulus function sketch y = |x? — 4x] and y = 3 on the same axes. To find the critical values, remember that there are two cases to consider when solving |x? — 4x| = 3. To find the critical values, solve |x* — 4x| = 3 x°- 4x =3> x°-4x-3=0 a~tEWeTIA , Sometimes the quadratic formula may Dy be required. _4+ 28 2 _4+V4x7 x gS Be yh —(x* -4x) =3> x7 -4x4 +3=0 x— 2x — jy=0 You need to identify where the points of intersection are on the sketch. x= 10ro Marking these values on the sketch: Jy So the solution is: Finally write down the solution to the g— ffexclorseex 6x — 1 a 4 Find the complete set of values of x for which |x? — 2| > 2x © §° Find the set of values of x for which Rt tg 1 @ 2x-3 x-3 6 Solve © FOF), ay — 5 G 7. a Sketch, on the same axes, the graph with equation y = |2x — 3], and the line with equation y = 5x — 1 , a b Solve the inequality |2x — 3] < 5x — 1 ® 8 a Use algebra to find the exact solution of |2x? + x — 6| = 6 — 3x b On the same diagram, sketch the curve with equation y = |2x? + x — 6| and the line with equation y = 6 — 3x c Find the set of values of x for which |2x2 + x — 6] > 6 — 3x © 9° a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = |x? — 4| andy = |2x — 1], showing the coordinates of the points where the graphs meet the x-axis. b Solve |x? — 4| = |2x — 1], giving your answers in surd form where appropriate. c Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which |x? — 4| > |2x — 1| ©CHAPTER 1After completing this chapter you should be able to: «sum simple finite series using the method of differences when © the differences do not involve fractions © the differences involve fractions which are given © you will use partial fractions to establish the difference. 4 The following standard results from FP1 © Ma 1-14 141..41 50 -— = . Do rete 2e atm Feneyy eae © Yi rave 2s 32. + t= Bint 12+ 1) a 2 Ss PaPEDsB.. + m= Tot 1p can be proved using the method of difference. This chapter continues the use of summation notation as introduced by Euler in finding the sum of a finite series. The method used in this chapter does not rely on the use of the standard results established in FP1.If the general term, u,, of a series can be expressed in the form fin -— f(ir+ 1) thn > u =). (K—-f(r+ 1) r=1 r=1 so u, = f(1) — f(2) u, = f(2) — f(3) us = f(3) — f(4) u,= f(n) — f(n + 1) Then adding S- u, = (1) — f(n + 1) r=1 Example fj a Show that 4r° = r°(r + 1)? — (r — 1)*r? b Hence prove, by the method of differences that n S° r= jre(n + 1)? r=1 @ Ptet TP -—ie Start with RHS. = Bee) = Ge = eet ree = ptt Brot pe — pt + Bp? pp? = 4r° = LHS+ Simplify. Expand brackets. b Consider RHS x [ete 0? -— & — Fe] r=] take r = 1 LAP — (Oy (07)17 = 0 r=2 2B) — (per r=5 BMA) — (aye? Ts All the terms except two cancel out. ran Wen +12 - (ere ee So adding = re(n + 1)? Then 4)_ r? = n(n + 1/4 r=i1 Kh 2 a Fn +1) r=1Verify that : 7 _ 1 SS —_ — rr+1) or rt] l and hence find Ss” r+ |) r=1 , i i _ ei Consider RHS . wd “ite > Ty i) _ 1 Art 1 Os = LHS ~~ Simplify. Hi » aed b-A ne] Fut r= 1 1 a r=3 +-t i pe : 1 a. Bel So, adding Ss” nr +1) = | ea +4 r=1 Find > Geo using the method of differences. r= 1 Consider a4 ~ r+ (er—1 — tS LA _ LB (2r+ij@r— Ty Zett 2r-1 __ Ar — Tb Bars 1) ~ (are+t(2r—-) 1= A(2r—1) + B(2r +1) using the method of differences. Series Write as a single fraction. — All terms cancel except first and last. we Put over common denominator. Use the difference of two squares to factorise the numerator. Split the fraction into partial fractions. Add fractions. Set numerators equal.Let r =i 1=O+BX2, Put values of rin to find A and B. B=} Letr=—t {=AX -2 A=a-L _i 1 30 Se dla el 2:7 F— | Brae 2 a= ~ ah ‘= i eee i All terms cancel except first and r=2 z 7 zB a as a 3 1 = the 1 Adding d, aay ut Dye | a 21 2n+1 _ on 2n +1 a Express in partial fractions. 2 (r+ 1) + 3) b Hence prove by method of differences that n 2 — -nl(an + b) (r+ 1) + 3) 6(7 + 2)(n + 3) where @ and b are constants to be found. 30 : 2 2 ec Find the value of ——___+—_— to 5 decimal places. dX (r+ 1)(r + 3)Series ee ee ee (e+ Gr + S) (Pej (eae 3) _ Ale + 3) + Br + 1) (r+ 1)(r + 3) 2=A(r+ 3) + Bir +1) when r= —-3 2= -2B>B=-1 whenr=—-1 2=2A>A—1 Zz = | _ 1 Get Hirt 3S) GET +3) Set up partial fractions. . Add the fractions Compare numerators. Therefore Using method of differences 14 whenr = 1 i-¥ r=2 4 z Cancel terms. r=3 f-£ = V | r=n-1 ha 4B = | pen ree HE SO f , Put these four terms over a a> Z si ga I, common denominator. = (r+TGtsy 2 46 ft an+res _ ant 2)(n + 3) + 2(n + Z2)(n + 3) — Gn + SB) — O(n + 2) eth + 2) + 3) Poms Be? + ibe + 18 + 2? + 100 + 12 — Gn 16 — Gr 12 On se Zh a 3) Bre+13n _ (Sn + 13) Simplify. ~ 6nt+2(n+3) Gnt2(n+ 4) fasterise: S50a=5arndb= i3 - 30) 3O 20 uk th . - 2 Z S 2 7 S- 2 Subtract ye La FDFB) LATENT Le FFF) s _ B0GX3Z0+13) — 2016 X 20 + 13) trom De, G(30 + 23043) 6(20 + 2)(20 + 3) a — 619 _ 565 Evaluate. 