Chapter 12 Turns TFS Solutions-Min PDF

Complete Solutions for the End-of-chapter Exercises in Stephen R. Turns’ Thermal-Fluid Sciences An Integrated Approach Chapter 12 © 2006, Cambridge University PressPRosten 12- Meer: WER Reeve C1), We Ue eee ome cluenTien willy bi = Usa A Mes- Tes) 6 DETHRaned EXT Fee Ap een Gree 1S kee ALL PARAMETERS LAE ce Au Ue Fron Peete IZ, ys (27S Sey am by = 1 WO,1 BS Mey i Az a (by) 2 Céxsis) Cinu Shes Gsv0 W/4t. ) (4m - 29F Ke) Vem MTeyo-T6s) Ary 1006.4 > A knee meER) gor If UKE USS mE Lommens! THis Near Excu eat ReGuee ferrari KE OF THE RE ITSTERR OH mere pone TA face: Give srex) OWS RELIRE PODITe ve ETEKLYs0 SHEETS 22442 100 See's #209 SHEETS 2oaat 22 =. SAMPAT. a z BEE fecha 12-6 ete! (PER Rene Cece HE Ge Tre POPK, Py = lomee, Fy lokry LEB AI 4 1 ees, 0) Baw bet wv) per oo Vso ln WI 74, ryt Im Bence & Ty pe beck, Fak, OOK, 522k DXy ty as Fescrim oF Py foe 6,10, 13,22 MPE j D) Xe PR As Fence oF Py Fee 5110, 50, RO KES ed divcuss Skew t L L T Entropy humkg) ASvapiens: sre 3s Sere RwemED VHX, rt HSermem. | AS Abaca CTI OF Pae/Desice Fak SE OE FRO etm ere VA AT LOSS In pyres Ge Moise /eanoetOr eda? DN) ar Sree SP, Ty mee Kee OF ST On tin Sze QFIOS kes lege | nye B17 Es thes we press 3-4 igemneme 9» SYS S32 G SIOT Ks tks [a nese Bt, Pas lOKe “2 IE mer etme : Ste =0952 wStnse | Spe BUNCE ks Meek xy = Sto. O33e5- 6992 De aie oon: S5- S 8.1968 = be re [ieee tsuneo teas, hy bg eX Coby) ee PRetoers, hes 19781 ks les, Gos US63.% Eales bye loner rasa (45639-1976) > bys Zoos.@ KS ingfronton 12-6 tort ld bane hy 2 31774 ~ 2209-62 estes 2 evi ovr Cero , [19% S6 esses = 197,67 Kaley in) Game age Ren, 2909-82 = 151.61 koley BT Chm Se Aypronmares as vv (PLP) = 299151) 03 ban by fan pes GY) bas Spee 44, 2 loosest per esis Gat 2old ks ley Gon , UIAGR the eshy > 2275.5 keIky 2 Beek pay ivi ps = 1174 56- (3, 0824 2529-5 Ytse +30 oe 325%Paoscen (2-6 Cont . Turbine Inlet Temperature De(Katkge 191.81 Sy (KIKQE 06492 — Wane (alight 10.0020 e(hIKg) 25830 Sy (hIN 8.1483 Hy (KING 201.9 Ts) [ss IT] Pa RIG) [HT Fa TRG) [Wr IR] Oa CIT "363.08 600 6.7766 | 28700 | Oee4 | 1676.04 ‘e1e1 | 0376, 700 | 6.3305_| 3174] 0788 | 2003.03 | 1173.47 | 29758 | ost 1300 | 6.6867 | 9443.7_|0.08_| 2117.55 | 1325.15 | —s24i.8 | 0.406 (900 “6.57e7 | “36815 [oss | 221068 | 1480.82 | —saaa7 [0421 . Turbine inet Pressure | Earache ato) [The We (IMGT Goan TIT cy { 3 ‘61 32613 _| 0813 | 213560 | 112830 | 30600 | 065. 