Addendum to CIBSE Lighting Guide 4: Sports, 1990, issued February 2000 Prepared on behalf of the Lighting Division Technical Committee CIBSE LIGHTING DIVISION on = WT = CIBSE Introduction Following international work on the standardisation of lighting levels {for sports the values given in the 1990 edition of CIBSE Lighting Guide 4: Sports are now updated by the following tables. The main differences betwoen LCA and the following figures are: (@) Sports ar grouped where the requirements are the same (i) classification system has been introduced to help the selection of| the correct level according to a number of factors (ii) Reference areas and grid points have been introduced to permit casy comparison of different solutions (iv) Some sports not previously included in LG4 have been added. Definitions Principal Area (PA): the actual playing aree needed for the performance of a certain sport This usually means the actual marked cout ‘eld area for that sport (eg football, but in some cases this area includes also an extra playing area around the marked area (eg tennis, volleyball, table tennis) In all tables, examples of area sizes are given which are most commonly used for that sport. The particular area dimensions should be checked atthe time when designing a lighting installation. Total Area (TA): generally the principal area (PA) plus an additional safety are. General Requirements ‘Annex A of the European Standard (BS EN 12199: 1999 Light and lighting. Sports lighting contains 28 tables of requirements to which, in addition, the following general pints apply. These information in these tables is reproduced below. (@)_Allilluminences quoted are maintained, and apply tothe principal aa (PA) When total areas (TA) are specified, their illuminance requirements should additionally bea minimum of 75% of those the principal area (PA) of the sport being considered. (b) In multi-purpose halls, better colour rendering than that stated in the tables may be required to reveal the pitch markings. (© Reference area dimensions are rounded and given only as an indication in order to determine the number of grid points. For exact dimensions, the body governing the individual sport should be contacted. For some sports variation in the dimensions ofthe playing area affects the number of gr points. Typical minimum and maximum dimensions are shown, together with the corresponding numberof points. (@) ‘The requirements are based primarily on the needs of participants Tis necessary to ensure a minimum verticl component of not less ‘than 30% ofthe horizontal illuminance. (e) Tks important that the standard of play and spectator viewing distance are both taken into account when selecting the class of lighting, The higher the standard of play and the greater the spectator viewing distance, the higher the class of lighting that should be selected, (®Semi-eylindrical iluminances can also be taken into account, but no guidance levels have been provided; actual values will be dependent on both viewing positions and typeof installation. ‘The following explanations and Table 1 will assist in selection of the lighting class. Lighting Class 1: Toplevel competition such as international and national competition, which will generally involves large spectator capacities with lng potential viewing distances. Toplevel training ean also be included in this class. Lighting Class II: Mid-level competition such as regional or local club ‘competition, which generally involves medium size spectator capacities with medium viewing distances, High-level training ean also be included inthis lass Lighting Class III: Low-level competition such a local or small club competition, which generally does not involve spectators. General training, physical education (school sports) and recreational activities will ls come into tis category Table Selection of the lighting class Level of competition Lighting Class 1] | International and National Regional Local ‘Training Reoreational/school sports (physical education)2 Schedule of recommendations for specific sports eterence arse Number of rid points Class Horizontal Vorical 5A Osun Leng Width Length Wh iuminance uminance rendering Cn) Favs) Eminfay Eayux) EmifEav index 1: Indoor sports ‘Badminton (02 note 1) Pm at adminon Gicket,Feneing, Hockey, le Hockey / Amy 1815 ‘ee Sports Rackotbal, Squat, Table Tennis Glick rateenes st eaeed 20NbNE 1c REE 1 0 0750 ® Cricket nets Peet ned 1 3007) 00a 60 ©) O70 20 Fencing Pek rine) Ghicket nets only Amy 18S i 1590008 6 Hockey mA 4 BT " 100 08 0 wa 4 mw BOT m 75008 20 Ice hockeyce spots sat (see nte2) PADD Fencing only Rackatal (se note 2) PBST 1 70 07 5. 60 Squash (se note 2) PR a7 AS " 50 07) 300? 8 Table toms Pm 8 m 300007 2a 20 2 Indoor sports Basket Ce en 1 7007 6 a 2 0% 6 9 f 50 a7, 60 yee racing Gee 250m = PA BHT wv oo3 M200 Os 20 tus S and 6) PA 83337 9 3 Footbal sce) PA 30-4 185.20 13459 Thin) kB Fetal a es a 6 @2@ W7 9 Fora! m4 HT a 8 B@ 6 7 Handball ns rn tio a ee | a ow ow on on Natal (se note 4) mA «mS 8ST A 95 2s 8 Mert arts Kendo PAO Yoo PA BBC ie oteybal (ee note 7) PAs 240-158 Wresting mA 8 8 88 a on a Weight iting mA 4 4 77 ~a 6 6 9 9 ‘Soo! spars hse educate) (ee note 8) {Indoor sports ‘bletcs — Track200m PAS) 4B OT Aetes, Equestan, Ror skating, Speed skating, (ooie 10) Feld PA 8583 3421978 ——_—Gyrasts,Aytnmic gymnasts Equestin Jumping «PA i soy, 80 (seenote 11) Dressage PA 7D 1 008 80 Ror skating mA o 2 05, 20 Speed skating Shor tack PA 5G vw oo3 a timo 400m PAB 1 5007, ® Gymnastics Ph 2 SIS IST " 30008 80 -nythmie gymnastics PA(ni) tH " 20 05, 20 4 Indoor sports: tennis (note 13) PAT Tenis (doo 1 7507 6 1 50 7, 60 a 2 5: Indoor sports ‘ehery Shooingione = PA 1BSD 13H Fring and shooting ties Approach and ines Target : : HI 200055001000 6 Shooting Fring tne Pm BF target - ; Ten-pin bowing: boing pins Ten-pin’ Approach ndlanes PA 1831 tou ua 0008 6 rine-pin- Bowing pins bowing ‘Archery and shooting: target (25 my 1000 08 80 60) 2000 08 6Schedule of recommendations for specific sports 6 Indoor sports ‘Swimming Diving (note 14) Racing note 1) oo (note 15) Synehronised 7: Indoor sports: darts Dats Target Oste 8: Indoor sports Booda Petanque and Boules Indoor sports: bowls Bows short mat (rte 16) 10: ndoor sprts: boxing Boxing 11: Indoor sports (ote 19) Bias Snocker 12: ndoorloutdoor sports cating House ek 8: Outdoor sports Altis(al— Track 400 m Activites) Fed (notes 6,20) Equestian Jumping Dressage Speed skating Shar ack (notes 21,23) 400 m 14: Outdoor sports Gicket Square Fes Baseball nit Outed note 23) 15: Outdoor sports: archery nery Shooting ane Target 16: Outdoor sports: tennis Tenis PA Pa Pa Pa PA Pa PA a ™ Aeferonce area Number of rd pons Length With Length Wish a) 1% 5 7 25801522 1877 20-0 1520 1915941 20-180 872 8 ws 6 nos 17528 254 1433 13740 1845 114153 TAait 74404 oat ot 3 187 3 7 9 7 36 iB TS 8 eT 385465 43-475 153 1 04998 3 0 9 8 woos 6 8 7 7 5 6 7 3 m8 un 8 mom oo 10a ms 75 8 wo 1 tt 7 8 6 7 (ass Horizontal Vertical ‘luminance iuinance Eay us) EmivEav av) EmifEav ‘Swinming 1 so OT " 30007 m2 08 bans 1 20 750 u 100 500 ) Boccia, Pétanque and Boules ' 007, 1 2 7, nm 20 05 Bowl ino, short mt) 1 50008. 1 50008 (note 17) M3000 (note 17) Boxing 1 2000 08 (noto18) 300 1 100008 300 n 50005 300 Billard, Snooker ' 750 08 1 50008 m0 OB curing a0 or 2m or Atle, Equestrian, Speed skating 1 so) OT 1 20005 M100, 05 rato 20) chet square Basbal ind ' 70 (OF u 50007 m 3008 Cicket fea Besebal outietd 1 5000S u 30008 m 200 08 ‘Aroneyfutéoon Hn 20008 HH 70 08 Tenis outéoor) 1 3007, ' 300 O7, 20 08 on ass gee 50 50 5 Colour rendering incex sss 60 2 ase sae ess Bae Beea Schedule of recommendations for specific sports Reference area Number af tid points Class Horzntal Vertical 6 Cour Leng Width Length With Sluminance iluinance rendering a) Fay(ts) EmivEav Env ux) EminfEav index 17: Outdoor sports Punning Steers county mote 4 TS unig (streetvierass-county, Sing cess-cuntn) ‘king Gross counry ote24 4 no3 V 203 2 1 0 03 20 m3 a : 18: Outdoor sports: cycle racing Gyceracing 250m PA 5 4SATS ITB yee racing (note 23) 33353 PAs) 3343S 19D 1 30 O7, 60 1 30 O7 80 us 5 2 18: Outdoor sports Bandy rte 25) PA mw Bandy, le hockey wm Bt V 750 OT 6 ew hockey mA 6 MO 1 5007 © mm 0s 2 20; Outdoor sports Boccia mA 56 we Booda,Petanque and Boule outoo) Petanque and Boues PA 17528 284 11433 1 200 OF 68 u 100 07, 2 u 805 52 2: Outdoor sports ‘American Footbal PA OI7555 at G1 Amencan otal, Baskeiba, Fst Fbobal Basketball PBT andbal, Netal, Rup, Voteyta w 2 @ 6 8 1 500 OF so 60 Festal! Pate Obed 20S TREE, " 200 08 0 80 iin eee 62 Peed 227 mo 08 5 2 Foor mT aA & 2 1 7 Foot PA t0t10 BATS BME 1345 Th = 1641 728313 Handball Cr a rn ~A 4 75 8 Netbat PSST ‘A 95 28 1% 9 ogby A BH wom BON Vole rot 25 A 22; Outdoor sports: hockey Hockey PA eT Hockey outdoor) a) ' 5007, 0 ' 20 7 60 207 5 2 23: Outdoor sports: skiing (note 27) ‘king Abielteestye 11 Sane2n20 Sking apine/reestyie Jumps. Run down (ate 28) 5 1 Hl 100 05 0 Laning ns 1 303 5 m2 82 35 ‘Shing: jump run down ' 1500S 20 0 5) 03, a) um o8 BS king: jump anaing 1 307, 0 20 i 2 08 5 20 wm 08 55s Schedule of recommendations for specific sports 24: Outdoor sports Horse racing Galop ana rating Home stretch Back teteh Tun 25: Outdoor sports: softball Softball Infela oy Outed rote 28) PA 26: Outdoor sports: gf diving range Got orving range Toe Distance marker 27: Outdoor sports: swimming Swimming Ding (note 15) PA (oote 33) Racing (ote 15) PA Synchrnisod PA. -Adlonal requirement for diving 28: Outdoor sports: bobseigh and luge Bobsleigh and luge ference area Number o grid points Cass Horizontal Vertical Lengn Width Length Wath Huinance iuinance a) Favs) EmivEay avs) EmifEav Appt formula p = 0.2 x 5 Horseracing, Galop and Tting 1 20008 Langtise (ote 6) 1 10 os rosswise M002 (rote 30) Lengtivise Grosse Home stretch Lengtiwise 1 2000.6 eng 04 ross Grossi ' 1000.4 lengthy 0.4 cross " 5002 length (note 32) Back setch ana tun 1 50006 lengtv 04 ross 1 200 06 lengtv 04 cross a» m ww 1 Sofa! ' 7007 u 50007, m2 08 o 9 6 1 1 soo 08 1 30005 0 10 03. 7 eI Sat drvng range _ zs mu 1008 f 50 (at m eign) 6% 5s on 8 ‘Siming (utioo 250 1722 177 507, zsleeeen eee 1S ORE " 30 OT, uN 20008 1 f= 08 a FE = 05 so 18 7 3 Bobstigh and ge i 307, i 200 08. moa a ass 55 50 50 ass clu rendering dex 60 60 2 0 ae gee 26 Notes 1 No umingies shoul be positioned in that part ofthe ceing ich is above the | ‘ence area, 2 igh uning within + m ofthese wal sheud be avoided 8 For mounting heights below 8 m the rato Enns Should be greater than 05. for Cass the unr can be eased to 0.5, 4+ No tuminaes soul be poston in hat part ofthe ceilng which is above a4 1m giametr cc round te basket, 5 Muminanoes ae taken onthe surtace ofthe track, {8 The vertical luminance atthe fisting ine sould be 1000 kx for phot-tnsh equipment and offi 7 lminaas shoud be postened in that prt of the eeiing which i directly above at ast tho net aa, Dimension an pri ios depend onthe pectic port. 9 For Class, interational conpettan a op level ay jusy a length of 24 m for ‘he Principal Area PA). The corespondng numberof gd points in lengths ten 15. 10 Glare cant be quanti, ca, however, be controled by caret positing of luminares, eg ver pole vault area, The vertical luminance atthe tishing ine shouldbe 100 ix for phato-ish equipment ad oficial 11 For Equestrian sports tis recommended that Cass Wl should net be used onthe (rounds of sate. 12 No figures for reference area o number of grié points are given fo Aerobie, Dancing or Wall im. 13. Mo luminaires shouldbe postened in tat part ofthe eallg which is directly above the area lmited by the rectangle ofthe markod area extended to 3m behind the base ns, 14. The above are general requirements on. Special requrements may be needed {or Individual poo 15 No underwater ghting shouldbe used. Sports incuced in Table 2 Sport Section Sport Aerobies a Fd ovens (indoor) Apne style king 2 Fld events futon) ‘American Fetball a Festal (ndoor Archery fon 5 Fistball (outdoor) Archery outdo) 15 Foobalndoo tlt indo) 3 Fooball (otdon) Atletisfutdoo) 18 Feattal Badminton 1 Fatt - ve-a-sd indood) Banay 19 Galoping, nose Basoball 4 Got ervey Basketball (ado) 2 Gymnasts dor) Basketball (utdoo) a Gymnastics, rhythmic Biliards n Hammer Bobsieigh 28 andbal dor) Bocca non a Handbaloutoo) Boccia (outdo) 2 Hockey (indoor Bovis (ido a Hockey (utdoo) Boules(utdoo) 20 Howse ang Boxing 10 oe hacky door Bows, short mat (an) 9 lea hockey (outoo) Bowing, tang pin doo 5 lee sports ~ ats indoor Cricket Endo) 1 Javelin Cricket outoo) “4 Sudo Cricket ets (doo) 1 Jumping, equstian (indoor Cross-country running ” Jumping, equstian (utéoo) Cross-country aking 7 Jumping, ki Curing 2 arate Oc racing (indo) 2 Kendo Ce racing (utdoon 18 lige Dancing 3 Martial ts Dats 7 Natal doo) seus 13, ote 20 Natal (outoo9 Diving indoor 6 Nine-pn owing (nde) Diving outdoor 2 Ptanque dor Dressage indoor 3 Pétanque(outoc) Equestian foo) 3 Physical edveaten nor Equestrian outoo) 8 Poo, water door Fencing 1 acing, swimming (non 16. Abanding eect can cecurwith ow mourtng heights de to reectace fram the ‘mat The luminance gradient staud therefore be as han 5% per mee 17 Forpurpse-bul faites the values for Cass are toe appl In al classes, 18 E should be at last 50% of Es 19° The ratio of Ey (TA) oy (PA) can be relaxed 10 0.5 20 Fer Dscus, Javelin and Hamer special precautions shoud be taken o ensure the salt of persons witin te stadium se the obec being town may travel atove the line of sight and hence be invite during pat ft ight 21. For Cass the colour rendering inde limit can be reduced to 20. 22 Wovizotal luminance can be reduced to 50 ufo runing evens. 23 When ard points are outside the plying area they are nat included inthe caleato, 24 Between uminaes 25 Fer Bandy, color rendering inex shoul be above 20 foal lasses. 28. For Class intematioal competion at top level may uy a eng of 34 m for the Principal Area (PAL The corespondng numberof rd pens in eat shen 45, 27 A iuminances are measure onthe surtace 28 Atte pot of take-of, the urinane shout be the same asthe landing 28. The distance between the gié pins in length shoul be: forthe un down 2 m orlss; forthe landing area 5 m res. 30. Forte run down itis only necessary to have the calcuaten and measuring point onthe carte le 31. The cetavaton ates shoul have at least 80% of the landing area iuination level but without any uniformity quirement 32 When the horses are under observation, eg by Vets, these values shoul be 100 x 38 The above ae general requirments only. Special requirments may be needed ‘or insvidval poo Section ‘Sport Seaton 3 acing, swimming (utéoo) 27 13 acketal (doo) 1 2 hytimie gymnastics 3 a ole skating indo) 3 2 gby football a a unnig (utdon) 7 a School sors (noon) 2 2 ‘Shooting (nda 5 2 ‘Sow jumging (noon a 8 ‘Show jumping (outdoo 8 3 ‘Skating, rate doer) 3 a ‘Skating, speed fidoo) 3 13, note 20 Skating, sped outoon) 13 2 king 17,23 a Snooker " 1 Softball % 2 ‘peed skating roan 3 24 Speed skating (outdo 13 1 Squash 1 9 Swimming (nda 6 1 Swimming (outsooy 2 13, note 30 Synchrnised swimming ndoo) 6 2 Synchrnised swimming (utdooy 27 3 Tobie tennis 1 13 Ten-pin bowing 3 a Temi doo) 4 2 Temi outéony 16 2 Tack events (noo 3 28 Track evens (outdoor) 13 2 Troting 2 2 oteytat noo 2 2 ote (autdoo) a 5 Wal cin 3 8 Waterpolo tndor) 6 20 Wresting 2 2 Weight ting 2 6 6LIGHTING GUIDE SPORTS LG4 : 1990 & CIBSE The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Delta House, 222 Balham High Road, London SWI2 9BSThe rights of publication or of translation are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Institution, © 1990 THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS LONDON ISBN 0 900953 45 4 ea tpn ee ne tpn He sy fy Ye ea eg cd ag tent of fn tomer ml he Don a By Se Ee en ne a ‘eppetis on ear ty ge we aly ey ee ee pe yg a eo Se 9 TG mcr aap ot sen aps Sn aise aha ey ein a eet ted mt pl eu pty aly iy toe oh ad me yp a oe ‘Typeset and printed in Great Britain by REEDPRINT LTD.Foreword This Lighting Guide replaces the IES Lighting Guide for Sports published in 1974, In updating the information note has been taken of new or emerging sports that were not included in the original Guide. The form of the lighting recommendations has also been changed. Usually specific layouts of equipment are not specified, instead the lighting parameters that should be achieved are given together with limits such as mounting height and surface reflections. Thus the designer will have greater flexibility in his design whilst still requiring to meet the basic requirements of the sport. ‘The Guide consists of three parts. Part A deals with the fundamental principles of lighting with respect to sport. Part B deals with the specific requirements for individual sports and multi-purpose areas both inside and out. Part C deals with the specification of lighting equipment for sports lighting. The Guide has been prepared with the full support and co-operation of the Sports Council Task Group M D Simpson Chairman KJ Austin PA Blackburn D W Bosher IC Henry Co-ordinating editor VP Rolfe Publications secretary K J Butcher The Insition wishes to acknowiedge the folowing organisations for their valuable assistance in the preparation ofthis publication: Abacus Municipal Ltd; Kirklees Metropolitan Council; Phlips Lighting; and Thom Lighting,Preface Sport plays an ever increasingly important role in the everyday lives of people today. In the fifteen years since the publication of the previous lighting guide for sports (JES Lighting Guide: Sports 1974), there has been a tremendous increase in the general public’s awareness of an interest in sport both as participants and spectators. More and more people of all ages are now taking part in sporting activity of one sort or another, and the rapid growth in television coverage of sport has resulted in more people than ever watching a wide range of sports either live or on TV. There have been substantial improvements in performance level in many sports in recent years and this has often resulted in faster speeds of play and greater accuracy being required. This frequently means that visual quality becomes more critical as finer tolerances and margins come into play. There is a great need for more sports facilities and these are generally being provided to better specification levels than existing facilities. Many older facilities are being refurbished to improved specification levels. More sport than ever is now being played indoors and where there are outdoor facilities, anificial lighting is frequently provided. All