————————————ooEE Oxidation ditch © The oxidation ditch is a modified form of "extended aeration" of activated sludge process, {ASP modified by eliminating primary sedimemation tank and sludge digestion tank in extended aeration aims to provide longer aeration period} © The ditch consists of a long continuous channel oval in shape with two surface rotors placed across the channel © The channel may be earthen with lined sloping sides and lined floor or it may be built in concrete or brick with vertical walls © The sewage is aerated by a surface rotor placed across the channel. The rotor entrains the necessary oxygen into the liquid and keeps the contents of the ditch mixed and moving. © They are designed to impart a velocity of 0.3 to 0.4 m/s to the mixed liquor. © Thoroughly acrated sewage is then settled in a settling tank by stopping the rotors for 2 hours, © Clear supernatant liquor is taken out and a part of settled sludge(low BOD) is recirculated and remaining excess sludge dried on sand beds. © The quality of the effluent obtained is quite good, with 95% suspended solids removal and BOD removal of about 98%, © Cage motors usually have a dia, of 70 cm and a speed of 75 rpm @ The depth of the ditch is kept as 1 to 1.2m and the length of the ditch varies from 150m to 1000m_ ‘Scanned wih CamScanner1, Intermittent flow type 2. Continuous flow type Intermittent flow type © In this type, no separate settling tank is used. © The flow in the ditch remains suspended during a predetermined period, by stopping the rotor, and the ditch itself is used for settling. The Supernatant is withdrawn through the outlet. The surplus sludge settled in the ditch, is removed with the aid of a sludge tap. © For intermittent Operation, the cycle consists of: © closing the inlet valve and aerating the waste water. © stopping the rotor and letting the contents settle © Opening both inlet and outlet valves, thereby allowing the incoming wastewater to displace an equal volume of clarified effluent Conti a ¢ In this type, the operation is kept continuous by allowing the mixed liquor to settle in a separate settling tank. ‘© Quiescent conditions in the clarified liquid passes over the effluent weir for final disposal © The settled sludge is removed from the bottom of the clarifier by an air lift or pump and is returned to the ditch, AERATION TOR INFLUENT err.ueNT EFFLUENT (>) CONTINUOUS FLOW TYPE Fig. 15.1 Oxidation ditch (a) intermittent flow type: (6) continuous Now toe ‘Scanned wih ComScannerfea egos © Aerated lagoon is a deeper oxidation pond, in which oxygen is introduced by mechanical Aerators rather than relying on the photosynthetic oxygen production alone. © As these ponds are deeper than the oxidation ponds and as they are artificially aerated, less detention time and areas are required. ‘The depth of basin ranges between 2.4 102.6 Detention time - 4 to 6 hours © The land area required is about $ to 10% of that required for an equivalent oxidation pond Efficiency obtained ranges biw 65 to 90% ‘The aerated lagoons are frequently used for treating industrial waste waters An aerated lagoon system ee 9 9 Saat © Depending upon the extent of mixing, the lagoons may be classified as © Complete mix, lagoons (Aerobic aerated lagoons) © Partially mixed lagoons (facultative aerated Lagoons) © Complete mix. lagoons (Aerobie aerated lagoons) © In this type, @ greater amount of aeration is provided to keep all the solids in suspension due to which the entire pond is aerobic. BOD removal - 75 to 85% At consists of two units © Inthe first, mechanical surface aerators ate designed so that solids do not settle to the bottom of the tank © second unit is used as a Settling tank for the removal of Suspended solids. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner© Partially mixed lagoons (facultative aerated Lagoons) The lagoons are operated at a low rate of aeration not adequate to keep all the sol in suspension but enough to keep top layers aerobic. The sewage solids tend to settle down and anaerobic bottom is established A large portion of incoming solids are the biological solids produced within | lagoon settle to the bottom of the tank where anaerobic decomposition takes place The effluent from this type of tanks is more stable BOD removal ~ 75 10 90% ADVANTAGES + Lagoon systems can be cost-effective to design and construct in areas where land is inexpensive. * They use less energy than most waste water treatment methods. + They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time stuff. * They can handle intermittent use and shock loadings better than many systems, making them a good option for campgrounds, resorts, and other seasonal properties. DISADVANTAGES + Lagoon systems require more land than other treatment methods. + They are less efficient in cold climates and may require additional land or longer detention times in these areas. + Odour can become a nuisance during algal blooms or with anaerobic lagoons and lagoons that are inadequately maintained. + Unless they are property maintained, lagoons can provide a breeding area for mosquitoes and other insects. ‘Scanned wih CemScanner2:03 PM 0.02K/s eu a) + CO 35% 3 The effluent coming out from Septic tank contains large amount of putrescible organic matter and its BOD is quite high so it should be disposed of carefully so as to cause a minimum nuisance of risk to the health of the people. © The following three methods of disposal of septic tank effluent are commonly adopted: © Soil absorption System © Biological filters © Upflow