1056 759 = O88 0.07748 to 5 ap. Give answer to 5 d.p. 24 2661 a Show that r= S¢(r + 1) — rr — 1). b Hence show that > r= an + 1) using the method of differences. r=] 1 1 ; 1 = — 2 Givens r lr + 2) ~ Orr + 1) 2(r + Ir Tr 2) # 1 ; find y r+ Dirt 2) using the method of differences. 3 a Express in partial fractions. _1_ rr + 2) using the method of differences. H . 1 b Hence find the sum of the series 2 : r+ 2D) 4 a Express in partial fractions. ee (r+ 2)(r + 3) using the method of differences. it . 1 b Hence find the sum of the series d (r+ 2)(r + 3) 5 Use the identity 47° = r? (r + 1)? — (r- 1)? to find 7 P r=1 . a 6 Given thats or =a (r+ 1)! Ff find ) | GF 0 ar+1 _1 1 7 Given that 4 1p =a — Ga Dp = 2r+1 r=1SeriesAfter completing this chapter you should be able to: write down a complex number, z, in modulus- argument form as either z = r(cos @ + i sin 6) or z= re’, where ris the modulus of z and @ is the argument of z, and —a7< 0= 7 apply de Moivre’s theorem © to find trigonometric identities © to find the nth roots of a complex number Mh represent loci and regions in an Argand diagram apply transformations from the z-plane to the w-plane. jj ZLTAZLE he image of a Mandelbrot set, first seen Using complex numbers, These points are Zi plotted on an Argand diagram to give an image whose boundary forms a fractal No matter how many times you magnify the boundary, you will find new patterns, 7 new images and new rch geometrical In this chapter you will build on and develop further the work learnt on complex numbers in FP1. You will be applying complex numbers to both trigonometry and coordinate geometry.Further complex numbers 3.1 You can express a complex number in the form z = r(cos @ + i sin 6) H@ The modulus—argument form of the complex number z = x + jy is z=r(cosé+isiné) © *——————— Itis important for you to remember this formula. where e /, a positive real number, is called the modulus and e @, an angle such that when —7z < 6 a, @is called the principal argument. y From the right-angled triangle, x =rcos 0,y =rsin @and r= |z| = x? + y2 So, Z=X + iy = rcos@ + irsin@ = r(cos @ + isin @) Note that 6, the argument, is not unique. The argument of z could also be 6 + 27, 6+ 4z, etc. To avoid duplication of 6, we usually quote 6 in the range -—a< 6 7 and refer to it as the principal argument, ‘arg’, i.e. 6 = arg z. Z=r(cos 6 + isin 6) is correct for a complex number in any of the Argand diagram quadrants. Express z = —/3 + iin the form r(cos @ + isin @), where —7 < @< a. Sketch the Argand diagram, showing the position of the number. Here z is in the second quadrant so the required argument is (7 — @). — Find rand @. Apply z = r(cos 6 + i sin 6).PLP CHAPTER 3 Express z = —1 — iin the form r(cos @ + isin #), where —7 < @= 7. r= GE)? + © = V2 6= argz=-—a7+t tan (7) =-a7t Therefore, z = V2 (cos (-22) + j gin In chapter 6, (and in your formula book), you will find the series expansions of cos 6 and sin @. They are a2, Of 66 (—1)' 6" =1-2+—-54+..4+5— on a at 6 (nl . _ - 6 6 - Cd (-1y) gare sung 3i st tt Grad Also, for x € R, the series expansion of e* is xr a) _ x? x? xt x Slee tata tate t It can be proved that the series expansion for e* is also true if x is replaced by a complex number. If you replace x in e* by i@ the series expansion becomes Q)\2 7A)3 49\4 +9)5 5 0)\6 e@= 1+ i6 + wo + + a + “oy + wy + se _ . i262 Pes i4@* Pe i°6° SLE tor Fear toa far ter * ei, 6, i OF, Tt oar tart st” et _{,_ 8,0 _@ fo 8, O_ =(1-24+"5 f+ ...)+i( 6 att aFurther complex numbers By comparing this series expansion with those of © and @ you can write e'” as el? = cos 9+ isin @ You can now use Euler’s relation to rewrite z = r(cos @ +i sin 6) as z=re® 7 where r = |z| and 6 = arg z. Example EY Express z = 2 — 3i in the form re’®, where —7 < 6S a. r= V@? + (3) = 5 6 = arg z= —tan | (3) = —0.98 (2d.p.)* Zz Therefore, z = V13 e O98 == In Chapter 8 of Core 2, you learnt the following properties which will be helpful to you in this chapter: cos (— 6) = cos @ and sin (— 6) = —sin 6 Example EJ Express a z= V2 (cos 76 + isin 75) bz=5 (cos ¢ — isin ¢ ) in the form re, where — a < 6< 7. 