Primary Sources

Bridges, Ruby. "HISTORY: My Story." African American World (1997): n. pag. Web. 5

Dec 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/history/spotlight_september3.html>.

   Bridges-Hall, Ruby. Online NewsHour Interview by Charlayne Hunter-Gault. 18 Feb 1997.

PBS, 1997. Print. 5 Dec 2010.                                

<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/jan-june97/bridges_2-18.html>.

The two PBS sources influenced my project by giving me first-hand knowledge

from a person who lived through the integration process, Ruby Bridges. The

interview and book excerpts from Ruby’s autobiography “Through My Eyes”

showed me that this would be a great topic for the NHD theme. In both sources,

Ruby explains how the whole experience was for her, what she learned, and how she

got through such a hard time. She mentions countless people like her psychiatrist,

Dr. Cole, and how he was able to help her overcome her fears, as well as the U.S.

Marshalls that walked her from the car to school every day.

"Exploring Constitutional Conflicts- Separate But Equal?: The Road to Brown." n. pag.

Web. 5 Dec 2010.

<http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm>.

              This website provided me with pictures and key facts about the National

Association for the Advancement of Colored People, otherwise known as the

NAACP. This site also went into greater detail about all the other cases around the

country similar to Brown v. Board of education.

McDowell, Wendy S. "HDS - News - Ruby Bridges." Harvard Divinity School. 18 Apr.

2002. Web. 01 Jan. 2011.

<http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/article_archive/bridges.html>.

This was another interview of Ruby Bridges-Hall. This article goes into greater

detail about Ruby's relationship with her teacher and her psychiatrist, both of whom

are from Boston. Ruby collaborated with her psychiatrist Robert Coles in the

creation of the children's picture-book "The Story of Ruby Bridges." Ruby also talks

about the need for education to be diverse so children are exposed to all different

kinds of people while they grow up, rather than discover them later.

Ruby Bridges Foundation. "Ruby Bridges Official Website." Ruby Bridges. Ed. Ruby

Bridges-Hall. Ruby Bridges Foundation, 2000. Web. 01 Jan. 2011.

<http://www.rubybridges.com/story.htm>.

This site, like the PBS sites, gave another in-depth look at Ruby's life as she grew

up     and her experiences being the first colored child to attend William Frantz

Elementary. She was born in 1954, the year Brown v. Board of Education was passed. It

was not     until she was 6 years old and entering first grade that it was decided William

Frantz     would become integrated.

"September, 1997 - The 40th Anniversary of One of America's Most Important Civil Rights

Events." Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary. Ed. Craig Rains. Public

Relations, Inc, 2000. Web. 01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.centralhigh57.org/>.

This website provided much information about what it was like integrating a

public high school. It included much detail associated with attitudes towards a new

way of life and also showed how state government as well as the people resisted to
 the change. The president knew that this switch to equal education was necessary so

he did all in his power to create an equal system while keeping everyone safe.

"The I Have a Dream Speech - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net." Index Page

- The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net. Ed. Steve Mount. U.S. Constitution    

Online, 1995. Web. 01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.usconstitution.net/dream.html>.

This website was used to quote Dr. Martin Luther King Jr's "I Have A Dream"

speech given at the nation's capitol on August 28, 1963. It mentions the governor of

Alabama, Orval Faubus, who requested that Little Rock High School be surrounded

by the state's National Guard to prevent the nine black children from entering the

building. It main focus was how the constitution granted everyone the same equal

rights and that unfair treatment of colored folk was not just. MLK Jr went on to talk

about the “dreams” he had  for this country such as white children being friends with

colored children and all people getting along together. He wanted an end to hatred;

MLK Jr. wanted all people to work together for the common good of the world and

for scorn, inequality and injustice to cease forever.

The Library of Congress, . ""With An Even Hand." Brown v. Board At Fifty A Century of

Racial Segregation,1849-1950." Library of Congress Exhibitions (2010): n. pag.

Web. 5 Dec 2010. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/>.

                    This website was a great one for finding more detailed information about the

NAACP, as well as teacher’s rights throughout that time period. It also mentioned

different types of segregation that the colored people had to cope with such as bus

transportation and public restrooms. his site also showed that primary and secondary

education were not the only ones effected by Brown v. Board of Education, college
 level schooling was also not integrated until after this case was tried and won. More

pictures were also found on this website.

U.S. Supreme Court, . "U.S. Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education." Find Law -

Cases and Codes For Legal Professionals (1954): n. pag. Web. 5 Dec 2010.

<http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=347&invol=483>.