anaerobic filters © It involves the disposal of effluent on land. © It can be adopted only when sufficient land is available and soil is sufficiently porous © Percolation rate should not exceed 60 minutes( per em), The percolation rate of a soil is defined as the time in minutes required for seepage of water through that ground by 1 em © The soil absorption system may be of following types: 1. Seepage pit or Soak pit 2. Dispersion Trench s 4 5: © Asoak pit is a circular covered pit, through which the effluent is allowed to be soaked or absorbed into the surrounding soil . © The soak pit may either be filled with stone aggregates or may be kept empty © When the soak pit is empty, the pit is lined with brick, stone, or concrete blocks with dry open joints. © The brick lining is supported below the inlet level by at least 75 mm thick backing of the coarse aggregate © I the soak pit filled with stone aggregates, no lining is required except for the top masonry ring which is constructed to prevent damage by flooding of soak pit by surface runoff. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner@ In this method, septic tank effluent is allowed to enter into a masonry chamber (distribution box), from where it is uniformly distributed through an underground network of open jointed pipes into absorption trenches called dispersion trenches. e The present organic matter in the effluent will be absorbed in the absorption trenches, which are filled with gravel and well graded aggregate. © The clearer water will seep down to the water table © Plants are usually grown on the top of absorption trenches ,which get their irrigation water requirement fulfilled by capillary from the seeping water from the absorption trenches. ¢ The value of maximum allowable rate of effluent application is given by, standard percolation rates in minutes ‘Scanned with CemScannerSuitable for treatment of septic tank effluent where the soil is relatively impervious( percolation rate is >60 minutes) or waterlogged areas or where land limited land area is available. In a biological filter, the effluent from septic tank is brought to contact with a suitable medium, the surfaces of which become coated with organic film. The film assimilates and oxidises much of the polluting matter through the agency of microorganisms. B.F requires ample ventilation system of under drains leading to an outlet. B.F may either rectangular or circular. A series of fixed channels or rotating arm distributors may be used for distributing the effluent on the media, Adequate ventilation is provided by air vents in the floor level of the filter. The filter effluent is finally discharged into city surface drain . ‘Scanned wih CamScannerThey are operating under submerged condition Also used for giving secondary treatment to the effluent of septic tank befo its final disposal In this filter , septic tank effluent is introduced from the bottom and the microbial growth is retained on the stone media making possible higher rates and efficient digestion Capacity - 0.04 to 0.05 ni BOD removal of 70% can be expected and effluent is clear and fiee from odour and nuisance. 2 types of upflow anaerobic filters are there, © Single chambered © Double chambered ‘ham! ns ir upflow Chamber is packed with course material and the size of the packing medi should be 20 mm .The stone media rests on a perforated concrete bottom s1 Effluent from septic tank enters the bottom of the filter chamber through « 150 mm dia pipe and is distributed upward through the media from a perforated slab at the bottom The effluent from the top of the bed is allowed to eseape over a V- notch. Sill level is kept 150mm above the top of the medium. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerFig. 9.58. (0) Single chambered rectangular upfiow anaerobic Miter Double chambered rectangular type Filter consists of two interconnected compartments. First chamber is filled to a depth of 0.55m with 20mm coarse medium. Second chamber is filled with to a depth of 0.45m with 20mm size coar aggregate. © Septic tank effluent falls through a perforated tray over the medium in t first compartment and enters the second compartment directly from the bottom ¢ Effluent passes up through the medium in the second chamber and escapes over a V- notch placed 75 mm above the top of the medium. anaerobx fier Fie. 258. (6) Double chambered recta Pon ST of woit ‘Scanned with CamScanner9.49.3. Disposal of the Effluent from the Septic Tank. The effluent coming out from a septic tank is no better than the effluent of an ordin; Sedimentation tank. It contains large amount of putrescible organic malice (200 to 250 mg/t), and its BOD is quite high (100 to 200 mg/i). This eMuent should, therefore, be disposed of carefully, so as to cause minimum nuisance or risk to the health of the people. The following three methods of disposal of septic tank effluent are usually adopted ; (i) Soil absorption system ; (ii) Biological filters ; and (iii) Upflow anaerobic filters. ‘These methods are discussed below : 9.49.3.1. Soil absorption system. The soil absorption system involves the disposal of effluent on land, and can be adopted only when sufficient land is available and the soil is sufficiently porous as to give a percolation rate not exceeding 60 minutes (per cm). The percolation rate of a soil or a ground is defined as the time in minutes required for seepage of water through that ground by 1 cm. Higher percolation rate naturally would reflect less porous soil. In case, sufficiently porous ground