the above factors emphasise the growing need for good quality lighting for sports. This publication has been prepared in order to provide the necessary information and advice to enable good quality lighting to be provided for a wide range of sporting activities and facilities. The Sports Council has given full support, encouragement and co-operation to the production of this publication and is now delighted to endorse its contents and recommend its use across the whole range of sports facility provision. Peter Yarranton Chairman, Sports CouncilContents Part 1 2 Part Foreword Preface A: Principles Scope Requirements 2.1 Player and spectator requirements 22 Ancillary area lighting 23. Emergency lighting 24 Standby lighting 2.5 Surveillance lighting 26 Planning requirements B: Applications Specific sport recommendations 3.1 Archery ranges (outdoor) 3.2. Badminton 33. Basketball 34 Bowls (indoor) 35 Bowls (outdoor flat and crown greens) 3.6 Boxing 3.7 Cricket (indoor) 3.8 Cricket (indoor schools) 3.9 Cycle racing (indoor) 3.10 Equestrian sports (indoor) 3.11 Equestrian sports (outdoor) 3.12 Five-a-side football (indoor) 3.13 Golf driving ranges 3.14 Golf practice areas, 3.13. Greyhound racing 3.16 Handball 3.17 Hockey (indoor) 3.18 Ice sports (indoor) 3.19 Lawn tennis (indoor) 3.20. Lawn tennis (outdoor) 3.21 Martial arts 3.22 Netball. (indoor) 3.23 Shooting (indoor) 3.24 Skiing 3.25 Snooker/billiards 3.26 Speedway 3.27 Squash rackets and raquetball 3.28 Swimming 3.29 Table tennis 3.30. Volleyball 331 Weight training Page 10 u n 2 12 13 14 Is 16 " 18 18 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 2 28 29 30 32 33 334 Multi-purpose facilites 4.1 Indoor sports halls 42 Indoor arenas 43 Outdoor multi-use areas 44 Outdoor sports grounds 45 Small sports stadia 4.6 Large sports stadia 5 Lighting for Television 51 Illuminance 5.2. Uniformity 53 Colour temperature 54 Additional requirements for film 5.5 Requirements for domestic video recording 6 — Maintenance and operation 6.1 Maintenance 62 Need for a maintained illuminance 63. Maintenance of interior surfaces 64 Depreciation of exterior installations 65 Lumen depreciation and lamp survival 66 Applying depreciation factors 6.7 Construction of equipment 68 Servicing equipment 69 Operation 6.10 Management of lighting systems 6.11 Hours of use Part C: Equipment 7 Lamps 11 Types 1.2 Luminaires efficacy, wattage, life and cost 73 Colour rendering 7.4 Colour temperature 75. Strobscopic effects 8 Luminaires 8.1 Light distribution 82 IP protection 83 Electrical classification 84 — Resistance to impact 85 Accessories 9 Control gear for discharge lamps Appendix 1: Determination of average illuminance and uniformity ratio for indoor and outdoor installations Appendix 2: Calculations of lighting performance of outdoor installations 34 34 35 36 37 40 B 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 49 49 49 49 50 Sd 32 52 52 33 3 53 3 3 56 37 37 37 37 Appendix 3: The aiming and commissioning of floodlighting installations Appendix 4: Relevant governing bodies Appendix 5: Typical play area dimensions Glossary of terms used in sports lighting Bibliography Index4 2 Scope Requirements Part A: Principles This Guide is concerned chiefly with the lighting of sports areas and other playing and recreational areas, Specific recommendations for the following sports are given in Section 3 of the Guide. Indoor Badminton Basketball Billiards and snooker Bowls Boxing Cricket Cycle racing Equestrian sports Five a side football Freestyle wrestling - see martial arts Handball Hockey Ice sports Lawn. tennis Martial arts Netball Roller hockey - see hockey Shooting Squash Swimming, diving and related water sports Table tennis Volleyball Weight training Wrestling - see boxing Outdoor Archery ranges Bowls Equestrian sports Golf driving ranges Golf practice areas Greyhound racing Lawn tennis Skiing (artificial slopes) Speedway Swimming and diving Many sports are covered by multi-use indoor and outdoor facilities. The following sports are covered in Section 4 of the Guide. Indoor Fencing Gymnasties ‘Trampolining Athletics Roller skating General fitness Outdoor Athletics Football Hockey Rugby Netball Cycle racing Sports and sports areas should be lit so that those taking part and those watching, whether at the event or on television, can see clearly all that is going on. This calls for suitable brightness and contrasts over the playing area, sufficient light at all points, correct distribution of light and adequate control of glare. There are additional special requirements for television transmission and these are discussed in Section 5. 124 Player and spectator requirements 2.4.1 Brightness and colour 2.1.2 Reflectance of surfaces 2.1.2.1 Interior 2.1.2.2 Exterior 2.1.3 Illuminance requirements Objects are seen because they contrast in brightness, or colour, or both. with their background. The more marked the contrast, the more clearly, in general, are the objects seen. Colour contrast is important in some sports, but usually the brightness of a surface depends on how much light it receives and how this light is reflected from it, ie. on it, illuminance and it’s reflection properties, and particularly it’s reflectance. In principle, therefore, brightness contrasts can be controlled by adjusting the two quantities for both the object and the background. In practice, however, there are often restrictions in what can be done, especially outdoors. For example, the reflection properties of a football pitch cannot be altered, There is usually more freedom indoors. For instance, the reflectance and illuminance of tennis court surfaces can be specified, and so produce the dark background needed for the ball to be seen clearly in silhouette, (See Plates 1 and 2) Sports halls should, in general, have light coloured walls and ceilings and the floors should not be too dark. When areas are used exclusively for tennis, badminton or table tennis etc. the walls behind the base lines can, with advantage, be darker then the side walls to provide good contrast with white balls or shuttlecocks. Surface reflectance should meet the following requirements: walls 03 t0 0.6; back walls or sereens etc, 0.2; ceilings or roofs 0.6 to 0.9; floors 0.2 to 0.4. Wall finishes should be matt to avoid specular reflections, walls and ceilings should not have strong pattems, The only surface reflectances that are appropriate to exterior lighting relate to the playing surface. Typical average surface reflectance for grass is 0.15; other surfaces will vary. Illuminances provided by electric lighting systems are, in general, much lower than daylight values outdoors. Nonetheless, given a well-designed system, very good visibility is possible at night because visibility depends cn the general adaptation level, directional effects and other factors as well as on illuminance The illuminance required for a sport is decided by how much light the players, officials and spectators need to easily follow the action. This depends on what they must see and how far away they are The faster the speed of action, the harder will be the visual task and so the higher will be the illuminance level required. For this reason the higher standards of play usually demand higher lighting levels. Levels of illumination for outdoor sports are usually lower than for the same sport played indoors. This is due to the change in adaptation that occurs when viewing a lit surface against a dark background (e.g. the night sky) Whilst the recommendations in this code are set out for the players, spectator requirements should also be considered. In general, those furthest from the action will need the most light. Recommended illuminances for a large number of sports and sports areas are given in Sections 3 and 4. The values are related to different standards of play or competition and allow for the fall in light output that takes place as lamps age and dirt is deposited on the luminaires during the intervals between cleaning. The illuminances recommended represent good practice, and should be provided: Is a, | 4 | Figure 24 [Oe 20 Go 40500 —— Age bean) Light requirements for a specific reading task, ploted against age 2A4 Light distribution; uniformity and illuminance gradient as efficiently as possible, consistent with other requirements, to conserve energy. The most efficient lamps and luminaires appropriate to their application should be used, and systems should be serviced regularly to prevent waste of light. In some buildings the lighting system can be effectively combined with the heating and ventilating systems to make full use of heat from the lamps. Manufacturers’ design literature should be consulted for details. luminance levels are usually specified in the Guide as the values measured ‘on a horizontal plane, although for many sports, visibility often relates better to illuminance on vertical planes. Experience has.shown that the values on the vertical will be satisfactory if the recommended illuminance on the horizontal is provided by equipment of the correct type, positioned according to accepted good practice, and with the light correctly distributed. When setting lighting levels, it has been assumed that the player will be of average age. It should be noted however that as the eye ages so it requires more light to achieve the same level of performance, (See Figure 2.1) Ideally, most playing surfaces should appear more or less uniformly bright when viewed from the relevant directions. How far this can be achieved in practice depends on the reflection properties of the surface and how it is illuminated. The first step is usually to design for acceptable uniformity of illuminance as expressed by the recommended minimum uniformity ratio for the sport. In the Guide this ratio is defined as the minimum to the average illuminance over the area and is derived by the methods described in Appendix 2. If this is accept- able then the illuminance gradient should also be checked where necessary. The resulting uniformity of brightness depends on the reflection properties of the surface as well as on the uniformity ratio. With grass, for example, it depends on the angles at which the light falls on the grass, the direction from which the surface is viewed, the ways in which the grass has been cut and rolled, and whether the ground is wet or dry. This is illustrated in Figure 2.2, which shows, for a constant direction of view, how grass changes 7 a 240 81001204160 —“T80 oO ‘age onder ht © (degrees) Figure 22. Relationship between gras brightess and angle of incident light for constant angle of vison (20°)2.5 Glare limitation 2.4.6 Daylight 2.2 2.3 Ancillary area lighting Emergency lighting in brightness with change in incident angle of the light. The effects of irregular surface reflection can seldom be estimated by calculation alone The equipment is usually set to produce the specified uniformity ratio over the playing area, and is then adjusted at night if necessary. When ball games are played, the flow of light across the space above the playing area should be reasonably uniform, otherwise the ball will appear to accelerate as it ppasses from a light to a dark zone. Players may then find it difficult to judge flight and speed accurately. The effect is noticeable if there is insufficient overlap of light from adjacent luminaires. Some glare from light sources is unavoidable and will cause a certain amount of discomfort. The degree of glare should, however, always be restricted to a level where vision is not seriously affected. The levels of brightness of both the light source and the adjacent background are important factors in the cause of glare. If the contrast between these is reduced so will the glare. This can be done in several ways. The brightness of the lamp can be screened from view by a louvre or by having a deep reflector and luminaires can be positioned so that the observer's line of sight is avoided. In indoor sports areas the background brightness can be controlled with suitable room surface reflectances to reduce the contrast The need to limit glare may conflict with other requirements. For instance, players and spectators are likely to be troubled most by glare when light reaches them at angles near the horizontal. It is this light which contributes to vertical plane illumination, enabling shuttlecocks to be clearly seen in flight. The problem usually occurs where mounting heights are too low. Glare for outdoor sports may be calculated according to CIE recommendations (see Appendix 2) where applicable. The extent to which daylight should be admitted to the building is a primary decision to be taken at the design stage. The use of daylight within a sports area has a positive psychological affect upon participants; although the sun or sky seen through windows or by reflection in glossy surfaces can cause an unacceptable level of disability or discomfort glare. The use of daylight in playing areas requires careful design. It is therefore recommended that only high level north facing glazing be installed. In the past rooflights and deep well glazing have been installed but this can cause maintenance problems. The illumination of ancillary areas in sports facilities should satisfy require- ‘ments recommended for similar areas within other buildings. (See Code for Interior Lighting) Emergency lighting is either part of the main lighting system, or a separate system, designed to operate for a specified period when the main supply has failed. It should provide sufficient illumination to allow for the safe movement of peole away fiom the affected area. Sports centre/stadium flexibility of use should be considered when planning the provision of emergency/escapellighting. (See Glossary) The people using such premises may be expected to be unfamiliar with their layout. Consideration should be given, therefore, to the installation of a maintained system particularly in respect of exit signs. However, early re-occupation of such premises following an emergency is not usual and a maximum duration of emergeney/escape lighting of two hours should normally be satisfactory, even for the largest centre/stadium.2.3.1 Siting of luminaires 2.3.2. Emergency/escape luminaires When the supply to normal lighting or parts of the normal lighting to occupied premises fails, escape/emergency lighting is required to fulfil the following functions: = to indicate clearly and unambiguously the escape routes; = {0 provide illumination along such routes to allow safe movement towards and through the exits provided; = to ensure that adequate illumination is provided over fire alarm points and fire fighting equipment. Illumination is required not only on complete failure of the supply of normal lighting, but also on a localised failure if such a failure would present a hazard. Luminaires should be sited near each exit, emergeney route, emergency exit door and at the points where it is necessary to emphasise the position of potential hazards and safety equipment, for example: intersection of corridors; = at each exit door, = near each change of direction (other than a staircase); ~ near each staircase so that each flight of stairs receives direct light; = change of floor level; = outside each final exit door and close to it; ~ near each fire alarm call point and fire fighting equipment; = to illuminate exit and safety signs required by the enforcing authority. For the purpose of the above, ‘neat’ is defined as within 2 metres. If an entertainment or liquor licence is to be granted it is advisable that a meeting is held with the relevant Fire Prevention Officer at an early stage of the project to discuss any specific lighting requirements. BS5266 and Technical Memoranda TMI2: Emergency lighting call for a minimum level of I lux to be provided in areas requiring emergency/escape illumination, Within sports halls/stadia it is very difficult to obtain this level with such high mounting heights, although if natural daylight is available this will assist. It is therefore advisable to make use of wall mounted luminaires! signs over doors to provide illuminated accesslescape routes. Non illuminate signs can also be used provided they are illuminated via a separate source. In certain cases where a licensed area is required the fire authority may request that not only interior but exterior luminaires be installed. It is there- fore recommended that fuminaires be installed at low level, operated from the emergency power supply (if exterior illumination is provided from a separate power source to the building this would meet this requirement). Signs within centres/stadia shall be preferably flush mounted (sports hall/ arena signs must have a vandal resistant diffuser fitted to avoid breakage) with consideration given to incorporating emergency lighting luminaires. It is also advisable for all exit signs to be controlled from a central point (ie. reception/contro! room). In centres containing a licensed area the Fire Prevention Officer may request that exterior escape luminaires be installed to lead people away from the building. 