10 LO _ TD oh at az V2 (cos 7 + isin =F) = — So, r= V2 and @ 10° Therefore, z = V2 e©CHAPTER 3 50,r= band d= — la —m A Fy = Therefore, z= be & *—————_+—-. Apply z 3ai Express z = v2 e4 in the form + iy, wherex € Randy € R. So, r= V2 and @= = 3a om al 4 + i sin 4 =V2 (-Z V2 + ize} Therefore, z= —1 +i 231 Express z = 2e 5 in the form r(cos 6+ isin 6), where —7 < @< a.Further complex numbers Example Use e = cos 6 + isin @ to show that cos 6 = ae’ +e 7), id e” = cos 6+ isin @ ® 298 = 2 "= cos (— 6) + i gin (-@) So, e "= cos @—- isin é aT = e?+e"=2co0s 0 id -ié = 1fei@ 4 ,-i6 Hence, cos 6 = 5 (e" + € ”), as required. 1 Express the following in the form r(cos 6 + isin 6), where —7 < @< 7. Give the exact values of rand 6 where possible, or values to 2 d.p. otherwise. a7 b —5i ce v3+i d 2+ 2i e l-i f -8 g 3 -4i h -8 + 61 i 2-V3i 2: Express the following in the form x + iy, where x € Randy ER. 7 oo. 1 WT + os a 5(cos 5 + isin 5) b 9{ cos Z + isin ra c 6(cos 7 + i sin $2) d 3(cos (— 2) + isin ( -22)| _T)\ 44, (_F _ it 7a e 2V2(cos ( zh + isin ( a)} f 4{ cos at isin | 3. Express the following in the form re”, where —7 < 6 < z. Give the exact values of r and @ where possible, or values to 2 d.p. otherwise. a -3 b 6i c —2V3 - 2i d -8+i e 2-Si f —2V3 + 2V3i TT soa TT Woes a TT ° Wee g v8(cos 7 + isin 7) h 8(cos 5 ~ isin 5) i 2(cos 5 isin Z) 4: Express the following in the form x + iy wherex € Randy ER. a es b 4e” c 3Ze4 a _m sm d 8eé e 3e 2 f e6 . _- ~3ai 4a ge™ h 3v2e 4 i 8e 4 5 Express the following in the form r(cos @ + isin @), where —7 < 6< a. 167, 172, 9a; aeb b 4e5 c Se 8° 6: Use e’® = cos @ + isin @ to show that sin 6 = = (e’—e *). i 2i3,3 You need to know how multiplying and dividing affects both the modulus and argument of the resulting complex number. For the following proofs you need to apply the following identities found in the Core 2 and Core 3 sections of your formula book: sin (6, + 6) = sin @, cos @) + cos 6, sin @ (1) cos (6, = 62) = cos 6, cos & ¥ sin 6, sin é, @ cos? @, + sin? @, = 1 @ Multiplying complex numbers z, and z, If z; =17,(cos 6, + isin 6,) and z, = r,(cos 6 + isin 6), then ZZ, = r,(cos 6, + isin @,) X (cos 6 + isin 4) rr,{cos 6, + isin 6,)(cos 6, + isin 6) rr,(cos 0 Cos 6, + i cos 6, sin 6 + isin 6, cos 6 + i? sin 6, sin 65) r,r2(COS 0, COS 6 + i cos 6, sin 6 + isin 6, cos 6, — sin 6, sin 6) 1 fo{(COS 4, Cos 6 — Sin 6, Sin 6,) + i(sin 6, Cos 6, + COs 6, sin 4)) 1(cos(6, + 6) + i sin(@, + 6,)), using identities @ and @. Therefore the complex number 2,22 = r,r2(cos(@, + 6) + isin(@, + 6,)) is in a modulus- argument form and has modulus 77. and argument 6 + 6. Also, if z, = re” and z, = re” then (re) (re) i6, + 16, 4122 1 roe = rye * i(0, + 6) Therefore the complex number 2,22 = mre is in an exponential form and has modulus nf, and argument 6, + 63. Dividing a complex number z, by a complex number z, If z; = 1,(cos 6, + isin 6,) and z, = r.(cos 6 + isin 6), then Z, _ (cos 6, + isin 6) 2z_—r.(cos 6, + isin 6.) _ (cos 6, + isin @,) _, (cos 6, — isin 9) r(cos 6 + isin 6) (cos 6 — isin 45) __ (COS @, COS 6, — 1 cos 6, Sin 6 + isin 6 cos 6, — i? sin 6, sin 6) 1(COS 6) COS 2 — 1 COS @ sin 6 + isin @ cos 0, — i7 sin > sin 4) _ 7((cos 6, cos 6 + sin @, sin 62) + i(sin 6, cos @ — cos 6; sin 6)) r,(cos? 6) + sin? 65) (cos(6, — 6) + isin(6, — 6,)), using identities @, @ and @. _ thFurther complex numbers Therefore the complex number 3 = A (cos (6; — @,) + isin(@, — 6)) is in modulus—argument r form and has modulus and argument @, — 6. Also, if z, = re" and z, = ne then z,_ re rel _ Fi ie, ie, “7 e A ell.) ry rh I i(G Zz Therefore the complex number x =, —O@)ecs * tr ®) is in an exponential form and has modulus ;* 2 i and argument @, — 6». In summary, you need to learn and apply the following results for complex numbers z, and z: [2122] = |21llzZal a M arg (2,22) = arg (z,) + arg (z2) _ |al [Z9| 4 22 H arg (3 = arg (2)) — arg (22) Example Fy oT 5a, sc T io WV : Express 3{ cos 22 + isin a5 x 4(cos 75 + isin a) in the form x + iy. BT 4+ igi 27 TF Vein 3{ coe 12 + isin 2 x 4( cos 2 + isin | = on, 7\,;.,( 904 7)\\, ~ 5(4) (coo i2 ¢ 4 t in io t 5) = 12 (cos 5 + isin 5) = 2 (0+ its =fCHAPTER 3 _ 27 ‘ Express 2(cos 7% 15 + isin i x 3(cos 2 s isin e in the form x + iy. 27 eet AL \ 3 as. ear a( cos 5 i gin =) 3(cos £2 5 i sin 5 = = 2(cos 5 + i gin a} = 2(3) (cos aS ea) + i gin (2 - a2) 2a x 3{cos ( - 2m) + i ein (— V2(cos + 7a t isin ia). 