Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Ee Qbansm6

    Uploaded by

    Anagha Menon
    9 views13 pages

    Original Title

    EE QBANSM6

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views13 pages

    Ee Qbansm6

    Uploaded by

    Anagha Menon

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 13
    ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 1 162 Teer hook OF WASTIWATIR ENGINEERING. 3. Land filling Ifa suitable site is convenient, 9 sanitary land fll can he a disposal of sludge, grease, grit and other solids, whether it fog or nol. However, dewatering is recommended before siich, ice so that the cost of hauling the sludge is reduced. In a neo landfill, the waste are deposited in a designated area, cam, Sanitary place with a tractor 6r roller and covered with $0 em Laver ‘lean soil. The sanitary land fill method is most suitable if jp i alse see for disposal of the other solids wastes of the commumity, 5 drainage from the site that would cause polhition of Broun wares supplies or surface streams must be guarded against. 4. Sludge lagooning A lagoon is a shallow earth basin into which untreated or sludge is deposited. Untreatedtalutige lagoons stabilize the organic solids by anaerobic and aerobic decomposition, which Bie ise to objectionable odours, Hence the lagoons should be located away from the town, The depth of the lagoon may vary from 05 to L5 m. The depth of the lagoon and its area should be about twice that is required for sand drying under conditions, Agricultural tile drains of about 10 cm dia_are placed atSm centres at the bottom of the lagoon, and a 15 em thick layer of ashes or clinker is placed over it to facilitate drain of water fron wet sludge. The detention time may vary from. 1 to 2 months. After the sludge has been stabilized and the moisture is drained ‘evaporated, the contents of the lagoon are dug out to about half of its volume used as manure. Lagoons are less expensive to build and operate; they have heen resorted to, particularly for digested shadge in areas Where large open land suitably located is available, Use af lagoous is not generally desirable, as they present an ugly sight and cause odour and mosquito breeding. a 5. Disposing in water or sea This is not common method of disposal the availability of a large body: AL some sea coast sites, barged tw sea far enor ~ Temperature > FACTORS AFFECTING SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS, © Rate of digestion increases at higher temperature. >FACTORS AFFECTING SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS ¥ Temperature i, Zone of thermophilic digestion * High temperature zone — 40°C to 60°C. * Acted upon by heat loving thermophilic organisms. * Optimum temperature is about 54°C — digestion within 10 — 15 days. ii, Zone of mesophilic digestion Moderate temperature zone — 25°C to 40°C. Acted upon by mesophilic organisms. * Optimum temperature is about 29°C — digestion in 30 days. >FACTORS AFFECTING SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS vpH value Should not lower below 6.5 Optimum value — 7.2 to 7.4 (in the final stage) Acidity increases duc to oOvendosing of raw sludge oOver withdrawal of digested sludge © Sudden admission of industrial wastes GRemedy: Add hydrated lime — 2.3 to 4.5 kg per 1000 persons to the raw sludge. Raw sludge of about 3- 5% of the weight of the digested sludge should only be added dai P| ‘Scanned wih CamScanner FACTORS AFFECTING SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS Y Seeding with digested sludge Seed with digested sludge from another tank Speeds up the digestion process ~ Mixing and stirring of raw sludge with digested sludge “Proper agitation methods mixes raw and digested sludge to form homogeneous mass of sludge. “Bacterial enzymes present in digested sludge gets thoroughly mixed up — helps in better decomposition. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 9.28. Factors Affecting Sludge Diedion and Their Control The important factors which affect the process of sludge digestion, and are, therefore, controlled in a digestion tank, are: 1. Temperature ; 2. pH value ; te of digestion, tar nan preci : rate o| tion, but not to any a iable extent. The important factors which are ly responsible for controlling the rate and effectiveness of sludge-digestion are discussed below : ‘Scanned wih CamScanner w.EasyEngineering.net + ATMENT OF SEWAGE Pay {J Temperature. The process of digestion is greatly influenced temperature ; rate of digestion being more at higher temperctures and e versa, The effect of temperature on digestion period is shown in Fig, 9.27, In this figure, two distinct temperature zones are indicated ; ie. (i) Zone of Thermophilic Digestion. In this zone of high temperature, diguation is brought about by heat loving thermophilic eqenites, The temperature in this zone ranges between 40 to 60°C. The optimum temperature in this zone is about 54°C, and at this temperature, the digestion period can be brought down to about 10—15 days only. However, therm range temperatures are generally not employed for digesting sewage 474/531 « owning to odours and other operational difficulties. / v ) Zone of Mesophilie Digestion. In this zone of moderate temperavure, digestion is brought about by cammon mesophilic organisms. The temperature in this zone ranges between 25 to 40°C. The optimum mesophilic temperature is about 29°C ; and at this temperature, the digestion period can be brought down