52.3.3 24 25 Areas illuminated by discharge luminaires Standby lighting Surveillance lighting Illuminated signs within sports halls should preferably be flush with polycarbonate diffusers. Ancillary areas within centres could be used for weight training, keep fit areas and exhibition areas. These areas should also be provided with emergency/escape luminaires. Consideration should be given to incorporate these luminaires within the general luminaires. ‘The use of high pressure discharge lighting within sports halls/centres is on the increase, With discharge lamps having a run-up time of 2 to 5 minutes and a re-strike time of 1 to 15 minutes (see Section 7) to reach maximum Jumen output, the inadvertent switching off of luminaires can and does cause major problems Ina situation of mains or sub circuit failure the standby system of low voltage luminaires will operate. If however, a light switch has been switched off, the area could be in darkness for several minutes. It is therefore recommended that a tungsten or fluorescent source be installed with a variable timer to provide background illuminance during the discharge luminaires warm-up cycle Standby lighting is the provision made that in the event of a mains supply failure the event can continue. It is advisable that ancillary lighting powered by battery pack be utilised instantaneously in case of system failure. This can also act as escape illumination. This system is usually activated simultane- ously with the stand-by generator installation which will provide capacity to power sufficient luminaires to allow the eventvcompetition to continue and would typically maintain illumination at competition level Since discharge lamps will often be used it must be remembered that after even a momentary supply interruption they will go out for several minutes before restriking. “A secondary installation should therefore be provided to cover for this situation Some discharge lamps are available with ‘hot restrike’ so that the light is restored as soon as the power becomes available. Security lighting is considered here in the context of surveillance by television cameras of large crowds attending sporting events. With the increasing need to police such events this requirement should be considered together with the lighting for the sport itself Cameras for surveillance are available with a range of sensitivities, however for sports applications, two factors will determine the choice of equipment and lighting level. (@ The picture should reveal sufficient detail to enable individual identifi- cation, (®) Physical restrictions on positioning the camera will usually mean long viewing distances are needed. This will mean greater camera sensitivity and lighting levels are required than for other security applications. The minimum illuminance that standard security cameras can operate in is 3 lux for black and white and 10 lux for colour, However, this would not meet the requirement for individual recognition. Taking account of (a) and (b) levels of 100 lux should be provided. The light foreground created by such a level will produce uncomfortable viewing conditions for the spectator. Glare from stand lighting towards spectators should also be avoided as this will reduce their ability to see the spor.26 Planning requirements ‘There is, therefore, an advantage in having a separate lighting system which is switched on when detailed CCTV surveillance is required. Such lighting would in itself be a deterrent to potential trouble makers. As instant light is required the use of high pressure discharge lamps is not recommended. It is therefore recommended that a level of 10 lux is provided continuously, with 100 lux available. The illuminance is measured perpendicular to the camera, with a uniformity of 0.7. During the feasibility study/design concept of any outdoor area or arena, it is recommended that the local planning requirements that could affect the proposed project are considered. Early discussion with planning authorities is advised. The likely intrusions from floodlighting should be considered. These could involve: mounting height; light pollution (overspill); glare to surrounding neighbourhood; aesthetics of installation; and landscaping or screening. The problems are normally solved by careful consideration at the design stage The need to restrict floodlit hours of use e.g. not beyond 2200 hours, and access and car parking requirements should also be considered.Part B: Applications 3 Specific sport recommendations Recommendations for lighting individual sports and sports areas are given in this section. The sports are listed in alphabetical order. The following notes interpret and supplement some aspects of the recom- mendations: = Design illuminances are generally given from the point of view of the players, to enable them to participate. Where there are specific spectator requirements these are shown separately. For TV requirements see Section 5, ~The recommended illuminance in this Guide is the minimum maintained average illuminance (E,), which is the value below which the average illuminance should not fall throughout the life of the installation, over the relevant area, Separate values are recommended for different standards of play of competition. These have been designated as recreational, training and practice, club, county, national, and intemational. Values are recommended for all’ or some of these standards of play as appropriate. — Uniformity ratio is defined in the guide as the minimum illuminance over an area to the average illuminance, as determined by the method described in Appendix 1. The recommended values are minima, = Unless a specific lighting solution is provided, or certain restraints. given (¢g, minimum mounting heights) the user is free to design and calculate to meet the required performance criteria fom any installation layout deemed suitable,34 BA.2 Archery ranges (outdoor) Requirements Recommendations Archery ranges generally accommodate target distances from 30 m to 90 m at 10 m increments ‘The lighting must enable the targets to be easily discemible at each distance and allow archers to perceive the position of each arrow in the target. Sulflicient light is also needed in the shooting zone for nocking, making bow adjustments and for general safety and movement It is also important to provide general illumination of the ground between the shooting line and the targets to assist in judging distances. Floodlighting positions should be located behind the shooting line and the floodlights aimed directly at the furthermost target. Itis usual for several shooting positions to converge onto a single target. Where groups of flight-paths are illuminated, it is therefore important that the overall beam width of the floodlight(s) adequately illuminates each target Jane. If adequate illumination of the furthermost targets is achieved then normally the beam widths allow for sufficient illumination of the nearer targets, and ‘ground to the shooting line Whether the main floodlights produce sufficient spill light to illuminate the shooting zone will depend upon the type of floodlighting system used. ing of the shooting zone may be provided from additional floodlights mounted at the main floodlight locations. Glare should not cause a problem to archers whilst shooting at targets During retrieval, however, it is necessary to proceed back to the shooting line at which time glare may be experienced. This discomfort glare may be alleviated by switching off some of the floodlighting during retrieval or by installing the floodlighting on higher columns Standard of play? Mluminanee Plane of Usiformiry Mounting Application (ux)E, measurement ratio height (m) Recrestion/elub Target 100 vert on arget 5 (min) ‘Shooting zone 50 horionground 0.25 a Ground berween shooting 2one to target 2 hori onground 0.25 e3.2 Badminton 3.21 Requirements 3.2.2 Recommendations 3.221 Specialist area 3.2.2.2 Multi-purpose sports hall Players must be able to follow the flight of the shuttlecock against the back- ground, without being troubled by glare or having their attention distracted by high intensity light sources near their sight lines. The shuttlecock is seen by light transmitted and reflected from translucent feathers. The flight of the shuttlecock may be high above the net and adequate vertical illumination must be provided. Badminton is usually played in either a multi-purpose sports hall (see Section 4.1) or a specialist hall/gymnasium, ‘The smaller hall/gymnasium can be illuminated by arranging luminaires one metre outside the court side lines and at a height of 7 to 9 metres above the floor. Luminaires should have an asymmetric distribution with either a reflector plus guard, or a purpose made luminaire with a prismatic diffuser. Twin Tuminaires mounted end to end and centred on the net is regarded as the minimum standard for recreational play. Additional luminaires can be used to extend the length of illumination, but the luminaires should not extend beyond the base line, Various types of luminaires are suitable for badminton providing they do not cause glare to the players. It is essential to avoid luminaires mounted over courts, and the use of high brightness light sources such as high bay luminaires, if other than recreational play is to be enjoyed. Care should be taken to avoid any stroboscopic effect when planning the Iuminaire layout and choosing the lamp type. (See Section 7.5) The shuttlecock is seen more clearly if the walls and ceiling are not too bright. With the preferred lighting system the surface reflections should be within the recommended limits. Patterned walls or ceilings can be distracting especially if the pattems are regular, eg, those created by horizontal bars or complex roof structures Standard of play/ Uniformity — Mounting Application tio height (m) Recreational 08 6 (aia) Supervised tnining/practce a 5 Glob 400 » > . County 400 . > s National 500 5 5 e International 500 : 5 e Reflectance: Backs walls 02; side walls 03-045; ceiling 06-0.9; Boor 02-043.3 3.3.4 3.3.2 34 344 3.4.2 Basketball Requirements Recommendations Bowls (indoor) Requirements Recommendations ‘A player must be able to follow the movement of the ball and the other players. Most basketball courts are defined on a multi-use playng surface which may also be marked out for netball, volleyball or badminton. The general level of illumination must allow players to quickly discern the court markings. See Appendix 5 ‘An acceptable lighting installation can be provided by luminaires mounted above the court and spaced to conform with uniformity requirements Glare cannot be completely eliminated as players must look upwards, but it can be controlled by diffusing the light output and lowering the brightness contrast between the luminaires and the ceiling against which they are seen. Standard ofplay/ Thuminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application (ux)E, measurement ratio height (9) Recreational 300 Hori oncout 08 6 (ein) Supervised usining/practice 300 : : . Club 400 5 : > County 500 5 . > National 500 5 ei . International 750 * * . Reflectance: Walls 04-06; ceiling 0.6-08 Indoor greens are normally divided into several parallel $ metre lanes. Visual requirements are the same as for bowls played outdoors (Section 3.5). Because of the large open area, the uniformity of brightness of the green is very important. This will be influenced not only by the lighting system but also the material of the green itself. This material generally has a “nap” which will give a different brightness impression when viewed from different directions. The green is preferably illuminated by fluorescent luminaires mounted at a height of not less than three metres in lines that for preference run parallel with play, The system must ensure that the green is illuminated uniformly with no discomfort glare for players. Glare can also be restricted by reducing the brightness contrast between luminaires and ceiling. Where illuminance uniformity allows, the lines of luminaires should be placed to the side rather than above the playing lanes If the largest percentage of participants are elderly, illumination levels should be increased by up to 50%, (See Section 2.1.2) Standard of play luminance Plane of ‘Uniformity Mounting Application (ux) E, ——roeasurement tion ‘eight (a) Recreational 300 Horionitoor 08. 306 Supervised tnining/pracice 300 . . » Cub 5 . . County 400 5 > > National 500 . > » International 500 » > 5 Reflecunce: Walls 04-0.6; ceiling 06-08 ul3.5 3.84 3.5.2 3.6 3.6.4 3.6.2 Bowls (outdoor flat and crown greens) Requirements Recommendations Boxing Requirements Recommendations A player must be able to see the jack and lie of the woods around it, and to follow the run of the live wood. The players judgement must not be impaired by harsh shadowing even when both jack and woods are closely clustered. The bowling green should appear to be uniformly bright from all playing ends, whilst maintaining low glare to participants and spectators The green should be illuminated from floodlights located at either the four comers or a minimum of two opposite sides. A high degree of uniformity is necessary with light reaching all points of the green from at least two directions. This will soften any shadows produced by the woods ‘The players line of sight is a litle below the horizontal enabling glare to be controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming floodlights within near parts of the green. The visual spectacle of the floodlit green may be improved by limiting overspill into’ surrounding areas to a minimum. If the largest percentage of participants are elderly illumination levels should be increased by up to 50%, (See Section 2.2.2) Saandurdofpiay7 ‘uminanee Plane of Mounting ‘Applicaton un E,_messurement eight Recreadonal 100 Hori.ongreen 05 ‘B(einy cht 200 : : * Action is rapid and takes place at close quarters. Good visibility from all directions is needed by boxers, referees, judges and spectators. Illuminances on vertical surfaces over the area of the ring should be high, consistent with adequate limitation of glare For supervised training and club use it may be possible to use the general lighting installation, For higher standards of competition luminaires which concentrate most of the light downwards are suspended over the ring. Luminaires should have reflectors to restrict glare. Although illuminances on the horizontal are high the corresponding values on the vertical can be relatively low and distant spectators may find it difficult to follow the action, therefore additional lighting from over the spectators may be required. A modified overhead system is often used for competition boxing. Standard ofply/ uminance Plane of ‘Mouating ‘Application du) £, measurement heighc (rm) Supervised taining 500 Hori on floor fring 3 (min) ‘cuub 500 : * Regional 750 e 5 National 1000 5 . International and special events 2000 e »3.7 3.74 Cricket (indoor) Requirements 3.7.2. Recommendations 3.8 3.8.4 3.8.2 Cricket (indoor schools) Requirements Recommendations The batsmen, bowlers and fielders must be able to follow the movement of the ball which is often travelling at speed. The batsmen and fielders must be able to perceive the movement of the ball without discomfort or disability glare, nor have their attention distracted by the brightness of any light source in the line of sight. These recommendations can be met by a lighting system comprising of luminaires fixed in a regular array above the playing area, Where protective netting is used this should ideally be 1 m below the luminaires Glare cannot be completely eliminated as players must look upwards, but it can be controlled by diffusing the light output and lowering the brightness contrast between the luminaires and the ceiling against which they are seen. The luminaire should be screened from the normal angle of view of all players. The walls should provide good contrast with the ball Standard ofplay/ Ihuminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application ux)E, ——mensurement ratio height (m) Recreational 400 Horionpitch 0.9 ‘4 (oin) Supervieed training 400 > » . (Club and county 500 = . » Reflectance: Walls 04-0.6; Noor 02-044 ceiling 06-08 The batsman and bowler must be able to follow the movement of the ball, which is often travelling very fast. The bowler must have a clear view of the wicket and the batsman must be able to study the run up and action of the bowlers arms. Neither must be toubled by discomfort or disability glare, nor have their attention distracted by the brightness of the light source in their sight lines. The requirements are met by a lighting system comprising a number of fluorescent luminaires having reflectors and guards mounted transversely to the pitch and above light coloured protective netting. The luminaire reflectors should be sufficiently deep to screen the fluorescent tubes from the angles of view. Standard of play? Murminance of Uniformity Mounting Application duo F, measurement ratio height em) Supervised taining 400 Hori on pitch 09) 4m) club 500 5 a E County 750 a s : [NationaVinternatonal 1000 Reflecance: Side3.9 3.9.4 3.9.2 Cycle racing (indoor) Requirements Recommendations The lighting installation needs to provide acceptable illumination over the whole of the track area at track surface level. As competitors are nonmally looking ahead and slightly downwards, glare from light sources are not usually’ problem providing that the track surface is not highly reflective. General lighting not less than 10% of the track level should be provided over the spectator area It may be necessary to provide additional lighting over the finishing line area to satisfy photo-finish equipment and as an aid to officials and spectators It is generally recommended that luminaires are mounted directly over the track to provide the main track lighting. A general level of 300 lux should be adequate for participants and this level is therefore designated for training. The higher levels quoted for competition are generally to satisfy spectator requirements Standard of pay/ Mhuminance: Plane of Uniformity Application dw B, measurement ratio ‘Training 300 Normal to wack 08 ctu 500 5 National 750 5 International 750 Reflectance: Floor 02-043.410 Equestrian sports (indoor) 3.10.1 Requirements 3.10.2 Recommendations This section deals with the illumination of indoor arenas used for show- jumping, dressage, schooling of horses, practice and training. Major show- Jumping’ events are normally held in sports stadiums utilising the general stadium lighting, (See Section 4) Illumination is provided to enable the safe movement of both horse and rider appropriate to the standard of participation. The actions of both must be clearly discernible by spectators, riders, officials and trainers Most purpose built arenas are rectangular in design, although the overall dimensions may vary considerably. The smallest arena suitable for equestrian events is 40 m x 20 m whilst a full showjumping arena should be 60 m x 25 m, In all cases the most effective lighting solution will be provided by overhead illumination, The illumination must be adequate to enable safe progress for horse and rider during all aspects of equestrian sport. It is important that a high degree of uniformity is achieved with sufficient luminaires to remove shadowing and glare around showjumping fences. The eye level of a rider is typically between 2 m and 2.5 m above ground level and may significantly increase when jumps are taken, This should be considered when determining a suitable mounting height. Background illumination should be provided for spectator areas Standard ofpay/ Tkominance Plane of Uniformity Mounting ‘Application (uE, measurement ratio height () Schooling (supervised practice and training) Showiomping 400 Horion ground 08 6¢min) Dressage 300 . * a Competition ‘Showjumping 700 5 . Dressageant 