is not available, the effluent of the septic tank shall be subjected to a secondary treatment either in a biological filter or in an upflow anaerobic filter, before its final disposal either in a city sewer or drain, or for gardening purposes, The soil absorption system may be of the following two types : (a) seepage pit or soak pit ; and (6) dispersion trench. Both the above systems are explained below : (a) Disposal in Soak Pits. A soak pit is a circular covered pit, through which the efMfuent is allowed to be soaked or absorbed into the surrounding soil, The soak pit (or sewage pit) may either be filled with stone aggregate 45 shown in Fig. 9.55 (a) or may be kept empty as shown in Fig. 9.55 (b). When the soak pit is empty, the pit is lined with brick, stone or concrete blocks with dry open joints, In addition to this, this lining is supported below the inlet level by at Jeast 7.5 cm thick backing of coarse aggregate, as shown. Tho lining above the inlet level should bo plastered with cement mortar, as awe However, when the soak pit is filled with stone or brick aggregate, no Boing’ required except for a top masonry ring constructed to prevent damage by ‘Scanned wih CamScanner2:07 PM 0.00K/s O > 4) + 36% < Sewage Disposa.. [QQ @& : a peste OF SEWAGE os \3 eo fia + 45am ing Fig. 9.55. {b) Lined soak pit. Slooding of the pit by surface run off (Fig: 956 ). Theialet pipe may betaken toa depth of 0.9 m from the top as an anti-mosquito meMWe For disposal in soak pits, the underground soil should be highly Po Pervolation rate not exceeding 30 minutes. a, ic tank \) Disposal in Absorption Trenches. In this method inion bes), te in allowed to enter into a masonry chamber (ce A work of 0 where it is uniformly distributed through an trenches, 05 {Pointed pipes into absorption trenches, called the dispersion _ nin Fig. 9.56, Downloded From : www.EasyEnginecerin ‘Scanned with CamScannera ee ee re ee te ee a ee eee ae a required except for n tep masoary ring constructed to prevent damage Downloded From : ww' 3 396 ‘SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION Enaing Eng ‘The suspended organic matter present in the effluent will be the absorption trenches, which are filled with gravel and opt ig 56). The clearer water will seep down tev Sted aggregate, as shown (Fig. table. Plants are usually grown on the top of the absorption trench Wate xet their irrigation water requirement fulfilled by capillarity from ther, "ch Seeping water in the absorption trenches. Dispersion trenches or Absorption trenches Aor to 50cm ZX Cee Plants grown 2 4 t@allow settlement Gravel Gravel Open jointed drain pipe faseyennes Section B-B Section A-A (b) Section of Dispersion Trench Fig. 9.56. Absorption trench method for disposal of septic tank effluent. Dispersion trenches are not recommended in areas where fibrous roots of trees or vegetation are likely to penetrate the system and cause blockages- Dispersion trenches may be adopted on soils having percolation rate not exceeding 60 minutes. ‘Scanned with CamScanner¥.EasyEngincering.net Speer smot - nirmun absorption area of the pits or trench: required, roe al ton the basis of the max. allowable rate of effluent applica ie we d ot pe computed by using the empirical equation ie ich a0 (8.60) whered protien ha application in U/mday ¢ = standard percolation rate in minutes andard percolation rate or percolation rate of the a za stan a square or a circular test hole atthe level ofthe prepoaet we ser . The test hole width (or die) may be 10 to 30 em. The rate is Peined as the time in minutes required for the water to fall 1 cx. This rate is ined for the drop that occurs in the final 10 minutes ofthe test during a desl 1 hour period of the test. At the start ofthe test, 30 cm water depth is : for 24 hour in the test hole (which is filled with 5 cm depth of gravel) edilow full swelling of soil to approximate its condition during rainy season. ‘The value of max. allowable rate of effluent application, as obtained from £q.(9.60) which is given by “Manual on Sewage and Sewage Disposal” Govt. of India, is generally found to be on higher side ; and hence BIS has, vide 1S: 2470 (Part II) 1985, given another empirical equation for determining this rate, as : q= a (9.61) where g and ¢ have the same meaning as in Eq. (9.60). The allowable rates of effluent application for certain selected values of percolation rates are given in table 9.12 Table 9,12. Allowable Rates of Effluent Applications to Soil Absorption Systems ‘Maximum Rate of Effluent Application in mtd ‘Tho absorption area for a dispersion trench is the trench botton © ‘Tho absorption area for soak "rca theefectve sidewall are, fletive oF Note the bottom of the pit (nf ured foc 150mm below ser level isle ie a pits. Ihe pat the percolation rate exceeds 30, aes, hel hunni ol wherein rte rcs Soni suas ae a v.EasyEngineering.net _ssenrt OF SEWAGE = ‘Scanned with CamScanneront tehhd seebbeeeieeneens 2) ee Sceping sewage Section B-B Section A-A ' (#) Section of Dispersion Trench Fig. 9.56. Absorption trench method for disposal of septic tank effluent. i ts of Dispersion trenches are not recommended in areas where fibrous root treea or vegetation are likely to penetrate tho system and enuse blockages ot Dispersion trenches may be adopted on soils having percolation rate ™ exceeding 60 minutes. m SR SLz2F/ i 3 Downloded From : www.EasyE, 998 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POULT neon, Location of Sub-Surface Absorption System. A sub surface system shall not be installed