to about 30 days. Hence, it ean be concluded that the sludge can be quickly digested, if the temperature in the digestion tank is kept high. The best results are obtained (for 90% digestion) Digestion period in days 10 Temp in*C —~ Fig. 9.27. Showing effect of temperature on sludge digestion period. At About 29°C (i.e. the optimum mesophilic temperature) when about 90% of digestion takes place in about 30 days. But it may, however, be pointed out that it is difficult to control temperature in practice, as it mainly depends upon the prevailing local climatic conditions. Although external heating devices may sametimes be employed to contral temperature in the digestion tanks, especially in cold countries. a . (2) pH Valuo, It was pointed out earlier that during the digestion process, a Jot of volatile organic acids aro formed, as an intermediate step, in the breakdown of organic material. Theso volatile acids are then converted into Tethano gas by a specialised group of strictly anaerobic and slow growing bacteria, called methane formers. If the methane formers are nat operating Properly, an accumulation of volatile acids may occur, causing the pH to drop toa value as low as 6.0, which will suppreas dUcyer Pacers PxkiO Hemet ot ‘Scanned wih CamScanner Downloded From : www.E 2 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING ‘during digestion, care must be taken to keep the acidity well under control, no that the pH during the digester start-up docs not go below 6.5 or so, and thug tosce that alkaline conditions (with optimum pH about 7.2 to 7.4) may prevai) ultimately, in the final stage of digestion. - The acidity inereases, (i) with the overdosing of raw sludge ; (ii) with the over withdrawal of digested sludge ; and (iii) with the sudden admission of industrial wastes, The remedy in such cases is to add hydrated lime in doses of 2.3 to 4.6 kg. per 1000 persons to the raw sludge. The weight of raw sludge to be added daily, for the maintenance of optimum value of pH, should also be limited to 3 to 5 per cent of the weight of the digested sludge removed. (3) Seeding with the Digested Sludge. When n sludgo digestion tank is first put in operation, it is highly beneficial to seed it with the digested aludgo from another tank, Without seeding, it may take a few months to get a tank operating properly, Proper seeding will help attain quick balance conditions of reaction. (4) Mixing and Stirring of the Raw Sludge with the Digested Sludge. Incoming fresh raw sludge should be thoroughly mixed with the digested sludge, by some effective method of agitation, so as to make a homogenous mass of raw as woll as digested (or partly digested) sludge. In this way, the bacterial enzymes present in the digested aludge will get every opportunity to get mixed with the raw sludge, and to attack it for subsequent decomposition. ‘The mixing of raw and digested sludge achieved by stirring the aludge in the sludge digestion tank by slow moving mechanical devices ; or the gases of decomposition may be used to set up agitation by circulating from bottom to top of the tank and vice versa, by means of a pumping device, Excossive stirring may produce harmful effects, as it may kill the bacteria. ‘The proper stirring however, results in even distribution of incoming sludge, ‘breaks and reduces the acum, and helps in increasing the production of gases. In cold countries, where it is necessary to heat the digestion tanks, so as to maintain optimum mesophilic temperature (about 29°C), the stirring may help in transmitting heat from the heating coils to the tank contents ; and thus to attain uniform temperature throughout the tank. i 9.29. Sludge Digestion Tank or Digestors Ucrobie Suspended Culture) 9.29.1. Constructional Details. A typical sludge di tank is shown it Fig, 9.28. It consnta of a circular RCC. tank with boomed ng a faving a fixed or «floating type of tot over its top. The raw sludges pumped into the tank, and when the tank is first put iato operation, it ipeceded with | | “Floating type of root rises or lla wih Ine pec uccesrively. It may also be enla Pressure of gas, and it keepa out aif small installations, ued to work a8 w gas holder, Such type of roof is useful for Finod type of roof is used when ment in this case ahould be anmade ste s'® 88M hold fre provided ‘Te aeennsene ‘Scanned wih CamScanner fo, aHererore, regremucu mt ure eases pee ene That. Stages ix ie Badge Digestion Praceay Three distinct stages have been found to occur in the biological action involved ‘in the natural process of sludge digestion. These stages are : (i) Acid fermentation ; (ii) Acid regression ; and (iit) Alkaline fermentation. These stages are briefly summarised here : * () Acid Fermentation Stage or Acid Production Stage. In this first stage of sludge digestion, the fresh sewage-sludge begins to be acted upon by anaerobic and facultative bacteria, called acid formers. Theso organisms solubilize the organic solids through hydrolysis. The soluble products are then fermented to volatile acids and organic alcohols of low molecular weight like Propionic acid, acetic acid, ete. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and Pane Ann ‘Scanned wih CamScanner Downloded From ; ww 320 {SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEER yc, |. Intensive acid production makes 4). 