341A 311.2 Equestrian sports (outdoor) Requirements Recommendations This section deals with the lighting of arena used for show jumping, dressage, schooling, practice and training, Major show jumping events are nonmally held in sports stadia or indoor arenas utilising the general stadium lighting, (Gee Section 4) Lighting is partly provided to enable the safe movement of both horse and rider appropriate to the standard of participation. The action of both must be clearly seen by spectators, officials and trainers. The lighting installation should provide even illumination over the total floor area, Shadows should be avoided as these may cause horses to shy. Most purpose built arenas are rectangular in design, although the overall dimensions may vary considerably. The smallest arena size suitable for dressage test is 20 m x 40 m, whilst a full show jumping round will require 80 m x 210 m minimum, A’ suitable area for schooling would be approxi- mately 25 m x 65m. In many cases the most cost effective lighting solution would be provided by a side-lighting system similar to those used by a minor sports ground or multi-use sports area The lighting must be adequate to enable the safe progress of both horse and rider over the jumps and to discern the finer points of dressage. It is, important that a high degree of lighting uniformity is achieved with sufficient floodlighting positions to remove shadowing around show jumping fences The eye level of a rider is typically between 2 m and 2.5 m above ground level and may significantly increase when jumps are taken. This should be considered when determining a suitable mounting height for floodlighting. Glare to both horse and rider should be limited as much as possible. The main course direction for show jumping and dressage will be along or diagonally across the principal arena axis. With floodlights directed across the arena, a side-lighting installation will provide the least glare towards participants. Standard of play? ‘luminance Plane of ‘Uniformity Mounting Applicaton (lox) B, measurement —_ ratio height om) Schooling (supervised practice and training) Show jumping 150 Morion ground 05 40¢min) Dressage 100 5 A 5 Competition Show jumping 300 . . . Dressage 200 5 : *3.42 3424 3422 Five a side football (indoor) Requirements Recommendations A player must be able to follow both movement of the ball and other players Most five-a-side courts are defined on a multi-use playing surface which may also be marked out for basketball, volleyball or badminton. The general level of illumination must allow players to quickly discem the court marking. (See Appendix 5) Suitable illumination can be provided by luminaires fixed above the playing area and spaced to meet the uniformity ratio requirements. Although the play takes place at low level there is a risk of deflection; lamps should therefore be guarded Glare should be restricted by controlling the luminance of the fitting, lowering brightness contrast between luminaires and ceiling. Ceiling and wall reflect- ance should be fairly high Standard ofplay/ ‘luminance Plane of Uniformity Application due By measurement mito Recreational 300 Hori on floor 08 Supervised taining/practice 300 5 5 Chub 400 5 5 Counry 400 : : National 300 : 5 International 500 * . Reflectance: Walls 0.4-0.6 ceiling 06-083.13 Golf driving ranges 3.13.1. Requirements 3.13.2 Recommendations 3.14 Golf practice areas 3.14.1, Requirements 3.14.2 Recommendations 18 The distance markers must be clearly depicted. The player must be able to follow the full flight of the ball down the range and discem its resting place. ‘The general illumination of the range up to the first target area must also appear reasonably uniform so as not to cause distraction. Golfing tee areas will require separate illumination Due to the extremely long driving range distances, typically 100 m to 250 m, it is necessary to use high powered floolights at high angles of elevation to provide adequate vertical illuminance at each target area. Mounting. heights will have little significant influence upon the resultant illumination of the distance markers. All golfers will be driving from positions in front of the floodlights and are not required to retrieve golf balls. Glare to golfers is not, therefore, an influencing factor and so low mounting heights may be used. In layouts where several booths converge towards a common target area they ‘may be illuminated, in groups, whereby the overall flight path is covered by the beam widths of the associated floodlights. As each floodlight will contribute to the target illuminance it should then be possible to use lower output floodlights in this instance. Glare to the surrounding neighbourhood is possible from viewing directions towards the golf range, in the direction of play. There is no practical advantage in using high mounting heights to overcome this because of the distances involved. Natural screening is the best practical solution The driving range main floodlighting is unlikely to provide sufficient illumination of the tee areas, These may be adequately illuminated from additional low powered floodlights mounted on the main floodlighting columns and directed at these areas. Golf driving ranges with covered booths will require separate lighting within the booth, usually from fluorescent luminaires suitable for outdoor use. Standard of play? Utuminance Plane of Uniformity Application (ian E. measurement ‘io | Recreaton/practice Distance markers 50 Ver.atground 025.0 Lsteatker Tee 0 Hori at grvved The player must be able to follow the ball’s movement during its flight and discern its final resting place. The illuminance should appear reasonably uniform so as not to cause distraction to the players. Practice areas vary in length and width, it is therefore necessary to use luminaires with a wide beam spread over the practice area, to provide an adequate illumination over the whole area Due to the differing trajectories that will be taken by balls, it is impossible to specify a mounting height that will cover all eventualites. ‘Standard ofplay/ Wuminasce —— Plancof Uaifoeminy Application dune, measurement ratio Recreational/pracice 50 Horiatground 0253.15 Greyhound racing 3.15.1 Requirements 3.15.2 Recommendations 3.15.2.1 Low mounting system 3.1522 High mounting system This section deals only with the track lighting in greyhound stadia. The general lighting of stadia is described in Section 4.3.4. Spectators must be able to clearly identify the individual dogs throughout a race. This they will find most difficult to do when the greyhounds are racing down the opposite side of the track where long viewing distances and inner rail obstructions may impair spectator vision. It is, therefore, important to provide adequate vertical illuminance on inward-facing surfaces over the track. The lighting should also be confined to the track only in order to heighten the viewing spectacle. Additional general lighting may be necessary to illuminate the central stadium area if used by officials, for presentations and parading of greyhounds For economic reasons it is advisable to install track lighting which may be switched to a lower illuminance level during the intervals between races. Apart from additional lighting at the finishing line, there are two main types of lighting systems generally used for illuminating’ greyhound tracks. Lighting of the track is provided from special purpose luminaires suspended over the track fiom a large number of poles sited around the inner or outer periphery. Racing is mainly confined to the inner third of the track, and so luminaires are positioned at about one third of the track width from the inside rail. The spacing to height ratio should not exceed 1.5 : 1 as dark bands across the track must be avoided, Dark bands caused either by poor design or failed lamps can produce race confusion amongst the dogs as they lose sight of the hare due to poor visual adaptation, The luminaires should restrict the light to the track area in order to minimise glare and give race atmosphere Although most of the light is provided directly above the main race width of the track, illuminances on vertical surfaces are comparatively low. AS a result the greyhounds are not seen as clearly as might be expected. Other disadvantages are the large number of poles that obstruct spectator viewing and the facilities that must usually be provided for lowering or removing the poles when the stadium is used for other purposes. Itis important that the special luminaires used in a low mounting system are protected by a glass front cover. This will prevent any sand kicked up off the track during racing from causing added deterioration of the lamp and luminaire Luminaires with dual lamp provision may be used t provide switching from race standard lighting to the general lighting level sufficient between events The use of higher poles allows for an overall reduction in the quantity used. ‘The result is less visual obstruction although individual column diameters will be greater than those of a low mounting system. Lighting over the track is now provided by groups of floodlights mounted on columns positioned around the inner track periphery. This system gives more light on inward facing vertical planes thus allowing improved viewing of racing along the opposite side of the track. There will, however, be less illumination of outward facing vertical planes and care must be taken to ensure that there is sufficient light to allow greyhound recognition along the front straight section of track. 193.16.2.3 Finishing line 3.16 Handball 3.16.2 Recommendations 20 In stadia with grandstand provision, it is necessary to relocate columns to the outer perimeter of the front straight or from the grandstand roof to ensure adequate viewing. ‘The disadvantages which may be attributed to high mounting systems are that floodlights can cause discomfort glare and may require screening from ‘view, and that lighting is not easily confined to the track area only. Ilumination of the greyhound track to a general lighting level between races may be achieved by the use of dual lamp luminaires or switching off some floodlights per column. It may also be possible to install additional loodlights per column to enable lighting of the central field area for general usage or as illumination for other sports activities. Careful consideration should be given as to how servicing of a high mounting system will be carried out as many sand filled greyhound tracks will not support the use of heavy vehicles A high level of illuminance is needed for photographing race finishes. This is usually provided by mounting a line of luminaires across the track above the finishing line with the light directed downwards. It is preferable to use luminaires which precisely control the light directing it away from the camera and towards the vertical plane. ‘Standard of play’ Uniformity Application Track Racing 300 07 Geneeat 100 4 0s Finish 2000 ° > General Cental Geld Gi required) 50 » > ‘Mounting height § ta minimum for low system 10 m minimum for high system ‘A player must be able to follow the movement of the ball and the other players. Most handball courts are defined on a multi-use playing surface which may also be marked out for basketball, volleyball or badminton. The general level of illumination must allow players to quickly discem the court markings, (See Appendix 5) ‘An acceptable lighting installation can be provided by luminaires mounted above the court and spaced to meet uniformity requirements, The luminaires should have controllers fitted to shield the lamps from spectators. Glare to players cannot be overcome in this way as they must look upwards from time to time but it can be controlled. Stendard of play? ominance Plane of Uniformity Mounting wo F, measure heigneée) 300 Hori oncoun 08, sein Supervised trining/practice 300 5 - cub 4003.17 Hockey (indoor) 3.17.1 Requirements 3.17.2 Recommendations ‘A player must be able to follow the movement of the ball and the other players. Most hockey courts are defined on a multi-use playing surface which may also be market out for basketball, volleyball or badminton. The general level of illumination must allow players to quickly discem the court markings. (See Appendix 5). The bal is small and the play is fast. A lighting installation can be provided by luminaires mounted above the playing area and spaced to meet uniformity requirements, The luminaires should have coversdiffusers fitted to shield the spectators from glare, Standard of play! ‘luminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application ux), measurement tio Ieight on, Recreetional 300 Horionfocr 08 Stein) Supervised waiaing/pracice 300 - a 5 tub 400 : a 50 Cosmy 500 : : 5 National 500 a 5 5 International 750 5 * Reflectance: Walls 4-043.18 Ice sports (indoor) 3.18.1. General 3.18.2 Requirements 3.18.3 Recommendations The ice sports that are considered are as follows: ice hockey; speed skating; curling; figure skating; and recreational ice skating Participants in these sports can either be outdoors or indoors. Artificial lighting can be provided from floodlights, overhead luminaires or uplighters. ‘A high standard of lighting is required with ice hockey as it is a fast sport with spectators viewing a small black puck in contrast with the rink. This is especially true where there is a large distance between the ice and the spectators such as in arenas or halls. The dry ice acts as a good diffuse reflector. There should not be any strongly marked patterns of light that could distract from the game. Good uniformity of the lighting is of equal importance for revealing the puck. The illumination of the spectator area should have an average at least 30% of the rink for the sake of limiting visual fatigue for spectators and players A similar high standard of lighting is required for figure skating. This is to ensure judges can see the fine detail of movement clearly, In speed skating the visual task is not as exacting as above. The speed of movement may be fast, but the detail of skater’s footwork does not need to bbe so clearly observed, As the speed of movement in curling is slow and there is less fine detail to be observed. The lighting levels can consequently be lower then those above. The lower standard of lighting is also adequate for recreational skating ‘An acceptable lighting installation can be provided by luminaires being mounted in a regular array above the rink. Side lighting can improve the vertical illuminance on skaters especially in figure skating and ice hockey giving improved spectator viewing. Glare contro! is relatively easy to achieve as the main direction of view is below the horizontal plane. Care needs to be taken in the selection and location of the luminaires so that glare is minimised, Suitable louvres and screening can prove effective in limiting the glare. The ceiling reflectance needs to be high to reduce the luminance contrast ‘when compared with the ice rink surface Atificial surfaces are now becoming available and the same general principles apply. Standard of play? Wumiaance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application dur), measurement ation eight (en) Ter hockey and figure skating Taining 200 Horionrink 03. Seiad Competition 750 5 o7 : ‘Speed skating ‘Training 100 5 03 : ‘Competition 200 5 93 Casting Training 100 A 02 » Competition 200 5 02 s Recreational ice skating 100 5 02 e Reflecance: Walls 03-06; ceding 06-093.49 Lawn tennis (indoor) 3.19.1. Requirements 3.19.2 Recommendations Lighting should provide uniform illumination over the playing area as seen by the players and spectators. This includes the court lines and the ball which should also be seen clearly. As well as having adequate illumination over the court there should be sufficient light above players head height. This is to allow a ball that has been played high to be seen. Lighting should give: — acceptable uniform illumination of the ball throughout its flight; ~ least distraction due to glare; — and clear perception of the court lines and players movements, As the players are within the illuminated area and need to look in virtually all directions, a limited amount of disability glare may have to be accepted if the ball is to be illuminated when in flight. The preferred system would use luminaires mounted parallel to the side lines and outside the court area. The illumination is thus directed inwards on the playing area. Luminaires may require louvres to be fitted to control glare. The back walls of the playing area are typically dark green to provide good contrast with the ball. For the same reason the illuminance over spectator areas should be limited. Light ceilings and side walls help to reduce glare and provide a small percentage of reflected illumination. Lighting of the surrounding play area should be uniform, and to at least 50% of the level on the court, Sandard of play? Tominsnee Plane of Uniformity Mouniog | Aoplicaton dan meauuremem ato heehee) Recrestionl 300 Horioacoun 08 Timi | ‘Supervised trmining/practice 400 . . . | cub “00 s : S| Coney 500 5 : > Nationa! 