closer than 18 m from any gourec Prin seater, such as a well to mitigate the possibility of bacterial poling! king supply. It shall also be as far away from the nearest habitable bag of wane cconomically feasible but not eloser than 6 m, to avoid daw alte asi, structures, The actual distance, hawever, shall be based on thease, the in relation to both percolation and bearing capacity. Care should 4oins sce thatthe ground below the adjacent building is not likely to tag 2883 0 the effluent seeping into the soil, fected by In limestones or ereviced rocks, the soil absorpti i recommended, as there may exist channels in such formations sant carry contamination over long distances, me, 949.32. Biologi- cal filters, Biological filters are suitable for treatment of septic tank effluent where the soil is relatively impervious (percolation rate > 60 minutes), o in waterlogged areas, or where limited and area in available. In a biological filter, the eMuent from septic tank is brought into contact with a suitable medium, the surfaces of wl become coated with an organic film. The film EQRTPREZ_ SRE 2 assimilates and oxidises much of the polluting matter througit the agency of micro-organisms. The biological filter requires ample ventilation and an efficient system of under-drains leading to an outlet, as discussed earlier. Note. Flexible joints may be required on inlet er out- Jot connections, where rigid pipes are used. Fig. 9.57. (0) Rectangular biologica} fiers ‘Scanned wih CamScanner209 th of medium should be 1.4 m but never less than 0 The deptuld be retained in postion by walls of adequate trench, Tre eg a id have a concrete floor, with a system of under-drains laid on it and sooeting of half channels laid upside down and open-jointed, or special tiles om ing to the outlet. iological filters may either be rectangular or circular as shown in - 4. 9.87 (a) and (b) respectively. A Series of fixed channels or rotating arm Figs. utors may be used for distributing the effluent on the media. Adequate tilation of biological filters is essential. Air vents communicating with the Jevel of the filter should be provided. Where the filter is below the ground Jevel, the vent pipes from the ends of the under-drains should be carried to 150 vy above the ground level outside the filter. Normaly the filter should not be ‘covered, but wire netting may be used to prevent falling of leaves fouling the surface of the filter or blocking the ends of the vent pipe. veal Jet or outlet connec Note, Flexible joints may be required on in! tions, where rigid pipes are Fig. 9.57 (b) Circular biological fiers. Downloded From : www.EasyEngineering.net attire cs ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDownloded From : www.F 400 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING It is essential that the volume of the filter medium is sufficient to sewage flow which occurs with small installations, such variation be pronounced if the smaller number of persons are served. For popul upto 10 persons, the volume should be 1 m? of medium per head ; for population of over 10 and up to 60 persons, 0.8 m* of medium per head : and population of aver 50 person the volume of media may be taken @0.6 mimes If pumping of the septic tank effluents forms part of the scheme recirculation of final effluent to dilute the septic tank effluent may be introduced to reduce the volume of the filter. The filter effluent is finally discharged into the city surface drain or sewer, or is evenly distributed over a grass plot from the system of channels, Wherg the effluent is likely to contaminate the water course, the effluent should be adequately disinfected. 9.49.3.3, Upflow anaerobic filters, The upflow type of filters (reverse filter) operating under submerged condition, as discussed in details in article 9.52, are also used for giving secondary treatment to the effluent of septic tank, before its final disposal. Such filters like biological filters, are used in areas which donot permit Innd disposal, such as in areas of high water-table, or in comparatively less porous areas, or at places where sufficient land is not available. In such a filter, the septic tank effluent is introduced from the bottom and the microbial growth is rotained on the stone media making possible higher rates and efficient digestion. The capacity of the unit is 0.04 to 0.05 m® per capita, or 1/3 to 1/2 the liquid capacity of the septic tank it serves. BOD removals of 70% can be expected and the effluent is clear and free from odour and nuisance, Single and double chambered type of rectangular upflow anaerobic filters, as shown in Figs. 9.58 (a) and (b) respectively, are generally used in conjunction with septic tanks, In a single chambered rectangular upflow tank (Fig. 9.58 (a)), the chamber is packed with coarse material and the sizo of the packing media should be 20 mm. The stone media rests on a perforated concrete false bottom slab, The effluent from the septic tank enters the bottom of the filter chamber | through a 150 mm dia pipe, and is distributed upward through the media from «a perforated slab at the bottom. ‘The vertical inlet is fitted with a tee at the bottom, one branch of which leads to the filter and the other branch is kept plugged while the filter functions. The plug can be removed to facilitate emptying into an adjoining chamber and cloaning the filter where required. The effluent from the 1? " the bed is allowed to escape over.a V-notch, The sill level is kept 150 mm 0 the top of the medium. allow for ing more ations