5a 57 2( cos 52 + isin Sz) Express in the form x + iy. v2(cos 12 + ji sin 5a 5a OT va 2{ cos G i sin GFurther complex numbers 1 Express the following in the form x + iy. a (cos 26 + isin 26)(cos 36 + isin 34) 37, ig 32) Brag 8x b (cos 22 +isingg cos 7, + isin sy c 3(cos 7 + isin 7) x 2( cos +5 + isin 77) d ¥6(cos (G5) + isin (Ga) x v3(cos 7 + isin 5} e 4{cos (=32) +isin (=2}) x £ (cos (532) + isin (=22)| 9 9 18 18 T 4 isin 7)\ x Z + isin Z) x 3 27 + i sin 22| f 6(cos ip * isin Ta} 5(cos isin 2) 3 (cos Sr + isin S g (cos 46+ isin 40)(cos 6 — isin @) TT 4 4sin~\ x THign = h 3(cos 19 ¢ isin 13) v2 (cos 3 isin 3) 2. Express the following in the form x + iy. cos 54+ isin 56 cos 26+ isin 26 WT = os WW v2(cos 3 + isin 3) 1 Teta TT 3 (cos 4 +1S1n a) T+ isin 7 3(cos 3 + isin a} © OT 1s OT 4( cos “6 + isin Sz} cos 26 — isin 26 cos 36 + isin 36 3 zand ware two complex numbers where z= -—9 + 3y3i, |w| = V3 and arg w = iE Express the following in the form r(cos @ + i sin 6), Zz a Zz, b w, Cc ZW, d ape where —7 < @S 7.ee CHAPTER 3 = 3.4 You need to be able to prove that [r(cos 6 + i sin @)]" = r"(cos n6 + i sin n@) for any integer n. If z =r(cos 4+ isin 6), then Z=zXz=r(cos 6+ isin 6) X r(cos 6+ isin #) = rr(cos {6+ ¢) + isin (@+ 6)) = r*(cos 26+ isin 26), By applying the result, ZZz = Mt(cos(@, + 6) + isin(@, + 6)) B=? Xz=17r(cos 26+ isin 26) x r(cos 6+ isin é) r’r(cos (20 + #) + isin (20+ 6)) = Picos 34+ isin 34) By applying the result, ZZ. = nr{cos(e, + 02) + i sin(@, + 62)) =2Xz=r (cos 36+ isin 36) X r(cos 6 + isin é) rr(cos (30 + 6) + isin (36+ 6)) = r*(cos 46 + isin 46) By applying the result, ZZ. = Mr(cos(@, + 62) + i sin(@ + &)) The above results show that o z! = [rcos 6+ isin 6)]! = r(cos 6+ isin 6) o #2 = [r(cos A+ isin 6]? = {cos 26 + i sin 26) o # = [r(cos 6+ isin 6° = r(cos 36 + i sin 34) o z= [r(cos 6+ isin 6]* = (cos 46 + i sin 48) Therefore it follows that the general statement for any positive integer, n is This is de Moivre’s theorem. It is important for you to remember this result. B z’=[r(cos @+ isin 6)]" = ’(cos né + isin né) It will be shown that de Moivre’s theorem is true for any integer 1. Proof of de Moivre’s theorem when nis a positive integer You can use the method of proof by induction (found in FP1) to prove that [r(cos 6 + isin @)]" = r(cos né + i sin n6) is true for all positive integers. n= 1; LHS = [rcos 6 + isin 6)]' = r(cos @ + isin 6) RHS = r'(cos 16 + i sin 16) = r(cos @ + isin 6) As LHS = RHS, de Moivre’s theorem is true for n = 1. Assume that de Moivre’s theorem is true for n = k,k EZ". ie. [r(cos 0+ isin @]k = A(cos ké + i sin k6) With n = k + 1, de Moivre’s theorem becomes: [r(cos 6+ isin #]K*! = [r(cos 6+ isin O]* x r(cos 6+ isin @) = r*(cos k@ + isin k6) X r(cos 6 + i sin 6)-—— By assumption step. = rl(cos k@ + isin k@)(cos 6 + isin 6) = r*1(cos (k@ + 6) + isin (k@+ 6)) =r l(cos(k + 1)6 + isin (k + 1)6) From section 3.3. Therefore, de Moivre’s theorem is true when n = k + 1.Further complex numbers If de Moivre’s theorem is true for n = k, then it has been shown to be true form = k + 1. As de Moivre’s theorem is true for m = 1, it is now also true for alln = 1 andn € Z* by mathematical induction. Proof of de Moivre’s theorem when n is a negative integer We will now prove that [r(cos @ + i sin @)]” = r"(cos n@ +i sin né) is true for all negative integers. If n is a negative integer, it can then be written in the form # = —m, where m is a positive integer. LHS = [r(cos @ + isin @)]”" = [r(cos 6+ isin A] ™ — [7(cos 6 + isin &|”" _ il . Applying de Moivre’s theorem for r"(cos m@ + i sin m6) positive integer m. 1 (cos m@ — i sin m6) ~ r"(cos m6 +isinmoé) (cos mé — i sin mé@) , Difference of two squares. = cos m@ — isin mé ?"(cos? m6 — i? sin? mé)« Identity cos? m6 + sin? mé = 1 _ 1 (Cosme — isin mit) r" (cos? m@ + sin? mé) 1 _pm —=fF eT ge =r" (cos mé — isin mé) Using cos @ = cos(—é) and =r (cos (—mé) + isin (-m6)) ———______ sin 6 = —sin(—@). HOTA It] il Ni = r' (cos né + isin né) = RHS Applying m = —n. Therefore, we have proved that de Moivre’s theorem is true when n is a negative integer. Also for, n = 0; LHS = [r(cos 6+ isin #|° = 1 RHS = 7° (cos 0 + isin 0) = 1(1) = 1 As LHS = RHS, de Moivre’s theorem is true for n = 0. Therefore we have proved that de Moivre’s theorem is true for any integer n. de Moivre’s theorem can also be written in exponential form. If z = r(cos 6+ isin 6) = re“, then z" = [r(cos 9 + isin @)]" = [re“]” = r'(el’)" = rel” Applying (x7)? = x®. = r'(cos né + isin n6) Therefore [re“}" = picid, This is de Moivre’s theorem, stated in an exponential form.CHAPTER 3 OT eG Bap (cos V7 + isin V7 20 3 aay cos 57 — isin 75 Simplify On ,.... Oar\® oH y wT (cos 7 t isin | PE ag OEY (cos WT! sin a7 On ,.... Oa\? waa eT, _2m\ 4 .0,{2a\",-———S— (coo( a7) + iein( )| | 457 . 