50 S : : Intern 750 5 S eI Rellectance: Floors and back wall 02; side walls 04-046; ceiling 08-083.20 Lawn tennis (outdoor) 3.20.1 Requirements 3.20.2 Recommendations Lighting should provide uniform illumination over the playing arca as seen by the players and spectators. This includes the court Jines and the ball which should also be seen clearly. As well as having adequate illumination over the court there should be sufficient light above players head height. This is to allow a ball that has been played high to be seen. Outdoor courts are usually lit with floodilights that are generally aimed from the sides. A compromise has to be reached between the mounting height, the elevation of the beams and the acceptable glare towards the competitors and spectators. Any screens surrounding the playing area should be a plain dark colour with a matt finish so as to provide adequate contrast with the ball Multiple adjacent courts can be lit without columns in between the courts provided adequate court separation is available (3 m minimum). The illumination should not only cover the court area but also the surround- ing playing area. Glare will generally be controlled by using floodlights with a controlled beam of light at sufficient mounting height (at least 8 m). The use of additional louvres or baffles may also be used to reduce glare. Standard ofplay/ ‘luminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting ‘Application ux)E, measurement ratio ‘eight m) Recreational 8 (ein Over cour 180 Hori on ground 05 Over playing area 130 e cub 10¢min) Overcour 260 : 06 (Over playing area 180 5 Couney 10¢min) ‘Overcourt 360 a os. Over playing area 260 s [National and intemational 12¢ain) ‘Over court 500 . o7 Over playing area 350 “The above illuminances are maintained averages, and agre with those recommended by the Lawn “Tennis Association3.21 Martial arts 3.21.1 Requirements 3.21.2 Recommendations 3.22 Netball (indoor) 3.22.1 Requirements 3.22.2 Recommendations These include aikido, judo, karate, kendo etc. The speed of action in martial arts is often extremely fast and requires a high degree of viewing concentration. It is essential that the general lighting is uniform at floor/mat level and offers little distraction. The lighting must be sufficient to enable participants to quickly discern an opponents movements, gauge or make attacks and perform throws safely without the discomfort of glare. Suitable lighting may be provided from ceiling mounted luminaires positioned in a regular layout commensurate with providing uniform lighting at floor! mat level. The contrast between ceiling and luminaires should be as low as possible so as to prevent distraction. Walls should provide contrast against the predominantly white or black clothing of participants. Ceiling reflectances should not be less than 0.6, Standard of play/ Uuminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting ‘Application (ux)E, measurement’ ratio. height (m Supervised tnining/pracice 300 Hori onfloor 08 3 min) {Club competition ‘900 s D * ‘National competition 500 S . * Reflecance: Ceiling 06-09 A player must be able to follow both movement of the ball and other players. Most netball courts are defined on a multi-use playing surface which may also be marked out for basketball, volleyball or badminton. The general level of illumination must allow players to quickly discern the court markings. (See Appendix 5) Although the ball is large, the action is often fast and therefore high iluminances are needed. An acceptable lighting installation can be provided by luminaires mounted above the court and spaced to conform with uniformity requirements. Glare cannot be eliminated as the nature of the sport requires players to look upwards from time to time. It can however be controlled by reducing the contrast between the luminaires and ceiling against which they are seen. Standard of play/ Tivminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application ux)E, measurement ratio. height cn) Recreational 300 Hor. oncout 08 6 (im) Supervised eaining/practice 300 : 5 + Chub 400 : : A County 400 5 2 : National and intemational $00 ” Reflectance: Walls 04-046; celing 05-08 253.23 Shooting (indoor) 3.23.1 Requirements 3.23.2 Recommendations 3.24 Skiing 3.24.1 Requirements 3.24.2 Recommendations 26 Participants must be able to observe the targets from various distances and also see target markings. For fixed target shooting a high and uniform illuminance should be provided to illuminate the target, with low level illumination over the firing position. To focus attention on’ the target it may be preferable to provide a high contrast between target and background, Luminaires should be positioned in such a manner as to avoid impact from bullets/pellets. ‘Standard of play? Thuminance Plane of Uaiformiy Application dua) B, measurement tia Alldevels of competion ‘Target position 1000 ‘Ver. om target os Firing position 300 Hori on position 08 CLC The lighting must enable skiers to safely negotiate the full length of the artificial ski slope. The general contours of the slope, depressions and surface irregularities must remain recognisable. On Jong ski-tuns the skier may be travelling at high speed. The lighting must enable quick recognition of changes in slope or incline. Bright light sources which might distract attention should not be visible to skiers whilst descending the slope. ‘The lighting should also provide for safe ascent of the slope by drag lifts or alternative facilities if available. Illumination is generally provided from floodlights positioned along both sides of the slope, and aimed both across and down it. This should result in ow glare and minimal distraction to descending skiers, Care shoud be taken to allow the lie of the slope to be easily recognisable during descent. The lighting must not remove slope features, but should adequately reveal both depressions and irregularities in the surface. In long skisruns the lighting should also emphasise areas where a change in slope profile occurs. The position of floodlights must not provide the skier with a false impression of the route of the ski-run. Ski slopes are usually illuminated from columns of low mounting height above the immediate slope. They provide a higher effective mounting height once the slope itself is taken into account. High mounting heights are not generally used as slope irregularities may not then be revealed. ——— ‘Standard of play? luminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application (lux), messurement ratio Aight (m) Recreato 50 Nosmalto slope 03 (ain) Practice and training 100 : 5 =3.25 Snooker/billiards 3.25.1 Requirements 3.25.2 Recommendations The table must be uniformly illuminated so that the player can follow the movement of the ball throughout its travel. The lighting should be shadow free and enable the player to distinguish colours of the balls. Suitable illumination is normally provided by a purpose made canopy containing several light sources. General lighting should be provided to the surrounding areas. Standard of play” Thuminance ‘Plane of| Uniformity Application (un Ee measurement aio Recreationaelub 750 Hori.on ble 08 Internavenal 1000 Mounting height: 08-10 m above table3.26 Speedway 3.26.1 Requirements 3.26.2 Recommendations 28 This section deals only with the track, central ficld and pits areas for speedway. Where events are held in major stadia then the general stadium lighting could be utilised. (See Section 4.3) Speedway is a fast moving motor sport. The illuminance level provided must enable participants to clearly discern the track ahead and actions of other competitors. Lighting must be uniform so as not to cause distraction to the riders. Maintenance and bike preparation is confined to the race-pits area and may require separate lighting. The track lighting must be sufficient to enable spectators to clearly follow the fast sporting action. Lighting is usually provided from high mounted floodlights positioned around the outer track periphery and directed downwards onto the track. ‘A high mounting system is essential for the following reasons: to reduce the overall column quantity so as to minimise the visual obstructions to spectators; to reduce the risk to riders leaving the track from colliding with floodlight structures; and to prevent mud, dust and dirt from the track surface being thrown up and deposited onto the luminaires during racing. Lighting of the central field is normally provided from overspill of the track floodlighting, ‘At many venues the speedway track is located within the fixed boundary of the greyhound race track. It is usual in these instances for the speedway floodlights to be situated on the greyhound track columns provided the columns are of adequate height. Floodlighting the speedway track from columns positioned within the central area is not recommended since this will give reduced illuminance on vertical planes facing spectators. As the sport is fast and potentially dangerous, it is essential that glare to riders is prevented or reduced to as low a level as possible. The use of a high mounting system for track lighting should prevent excessive glare to both users and spectators. The lighting of pits areas should be sufficient to allow the preparation and maintenance of speedway bikes. This may be provided by localised lighting. Standard of play/ luminance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application | du)Z, measurement ratio height) cue ‘Cenua feld 50 Horion ground 025, 8 ¢min) Pas 100 E s > Track 200 53.27 Squash rackets and raquetball 3.27.1 Requirements 3.27.2 Recommendations Wl-— 2 a “1 —— Figure 34 Recommended lighing. layout for squish rackets court The visual demands are exacting primarily because the action is fast and the ball is small in size. ‘The dark ball must be seen in silhouette against the court surface which should be fairly bright. The court lines must be clearly visible to players, spectators and markers. Tn instances where court walls are glazed it is important to ensure that luminaires are so positioned as to reduce reflections in the glass surfaces. The illustration of fully glazed courts is the subject of specialist design. It is very important that glare is restricted to an acceptable level. Squash courts are normally illuminated by ceiling mounted luminaires positioned in a standard layout (see Figure 3.1). In the case of fluorescent juminaires the front row should lie parallel to the striking wall and remaining luminaires parellel to the side walls. The lighting distribution from the front luminaires should emphasise the striking wall and restrict glare to players taking a high ball. Luminaires should be ceiling mounted and constructed so as to eliminate balls getting jammed. It is essential that impact resistant covers or guards are installed on all Juminaires to prevent damage. The court ceiling should receive some illumination which may be provided directly by the luminaires aided in all instances by reflection from the side walls ‘Standard of play! Uluminence Plane of ‘Uniformity Mounting Application (udE, measurement rato height (a) Recreation, supervised practice and taining ‘ Floor 300 Horionfoor 08. Side walls 250 Ver. on wall End walls 300 Ver. on wall ‘Club and county ‘ Floor 400 Horioniloor 08. Side walls 350 ‘Veron wall End walls 400 Vert on wall National 6 Flor 500 Hori.on floor 08 ‘Side walls 450 Ver. on wall End walls 500 ‘Vert on wall International 6 Floor 750 Horionfloor 08. Side walls 650 Vert on wall End walls 750 Vert on wall Reflectance: Walls 06-0. ceiling 06-038; Door 03-04 293.28 Swimming 3.28.1 Requirements 3.28.2 Recommendations (indoor) Highwindows. onthiswall couldeause irectond reflected glare tospecotors The main requirement is to ensure the safety of the users by providing adequate illumination and control of reflection on the water surface. Con- ‘rolling surface reflection is particularly important for staff who must be able to deal with any swimmers in difficulty throughout the pool. Greater illumination is desirable over the pool than spectator areas if provided, The atmosphere within the pool hall must be warm and inviting for spectators, officials and participants and especially the water should appear clean and inviting. Itis therefore recommended that lamps with a colour temperature of between 2000 K. and 4000 K should be considered. These recommendations cover the traditional pools that are designed for recreational swimming as well as training and competition pools. They do not specifically cover leisure pools. Nevertheless general principles are applicable. With the complex nature of poo! design, and restrictions on positioning luminaires, it is important that lighting is considered at the earliest stages of design. ‘The wide variety of techniques used is dictated by the structure of building, the balance of artificial lighting and daylighting as well as economics, energy efficiency and practical considerations i.e. direct lighting, indirect or a combination of both may be utilised in the illumination of the pool hall. Swimming pools are not areas where participants are called upon to perform critical visual tasks (diving and synchronised swimming being the exception). The major requirement is to provide a safe and pleasant ambience in the pool hall. This is of particular importance to staff who must be able to detect a swimmer in difficulty. Luminaires should therefore be positioned to minimise reflection from the water surface in the main direction of view. (See Figure 3.2) Tiumination of the diving area requires special consideration, Luminance reflected from a turbulent surface has an angle of spread of #20°. This means that the reflection in the water surface of luminaires mounted in the roof zone is unlikely to trouble spectators but it could mask swimmers in the diving area from the view of a diver. High brightness luminaires should not be used within an area defined by a 20° cone. (See Figure 3.3) Illumination of the pool hall is normally provided by direct or indirect techniques, with the luminaires constructed to withstand high temperatures, humidity and corrosion. It is therefore recommended that the luminaires should be constructed to a minimum standard of IPS4, (See Section 8.2) Luminaires selection should also take account of access requirements for ‘maintenance, cleaning and relamping. For this reason luminaires should not be positioned over the pool unless catwalks, gantries or rear access from the ceiling void are available. These requirements tend to lead to luminaires Figure 3.2. Example of positioning of lumiaires to avoid glare to spectators Figure 33 Location of laminates in diving area 303.28.3 Recommendations (outdoor) 3.28.4 Underwater lighting being positioned over the pool side. In pool halls where the mounting is limited, side fixing can cause reflection problems, the designer therefore has to minimise reflected glare from the lighting design. It is an accepted method to fix luminaires on masts located on the pool surround. The mounting height depends upon their distance from the pool side. In order to achieve adequate light penetration into the water the angle of incidence at the far side of the pool should be greater than 50° but preferably 60°, This method ensures that only low luminance images of the floodlights occur in the water. The small dimensions of the light source produce only small areas of reflection on the water separated by large areas of dark sky. This produces a low average water surface luminance. In this case underwater lighting will not be required as it does not improve visibility Suitable luminaires for these situations are floodlights with an asymmetrical light distribution. This allows good utilisation whilst reducing disturbance to neighbouring areas from light overspill. Underwater lighting reduces the effect of veiling reflections on the pool surface by increasing the luminance of the pool basin. Moreover the action of swimmers can be seen clearly by officials and spectators, thus increasing pool safety and allowing coaches to study techniques, Usually luminaires are installed on the longitudinal sides of the poo! basin, By adopting this arrangement bright beams pass the shortest distance through the water and also give the minimum annoyance to the swimmers Where narrow beam floodlights are used the peak intensity should be aimed at approximately 10° above the horizontal. As almost total intemal reflection occurs at the surface of the water there is no risk of glare to the swimmer, officials or spectators around the pool and the reflected light is redirected to evenly light the sides and bottom of the pool There are two basic types of underwater lighting - dry and wet niche ‘mounting. For wet niches, luminaires are recessed into the walls of the pool. For dry niches the luminaires are placed behind watertight ‘portholes’ ‘The advantages of dry niches include: casier installation; adjustability; flexibilty of light source; > and maintenance. ‘As has been explained, underwater lighting has certain advantages in its own right, the design of which should complement a good lighting installation within the pool hall and not to correct a badly designed installation. For further details see CIE 62: Lighting for Swimming Pools ‘Standard of play? Tilominance Plane of Uniformity Mounting Application dun E measurement rato aight om) Indoor Recreational 200 Hori on water 08 3 in) Club, supervised waining, county 300 5 * » ‘National 500 * > Ioternational 1000 . > Outdoor Recreational 200 Hori on water 0.7 B¢min) Cub, supervised training, county 300 . * . National 500 : . > International 1000 5 5 Es ‘Reecance: Walls 05-07; clings 06-08 International recommendations are in soordance with FINA requirements3.29 Table Tennis 3.29.1 Requirements 3.28.2 Recommendations ‘The small but fast moving white ball must be clearly visible during the whole of its flight, which may extend considerably beyond the area of the table, The table area will require a uniform level of illumination, A lower uniform level is acceptable over the remaining playing area Good contrast is necessary to perceive the small ball. To achieve this the background should be kept relatively dark by using either curtains or 2 dark paint finish. For a small number of fixed table positions it is often preferable to consider individual table illumination from either overhead or side mounted luminaires. In sports halls with a greater number of tables in use, the general illumina- tion must be adequate for the standard of play required. Positioning of the luminaires must be high and outside the main viewing zone of the players to avoid glare. Where individual table illumination is required this is normally provided from luminaires mounted above and outside the main playing area. At mounting heights above 5 m suitable luminaires containing discharge lamps may be considered. Stroboscopic effects should be avoided (see Section 7.5). Lighting of the surrounding play area should be uniform and to at least 30% of the level on the table. Standard ofplay/ luminance Plane of Uniformity — Mounting Application dus), measurement? tio. eight (m) Recreational 200 Hori ontable 08 3 comin) 4 prefered Supervised tnining/practce, club and county 300 . e > National 500 fA fs » International 750 Reflectance: Backs walls 02; side walls 04-0.6; ceiling 0.6-08 "The standard height ofa able tennis table is 0.76 m3.30 Volleyball 3.30.1 Requirements 3.30.2 Recommendations 3.31 Weight training 3.31.1 Requirements 3.31.2 Recommendations A player must be able to follow both movement of the ball and other players. Most volleyball courts are defined on a multi-use playing surface which may also be marked out for basketball, netball or badminton. The general level of illumination must allow players to quickly discem the court markings. (Gee Appendix 