4 hydrogen sulphide are also stsind. H value to less than 6, Hight Hudge highly acidic, and lowers the p ly putrefactive odours are evolved turing thia stage, which continues for about 15 days or so (at abaut 21°C), BOD ofthe aludge increases to some extent, during this stage. - iat ' e. In this intermediate stage, the volatile organic ‘acids and ‘nropenove compounds ofthe Gist age, aro attacked by thy bacteria, so as to form acid carbonates and ammonia compounds. Smal} amounts of hydrogen sulphide and carbon-dioxide gases are also given off. The decomposed sludge has a very offensive odour, and its pH value rises a little, and to be about 6.8, Tho decomposed sludge, also, entraps the gases of decomposition, becomes foamy, and rises to tho surface to form scum, This stage continues for a period of about 3 months or so (at about 21°C), BOD of the sludge remains high even during this stage. + (iii) Alkaline Fermentation Stage. In this final stage of sludge digestion, more resistant materials like proteins and organic acids are attacked and broken up by anaerobic bacteria, called methane formers, into simple substances like ammonia, organic acids and gases. During this stage, the liquid separates out from the solids, and the digested sludge is formed. This sludge is granular and stable, and does not give offensive odours. (It has a musty earthy odaur), This digested sludge is collected at tho bottom of the digestion tank, and is also called ripened aludge. Digested sludge is alkaline in nature. The pH value during this stage rises to a little above 7 (about 7.5 or so) in the alkaline range. Large volumes of methane gas (having a considerable fuel value) alongwith small amount of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, are evolved during this stage. This stage extends for a period of about ‘ane month or so (at about 21°C), The BOD of the sludge also rapidly falls down during this stage, | Itis, thus, seen that several months (about 44 months or so) are required for the complete process of digestion to take place under natural uncontrolled conditions at about 21°C, This period of digestion is, however, very much dependent upon the temperature of digestion, and other factors, If these Kectars are one lod, quicker and effective digestion can be brought about, as ‘Scanned wih CamScanner pe CONDITIONING ludge is conditioned to improve its dewatering characteristics. Two methods are commonly used for sludge conditioning (i) addition of chemicals and (ii) heat treatment. Chemical conditioning + Results in coagulation of the solids and release of the absorbed water. + Conditioning is used in advance of vacuum filtration and centrifugation. Chemicals used include ferric chloride, lime, alum and organic polymers. The chemical dosage required is determined in the laboratory test. + The sludge which is difficult to dewater requires higher dose. Heat Treatment of sludge + Itis a stabilization and a conditioning process. This involves heating of sludge for short period (30 min) under pressure (1.0 to 1.4 MN/m2). + The temperature is kept in the range of 140 to 2000 C. + The treatment coagulates solids, breaks down the gel structure and reduces the water affinity of sludge solids. As a result the sludge is sterilized, deodorized, and is dewatered readily on vacuum filter or filter presses, without addition of chemicals. + The heat treatment process is most applicable to biological sludges that may be difficult to stabilize or condition by other means. The high capital costs of equipment generally limit its use in the large plants. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner i” digested sludge from the digestor conta ins lots of water which should be removed by dewatering and then disposed off. Ostudge drying beds QO Mechanical methods Dewatering, drying and disposal of sludge by sludge drying beds. “Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land — sludge drying beds. © Suitable for hot countries — India. GE DRYING BEDS - Open beds of land having 45 to 60cm deep DEWATERING O aaa cd Y Sludge drying beds ofan —+1.5m x 30m in plan Swng leaped chao Sem 2.0 —+45 to 60 cm deep Area — 0.05 to 0.2sq.m per capita. Bottom layer —thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone — size varying from TScm at bottom to 125m at top. Top layer — 10 to 1Sem thick course sand layer. CranitsN proe Open jointed under drained iad pipe — 15 em dia — 5 to 7 em ONS RG TER sptcing — below gravel layer Neo in valleys ¥ Sludge drying beds Surrounded by brick wall rising about Im above the sand surface. —Distribution troughs - Opening: 15 em x 20 em — spacing: 2m —+Sewage sludge from digestion tank is spread over the top to a depth of 20 to 30es ths to dry the y y i 1 H y y —+2 weeks - 2 sludge. H i 4 dl q q q i y | Pzzctbzcrteaa, Ns oe 4 f ‘Scanned wih CamScanner ()pewatering of sludge - Mechanical Methods 1. Vacuum filtration Sludge is first mixed with a coagulant such as ferric chloride and and then conveyed to vacuum filter. It consists of a hollow rotating drum,covered with a replaceable filter cloth. The drum rotates partly submerging into the sludge.The vacuum created by the pump within the drum draws moisture from the sludge through cloth. The sludge cake which is formed on the outside of the drum is removed by a scraper,as the drum rotates. 2. High speed centrifuges + Popular one ,because of small area requirements + Removes 50 % of moisture > By vacuum filtration or by high speed centrifuges. > 50% moisture removed > High speed ce > Before vac ges requires only a sm. ter: is washed by the process of move the orga

    You might also like