457 BOE ae + ij sin 17 oT . oT ee EE + es cos | 17 2in( 17 = 45a _67 ._,(407 _6O7 = coe( AF — ~SF) + i in( 2 17 TF = cos IT + j cin DIT 17 i 3 = cos Sa + isin Sa | =cosnmtisina = —1+ i(0) | 5 (cos E + isin St Therefore, (ee ae = —-1, 47 _ 5 gi oT cos 7 i sin am) Express (1 + /3i)’ in the form x + iy where x € Randy ER. _ RYr=? + (v3) = = 1 = oa 0 = tan a 3 Further complex numbers V4 =2 an Se Te ft, TT 50, 1 + ¥Bi = 2{cos F + i sin F)-——__— ; (1+ V3i)’ = |2(cos F + isin Al 3 3 = BF eng EE & jain 2B 2( cos % + j sin % = 128( = 2e(14 2 Therefore, (1+ V3i)’ = cos & +P Sin WT 3 (g) 64+ 6G4/3i. 1. Use de Moivre’s theorem to simplify each of the following: a (cos 6+ isin 6)° © ( a 5 cos Z + isin Z) 6 6 Qa, sos. 2a? e (cos 5 +i sin 2) 8 (cos 26 + isin 26)? 1 j ge ts (cos 26 + isin 26)" cos 56+ isin 56 (cos 36 — isin 36) | cos 2 Evaluate 13 13 a (1+ i) d (1 — v3i)® cos 56+ isin 56 + isin cos 4 — isin b (cos 36+ isin 36)' )° Tose 7 C03 95 SID Tq cos = + isin = d (cos 3 3 | )" (cos 26 + i sin 26)’ (cos 46 + i sin 40)? , (cos 26+ isin 26)* (cos 36 + isin 36)3 cos 6— isin @ (cos 26 — isin 26)3 7a 13 4a 13 Express the following in the form x + iy where x € Randy € R. b (-2 + 2i)§ e (3-331) c (1 — i) f (—2/3 — 2i)° Express (3 + V3: i)° in the form a + bv3i where a and b are integers.CHAPTER 3 3.5 You can apply de Moivre’s theorem to trigonometric identities. You need to be able to apply the following binomial expansion found in the Core 2 section of your formula book. (+B =a' tC bt "Ca Or CA st evils) em 1 3| Express cos 36 in terms of powers of cos @. (cos 6 + isin 6)° = cos 36 + isin 36 cos” # + °C, cos* @ {i gin 8) + °C, cos @(i sin 6)* + (isin 6) ; = cos® 6 + Bi cos? @sin 6 + Bi? cos O sin? 6+ Bin? @-— = cos” 0+ Zicos* @sin 8 — 3 cos O sin? 6 - i sin? @ »+—_4;— - Il Equating the real parts gives cos 30 = cos® 8— 3 cos A ain* A = cos’? @- 3 cos 6(1 — cos* 6) cos’ #-— 3cos 0+ 3cos° 6 nN =4cos° 0-— 3cos 6 ee . A Therefore, cos 30 = 4 cos® @ -sc0t ———_ | cn Express a cos 6¢@ in terms of powers of cos 6, p sin 66 sin 8’ 6+# na, n € #, in terms of powers of cos 6. (cos @ + i sin 6)° = cos GO + i sin GO cos® @+ °C, cos” Ai sin 6) + °C, cos* Oi sin 6)* —~__ + °C. cos® i sin 6)° + °C, cos* Ai sin 6)* + ©C, cos i sin 6) + (i sin 6)° cos® 8+ Gicos® @ sin 6 + 15% cos* 6 sin? 6 ———__ + 20)" cos? @ gin? 6+ 1514 cos* 6 sin* @ + Gi? cos @ sin 6 + i© ain® @ : = cos® 0+ Gi cos’ 6 sin 6— 15 cos* @ sin? @ ~~ — — 201 cos® @sin® 6+ 15 cos* 6 sin* 6 + Gi cos @sin® 8 — sin® 6Further complex numbers Equating the real parts gives § cos 60 = cos® @— 15 cos* @sin* @ + 15 cos* @ sin* @ — gin® @ = cos® @— 15 cos* 4(1 — cos* @) —$_—_——_ + 15 cos* @(1 — cos* @)? — (1 — cos* 6)° = cos® 6 — 15 cos* (1 — cos? 0) + 15 cos* O(1 — 2 cos” 0+ cos* 6) — (1— 3cos* 6+ 3 cos* @— cos® 6) — = cos® @ — 15 cos* 6 + 15 cos® 6 + 15 cos* @ — 30 cos? 6+ 15 cos® @ —{ +5 cose 0-3 cost 6 + coe® 6 = 3? cos® @ — 48 cos* 84+ 18 cos? 8-1 Therefore, cos 664 = 32 cos® # — 48 cos* 4+ 18 cos* 4 — 1. Equating the imaginary parts gives I sin 66 = 6 cos” 6 sin 6 — 20 cos® @ sin® @ + 6 cos 6 gin? 6 So ar ct = 6 cos” 0 — 20 cos® @sin* 6+ G cos @ air* 6 = 6 cos’ 6 — 20 cos” 1 — cos* 6) + 6 cos G1 — cos* geek = 6 cos’ 0 — 20 cos? A — cos* 6) + 6 cos 1 — 2 cos* 6 + cos* 8) = 6.eos? PB — BO cos? 8+ BU cos? OL Swed — Wee aa + Gcos’ 0 32 cos’ @-— 32 cos° 84+ 6cos0 * Therefore, sin 66 _ 32 cos’ 6 — 32 cos’ 0+ Gcos @. sin @CHAPTER 3 Now we will investigate finding trigonometric identities for sin” @ and cos” @ where #7 is a positive integer. If z= cos 6+ isin 6, then 1_ -1_ Z It follows that 1 Z+, = os 6+ isin 6+ cos @— isin @=2cos 6 z—1=cos 6+ isin 0 — (cos 0— isin 6) = 2isin 0 Also, z" = (cos 0+ isin 6)" = cos né + isin né | eg] 5 =z"= (cos 6+ isin 6) " = (cos(—né) + isin(—n6}) = cos né — isin nae — - It follows that z+ J, = cos n6 + isin 76 + cos né — isin né@ = 2 cos né —dT= cos #6 + isin nd — (cos né — isin né) = 2i sin né To summarise, you need eH i. a cos 8 z+ 4 = 3 cosne to be able to apply these results: 2 q = 2i sin 6 Ze a= = 2i sin né Express cos® 6 in the form a cos 5¢ + bcos 36 + c cos 4, where a, b and c are constants. (z ae Js = (2 cos 6)" = 32 cos’ @ -2+162()) ec.2lt) reall) + eyed) + (2) 0 and —7< @< 7. Give 6 to 2d.p. a z=3+ 4i b 2=Vi1l — 4i ce = —-V7 + 3i | Ga '4' a Find the three roots of the equation (z + 1)? = —1. Give your answers in the form x + iy, wherex € Randy ER. b Plot the points representing these three roots on an Argand diagram. c Given that these three points lie on a circle, find its centre and radius. 5 a Find the five roots of the equation z° — 1 = 0. Give your answers in the form r(cos 6 + isin 6), where —7 < @< 7. b Given that the sum of all five roots of z> — 1 = O is zero, show that 2m (2 _ 1 COS 5} + cos 5 6 a Find the modulus and argument of —2 — 2V3i. b Hence find all the solutions of the equation z* + 2 + 2V3i = 0. Give your answers in the form re’, where r > O and —a< @< 7. 