5) Although the action is fast, the ball size used is relatively large and so viewing conditions need not be so stringent as those required by small ball sports. ‘An acceptable installation may be provided for training and recreational purposes by luminaires mounted above the court and spaced to meet uniformity requirements. Glare can be controlled by reducing the contrast between luminaires and the ceiling against which they are seen, ‘At club level and higher standards of play, the increased illuminance level requires a different approach to providing a suitable lighting solution. These requirements are similar to those of badminton for which detailed recommendations are given in Section 3.2. ‘Standard of play? Tivminance Plane of Uniformity — Mounting Application Quy, measurement nitio. eight (=) Recreational, supervised training/pracice 300 Hori oncoun 08 1 (min) 8 prefered chub 400 : : County and national 500 5 = » International 750 e Reflectance: Back walls 02; si Participants must be able to concentrate in safety on their training without distraction from the lighting installation, This sport is unusual in that there may be many different viewing directions held for long periods of time, dependent upon the apparatus being used. ‘The lighting system must control the overall discomfort glare It is not feasible to completely eliminate glare in this application. The use of wall or ceiling mounted luminaires with suitable controllers should however greatly reduce glare and provide acceptable general lighting to all areas. Where potentially difficult or hazardous apparatus is situated it may be necessary to improve the lighting at these locations by carefully positioned additional luminaires. ‘Standard of play? huminence Plane of Usifoemiry Application dus) By messurement tio ‘Supervised tnining 400 Hori on Moor 08 334 4A 44a 4A2 413 414 34 Multi-purpose facilities Indoor sports halls Design of halls Design of lighting system General lighting systems Muminance Sports halls and gymnasia are regarded in this Guide as halls used primarily for sporting activities ‘The illumination of school assembly and similar halls which are used on occasions for one or two sports, i.e. badminton and volleyball, are not considered beyond saying that with a suitable designed lighting installation, the illumination could be suitable for recreational purposes. However, when these halls are used on a regular basis for several sports they should have a lighting installation of the standard recommended for multi-purpose sports halls ‘The type of lighting will affect the building concept and should be considered at an early stage, Failure to do this will restrict the choice of light source and type of illumination which will ultimately affect the usage of the hall. Many sports halls have frequent daytime use, therefore, daylight may be a beneficial consideration. (See Section 2.1.6) In multi-purpose halls, the illumination should ideally be designed to meet the individual requirements. However, in most instances this is neither a practical nor economical proposition, It is therefore important that the layout is designed to provide for the event that has the highest priority, provided that other sports are adequately catered for. It is important that the layout of the play area and lighting system should be planned together. It is recommended that the proposed lighting layout is superimposed on a drawing showing all playing areas, e.g. tennis, volleyball, ‘badminton, handball and five-a-side. (See Appendix 5) ‘The majority of sports halls are illuminated by luminaires fixed from the roof in a regular arrangement that gives an acceptable illumination over the playing areas. The lighting is satisfactory for ground level sports, but the contrasting pattem of bright and dark area over the ceiling may make it difficult to follow the flight of a ball or shuttlecock through the air. Luminaires containing a high pressure discharge source can be used effectively provided that they are positioned correctly. Even so, luminaires will be very bright when viewed from certain directions. It is therefore important that luminaires should be placed out of the sight lines of players whenever possible. AA light distribution should be chosen which ensures adequate illumination of vertical surfaces. It should also provide a small percentage of upward light to prevent the ceiling appearing dark. Luminaires for sports halls should have wire guards or be impact resistant Lamps in open reflectors should be protected by impact resistant covers or diffusers. Luminaires fixed to the roof or ceiling are likely to be damaged if struck by a football or cricket ball and special attention should be given to their protection and method of suspension, Protection devices absorb a certain percentage of light and allowance for this should be made when calculating illumination levels etc The illuminance should be within the ranges stated below, dependent on the priority sport and level of play (see Section 3): = recreational events; 300 lux. = club and county events; 400-500 lux. - national and intemational; 500-750 lux.4.4.5 Uniformity ratio 4.1.6 Supplementary 4A 4.2 4 4 lighting systems Lighting for non-sporting activities Indoor arenas Lighting for other events Consideration should be given to the hall’s usage when designing the installation. It should be considered that the number of occasions a sports hall is used for intemational events is limited, Designing to the higher level when the lower level is acceptable will incur increased installation costs and running costs. If, however, the higher illuminance is required, flexibility of switching must be provided. ‘An illuminance up to 750 lux is not, however, adequate for televising events such as gymnastics or basketball. See Section 5 for requirements The uniformity ratio over the playing areas should normally be not less than 0.8. ‘A supplementary system should be designed to produce, on its own, or in a combination with the general system, illumination which complies with the recommendation for the particular sport. Boxing and wrestling are typical of sports that require supplementary illumination when competitions are held in a sports hall. Supplementary illumination can be provided from floodlights mounted on a frame which is lowered into position above the playing area. See specific requirements in Section 3. Sports halls are often used for non sporting events, therefore, consideration could be given to installing a supplementary system which can be operated independently. For non-sporting activities refer to the recommendations in the Code for Interior Lighting where applicable. Whilst there are a number of indoor spaces within which sports take place, an indoor sports arena will be one where the requirements of sport were placed first in the design concept. The design of each arena is likely to be unique and dependent on the particular needs of the client. A survey, however, of existing arenas does show some common design elements which should be included in the lighting brief The spectator capacity of an indoor arena could be more than 2000, of which some of the seating may be removable. It will also have to cater for a number of different sporting events with differing lighting requirements, The first stage of the design will be to identify the likely sports that will take place. This will include any changes that might be made to the seating. For example, boxing would require light concentrated on the ring with the rest of the playing surface replaced by seating. Basketball, however, would use a larger area, but require a lower level of lighting Before the design can take place, a complete schedule of requirements and configurations must be identified. Lighting should also be provided to allow for different levels of play, ic. training, competition and televised events Generally, the lighting requirements adopted will be similar to those required by the specific sports Recommendations for emergency lighting are given in Section 2.3. Arenas could be used for other than sporting events such as concerts, etc. These events will usually require lighting which would not be installed as part of the sports installation, Access and power supplies should therefore be provided to allow for the instalation of supplementary temporary lighting However, the permanent lighting should be able to be used for setting up. 354.2.2. Maintenance 3 Television broadcasting 4.2.4 Lighting recommendations 4.2.5 Spectator areas 4.3 Outdoor multi-use areas 4.3.1 Requirements 36 ‘Access to maintain the lighting must be considered at the initial design stage. Mounting heights will generally be greater than 12 m and above seating. The use of mobile platforms will therefore be difficult. It may be worth considering permanent catwalks suspended from the ceiling to which the lighting is mounted. Lighting can then be withdrawn onto the catwalk to allow for safe maintenance The lighting requirements for television should be included in the design brief. The levels are as stated in Section 4.2.4 supplemented by Section 5. However, the direction of view of the camera needs to be identified. If the events taking place need camera positions from only one side, then limited additional lighting will be required. However, some arenas have a permanent installation which will allow camera positions to be placed anywhere around the playing area, Decisions t0 do so should be based on expected use and cost. The arrangement of luminaires and their switching should provide the following maintained illuminance levels over each section of the arena as previously defined. Table 4.1 General lighting. recommendations Brent sams Horizon Uniformity ‘tuminance ux) E ‘Mainenance of wena 108 General lighting 300 Training 300 035 Competiion 500 07 Spectator viewed events 900 07 Televised See Section S Illumination should be provided in order for the spectators to move safely around the seating area, at such levels described in the Code for Interior Lighting, While theatrical effect can be heightened by having the action taking place against a darkened seating area, visual conditions for the players will be improved by having some spectator lighting as this reduces extremes of contrast. (See Section 4.6.4) Outdoor multi-use sports areas can embrace a wide range of facilities from a single tennis court to a multi-court centre capable of catering for hockey or soccer. Use is generally confined to recreation and training and there is therefore not usually any provision for spectators. The most common usage for thse areas are tennis, soccer, netball, basketball and hockey. In addition, roller skating, roller hockey, cricket and athletics training may sometimes be included in the larger areas. The sizes of these areas can range from 35 m x 18 m up to 100 mx 65m and the actual playing surface can vary over a wide range of artificial surfaces. Grass will rarely be practical due to heavy use, drainage and maintenance. The lighting needs to provide satisfactory conditions for each of the sporting activities which are to take place. Unless finance is available to install separate lighting schemes for each activity with suitable switching facilities, a compromise will need to be reached whereby the lighting installation provides satisfactory lighting conditions for all activities. As these areas are designed primarily for recreational and training purposes, the individual requirements are not as stringent, and it is therefore usually possible to reach a compromise solution that will be generally satisfactory for all uses of the area. Depending on the anticipated programme of use and standard of play to be catered for, the floodlighting should normally be designed to provide4.3.2. Recommendations 4.3.2.1 illuminance and 44 uniformity ratios Outdoor sports grounds acceptable conditions for the most visually demanding sport. This generally ‘means sports involving a small, fast moving ball (e.g. tennis and hockey). The floodlighting will need to be designed predominantly for those sports whilst ensuring that the others will be able to be performed satisfactorily under the same” conditions. The smallest recommended multi-use area (approx. 35 m x 18 m) will be able to provide for single court recreational tennis, basketball and netball plus five-a-side soccer, six-a-side hockey and for short tennis courts So that players can easily follow the ball, it is preferable for light to come from at least two sides. In order to restrict problems with glare, it is generally recommended that light sources are, as far as possible, located away from the main direction of view. The lighting requirement will depend on the particular usage and type of surface and court markings etc. but in general the most important factors will be the illuminance, uniformity and glare control. (A siderlighting system using a minimum of two paits of columns is normally the most satisfactory compromise for small areas. The column heights and spacing will depend on the equipment selected and other specific site requirements (e.g, planning restriction, light spillage etc.) but in general a ‘minimum mounting height of 8-10 m should be satisfactory in providing reasonably uniformity and controlling glare Where larger areas are involved, additional columns and/or increased column height may be required. Sidelighting will generally remain the preferred option in the larger schemes but may be difficult to achieve with multi-directional playing areas within one large area. In these uses, a hybrid arrangement may be necessary but it will generally be advisable in these situations to provide a general even ‘wash’ of light over the whole area. With a wide range of possible uses, it is obviously difficult to achieve specific recommendations for illuminance levels and uniformity ratios. Table 4.2 is therefore only to used as general guidance and does not supersede any of the specific sport requirements given in Section 2 Table 42 luminance and uniformity requirements Spor ‘Maintained Dluminance —_ Uniforsiey ratio hhovaoatal place ‘aintave) dus) sninienom valve Seaside ootball 50 025 Garside hockey 200 05 100 95, 100 035 100 028 150 95, 50 025 The most common type of sports ground within the UK consists of a central rectangular playing surface, usually of grass, with main spectator provision along one of the longest sides, This generally takes the form of terraces and possibly a small spectator stand. ‘These sports grounds provide the local venue for amateur or semi-professional ball sports of which the main type are: football, rugby union, rugby league, hockey, American football, and Gaelic football. Spectator capacity is generally below 2000 and in the order of several hundreds for most occasions. 374.4.1. Requirements 4.4.2 Recommendations 4.4.2.1 Side-lighting systems Figure 4.1 Asymmetric fin shaped beams used in sidelighting systems 38 Lighting provision requires to be of a standard acceptable to the governing body of the particular association to whom the participating club belongs. In many instances this is governed by the lighting requirements necessary for participating in cup competitions and tournaments. It is advisable to ensure that the installed lighting is acceptable for coverage of events by video camera (see Section 5). The lighting requirements for television coverage are outside the financial reach of most amateur clubs and are an unnecessary provision for small sports ground, ‘The general lighting requirements for players and spectators are similar to those of major sports in terms of modelling, uniformity and restriction of glare (see Section 4.6). These criteria will be achieved by adhering to the general recommendations of Section 4.4.2. With the removal of the stringent specifications for TV coverage then the need for extensive computer verification of glare and vertical illuminance calculation may be omitted. The most commonly used and most cost effective floodlighting installation for a small sports ground consists of a side-lighting system using up to four ‘groups of floodlighting on each side of the pitch, Floodlights giving an asymmetric fan shaped beam, are generally used, This, type of floodlight has a sharp cut-off above the peak intensity which reduces glare to spectators, and achieves a high utilisation of the available light (sce Figure 4.1) The recommended mounting height is derived from Figure 43 the defining angles being measured from the longitudinal centre line of the pitch and touchline. The resultant side clearance from masts to touchline is generally 45 m minimum, Lower! towol Aeodtights Pech conve Figure 42 Minimum height of flodiights Al floodlights must be aimed to give acceptable uniform illuminance along the near touchline. It is also necessary to aim floodlights such that individual beams from opposing masts very nearly or actually cross-over so as to provide acceptable uniformity over the central area By choosing an appropriate number of floodlights for each mas, illuminances can be provided that range from the low levels adequate for practice to the higher levels necessary for match play. Glare should not be troublesome provided that: floodlights with precise light control are used and aimed correctly; = mounting angles measured from the centre of the pitch should be from a line drawn to the centre of the pitch (see Figure 4.3) of between 20° and 30°; — and the number of groups on any side of the pitch should not be more than four,4.4.2.2 Comer-tower systems Figure 43 Cteria for mounting height Floodlighting acceptable for training may also be achieved by using flood- lights ffom one side of the pitch only. With a side-lighting system there is generally a fall-off in illuminance towards the goal lines which should be restricted as much as possible. This is usually achieved by reducing the floodiight spacing towards the ends of the touch- lines. It is not advisable to place additional masts behind the goal lines as this will direct light along the main axis of play, resulting in excessive glare. Where floodlights are mounted on stand roofs the offset may not be large enough to give adequate illuminance on the vertical at the near touchline, Extra floodlights will be needed and should be mounted under the roof at the required offset distance, However, care should be taken to avoid over- lighting spectator areas. A small sports ground may also be illuminated ftom a 4 comer tower system. The greatest merit of this system is the unobstructed view allowed of the central playing field, The principles of this system are given in Section 4.5.2 A corner-tower system is however, usually more expensive to install and operate than a sideclighting scheme, utilising far higher masts and incorpora- ting large banks of floodlights. The required mast height should be at least 0.4 times the distance from the base of each mast to the centre of the field, in order to prevent troublesome glare. Actual tower heights may be derived from Figure 4.2 with angular offsets of 5° and 15° respectively from the centre of the touchline and goal line giving satisfactory tower locations. (See Figure 4.4) Hightower Typicalloction forlow lecetion height comertower with zone, smal foodigh ery # BD ct Figure 44 Location of comer towers 39Figure 45 Beam pattems fiom comer towers 4.4.2.3 Hybrid installations 4.5 Small sports stadia 40 CIBSE LIGHTING GUIDE For the smaller ground requiring a lower lighting level itis possible to provide acceptable results from comer towers as low as 20 m height positioned as in Figure 44. Where long throw symmetrical beam floodlights are used in comer tower installations each is directed to illuminate precise parts of the pitch. The individual beam pattems are merged together and overlapped until a suitable illuminance patter is built up which covers the entire playing surface. (see Figure 4.5). In order to achieve this, precise aiming techniques are necessary as outlined in Appendix 3. Tn many instances where a side-lighting system is preferred the minimum side clearance necessary is not available. This may be due to a parallel, adjacent second pitch. In such cases it is possible to consider a hybrid design using a side lighting system along one side of the pitch and two corner towers at the opposite comers. ‘Fable 43 lminance levels and uniformity Spor ‘Maintained — Uniformity Maximum illaminance Level of sponing activity ittsmisance ratio sradien over 05.0 horizontal (in/ave) ged interval planedlux) minimum 8) Recreational 50 02s 3 Supervised training and practice 100 03 3 chab 140 06 3 Rugby Recreational 50 035 % Supervised training and peacice 100 03 5 Chub vo 06 3 Hockey Supervised enining and practice? 