70, 63308 | 31774] 0.758| 7008.08 | 1173.47 | 20755 | 0301, 15, ‘60324_| 30780 | 0718 | 1008.65 | ~“4170.18| 26771 | 040 20 7630 [2961.8 | 0682 | —ve221 | 113880 | 27599 | 0.400 & . Turbine Outlet Pressure 29755 Sy (KsIKG-KYF 6.2205 Wr (llkg) 10.0029 mr “hone ota CT) Thakgy_ Xe Beth Tkg) kt he WIG) [Ware HIG) to seat [beer | oie [niet | ae ee e Senet gras | oree-{ tet — [Sess sms tsar toa ee} fae {-ges tune See [Surat air See ee ee ee e sanmae ‘Bath hg and x increase withthe maximum cycle temperature. Thus, achieving a hightemperature during reheat or supesheating wl Increase the cycle thermal efficiency. Thermal efciency also increases asthe turbine let pressure is increased whereas the ‘quaity decreases wit the inlet pressure. n pat D, we see that increasing the turbine outel pressure decreases efficiency | while te quaity increases. In summary, its desireable to have high cyce emperalue, high inet turbine pressure, and low ‘ute turbine pressure. Of course, these areal ubject o dasign and cost restraints. Compromises wil have to be made 10. ‘opterize efciency and productifhobigen, [2-2 rots: Rammine CrC0E, REA, 2 lokte, Fete LOPS jy Meets » Ib) Se ee fop: Xy, 46 Shes: aE € e | i — | € i 5 | ' ont a 7 1 3 | Entropy (himg-4) e@ | AsSunprions + TNO Reretiontn SRELTI OR HORT LOSES pipe OR fore /canveser, feo Pye 1OMPS 9 SFE ST ine AnbegSISi with Tz 2 TOOK Sae OS3S3 KSI bye B77 ke Mas mM Pye [Oe > dps Iméies/es, bss 2563.9 ees Spe YD Bask) Sy= 85/4968 eslese win Sys= S32 Xs = Se SE, Bey 2 tee | TET Sp 84 BG OHI lyse bat Ms CUgese Da Loeetn .rs7x (2589. 9- 15, 81) & 2003, 82 Kerley Piston FTE fe > bee 3 hs hy = p56 (203.62 — Fi975)4 BI 2 Leso. 7h kik Finduy, Ky = bya he , Zee ~ the e hye be 2563,9 — (94681 Xy = 27771 276 Chys 4p) 4 bgso sue! 22492 100 SHEETS DRAM tn SHEETS zest kA reaw Fook thm 12-7 CoAT FR TE MONDE Pony) Tiser, pomp = 2 PR bras = hy From wisr Fton Piaget hye hse de 4 by 2 = 1981, 19.8) mn aoe hy. 202,78 kates To Finp THE Tennant One! pied oqagtetieseans di idiiys tbug gece Capea) | Rhone K(47-42) die (2172 9 roger J ~ (22276 -1 m1) BIRI— Lore aye 37St on BASVD Tee henna AFUE IS BERL CER WR conpaeern To The serene GNEL ine RE CE Phaze IL. TE fepect Pan We LL DE MEMS LET GE TE ay Ae Ube ia mus PROBLEM.| 1 Bebhme Lud Kowa Storm Rankine cyele whe fn (> fh fa) = 2-0 fr and Payp (= fae) = Sh Th = 4ere Hebel Tete heated le > Be ORK Assumptions 1) Adiabatic , reversible (ie, Merbrpre) ° pereten of pomp ond torbre DM Pretrnal effects Te Shan gercrmfar— and Conclenses~ WD Ae fiscerom or heat hyes astectated rote fe auy Jarfer-connecting epg.| | e Feller tof Grtinued) Using MST. we con ge we lesing data ° late 1 (Sectownte nl Legurd) P= e¢ a(Ptpa his Ui] ex The 318-6 Spm e926 fq 7 2 Sete 2 (Compressed Lperl) R= £ Mpa Cknewn) [a25- & fae Sag ) e Rk a Pe ey & State 3 ( sper hearted vaper) ( Bb=smpa hs = 9196.9 eg, B= 3p Ss = &, cups Rak o Here 4 C Lope shape micture) 2 Sel= 5) ~ 5 a evel Pay 5g (hem=oilB) 54 prema) a rans —* $e PAGS Obie OE e ee tp + Ie Ch —h) = UE + ob (ASP 39 ~/9/.41) = Rees gpa kha Semre blew 8 CContinned) he -k Pes eta~11/. 