7 a Find the modulus and argument of V6 + v2i. b Solve the equation z! = v6 + V2i. Give your answers in the form re’, where r > 0 and —7< @ a. 3,7 You can use complex numbers to represent a locus of points on an Argand diagram. % A locus of points is a set of points which obey a particular rule. Examples of loci are: e acircle Locus of points. *——___ The locus of points which are all the same distance from a point O, is a circle, centre O. The Cartesian equation of a circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is (x — a)’ + (y — Bb)? =r’.Further complex numbers e a perpendicular bisector Example ¥4] If z =x + iy represents the variable point P(@, y) and z, = x, + iy, represents the fixed point A(x1, ¥1), what does |z — z,| represent on an Argand diagram? y P(x, y) Zz, z A, Jy v a, Zz vi 1 “ > hg Oo x |z — z| io the modulus or length of the vector AP. Therefore |z — z,| represents the length of the line joining the fixed point A(x, y,) to the variable point F(x, y). Put gimply |z — z| represents the distance between the fixed point A(x, y,) and the variable point F(x, y). If |z— 5 — 3i| =3, a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram, b use an algebraic method to find the Cartesian equation of this locus.CHAPTER 3 d b |z-5-3i|=3 => |e+iy-5- ail—2 = @—-She-w-te—— = @- of sy - sf =o e—___J | Hence the Cartesian equation of the locus of P is (x — 5)* + (y — 3)? = 9.e a Hit follows that |z — z,| = ris represented by a circle centre (x, y,) with radius r, where z,; = x, + iy;. Give a geometrical interpretation of the locus of points z, represented by a |z— 3i|/=4 b |z - (2 + 3i)| = 5 e |jz—3+ Si] =2 d |2 — Si - z| =3 a z— Si = 4 is a circle centre (O, 5), radius 4. [ob |z — (2 + 3i)| = 5 is a circle centre (2, 3), radius 5. 1 es e |z— 3+ 5il = 2is a circle centre (3, —5), radius 2. a |2 — 5i — z| = 3can be rewritten as . (Nz -2+ Si) = = (Nz-2+5]=3 3 -2+5)/=s— | So |2 — 5i — z| = 3 is a circle centre (2, —5), radius 3. a7 = Example FZ! If |z| = |z — Gil, a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram, b use an algebraic method to find the Cartesian equation of this locus. |Further complex numbers b |z| = |z— Gil | ae => => [x + iy| = |x + i(y — 6)| > x + yh =x + (YY - 6) > aft eat ye — tees See x => fay=36~————_______ ] guerre Hence the Cartesian equation of the Simplify. locus of Fis y = 3. —— ae Example 4 If |z — 3| = |z + ij, a_ use an algebraic method to find a Cartesian equation of the locus of z, H q | b sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram. a |z-3|=|z+i]| |x + iy - 3| = ee ol => = |—3)+ Wl=|e+ Yt Dl = (¢- Bf fafa + Gt Pe => £2 -O2+04+ =x +4 + Ze ie > -6x+9=2ytte— => —-6x+6=2y | Hence the Cartesian equation of the locus of fis y = —ox-+ 4.Pe 2 =e CHAPTER 3 Hit follows that |Z — z,| = |Z — Z,| is represented by a perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points z, to z. Example P24 If |z — 6| = 2|z + 6 — Yi, a_ use algebra to show that the locus of z is a circle, stating its centre and its radius. b sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram. a |z— 6| = 2|z+ 6 — Gi ee => |x + iy — 6] = 2|x + iy + 6 — Gi =|(x — 6) + iy| = 2\(x + 6) + ify — 9) =|(« — 6) + yl? = 2x + 6) +iy- PO =>(x — 6)* +y% = 4[(x + GF + (y - 97] —— =5" — e+ BO + oF _— = A[x* + 12x + 36 +? — 18y + Bt = — x + 56+ = 4x° + 48x + 144 + 4y* — 72y + 324 = 3x2 + 6Ox + By? — 72y + 432=0%00 =x2 + 20x +? -24y+144=0% 0 =>(x + 10) — 100 + (y — 12% — 144+ 44=0° = (x + 10)? + (y — 12% = 100 Hence the locus of z is a circle centre (-10, 12), radius 10. Hit follows that if |Z — Z| = Alz — z,|, where A > 0, A # 1, then it may be more appropriate to apply an algebraic method to find the locus of points, z, represented by this equation.Example If arg(z — 2) = Find the Cartesian equation of this locus. locus YY Oo, in 0) arg(z- 2) =s T 3 el arg(x + iy — 2) = 3 arg((x — 2) + iy) = 3 i a — wa (3s) y = V3(x — 2) => => =e => Hence the Cartesian equation of the locus of Pis y = V3x — 2/3. Sell) 28 If arg(z + 3 + 2i) = Find the Cartesian equation of this locus. qr sketch the locus of P(x, vy) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram. Further complex numbers z — 2 is represented by the vector from the fixed point A(2, 0) to the point Pix, y). As arg(z — 2) = 4 then the locus of P is the set of points where ine vector AP makes an angle of qi in an anti-clockwise sense from the positive x-axis. The locus of P is referred to as a half_line. z can