200 os 38 Chub? 300 06 2 "this value reers to the level acceptable fr Footbal Association senior leagues. The foutbal league requires a micimum iluminances of 250 lux fr new entries +The IH recommendation fot ball taining and elub competition is 250 lux In order to select the illuminance level appropriate for a specific sport not listed in table it is necessary to decide which of the above three sports is, more closely related to the objective sport. ‘The prime factors which determine this are the speed and size of the playing object (usually a ball). As a rule the smaller the playing object, the faster the sporting action and thus the greater the lighting demands, ‘A small sports stadium may be classified as an outdoor sports ground with the additional provision of an athletics track surrounding the central field area. There may also be, in some instances, a cycle track either in addition to of as an altemative to the athletics track Where there is full provision for athletics the central field area is generally of grass. To allow increased stadium use this central area may also be used as a playing surface for sports such as football or hockey. Instances where the central area is covered with a synthetic playing surface, the facilities for athletics field events are lost. The surface of running tracks and run-up areas for jumping and throwing events are primarily of synthetic composition.4.5.1 Requirements 4.5.2 Recommendations 45.2.1 Track only 2 Track and field Spectator capacities are normally below $000. The facilities are usually used throughout the year. Spectator provision is primarily in the form of a small ‘main grandstand on one side only, with some terracing, either along the main sides or encircling the ground, Lighting standards acceptable for club and county events are normally sufficient for both athletics and other sporting uses. National and inter- national meetings are usually held in major sports stadia; the lighting requirements of which are detailed separately in Section 4.6, It is advisable to ensure that the installed lighting is acceptable for coverage of events by video camera (see Section 5). The lighting requirements for TV coverage is seldom justified for most minor stadia, With all stadia the spectators are further than athletes, players and officials from the sporting action. The illuminance needed is therefore determined by spectator by spectator visual requirements. Illuminances which meet spectator requirements will easily satisfy those of the athletes, players and officials Vertical plane illumination over the track and central area should be as high as possible, consistent with the needs to limit glare. Without the stringent specifications for TV coverage then the need for extensive computer verifica- tion of glare and vertical illuminance calculations may however be omitted, In meeting the requirements of horizontal plane illuminance, those of vertical illuminance will be satisfied Adequate modelling of participants, lighting uniformity and glare restriction will be achieved by compliance with the recommendations of Section 4.5.2 The type of floodlighting provision for minor stadia is primarily dependent upon the degree of versatility required. Each of the associated sporting activities may be illuminated as part of an overall design or separately as part of a composite design allowing switching sequences for individual sports, ‘The lighting requirements may be one or more of the following: ~ track only (athletics) (see Section 4.5.2.1); ~ track and field (athletics) (see Section 4.5.2.2); — and central field (football, hockey ete.) (see Section 4.5.2.3) A track only lighting system is usually provided from floodlights spaced evenly around the track perimeter. The recommended mounting heights are derived from Figure 4.6, although column heights as low as 10 m may give satisfactory resus Spill lighting into the central area of the stadium is usually insufficient for supervised training of field events. A perimeter side-lighting system is usually the most cost effective solution for illuminating both track and field. The mounting height of masts are derived from Figure 4.6 ‘The lighting of the central area is generally provided from the masts along the sides. The floodlights must provide adequate vertical illumination over the central field for throwing events, Care should be taken when using floodlights with sharp cut-off at the horizontal in their normal design attitude. ‘These will provide insufficient vertical illuminance for javelin, hammer and discus throwing events. al4.5.2.3 Central field 42 ‘The semi-circular end segments of the stadium are generally illuminated by additional masts spaced evenly around the bends of the track. Where long jump and pole vault run-ups are located inside the track, higher masts may be necessary to comply with the derivations from Figure 4.6. Altematively, where these are locaated outside, they may be separately illuminated possibly using backward facing floodlights from the perimeter side-lighting. It is important, however, not to locate masts adjacent to pole vault pits as excessive glare would be experienced by the pole vaulter. By choosing an appropriate number of floodiights for each mast, illuminances can be provided that range from low levels adequate for practice and training to higher levels necessary for club standard and competitions. This type of floodlight has a cut-off above the peak intensity, which reduces slare to spectators and achieves a high utilisation light. (See Figure 4.1) Small stadia are seldom illuminated from a conventional four-comer tower installation. Very high towers would be necessary to meet the angular requirements of Figure 4.6 and the expense of these is usually prohibitive. (See Section 4.6) [ Mastoltsstondhoight Figure 46 Criteria for mounting height (track and field) An alternative is to consider a six tower layout, where three lower height towers per side are used. These are sited away from the track edges allowing an unobstructed view of events. (See Section 4.6) A composite design may also be used whereby 2 or 3 high towers are positioned so as to provide side-lighting of the central area and lower height masts located around the bends of the track, to illuminate the semi-circular end segments, Mast heights are derived from Figure 4.6 The types of floodlights required for four-comer or six-comer installations are described in Section 4.6. When designing high tower installations, care must be taken to ensure that floodlights mounted on masts located behind grandstands do not cast shadows onto the stadium playing surface. Where this is unavoidable, additional floodlights should be mounted under the stand roof to fill in the roof shadow area. Lamps with similar colour characteristics to those on the mast must be used. Floodlighting is provided by utilising the previous designs outlined for Section 4.5.2.2 and switching off all lighting not contributing to this area. This is necessary so as to prevent excessive glare to sports being played within the central area. Care must be taken however, as floodlighting of the track may have made a useful contribution to the uniformity at the edges of the central field. Table 4.4 shows the recommendations for lighting the central field. For specifications relating to individual sporting activities occupying the central field area i.e, football and hockey, see Section 4.4.2.46 Large sports stadia 4.6.1 Requirements 46.1.1 Training Table 44 Mluminance and uniformity, small sports stadia Spon ‘Mainuined Uniformity Maximum diuminance [Level ofsponting activity ‘luminance ratio ‘gradient over 85 me hhosizontal —_(minfave) _ grid interval plane (tux) minimum (4) ‘Athletics, reek and eld Recreational 50 025 5 Supervited training and practice 100 03 55 (Chub and county 200 05 % Cycle ck ‘Supervised training and practice 100 03 55 (Club end county 200 0s 5 A large sports stadium is one where major sporting events take place. It will usually consist of a central grassed area for field events or ball sports, surrounded by an athletics track. In some cases the stadia will be dedicated to one particular sport such as football Spectator capacities will generally be above 5000 and typically in excess of 10 000. Lighting should be suitable for national and international levels of play, although some provision should be made for switching to lower levels for training. Such stadia are usually used for training when there are no events taking place. There are therefore three situations for which lighting should be designed. Because of the requirements of Sections 4.6.1, 1, 2 and 3, it will be necessary to consider both horizontal illuminance and vertical illuminance (specifically towards camera positions). Glare should also be calculated to ensure that it falls within acceptable limits (see Appendix 2). Some form of switching sequence will need to be designed to cater for the different levels required Care should be taken to ensure that the uniformity of the installation is, maintained at all times, The lighting levels should be sufficient to meet the needs of the player or athlete, However, because they will be training to a high standard, the requirements are generally at least those recommended in Section 4.5. Mates 160: 40 120 100 20: 70 Viewing ditance lerthestspectators tocenke ofptch) Figure 4.7. Relatoaship between maximum viewing distance, ground capacity and required luminance for stadium Averagedluminence Nomberat conhorontel specaion 434.6.1.2 Normal events 4.6.1.3 Colour television broadcasting 4.6.2 Systems 44 The lighting levels for normal events are set by the requirements of the spectator. The greater the capacity and the further spectators are away from the action, then the greater the lighting level required. Guidance is given in Figure 4.7. Such levels will always meet the player requirement, ‘The requirements of broadcasting should normally be considered for large stadia, This will set the maximum lighting level that needs to be attained. It will also influence the location and colour of light source for the instalation Specific requirements are set out in Section 5, ‘The type of lighting system installed will depend as much on the architecture of the stadium as the lighting requirement. Large open stadia generally require high masts in order to achieve sufficient illumination at the centre of the area, These would be mounted at the four comers. Very large stadia may require additional masts, spaced evenly around the perimeter. Such masts are usually in excess of 40 m. Local planning requirements might prohibit their installation. With this type of system, care should be taken that shadows of the stand canopy are not cast over the playing area. High tower systems generally require floodlights with symmetrical beams of narrow width and high intensity. Side-lighting systems can also be used and may take the form of continuous runs mounted along the edge of the stand canopy. This should typically be over 30 m above pitch level. General modelling over the play area will be lower than with a corner tower system. Side-lighting can provide the higher vertical illuminances required for television broadcasting, but care should be taken that glare is not caused to spectators on the opposite side of the stadium Floodlights with an asymmetric beam pattern are most suited to side-lighting installations. If the stand canopy overhangs the edge of the playing area, then floodlights will have to be mounted under the canopy to achieve the required vertical illuminance. Other factors which may restrict the type of system used are the weight and wind loading that the floodlights add to the structure and restrictions on cable length between the lamp and control gear. Ultimately each large sports stadia is likely to require a unique solution which may be high towers, side or perimeter mounting or a combination of the two. Table 45 Recommended illuminance snd uniformity, lage sports stadia Spor Maintained —Minamum unifomnity ratio Maximum Maximum Levelof poring aciviy luminance, ———________ ‘uminance horizontal Field Sund/feld Rating gradient plane lux) (minfave) ovr ei interval oH ‘Athletes onck and field Training 100 os 3 Chub and county 200 05 35 Netional? 400 07 02 B Football and rogby Training M0 os 6 Club and county 250 06 02 3 Nasional? 500 7 025 50 B Hockey? Training 200 05 38 Club and county 300 06 02 3 National 500 07 025 so 5 "Dependent upon maximum viewing distance (ee Figure 47) PUBFA have speci recommendations The FIH recommendation for bal ining and cub cormpetiion is 250 ux Fortelevsion broadeast requirements see Section 5Plate 1 The tennis ball can be clearly seen in contrast othe dark green background, Lower wall reflectance 0.2. Plate 2 Insufficient contrast between ball and backgrouned makes i difficult to see. Upper wall reflectance 0.55;Plate 3 Typical example of indoor bowling green layout, showing luminaires parallel to line of play. Plate 4 Indoor cricket schoo! with luminaires mounted transversely providing a high illuminance and good uniformity Plate $ Natural and artificial lighting in combination at indoor equestrian centrePlate 6 Gol dkving range illuminated by symmetrical beam flodlighs. Plate 7 Indirect lighting at an ice rink, where only a low mounting height is available, provides even illumination without glare, Plate 8 Floodlights on one side of an artificial ski slope delinate the slope and are directed in the direction of travel to reduce glare.Plate 9 Example of reflections from surface of swimming po! wate. Plate 10 “Leisursed” poo, illuminated with indirect lighting at perimeter for easy maintenance,Plate 11. The lighting system in a multi-use sports hall must be adaptable, an provide suitable illumination forthe event of highest pros Plate 12 Typical example of poor design of a sports hall, showing distracting brightness pattems on’ side walls, and poor position of luminaires relative to court layout Plate 13 Example of sports hall designed in accordance with Sport Councils recommerdations (SASH), Here badminton is the highest priority spor,Plate 14 Sports hall lighting emphasising easily dist able coloured court markings, Plates 15 and 16 Switching wed to vay illuminance in a mul-use sport hall. Plate 17 Multi function —_tighting system allowing complete Mexibility OF switching to provide a iMluminance up to colour sundarPlate 18 Illumination to recreational standard, with switching. 0 optimise facilities in an outdoor multiuse area Plate 19 Typical small sport ground with some spectator provision. Plate 20 Lighting to practice and training standard from a dual functionPlate 21 Lighting to national and intemational standards, designed to meet the require ‘ments of colour television in a large sports stadium. Plate 22 Scheme commissioning showing floolight seting using telescopic aiming sight5 5A 5.2 Light illuminance Uniformity ig for television Whilst the human eye is able to rapidly adapt to variations in lighting level, cameras used for broadcasting are not. The lighting therefore has to be designed to take into account the restrictions imposed by the cameras. ‘The camera will be looking principally at the participants in a vertical or near vertical position, The illuminance should therefore be specified on a vertical plane facing the direction of view of the camera and 1-1.5 m above ground level. Where a number of camera positions are used, then the design should be based on the four vertical planes facing the sidelines. Achieving the required level will depend upon the type of system used. Side-lighting systems for example are more efficient at achieving vertical illuminances than are comer tower systems. For team games the cameras are located on one side of the playing area, because cutting between opposite sides of the playing area would result in an apparent change in the direction of play for the television viewer. For sports such as athletics, this confusion does not normally occur and camera positions may be placed all around an arena. It is helpful to know the likely camera positions when designing the installation. Additional lighting is needed to achieve these requirements for stadia not originally designed for TV broadcasting Lighting that does not meet broadcast requirements will be insufficient for close-up shots and the depth of field will be so small that players in different planes cannot be simultaneously in focus. Evaluation of a given instalation still requires appraisal by broadcast authori- ties to ensure current requirements are met. Design for television requires numerous calculations to check all the requirements are achieved. The recommendations of this Guide are based on CIE 83 and CIE 67 which should be consulted before designing a lighting system for television coverage. The illuminance required will depend on the type of camera, their sensitivity, the lens angles being used and the speed of action of play. Wider angle views will require a lower level compared to narrow angle close-ups. In practice, narrow angle lenses are nearly always wanted, and an installation not providing the maximum level will in some way be inhibiting. Table 5.1 gives the required illuminance towards the camera which may be used as a guide at the planning stages of an installation ‘Table 5.1 Maintained illuminance on 9 place perpendicular 1 a camer position Speed of action TMhuminance un) ‘Maximum shooting distance Bm Bm 150m Stow 500 700 1000 Medium 700 1000 1400 Fast 1000 1490 When a camera is panned across it is important that the illuminance should not vary significantly, causing rapid adjustments to the exposure. This is controlled by the uniformity. CIE 83 recommends four separate uniformity requirements which must be achieved. 