4 Na = ie is og aig tae = 0.362 D> 32 Teo 218. 96 Thee = = Tt pag 2 OPED EY Comnent. The defterence betrseen the Yue efficencies tS duc te the much lowe aver femperafture— dovong the heme acklrerem precess of the Runkine Cyele .Bebb, PAG Kron Steam Rewkine. cycle. wrk Pag (=f=f> = Sra hab o* Ty = Gore al pel lt beh > Te oR ISK Assumptions D Ardreibertre rp reversthle Cie, isertrepre) opermew of pore and Larbine iD) Me Prreermal effects jn stom gerertom ip offer ) J) Ne Brtrn or heat esses castecirted loreh any PrtercenneceOn, ppg. Arabs Using AIST wee Gow gee the filewing data| | Prblem 4. 4 Cominued) 0 State 4 ( sectureted Lrpurel) Pie ec. o (ead fa. hia 62/70 ey Sis 2.23h99 (Ag, e Hate 2 ( Compresed tigre) he ( b= Supa , S = 0.23097 Hye) = 720/49 ey eo State 3 C Suge feel copay) ha Cpe stata » Ts = 731K) = W769 fey Soo= 4, Sep3 Weak ° state “ C Leperd —vape mixture) Sz (=S) ~ Se (bre = a covtlredtapa Xe = : Saplbne =o, 00 waste) — 5 Bae 2,0° bald i) i 6, 6UPd — 0, 23097 ane OB B7o~, a9) 1 hg = Ap 4X4 C4-h) 4 by. l)o 4°, 22¢ (2iz0 2 ~ 6. 42) Je BF Sey Yeh = {- Pe ~62./9O °. ee => 41/e 3119 ~ Pal| | Bablem 1.5 (Cortirned/) Commert— Compara with tat of ben (Ae the thermal of fierency has Dr creased. Heweve~, OPen SY¥Stom Ts net adeguete te matntarn such a Low pressure (fer exanple, Rafe= ecocaine a Mpa) Tn additzn +. this, nr a preetreal System , the. Water wall enter He. pomp at 6c nef 6 atmesphere. 2 Likewise, the Aerbine pooulel expand to atnespherre pressure, The exre Femperature teruld be much mere. tan /6c, The thernall et fi cteney weld then be less thaw tot caluloted here.Problem 12.10 KNOWN: Simple Rankine Cycle , Tho..7 1000°F Fechausy = 2 psa CsenTarb = 085 Fino: PaayTars such that “ue 2 0.90 Mt Gs Finer }y® © fal? Wr Wp © Condenser @ POPE ctealy. state. optration Adiabatic turbine. Neglect AKE » APE of working Flaid Anauysis: We = Cha hyy,,) were hy, = hy @ Py, SyeSa Wea 7 Che by getuat ) 1, = PL be hy acta!) ena]: PD Ohs- hy ‘en ) beepetion hae hy @ 1000 + 2 nos hy = hy @ Apsia , gy= 0,90Prob 12.10 continvede 1% Equation E is the."steam tebles” Requires iterative soluhon using NIST steam-tables. — Select Pz — Find bs, ss — Use syesy toFind hy seen —Plg hey btisen, Mack into CE] ard check that 1= 0.85... Increasing 5 fherate unk] acceptable Accuracy 7S oltnined , 4 sy Procedure: (ude Py > ISCO PSE then hg = 26876 Po ha igen = VOY hy act = 1900) = 26876- 1906 Ms, 2 24876 150 J ull 20876 - /olly 2 0,84 By 2 50 psia (Ms 1) Guess again ... Further ifecotions are illustrated in the Following toble | re¥; 3, Prob 12.10 contrwed. Temp Pressure Volume Enthalpy Entropy Quality CF) (play (RAMON) (Btuntbmol) (Buelbmol"R) (Ibmolomo} q 2 600.00 1542.5 48 210381 © 24.012 4.00000 3 1000.00 1500.0 97 26876 28.857 Superheated? 