of Fesident Downloded From : www.E ‘Scanned wih CemScannerJasyEngineering.net extant OF SEWAGE 401 XY}; Ay Kw yy : PSB 1 ber hae char ey AL Foor can be a lowered to collect g sludge in bucket A ‘perforated cone. block Fig. 9.58. (0) Single chambered rectangular upfiow anaerobic filter Removable slab sa aserobe Re Fie. 9.58. (b) Double chambered rectangular wre her consist of two inte In adouble-chambered rectangular type, the GAY Mt a depth Sennected compartments, [Fig. 9.58 (b)). The first char je ile to a dort 20.65 m with 20 mm coarse medium. The eptic tank effluent falls 0.45 m with 20 mm size coarse agaregate, The # and second compartment directly from phthrough the medium in the second chamier 8 te 78 mm above tho top of the medium. By Wel of the effluent through the filter is ee ST etepanet of scie me . tadtion of i pacnthod of posal wil usual \* 5 Downloded From : www.EasyEngineering net “Maen ‘Scanned wih CamScannerje 9.33. Design the dimensions of « septic tank fora smell colony ii from the municipal heed- Assume eny data, you may Solution. The quantity of water supplied = Per capita rate x Population = 120 x 150 litresiday = 18,000 Uday, Assuming that 80% of water supplied becomes sewnge, we have ‘The quantity of sewage produced = 18,000 « 0.8 = 14,400 Uday. Assuming the detention time to be 24 hours, we have ‘The quantity of sewage produced during the detention period (te, the capacity of the tank) = 14,400 « a = 14,400 litres, an ten ctennitnl yaar: and —. pane Now a: al comnaenigeiee ‘The volume of sludge = 30 = 160 « 1 = 4,500 litres. * Total required capacity of thotank = Capacity for sewage + Capacity for sludge 400 + 4,500 = 18,900 litres = 18.9. cu-m- Moning 1.8 monte dpi ibetank wt The surface aren of the 18.9 42 = 12.6 m*. agth to width is ke 1 {the ratie of the peas 3:1, wobave 3. Bt. 126 am PES ~ aa = 205 misoy2t™ Provide width = 2.1 m ; and Provide length of the tank = 6 m +. Aren of cross-section provided =6%2.1# 126 m* (came as required) Thus, the dimensions of the septic tank will be 6mx21m«(15+0.3) m overall depth 10.5 m used ns free-boargy Hence, use a tank of size 6m x 21mx 1.8m. Ans, ‘Scanned wih CamScanner1.Ease in construction. 2.No maintenance problem(except periodical cleaning). 3.Cost of construction is less. 4 Effluent can be discharged without any trouble. S.Itis suitable for isolated community. 6.Very little attention and skilled attendance is needed. LIFST is not properly functioning, effluent will be very foul & dark. 2.Leakage of gases from top cover of ST may cause bed smells & environmental polluti 3.Periodical cleaning, removal and disposal of sludge remains a tedious problem. 4 Unpredictable functioning. 5.Size required is large for larger communities. 6,Effluent contains high BOD. 7.Problem of mosquito nuisance. 8.Problem of groundwater contamination ‘Scanned wih CamScannerSerRT gh Tere aE . Advantages and Disadvantages of Septic Tanks. They are £3 A below = vantages ; i skilled (i) Septic tanks can be easily constructed, and do not require any pervision during construction. Moreover, there is no maintenance problem (except periodical cleaning) as there is no moving part in it. onthe Ai) Their cont is reasonable compared to the advantages and sanitstnt) y offer in rural or semi-urban areas, where no sewage system ee hn a An excellently functioning septic tank can considerably Mi mee said ana BOD frome sowagy ite less, a5 compared to that in \) The sludge volume to be disposed of is qui pared * normal sedimentation tank, "Tho quantity is reduced due to siete ie fee fn the tank itself. The reduction in volume is about 69% a2 eight is about 30%. on or) The effent from the sptc tank can be dispoted fon land in sh pi Pool, without much trouble. ; = : lated hospitals, bugneey are best suited for isolated rural areas, and for isol vantages ; : i any a times, cr af the tank is not properly functioning, which happens Bt th influent. © effluents will be very foul, dark, and even worser ban i Newnladed Fram + amo FacwEnaineerina net ‘Scanned wih CamScanner5 Downloded From : www.E ® 406 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTig, ENGine, (ii) They require too large sizes for serving many people, (iii) Leakage of gases from the top cover of septic tank ma: and environmental pollution. Y cause bag Smelt (iv) Periodical cleaning, removal and disposal of slud, ‘ problem. Be remains # Nediouy (v) The working of a septic tank is unpredictable and non, “uniform, ‘Scanned wih CamScannerG Iso known as Two-storey digestion tanks Imhoff tank is an improvement over septic tank, in which incoming sewage is not allowed to get mixed up with the sludge produced. © Outgoing effluent is not allowed to carry with it large amount of organic load. © It consists of rectangular tank with two chambers. © Sedimentation chamber © Digestion chamber © The upper chamber is called sedimentation chamber - Sewage flows through this chamber at very low velocity. The lower chamber is the digestion chamber, in which be sludge gets digested due to anaerobic decomposition e Anentrance lot is provided at the bottom of the sedimentation chamber to pass solids into the digestion chamber. The gas Vent (scum chamber) is also provided above the digestion chamber and alongside the sedimentation Chambers to take care of the gases escaping to the Surface. e The Space between the bottom of the sedimentation chamber and top of the digestion chamber is called neutral zone. It prevents the entry of sludge or scum from the digestion chamber into the sedimentation chamber. © The digestion chamber is divided into a number of interconnected compartments. © The bottom of each digestion compartment is made up in the form of an inverted cone of the hopper with sides sloping 1:1. © The digested sludge from the bottom of the hoppers is periodically removed through desludging pipes. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerFig. 9.59. imhotf tank. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner~ -suvrm, (9.50. Imhoff Tanks Sept iewe n Imhoff tank is an improvement over septic tank, in w) ich the incon; ~~ ‘Sewage is not allowed to get mixed up with the sludge Produced, and nt outgoing effluent is not allowed to carry with it large amount of organic loa, as in the ease of a septic tank. An Imhoff tank is, infact, a two storeyed tank and was designed by a German scientist Mr. Karl Imhoff. They are some also known as Two-storey Digestion Tanks. 9.60.1. Constructional Details. The typical details of an Imhoff tank are shown in Fig. 9.59, It is a double chamber rectangular tank. The upper chamber is called the sedimentation chamber or flowing through chamber, through which the sewage flows at a very low velocity ; and the lower chamber is the digestion chamber, in which the sludge gets digested due to anaerobic decomposition. The solids of the slowly moving sewage, settling down to the bottom of the sedimentation chamber, through the sloping bottom sides of the sedimentation chamber (slope being 1.25 vertical to 1 horizontal, as shown) will slide down into the digestion chamber through an entrance slot at the lowest point of a sedimentation chamber, The slot (with minimum width as 15 em) is trapped or overlapped in such a way that the gases generated in the digestion chamber cannot entor the sedimentation chamber, and thus avoiding direct contact of Sewage with the foul gases, and its consequent pollution, A Gas vent also called Scum chamber is also provided above the digestion chamber and along side the sedimentation chamber to take care of the gases escaping to the surface. The chief gas is methane, having a considerable fuel value, and may, therefore, be Separately collected for use, In order to prevent the particles of sludge or scum from entering into the sedimentation chamber from the digestion chamber, the scum and sludge must be maintained at least 45 cm above and below the slots, respectively: This free or clear zone ig called the neutral zone. The digestion chamber (i.e. the lower chamber) is divided into a number of (three to four generally) interconnected compartments as shown, The bottom times periodically (after 1 to 14 months, depending upon the temperature of sludge) through the cast-iron de-sludging pipes Provided in each compartment. The sludge is removed with flow under hydrostatic pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 e Moreover, all the sludge is not removed, and only the bottom layers which al ‘Scanned wih CamScanner6 Downloded From : ww SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR, e POLLUTION ENGing, completely digested, are withdrawn, leaving some sludge to kee i seeded with anacrobic bacteria. The removed sludge may beat tank disposed of in a sanitary manner, Further, in order to ve distribution of solids in the different hoppers, the flow of sei . sedimentation compartment above, is reversed intermittently, ‘wage in the QRND Nasion Cansidanationa In dasianine Tabor. | ensure unj fon’ ‘Scanned wih CamScanner9.50.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Imhoff Tanks, Imhoff tanks combine the advantages of both the septic as well as sedimentation tanks, and as such, they find use in case of small treatment plants requiring only primary treatment. They are quite economical, and do not require skilled attention during operations. The results obtained are quite good, with 60 to 65% removal of solids, and 30 to 40% removal of BOD, Moreover, there is 1° problem of sludge disposal, as in the case of sedimentation tanks. They suffer, however, from the following drawbachs : ; (i) Depth of tank is more, which may make the constructions costlier, especially in hard rocks or quick sands. At such places, these tanks may, thus become uneconomical. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner“ene / tes of ta nks may give out offensive odours, when improperly operated. Gi im are unsuitable and do not function properly where sewage is highly Gi) ip character. ae nks have a tendency to foam or boil. This may cause the scum to (io) The top of the tank, and it may also force the sludge particles to enter 9 vp Mjimentation chainber through the slot. The foaming may, thus the bars affect the quality of the efMuent. ; adve’ js no adequate control over their operation. This m: Oe for use in large treatment plants, where separate ame re preferred in addition to sedimentation tanks. Imhoff tanks are, tanks © ro, useful only for small cities and institutions, where it is not possible thereto ‘cal to install separate sludge digestion tanks. Mostly, however, #) stare become obsolete these days. they oe at Nesion an Imhoff tank to treat the sewage fram a «mall tornn ‘Scanned wih CamScanner__/UKSB REACTORS It is a high rate anaerobic system Conventional anaerobic process is slow process (digesters having large hydraulic retention time (HRT)) © Inhigh rate anaerobic ystem, high rates of conversion of organics into methane and carbondioxide can be obiained by , maintaining a high concentration of microbes in reactor and preventing them from escaping with the effluent, SRT) stem to that escaping from the ‘This concept expressed as Sludge retention time SRT - ratio of mass of biological solids in the reactor, sk The wastewater flows upwards through a layer of very active sludge to cause anaerobic digestion of organics of the wastewater. + Atthe top of the reactor three-phase separation between gas-liquid-Solid takes place sk Any biomass leaving the reaction zone is directly recirculated from the settling zone % This reactor consists of an upflowing treatment tank, provided with a feed inlet distribution System at the tank bottom. 