455.3 5.4 5.5 64 46 Colour temperature Additional requirements. for film Requirements for domestic video recording For outdoor installations, the colour temperature of the light source must be between 4000 K and 6500 K where the floodlighting is used during the day and into the dark. This is to minimise apparent colour changes in the scene. ‘Within an installation the colour temperature must not deviate from the average by more than +500 K For filmed events the light source should match the film which is manu- factured for colour temperatures of 3200 K and 6000 K. If the light is not a reasonably close match then comection filters will be required. The eyelic variation of discharge lamps can also create a flicker effect, especially if shot in slow motion. The remedy is to ensure that all areas receive light from lamps balanced over phases of the supply. Most domestic type video recorders will be sensitive enough to pick up detail at levels down to 50 lux. However, this would be on a vertical plane normal to the camera. As a good guide, if horizontal levels of 100 lux are achieved, this should be sufficient to meet this requirement. The camera should not be aimed at the floodlights. Maintenance and operation Maintenance The lumen output from all installations will decrease as the lamps age and dirt is deposited on the luminaire and room surfaces. The luminous distribution will also be affected by dirt deposits. Planned maintenance is therefore essential if ther design parameters are to be met throughout the life of an installation. Depreciation can be kept within technically and economically accepted limits by ensuring the following = luminaires to be safe and reliable and should be constructed to relevant international standards; = luminaires constructed to suit conditions; = and a phased programme of lamp cleaning and replacement is imple- mented (Consideration should be given to budgeting for the cost of replacing discharge lamps). The maintenance of indoor installations is dealt with in detail in the Code jor Interior Lighting which should be consulted, Indoor sports facilities are ‘usually dusty places; lamps and luminaires need to be cleaned frequently. Luminaires may be difficult to reach especially with mounting heights of up to 10 m. Servicing arrangements must be considered when the building is planned to cover: = Access for mobile scaffolding; - storage for mobile scaffolding; ~ storage for disposal of lamps; = and maintenance arrangements should comply with the Health and Safety at Work ete. Act. In certain cases it may be possible to provide a catwalk to enable servicing of luminaires from the ceiling void, The maintenance of outdoor installations is more demanding than that o indoor systems, chiefly because the luminaires operate under more severe conditions and are usually less accessible.6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4.1 Need for a maintained illuminance Maintenance of interior surfaces Depreciation of exterior installations Light loss from luminaires The maintained average illuminance (E,) is the value below which the average illuminance should not fall throughout the life of the installation over the relevant area, To determine the initial values for an installation the recommended main- tained illuminance levels must take into account light depreciation and maintenance factors. Those factors which primarily effect installation performance are: = light loss, reduced luminaire efficiency due to accumulation of dirt deposits on lamps and light-emitting surfaces; - non-recoverable deterioration of materials of which the luminaire is made; = lumen depreciation of the lamp with age; = and lamp survival, Lighting schemes which are therefore designed upon a maintained illumin- ance level which does not fall below that specified for the sport concemed. Information relating to the depreciation of surfaces can be obtained from the Code for Interior Lighting. Light is lost when dirt accumulates on the inner and outer light reflecting oor emitting surfaces of a luminaires and on the lamp. This dirt can lead to the gradual deterioration of the reflector surface especially if moisture is present, The extent to which the optical performance of a luminaire is affected in service depends on: = climatic conditions; = the degree of air pollution; = the corrosion resistance of the optical surfaces; = the location and orientation of luminaires; - and the regularity and effectiveness of cleaning and maintenance. In addition to the effect on optical performance, accumulations of dirt in the presence of moisture can also lead to severe corrosion and seizure of mechanical parts if the equipment is left unserviced for long periods. ‘Three considerations are necessary if the fall in lumen output is to be kept within technically and economically acceptable limits. First, the equip- ment must be well constructed; secondly, lamps must be changed and the luminaires cleaned regularly; thirdly, the maintenance factors used must be correctly related to the cleanliness of the location, the cleaning characteristics of the luminaire and the cleaning cycle. As a luminaire ages there will also be gradual loss of performance of reflectors pethaps accompanied by a loss of transparency of other materials. These effects are also dependent upon the type of luminaire involved and the materials used in its construction. The light output lost due to luminaire depreciation cannot usually be regained by cleaning. For closed exterior luminaires a 1% drop in light output per year is considered as being the average for a luminaire of good quality. a16.4.2 Dirt depreciation factors 3 83 8 depreciation %)_, | Figure 6.1. Lumen depreciation curve 3 5.7800 —B65 T7000 Hours jure 62 Life survival eune ‘0 40008000 -72000 Hours 6.5 Lumen depreciation and lamp survival attoo} 90) 80) 70) 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 Vimoine Figure 63. Lamp performance on mains vollge fluctuations on lamp eurent i, lamp voltage ¥,, lamp wattage M;, and lumen output 48 For average conditions a depreciation factor of 0.9 to 0.8 should be included in the design calculations but if air pollution is heavy or regular maintenance is not planned, factors of 0.7 or even 0.6 should be used to offset the increased light losses. Lamps and luminaires designed to stay clean with regular maintenance can reduce costs noticeable, especially in high illuminance installations for colour television. The highest depreciation factors apply when cleaning is carried out on a three-monthly basis, the average when there is a half-yearly cleaning cycle and the lowest when the floodlights are cleaned less than once a year Table 6.1 illustrates how the appropriate depreciation factor can be obtained when the cleanliness of the location, the cleaning cycle, and the degree of luminaire sealing are known. For example, in an installation where a floodlight sealed to IP54 was mounted in a medium pollution category and cleaned every 12 months, a depreciation factor of 0.88 would be taken, These figures should be used if no better information is available. The categories for pollution are defined as follows: - high pollution occurs in the industrial areas; tre of large urban areas and in heavy = medium pollution occurs in semi-urban residential, and light industrial areas; = and low pollution occurs in rural areas. Table 6.1 Depreciation factors for 2 TPSA minimum fuminsire (Cleaning interval Pollution catergory (months) ———___——. High Medium Low 6 091 092 096 2 086 ogg 098 B 083 oss, os 4 oat 083 091 36 079 082 0.90 The light output of interior and exterior installations falls with time as the amps age and eventually fail. The rate of fall in light output of any lamp with time depends upon the lamp type, operating conditions and switching cyde. The lamp-lumen depreciation will vary according to both lamp type and manufacturer. Lumen depreciation is normally depicted in graphical form shown as a percentage depreciation against hours of use. (See Figure 6.1) Lamp survival will vary according to lamp type and manufacture, It is normal to present lamp survival graphically as a percentage life expectancy of a large batch of lamps against hours of use for a specific switching cycle. (See Figure 6.2) Lighting calculations and measurements are based upon an electricity supply of rated voltage and current. Fluctuations in mains voltage will greatly affect the lumen output of lamps (Figure 6.3) and must be allowed for at the design stage if known in advance. It is unusual for any sports lighting installation to run its lighting continuously. A regular switching cycle is generally employed, however frequent switching will reduce lamp life. For this reason both lumen depreciation and lamp survival curves are related to specific switching cycles. It is recommended in sports lighting calculations that a switching cycle of at least once per 24 hours is assumed.67 6.9 Applying depreciation factors Construction of equipment Servicing eq Operation Upon selecting a maintained illuminance level for an installation it is neces- sary to apply those factors outlined in Sections 6.3 to 6.5 when determining an initial illuminance level For schemes where no maintenance other than that of cleaning is to be carried out between bulk lamp replacement intervals, then all the factors of Sections 6.3 to 6.5 apply. It is generally accepted that bulk replacement of all lamps is economic after 80% of scheme efficiency is reached. At this, efficiency level the percentage lamp failures, the related value of lumen depreciation and hours of use may be obtained. For schemes where spot lamp replacement and bulk replacement are both employed, only a factor attributed to lumen depreciation at the time of bulk replacement is applied. ‘The term maintenance factor includes all those elements discussed which will cause the lighting level to depreciate over a given time period. The uniformity of illuminance over the playing surface will remain acceptable throughout the bulk replacement interval if spot lamp replacement is employed. Luminaires and other equipment must be able to withstand the environment for many years. Metal work should be protected against corrosion and those parts of the luminaires which have to be removed for access to the interior should restrict the entrance of moisture and dirt. Luminaire reflectors are primarily of electrolytically brightened and polished aluminium, These must always be anodised for protection against corrosion but even so are subject to some deterioration caused by moisture and chemicals in the air which is drawn into the luminaire when the lamp is switched off and it cools down. Anodised aluminium must be cleaned with care. When cleaning is necessary, then a chemically neutral detergent, followed by gentle rinsing is advised. Abrasives should not be used. Luminaire covers should be cleaned and the lamps replaced at the intervals necessary to achieve a maintained illuminance level. Where floodiights are mounted in groups on high towers and are difficult to reach there is much to be said for replacing all lamps at the same time. The regularity and effectiveness with which equipment can be serviced depends very largely on how much maintenance costs. The likelihood of good maintenance taking place is increased if luminaires can be easily reached and cleaned: The most powerful constraints on any design are financial. Initially it is necessary to establish realistic economic and energy budgets commensurate with the design objectives. The methods of financial assessment employed by the designer must be acceptable to the client, because grants, tariff, accounting methods and other factors can vary. Fortunately simple methods of analysis are usually sufficient The designer must satisfy himself and others that a new scheme is justified; and that the proposed scheme is a sound economic proposition. A scheme may be justified because of increased specifications for the sport concemed. Where there is existing equipment it may be necessary to decide whether it is better to upgrade or replace it with a new scheme. 496.9.1 Energy tariffs 6.10 Management of lighting systems 6.10.1 Flexibility of switching 6.10.1.1 Occupancy detectors 50 Scheme economics are difficult to judge in absolute terms. For this reason comparisons are often used. These can be against an existing scheme or an alternative design. If a comparison between alternative designs is to be meaningful the schemes must be of equitable standard The cost of owning and operating an installation can be conveniently divided as follows: = capital costs (lamps, luminaires and associated equipment installation and wiring) and; = operating costs (fixed annual costs, running costs, maintenance costs). For basie costing it is often necessary to ignore labour costs associated. with ‘maintenance as this is usually unknown at the initial stage. It is also sufficient to consider a simple amortisation approach to recovery of investment capital unless otherwise advised. For further guidance on the principles of several methods of financial evaluation see CIBSE Guide Section BI8: Owning and operating costs. ‘A number of tariffs are in use throughout the UK. The most common payment system is the two-part tariff, usually consisting of a rate per kWh of electricity supplied and a standing charge, based on the maximum power required. There may be specific tariffs for sports lighting due to its seasonal cor short term use It is important that designs do not waste energy. The most important considerations about energy consumption are usually financial ones. Few users are willing to invest extra money to achieve energy savings unless the savings offer a reasonable rate of return on that investment. From careful design a balanced schemee based upon both cost and energy efficiency should be possible. It is easy to assume that the overall energy efficiency of an installation should be the most important yardstick in any design. Efficient use of energy should bbe considered in parallel with other design details The rise in energy costs has meant an increased investment in systems of various types from energy management systems to locally installed detectors or photocells. The installations of systems should be designed to operate in conjunction with the illumination system, not detract from it, Examples of such systems would be: = a switching system between recreational and international levels; = a switching system to light individual playing areas in a sports hall; = a remote switching system which will enable staff to control usage with programme of use; = timers to control usage; = photocell driven systems, used in conjunction with natural daylight, these can make substantial savings on energy. These will control luminaires in the event of areas being empty with luminaires left switched on, they can be used for non-sporting activities in6.10.2. Energy management systems 6.10.3 Documentation 6.11 Hours of use which case the sensitivity has to be adjusted accordingly. It is possible with certain types of heating systems to link both luminaires and heaters to occupancy detectors. It, should be noted that certain types of discharge lamps are not suitable for control by noise-movement detectors. With modem building management systems, it is possible to programme illumination levels and occupancy in conjunction with the facilities time- table. The original design layouts, objectives and records of calculated and achieved illuminance levels should be kept for reference. At regular intervals it is advisable to re-check illuminance levels at key positions on the playing surface, This will enable assessments to be made as to whether the Scheme is operating satisfactorily within the design recommendations for the sport. With careful monitoring of maintenance and running costs an accurate guide of the true operating expenditure can be formulated. The usage of sports facilities can vary throughout the year depending upon the individual sports, i.e. badminton and football are mainly autumn and winter sports whilst athletics and tennis are summer sport. It may prove beneficial to install an hours-run meter on the user side of the main installation supply switch to enable a true estimate as to the hours of lighting use. This could also be used to record lamp life and will prove useful when determining scheme performance. Listed below are typical hours of usage, per annum, of various sporting areas for which illumination would be required, ‘Table 62 Approximate hour of lighting in a year of 365 days Daily lighsing Jan Feb Mar Apr May fun ul Aug Sep Oct.» Noy Dec Toul féom 1 hour before sunset to per hy annum 18.00 a SLB 368, 19.00 12 2 6 3s 570 2000 ws 07807 2m 5298S S888. 21.00 1% 1350388 CSLS BD 197 22.00 205° «183 al 9265359 BDH 202 2181557 23.00 236 9117222008398 At, 499 Midnight 267 219-203-1234 172222263 2802987 Application hours ‘Major sports stdis, eg. football and athletics 60 ‘Minor spore sadia,

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