9.82 4 10169 1.0 47809 16114 = 28857 0.79574 5 10169 1.0 54073 18061 «32.325 0.90000 6 1000.00 1600.0 9.1 26819 28.699 Superheated 2 9, 8/ 7 10189 4.047523 16025 © 28.6890. 79008 8 1000.00 14000 10.8 26932 29.024 Superheated? 0.9.27 9 101.69 1.0 4814.0 16208 29.024 0.80076 10 1000.00 1200.0 124 27044 29.389 Superheated 2 0, 845 11 10169 4.0. 4877.0 16413 «29.389 0.81173 12 1000.00 1100.0 135 27099 «28.580 Superneated 2 0,854 13° 101.69 10 49133 16526 © 295908177 14 1000.00 1150.0 12.9 27071 29.488 — Superheated 2 9.6497 15 10169 = 1.0 4004.8 16468 «29.488 start > DISCUSSION + The solution requires an iterative, Fechnigue . This is because. the data inthe steam tables Goethe steam equation of state) ts required as a second equation, (2 egs., 2 ukmuns : hy, he) “Estat equation, equahen LJ] but it is net available, in closed algebrarce form. Drawing te T,s diagram provides intuition on which direction to alter P after first tteration,Prostem 12.11 Tonsive: Ty = 1000 F yr 0.4 RANEINE C¥CLE Pye Reo esin > Vpsia [Power PANT conpensen: T,= BO Emer "Lm, Assomenons: neceer ponnine woan (Given), Dalen oreaans AY CevstanT raceme. 50,000 "/s 3499.3°%, — 2330.2. | Ag~ 2330.2 Ty | 13) bag = (62.17 wis } Ma 162.19(0.1) # 2571.2(0.9) © 2330.3 Ny ys © 257.2 Ky Mb we 43.1% EVES) o.saz Mbe kg Anas: Wag = *(hz-hy) PF we he n= m.90 Thy S, = 0.21696 Ay 7 @ M200 psig, hy = 120.08 Hy here 2330.3 - Wh. 80 3489.3 - 120.08 Rime 0.342 vr = 0.342 Mie COMMENTS: THE FacT TT PIC TWO RESATS ARE NUMERICALLY Simnan tS A "COINCIDENCE ANID OF NO SIGIIFICANCE,bed fafa Krewe R-B4q Rankrire- evel. orth Pag (> pops ) = ace pee Pew (=F = &) = o> pra T = 220f , esp 207 Nw mek w= teohp = 20g x/oF btu/hy Qo Boe Ba /hn fe fined Heh (the thermal 2ffznne 2) te (the rch gerone. mass fle rete) A (the repuired calle cern surface area) Sketch Aseumbpirons 1) Ne retinal effects Jn Seam Generate aud cencenserr DM Freten an hert. bases agoctebe web any Taterennne ting piping.Coo eee eee eee eee ee ee SS ee TT TTT TTT NT a eee e Petey 2(Cortined) Aralyers Using NIST TABLE. « Stete. 1. ( Serfrrated Lrpure) B= Bepsa, The Se 2F, hi = 97,/62 BR /lbm S\2 o,nb70 BYP oR ° State = ( Cmprassesl equ ) has C ps 22 pon, S = 0.2670 Bee pm K) = 77. Ue. Bte [Ibe hag — hi fe e@ Tp. 48% Fp tbe i ha—I7./b. ~ 7 he = 17, 5:76 Ot / Um ° State 3 ( Su perrhented vepers) hs Cpa reps. Ba aef) = 2p, 02 Fir/ [be Ss = 2 eeper Bu //po RK + State. Z C bapeid — vapor micture ) Ste = = 01 CEE Bho (Iom KY Sy= erator Booflah Thes a 48 print, he Rijsta steal be sigerberte| vaper hes (P= PPS cS x ecagees Ps/lbeR)=117.