be rewritten as z = x + iy. Group the real and imaginary parts. : ii Mi il Remove the argument. Hi UL nn Nil WK tan (3) = 73. As the locus is a half-line, this equation is restricted forx >2,y> 0. z+ 3 + 2i can be written as z — (—3 — 2i) and this represents the vector from the fixed point (—3, —2) I to the variable point (~, y). aK > ih As arg(z + 3 + 2i) = a2, half-line from (—3, —2) making an angle of An in an anti-clockwise sense from a line in the same direction as the positive x-axis.awe — IAPTER 3 arg(z + 5 + 2i) = 9% i => arg(xt+iyt+ 3+ 2i) = eM => arg((x + 3) + ity + 2)) = U2 san (2) => yt2=-(x+3)—— 7) Hence the Cartesian equation of the locus of Fis y= —x — 5. Hit follows that arg(z — Z,) = 6 is represented by a half-line from the fixed point z, making an angle @ with a line from the fixed point z, parallel to the real axis. You need to know and be able to apply the following circle theorems: e Angles subtended at e The angle in a semi-circle e The angle subtended at the an arc in the same is a right angle. centre of the circle is twice segment are equal. the angle at the circumference. P A Q [AP J Q A B B A B APB = AQB APB = 90° AOB = 2 X APB zZ-—6\_a@ tare 79) = 3 a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram, b find the Cartesian equation of this locus. g| = arg(z — 6) — arg(z — 2) = 7 -— a arg( 2— Let L, be the half-line satisfying ara(z — 6) = @ and let L, be the half-line satisfying arg(z — 2) = So it follows that @—-— d= a ©Further complex numbers All points on L, satisfy arg(z — 6) = @. All points on L; satisfy arg(z — 2) = ¢. Therefore the point P is found lying on both L, and L, where 6 — & = ma As P lies on L, and L,, it is found where L, and L, intersect. From AAPF, it follows that a ~ a The exterior angle of a BPA + FAB = FBD « triangle is the sum of the two opposite interior angles. => BPA+¢=6 => BPA= | From diagram, PAB = ¢ and PBD = 6. > BPA=@. i 4 Using@-¢=2 @ TAG 4 HN {I 7 fill | ty 4 oe | 4 fh li P can vary but BPA must ANNA As Gand vary, the angle BPA is constant and is | a always be re i Locus From circle theorems, angles of P in the same segment of a circle are equal. P@, y) G Therefore as P varies, BPA ie 4 will always be equal to o A(2, 0) B@, 0) = Ss So, it follows that P must lie on an arc of a circle cut off at A(2, 0) and at B(6, 0). - BPA = 7 => ACB = Fas the angle subtended at the centre of the circle is twice the angle at the circumference. As CA and CB are both radii, Be i then the radius, tee | r= CA=CB. RY oO A(2, 0) BiG, 0) This implies that AOAB is isosceles and AB = CBA= 2 CAB = CBA = 5.CHAPTER 3 | J3\ Cy | A(2, 0) X(4, 0) B(, 0) «<— 2 —_> Hence the Cartesian equation of the locus of Pie (x — 4)* + (y — 2)° = 8, where y > O. If arg( = 4 A) = a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram. ara(— 5) = argz — ara(z — 41) = 6 - TT Given that the complex number z = x + iy satisfies the equation |z — 12 — 5i| = 3, find the minimum value of |z| and maximum value of |z]. |Further complex numbers IZlmm = OC - CX =13 —- 3 =10. [Z|max = OC + CY =134+3=16. ihe The ra The minimum value of |z| is 10 and the maximum value of |z| is 16. 1. Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when: a |z| = 6 b |z| = 10 ce |z-—3|=2 d |z+ 3i|=3 e |z- 4i)=5 f jzt+1{/=1 g |z—-1-i=5 h |z+ 3+ 4i| =4 i |jz—S+ 6i/=5 j |2z+6- 4i|=6 k |3z — 9 — 6i| = 12 1 |3z-9- 6i| =9 2. Sketch the locus of z when: -_ i =a —?7);-7 a agz=3 b arg(z + 3) 4 c arg(z — 2) 3 dl arg(z + 2 + 2i) = —7 e arg(z— 1 i) = 32 f arg(z+ 3i))=a7 g arg(z—1+ 3i)= ze h arg(z — 3 + 4i) = 3 i arg(z — 4i) = an 3! Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when: a |z— 6| = |z-2| b |z + 8] =|z-4| c |z| = |z + 6il d |z + 3i| = |z — 8il e |zZ—2- 2i| =|z+2 +4 2il f ijz+4+i)=|z+4 + Gil g |z+3- Si] =|z-7- Sil h |z +4 -— 2i| = |z— 8 + 2i| . |2+ 3i| | . zt+6—i] _ Iz — 6i| I-10 Sil k |z+ 7 + 2i| = |z — 4 — 3i| lL |z+1- 6i| = |2+ 3i-2z| 4. Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when: az-z=0 bz+2z*=0 5 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when: a |2-2z,=3 b |5i—z| =4 c |3—-2i-z=3 6 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when: a |z+3|=3\z—-5| b |z— 3) =4\z+ I ce |z— i] = 2|z + jj d |z +2 — 7i| = 2|z — 10 + 2i| e |z+4— 2i| = 2|z — 2 — Sil f |z)=2|2-2|Sketch the locus of z when: a aul Fs) § b ae? 3)- 2 cals) 3 danl=3}-2 e argz — arg(z— 2 + 3i) =F f arg(2—4)) = 2 Use the Argand diagram to find the value of z that satisfies the equations |z| = 5 and arg(z + 4) = # Given that the complex number z satisfies |z — 2 — 2i] = 2, a sketch, on an Argand diagram, the locus of z. Given further that arg(z — 2 — 2i) = s b find the value of z in the form a + ib, wherea € Rand be R. Sketch on the same Argand diagram the locus of points satisfying a |z — 2i| =| z — 8il, b arg — 2- i) =F. The complex number z satisfies both |z — 2i| = |z — 8i| and arg(z — 2 — i) = a c Use your answers to parts a and b to find the value of z. Sketch on the same Argand diagram the locus of points satisfying T a |z-—3+ 2i|=4 b arg(z — 1) = —4. T The complex number z satisfies both |z — 3 + 2i| = 4 and arg(z — 1) = “7 Given that z= a+ ib, wherea €C Randbe R, c find the exact value of a and the exact value of b. On an Argand diagram the point P represents the complex number z. Given that |z — 4 — 3i| = 8, a find the Cartesian equation for the locus of P, b sketch the locus of P, c find the maximum and minimum values of |z| for points on this locus. Given that arg(z + 4) = a a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which represents z on an Argand diagram, b find the minimum value of |z| for points on this locus. The complex number z = x + iy satisfies the equation |z + 1 + i] = 2|z + 4 — 2ij. The complex number z is represented by the point P on the Argand diagram. a Show that the locus of P is a circle with centre (—5, 3). b Find the exact radius of this circle.Further complex numbers z 3 a find the value of z in the form @ + ib, wherea € Rand beR. b Hence, find arg(z — 8). 1§ Ifthe complex number z satisfies both arg z = > and arg(z — 4) = a 16 The point P represents a complex number z in an Argand diagram. Given that |z + 2 — 2y3i| = 2, a sketch the locus of P on an Argand diagram. b Write down the minimum value of arg z. c Find the maximum value of arg z. 17 The point P represents a complex number z in an Argand diagram. Given that argz — arg(z + 4) = ais a locus of points P lying on an arc of a circle C, a sketch the locus of points P, b find the coordinates of the centre of C, c find the radius of C, d. find a Cartesian equation for the circle C, e find the finite area bounded by the locus of P and the x-axis. 3.8 You can use complex numbers to represent regions on an Argand diagram. a Shade in, on separate Argand diagrams the region represented by i |z-—4-2i|<2, ii |z — 4| <|z- 6], fii 0 < arg(z — 2 — 2i) <7. b Hence on the same Argand diagram shade in the region which satisfies jz - 4 — 2i| = 2, |z — 4| < |z — 6} and O < arg(z — 2 — 2i)< i ai |z-—4-2i=<2, y |z — 4 — 2i| = 2 represents a circle centre —_—_—oee (4, 2), radius 2. , _ |z-4- 2i] < 2 represents the region on | 2 the inside of this circle. O 4 : |z — 4 — 2i| < 2 represents the boundary and the inside of this circle.oa a CHAPTER 3 emma) ae ee ee eee eee ii OS arg(z-2-2i)s a J (2, 2) O| 2 x b |z-4-2i| <2, |z—-4|< |z—- 6 and O 2 c |z+ 7|2 \|z-1| d |z+ 6|>|z+2 + Bi e 2<|z<3 f 1<|z+4i)<4 g 3<|z—3+ 5i <5 h 2|z| > |z - 3]Further complex numbers 2 The region R in an Argand diagram is satisfied by the inequalities |z| = 5 and |z| = |z — 6i|. Draw an Argand diagram and shade in the region R. 3' Shade in on an Argand diagram the region satisfied by the set of points P(x, y), where z+ 1-i< Land 0 < arg z < 32 4, Shade in on an Argand diagram the region satisfied by the set of points P(@, y), where lz] <3 and 7 < arg(z + 3) < 7. 5 a Sketch on the same Argand diagram: ithe locus of points representing |z — 2| = |z — 6 — 8il, ii the locus of points representing arg(z — 4 — 2i) = 0, A, 3° The region R is defined by the inequalities |z — 2| < |z — 6 — 8i] and 0 s arg(z — 4 - 2i)< iii_ the locus of points representing arg(z — 4 — 2i) = fl, 3° b On your sketch in part a, identify, by shading, the region R. 6 a Find the Cartesian equations of: i the locus of points representing |z + 10| = |z — 6 — 4v2il, ii the locus of points representing |z + 1] = 3. b Find the two values of z that satisfy both |z + 10] = |z — 6 — 4V2ij and |z + 1| = 3. c Hence shade in the region R on an Argand diagram which satisfies both |z + 10| < |z — 6 — 4V2i| and |z + 1| <3. 3.9 You can apply transformations that map points on the z-plane to points on the w-plane by applying a formula relating z = x + iy to w = u + iv. Example EX] The point P? represents the complex number z on an Argand diagram where |z| = 2. T,, T, and T; represent transformations from the z-plane, where z = x + iy, to the w-plane where w = u + iv. Describe the locus of the image of P under the transformations: a T;:W=z-2+ 4i, b To: w = 32, c T3.w=4zt+i. e |z)=2 Firstly the locus of P in the z-plane is a circle centre (0, 0), radius 2. This is the locus of P in the z-plane before any transformations have been applied.