Case Law contained the exact case that was argued  in 1952, re-argued in 1953

and decided in 1954; this said case was Brown v Board of Education. It contained all the

viewpoints of each member of the court and in the beginning of the document it also

contains the reasons for why the case was won. It mentions many times throughout the

introduction of the article that because of the 14th amendment, colored people deserved

the same public education that while children receive; there should be no unequal

education.

Secondary Sources

"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Fourteenth Amendment -

Birthright Citizenship Anchor Babies - US Constitution Interpretation and

Misinterpretation." The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution -

Fourteenth Amendment - Anchor Babies Birthright Citizenship - Interpretations and

Misinterpretations - US Constitution. Ed. Fred Elbel. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.

<http://www.14thamendment.us/amendment/14th_amendment.html>.

This website was used for the excerpt of the 14th Amendment. I felt I should

include this because the 14th Amendment was what Brown v. Board of Education

used to justify its decision on the case(s).

"Brown v. Board of Education - New World Encyclopedia." Info:Main Page - New World    

Encyclopedia. Ed. Dr. Frank Kaufmann. 16 Jan. 2009. Web. 11 Jan. 2011.            

<http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Brown_v._Board_of_Education>.

This website was used for the mapping image of the US. This showed where

the case of Brown vs. Board of Education would be affected, which was primarily the

South.

Oracle Thinkquest: Education Foundation, Projects By Students, For Students. Oracle

Thinkquest n. pag. Web. 1 Jan 2011.

<http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112391/brown_v__board_of_education.htm>.

                        This article created by students learning about the Civil Rights Movement

explains how Brown v. Board of Education got started in 1951. Oliver Brown wanted

his daughter to have the same opportunities as any white and he was intent on sending

her to a white school the following school year, but the school denied his daughter,

Linda, acceptance because she was African American. The NAACP then began trying

throughout the country to make it so all colored children were allowed to attend all

white schools. The State court refused to honor the request because they were still

under the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson which stated that colored people were

“separate but equal” to whites. The five cases found throughout the country were then

grouped together to form Brown v. Board of Education and tried at the U.S. Supreme

Court. Three years after the case was brought to the Supreme Court, it was ruled that

education should not be separate, all should be educated with the same tools and

facilities needed for raise a healthy and functional society. Although the court ruled
 separate schools as unconstitutional to the 14th amendment, many schools were slow

to integrate because of the harsh prejudice against blacks that still existed.  

Oracle Thinkquest: Education Foundation; Projects By Students, For Students. Oracle

Thinkquest. n. pag. Web. 5 Dec 2010.

<http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112391/civil_rights_leaders.htm>.

This website was created by students who were learning about the segregation

of public schools. Information contained in this site dealt with many facts about the

South and how they had a strong desire not to integrate, unlike the North. There was

also information about the other aspects of the Civil Rights Movement such as public

restrooms, water fountains and transportation.

Rury, John L. "Encyclopedia of Chicago: School Desegregation." Electronic Encyclopedia

of Chicago, Chicago Historical Society (2005): n. pag. Web. 5 Dec 2010.

<http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/112"Civil Rights Leaders."

1.html>.

                     This source had information about how segregation was not only in the South

such as Mississippi and Alabama, in was in some areas of the North as well especially

as one moved further west such as Kansas. Segregation is Education was everywhere,

all over the country, and especially in large cities like Chicago. The North adapted

more quickly to the change than the South.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. "Brown v. Board of Education Facts and Myths." WILL-AM-

FM-TV-Online | Illinois Public Media | University of Illinois. PBS & NPR, 2008.

Web. 01 Jan. 2011.

<http://www.will.uiuc.edu/community/beyondbrown/brownfacts.htm>.
 Many myths and facts about the Brown v. Board of Education were contained

in this website. An example would be that there were five cases from all over the

country that were tried and later all were grouped together and taken to the U.S.

Supreme Court as Brown v. Board of Education. The NAACP used the name Brown

because he was the first case in the lawsuit out of the five.

Zimmerman, Thomas. "Plessy v. Ferguson." BGSU :: University Home Page :: Bowling

Green State University Home Page. Computing for ACS Course, Spring 1997. Web.

01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/plessy/plessy.html>.

The case of Plessy v. Ferguson made racial segregation legal and justified for

over 50 years until it was overruled by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. Under

this ruling, the "separate but equal" way of life was put into effect. This court ruling

created an inequality of race such as the colored people getting the lower quality of

everything from public restrooms to public transportation. The colored people had

the same rights political as a white person but not the same social rights.