£5 F/I| Problem 2 [=.(Coctinnef) hace ka Here, yen st eles Seer —Iu ce Poh one (/tpes = E whe = 199, beg Bre / The ©) Ya = 1 - foe oe eer Cm Loe hp = ase xpoh Bt br = ehh) ~Ca-4y . la > ee pe eee ee Cok 2-11 MF) ~ (19.516 ~ 17.162) = 3/9ef, 53 Lb» Sher Sm = al py Khe (be y CD) aA = tm Cha fa) f= Merle) 21a lat3 (aro — 29.676 _ Ree et aS st = (76666 fe . one Te prduce Coobp, epprnntely #76 iird of Frthall falls aren is regured as a collect Surface aren,| | broblen BAB —Krewn Steam enfue tyck with legs (= bob) = fem pea few (= O= Pe) = | pata Ts = feof fl ty, Assan pein f D Adkabetre . reversible Cnc, jtemtrrpre) operation of pomp and arbre i) Me qprctrmal effects tn Han genermfar— and condenser li) Ne Premn or heat losses assocteted wh any Jrfercomecera, aaa| a] | e Preble me 2£.13(Corfirued) Ang. las Usa. NIST TABLE, we can fond the Hlowrnas © State L ( Seton Lrgurd) Pe lpi Te ef STR hie 69-767 PO/ Ibe S\e 2.139] CBM/ [bm -R) @ Hate 2 ( Compressed Ligure) ha (paver pon, £= 6, 1327/ F/ImR) = 72,750 (Ftu/Ibm)> ° State 3 (Suporte vapor) e hs ( pa /ere psa Ty aso fF) = B72 Br [foun S3 = 4 bTeE CPt /lbn -R) + Hote LC bye — vapor mitture,) Ne = EEIHG (fet | 55 (lee "pry — 5p (Be = 1p #9) = Lh — 0.4329] . 1 Pity —si=9) ie hy — fe + he Cpe) = 67.167 + 0, P243 (66> —9.26)) = Pio), ba/ thm a hy ~A ad Sse BeProprem 12.14 Wye = 6CO mw Poorer * 1000 psca Prowensen > | ps Pimp ier: saTupaTe® Ur qui, aid Mewes + 290 amp = ©. 85 Fimo: re ASsuMPTIONS! GOMER AND CONDENSER OFERATE AY Co sTaNT messone 2 3 Anauysis: Bowen Le (eonvensee hy = 1507.2 Yipm | uty | e 5° 16546 iimR > 1 ase 0, hyy = 924.1 Mion hgahe 0.4 Crag ® OF hee hy = 0.4 (hy ~ has) hy 5,7 01371 AR PI BSES yy = 72.750 Ibm +h, Fh, © 73.276 im 992. 41 - 64,769 1507.2 - 73.276 Nw = 03635 Comments: BECAUSE WE AREN'T INTERESTED IN MASS Flow, WE On'T NEE TH e MAKE USE OF THE POWER Prosuced.Peopiem 12.15 Known: Foonen * 5 MPa Feonvensea = 0-01 Mfa Ty = 500% FID ENTERING POMP IS SATURATED Li@UID wee 60 *Y, im = 030 Fino net pouen proovcee AssmpnonS: Bolen AND CovcenseR ERATE AT CONSTANT presute, “pump > © Anauysiss CONDENSER, + , hy= 3430.7 “Tey 2 0.6812 Thy & hag shy = M689 ny i hy oh hy OBE (bs ha) Ga Uy ha) hgs 3434.7 Jog - 0.3(2430.7 “Zg- 196.09") = 2463.3 Tay s ha = hy- Ulh3-%) : kg & AT Py nw \ Wout (hy = hy) = COZ (3934.7 75 - 2463.3 hoes, Wey © 58.3 MW COMMENT: OUR ASSUMPNON OF AN LENTROr< FMP COHTRIBYTES enlty Asmar ERROR TO THE REWLT. ANOTHER AfrRcncH Wao BE Te ASUME A THIAL (mor 100%) pune EFFICIENCY.e Keown: TS 1 885 ner Fino: ‘Um, AS Func mons Bowen Messene ream 1 Tm 1000 pscg | Assowenons: Anaursis: ba = W(Prowen, 