4 A gas-solid-liquid Separator (GSS) device provided at the top to help to provide a quiescent zone at the top of the reactor ‘Scanned wih CamScanner%/ The wastewater enters the tank from the bottom and flows upwards through the sludge bed, which gets formed during the process itself. * = The sludge bed develops when microorganisms capable of flourishing in an oxygen-deficient environment. %* USAB, operates as a suspended growth system , with no packing material in the reactor. In this system,microbes attach themselves to each other or to small particles of suspended matter of sewage to form granules and ultimately sludge bed (blanket). * = The sludge bed ( blanket) traps the suspended organics of the upmoving wastewater * = The suspended solids trapped in the sludge bed are degraded by the anaerobic bacteria & producing methané and carbon dioxide. %* The biogas produced during the anaerobic decomposition helps in providing gentle mixing and stirring of the biomass. %* = This increases the efficiency of decomposition, reducing the BOD and suspended solids of the wastewater. %* ~The methane or biogas is collected at the top of the tank in a gas collector. It can be used as a gas for domestic or industrial use. %* = The treated effluent is collected in gutters and discharged out of the reactor. The sludge is periodically shifted into the drying beds to be used as a soil enricher. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerwaswewawrs. 52.6. The UASB Reactor. The Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor (Fig. 9.65 (c)) maintains a high concentration of biomass through the formation of highly settleable microbial sludge aggregates. The wastewater flows upwards through alayer of very active sludge to cause anaerobicdigestion of organics of the wastewater. At the top of the reactor, three phase separation between gas-solid-liquid takes place. Any biomass leaving the reaction zone is directly recirculated from the settling zone. The process is suitable for both soluble wastewaters as well ns wastewaters containing particulate matter. The large scale adoption of this technique for treating municl| wastewaters is comparatively of recent origin, although tho system was developed as late as in the year 1979 by a Netherland’s scientist, Mr. Gatze Lottinga. The system, however, has proved very promising, and sev treatment plants have come into existence in countries like China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and some Latin American countries. As far as India's concerned, this simple technique was first of all adopted in the year 1989, when a demonstration sewage treatment plant (STP) of 5 MLD capacity was installed at Kanpur (U.P.) under the Ganga Action Plan. This hos LD followed by the installation of a 36 MLD plant at Kanpur (U.P.), and 14 M plant at Mirzapur (U.P.). These plants have been successfully working bare] their commissioning. Many more such plants are proposed to be commission for treating municipal wastewaters of towns in Haryana and U.P. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerasyEngineering.net quent OF SEWAGE ang / jon of a typical UASB reactor is shown in Fig. 9.66. This reactor ‘fie NE upflowing treatment tank, provided with a feed inlet onsite oo system at the tank bottom. A gas-solid-liquid separator (GSS) gtrioat vided at the top to help provide a quiescent zone atthe top of the device ® Distribution Gas dome ae Gas dome Fig. 9.66, X-section of atypical UASB reactor. Ties EH bottom, ane jows: The wastewater enters the tank aa ie the process itself. The ypable of flourishing yh an al i deficient environment, The sludge bed blanket) traps the maps, organics of the upmoving wastewater. The suspended erobically working Aludge bed are degraded by the anaerobic and SPAT ’. "iogas, fecultative bacteria, producing methane and carbon Ui i) "The which is a mixture of 65—70% methane. =~ ae in providing gentle gas i erabic decom ps in omeficiency ol mrt cig i ne ene oe | ‘xeraposition, reducing the BOD and suspended soils © Tt ctor, |, The methane or biogas is collected atthe top of the 197 he eater Where it can be withdrawn for use ns a by-P ea sludge settles down ‘lodge mixture is made to enter a settling tank where Ca Vy show good Sd fows back into the bottom of the reactor, The OMIT rapulation, {ltling properties after an initial start up period, FONT ctor, eTpnEa sludge blanket or sludge bed in the IOV PEE stem, wil | peat? UASB, evidently operates as a. suspended FON Ticrobes attach then materi] “jn the reactor. In tile be ‘suspended matter of os icles Wes to each other, oF te spa aor: www EasyEngineering.net asyEngineering.net pent or SEWAGE 421 a + -uatam te remove the tae ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDownloded From : w' SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ° ‘age, to form granules or agglomerates and ultimately ‘the sh (blanket). The gas produced in the process causes sufficient agitat; tudge beg the sludge fully mixed. 