1008) > Qoouey = by hy 53 * (Pumper, 1900F) = Sy > bye bsg, Ips) > San * Nm = Propcem 12.16 = 100 mw Twa * 1000 F | Prone * | pia Senrnere Pow ano Tengwe, tome mer is aTURATED Lieve 64.767 prv/tbmm Wome = by hy 17015271 omen 254 y= hl50, Pooven) h “res ~ Weume hy-banhy thy Ste pur Groove hyn hy Wer > ras = Ypewp> (ig mhy)~ 9 (hah,) | iS s(4ooh ae too, 000 "7, { ner shan heh, Woh hr | i i | I j CLEARLY THE WicweR TE GONER MESSE THE GErTEM, SINCE EFFIGENCY | INCREASES AND A Lowen Capacity Pum CAN BE uses. AS THE soneR PRESSURE AFPROACHES THE COnDENSER PRESSURE, EFFICIENCY Drors To ZERO AND MASS FlowRATE APIROAHES INFINITE eeProblem 12.17 100 MW Simple Rankine cycle Proiter = 600 psian Pemdenser = 1 psia fing: Con and m. each as funchas of Tinee turbine. KNOWN: — plot -the results gt ea Assume: — X, = 0 2 1 Fixed) We 2 Os Whe Ws 190 mw - Steady - - state operation — (sentropic Creversible, adiabatre) turbine Calo aP, AT in pres — Lossless piping — All enthalpy addition ¢s in the berler 8 Oi & Cha-hyProb 12.17 continued — Negleet PE + KE changes of working Plurk NALYSIS? Avnet sis W, = a Chg-hy) = 1.00 mw Qin =m Cha-hy) hy = Ot psa, xO Tg > nce (2 Re hg hy Out “hg -hy Procedure! "= Choose Tz (start at Tea @ GOOps: gue Te = '200F ) — Find hs +53 Cuse NIST) — Find hy @.1 psia + sy=S3 - Calculate m 2 100 mw Chs-hy) - Caleulate 4 u, - 2eomw fe use TH i Chak, consistent units ! PLors: - Calealatims and plotting done using Excel. — Property values from NIST, (See otaceed }Prolo 12.17 centinved NSCUSSION : B The size of the ercor associated with neglecting pump Work can be easily estimated by nottag that... Wome = mY5 (-@) which is very small compared 4 100 mw, Also note the trend that Wy mereases as Tn Inver is limited by material poperties Cusually Increases, In practice , Treg inthe boiler, where Tnaxcyee ecurs),(4) eamesodwey you) ouquny, oz cot 008 006 008 oe 009 0s oor v0 00+300 S0+301 seo so+a0z 90 sora0¢ : F 3 eo soraoy & Fi z 3 0-305 3 + 3 2 v4 Seco e 2 g s0+309 3 & 2 z < a 3 3 eco $0302 = S So*30'8 ind ro a $0*20%6 2 wo 904301 aimesoduioy uIqan} Jo UoRoUny e se (eh3) AoUS|o4}3 o]WeUAPOUNEYZ PUE HOpw!) syEIMO}A SSE;NISTI2 Version 52 Prob 12.17 attachmend “4: water: Specified state points Temperature a) r0189 49624 r0188 500.00 101.88 600.00 701.88 700.00 so169 200.00 10169 300.00 101.69 1000.0 40169 1100.0 10169 12000 s0169 Pressure (sia) 1.0000 600.00 +0000 600.00 1.0000 600.00 +0000 600.00 41.0000 00.00 1.0000 1500.00 +1000 600.00 1.0000 00.00 110000, 600.00 110000 Volume (tebe) ‘2907s 13.075, 47780 14307 43213 1043 4558.9 49.333, 47384 21.445 49019 23461 5029.6 25.419 51362 27338 2743 29290 53058 Enthalpy (Btunbmes) 1256.9 21702, 44551 21931 14806, 23253 15024, 24385, 15962, 25382 16459, 26579, 16687, 27367. 