0 tO kee Retention of the bacteria containing sludge in the reactor is one of important features of the UASB process. The bacteria in the sludge thereat to perform their function of treating the incoming effluent. The co, Hone bacterial presence and activity enables retention timo in the rea reduced to about 6-8 hours, as compared to atleast 30 hours, that ig"? & in conventional sewage treatment sys required The treated effluent is collected in gutters, and di reactor. The sludge is periodically shifted into the deying bed bowed att soil enticher. The methane generated can be used us a gaa for aaweeet industrial use may also be used for goneration of electrety for rane plant, after appropriate dehydration and cleaning. This process can be reactivated even after the plant remains # days or months, or after power breakdowns and Interruptions insane supply. Like other high rate anaerobic systems, the various advantages UASB system are summarised below : ae Advantages of UASD System. The various advantages offered by UASB system over the Conventional Aerobie systems are given below : (i) The space requirement of the system is quite comparable to that of an Activated sludge system ; ie. about 0.5 acres per MLD, as compared to 25 acres per MLD required for Oxidation ponds, and 1.5 acres for Aerated lagoons, (ii) The capital cost investment of such a plant is about % 20 lakh/MLD as compared to about & 35 Iakh/MLD for an Activated sludge plant, €7.5 lakh MLD for Oxidation ponds, and & 15 lakh/MLD for Aerated lagoons. (it) The system requires lesser and simpler clectromagnetic parts o* compared to the ones required in an Activated sludge plant, leading to lower O and M (Operation and Maintenance) Costs. (iv) Electricity consumption in this system, like all anaerobic systems, is quite low, and the system is quite eapable of withstanding long power bans (v) The sludge production in this system is low, and the produced sludge having quick dewatering characteristics. (vt) The system enables quicker sludge digestion, as compared to the conventional digestors, , aati (vit) Biogas is produced in the system as a by-product, which can be us produce electricity to run the system. . Pr Monltstlons oe Drawbacks of UASB Bystom, The various drawbacks of = UASH system ax compared to the Conventional Aerobie system © below | ters; i. ¢ system helps to lower only two parameters of wastewal oa HOD na to) Suspended solids. Eventually, the system does nt hel romoval of toxie pollutants, like heavy metals, which may be present if uf the wastewaters. The USAB system will therefore have to PI Downloded From : w) ‘Scanned wih CamScannervww.EasyEngineering.net oF SEWAGE NT 421 d disposal system to remove the toxic pollutants, if present in the ter. rahe vaste vg all other anaerobic high rate systems, UASB reactor also (i Like tity of organic matter as compared to the aerobic eta teens wth off ‘aerobic bacteria per unit of organic matter is about 10—20 times thesrowe of anacrobes. In order to support microbial growth and meta. ibe BONEN 5B system, therefore, 20 to 30 times more of organic matter has polised, as compared to that in Aerobic systems, For the success of io be er nerefore becomes necessary to ensure the presence of at least yaSB,itther tew This . 10% of solids in the wastewater, requirement factor can not always pe met bY all types of wastewaters. (iii) Some of the wastewaters may contain minerals, which may interfere th the efficiency of the anaerobic microbes, The system also does not d well to the wastewaters of tanneries, which contain more than 500 juriliary chemicals, offering varying response to the UASB technology. (jv) The acids produced during the breakdown of organic matter in a UASB cause corrosion of the reactor. reactor, may ion of th (v) The efficiency of BOD and S.S, removal is a little bit low, as compared to that in an Activated sludge plant. With generally adopted organic loadings of 10-20 kg COD/m*.d in UASB reactors, the achieved efficiency varies between 60 to 70% only. The effluent BOD of municipal wastewaters treated in UASB reactor system, will therefore be higher. Say for example, the effluent BOD may be about 50 mg/l for influent BOD of 200 mg/l. For concentrated influents, the effluents BOD may still be higher. Direct disposal of effluent containing such high BOD may not always be permissible, Depending upon the situation, the effluent from a UASB system may have to be given further aerobic treatment in Aerated lagoons, or Oridation ponds, or Filters, Where, enough space is not available, the post fi tment may consist of using a holding pond of 1 day detention time ris by fish pond/aqua culture pond. uneyPre-treatment of wastewater with screening and grit removal, are ay Nore necessary for direct anaerobic treatment. beca e system responds well in high temperature climate areas, bechust ty of methanogenic bacteria is strongly influenced by temperaturs « 18g proximately doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature in high pas anaerobic, 38°C. However, high micro-organism concentration in I aie anaerobic Teactors like a UASB, compensates the decreased activity (viiiy The ae at the lower temperatures. i methanogenic bacteria do require iron, cobalt | Addition to ni Jements are generally Presen ‘trogen and phosphorous. These elem {resect in municipal wastewaters, but may have tobe added to anaerobically these olen Specific industrial wastewaters, which may have deficiency of me a ate, sen cvstem has cane wih Canscanner