17281 20854 17e08 29047, 17808 Entropy Quality (Btutbmot-*R) gomolAbmot) 2.3908 2.00000 26073 1.0000 26073 0.71203 26313 Superrested 26313 ‘0.71928 27628 © Superneated 27.628 ‘075878 28622 Superneated 28622 0.78067 29472 Supernestes 2earz Oarazs 30234 © -Superheated 30236 O.es7t4 30935 Supernestes 30.995 ‘85821, 31.589 Supermeatea 31589 87703 32208 —-Superhested 32.206 C3563 172972008 3:23:31 PM Comment ond outlet ToeTsat haforT = Teat T3500 ha for T3600 T3=600 ha for T3 = 600 73=700 4 forT3 = 700 3.800 a for73 = 800 T3900, 4 for 73 = 900 T3 = 1000 bh forT3 = 1000 T3=1100 ‘na for 73 = 1100 T3=1200 befor T3 = 1200Progrem 12.18 Max so1LER Pressure: 10 MPa Ty 500% Ts 20% 50 *S/s Fluid 1S 4 We putin G PUMPING Process Five maxim fp 4x Wwer (MW) Assumprons: ISENTROPIC fume ANp TOLBINE Anavisis NO Ma 2 3378.1 Ay ij x e $32 542 6.5995 yx > @ 20°C y= 1931.6 ey 6, y= 83.919 ey s, Syt 0.29648 Aye % @ 10M h, = 3.907 “Ay Name bathe hy eh, | _3375.)- 1931.6 - 93.907+ 82.914 2 6 437 hy 337S.1~ 93.907 R ; kr yp ww Wer = valhg-hy by obs) = SO (1433.5 3 lewez 77 Mw "m,max = 0-437 Wyer, max = 71.7 Mw Comments: THE Skene SHoun 1s GENERIC. STATE 3 IS ACrvatiy A SUrERHEATED VATOR, UME AE BEVERICIAL FOR TURBINE LONGEVITY,Problem [Z.(4 Known! Simple Rankine cycle, with loeses. Key state points shown on sketch, below, Fino: P nn, egae Meycle. a Quss Sketch? Ty = T00°F ess Sone @y = 500psia. ve Ty295°F [songe | 2415 P= 530 ~ cae i ® T3209" one Om * 7 eo 3556 W. Mega = 985 - We = 100 mw — Assume: - Steady State = Neglect ke Pl changes4 Probe 12.14 continued Property Table CAl\ values from nist) State Pope) TCe) h(8B) 5(S) + (#7) Conienene: 4 2 $2 woos opel my 2 ge 2m BE po SA inal Hees ge eee Aled iatally A. mitialls 5 ys ge | 33lo su any, Gisex 2 925.36 bh saHy Fey ving. bt Z Foun? So “actual Values with a double undersare are giver in the problem statement. Others are added asneeded during solution. Temperature Pressure Volume —=«Entalpy——_—Entropy —Qually Comment 7 ‘belay Geom) (Btu) tuber) bm) 10000 «2.0000 «= .16131 sates ©2068 Subcooled tate escoo —Sa00—«oteaes Ska (012063 Subeoned © Sate3 Seoto «San gout” $3579 «16128 Supereated sate con a7s0 = ta0aT= 358 NS04e—Supemeted sate 3 toe0s «20000 Hanah «2856 TSA OBT9OS" state Bietronic [zr] [xr] Wrens, = 1: Wn o %, a Chg - he, im ‘sem, hewn, Tuts TRB ayn 7 bw, isn = h fixed at S42 Sg + P= Zeeie. They ts noun , state 5 is fixed by given inte, ee4A Prob 12.1% continved 4 em We, CReeentte, a newctheal Tae Nisn, Wp Pump uses mere work Pine than an tsentr pic pene.) Cree aeuenes FZ. my (-0,) CEI Tsen, 't Pong 7 P+ are known Vig = Vj % constant Cincompressible) Gin 2 % (igh) CIE] — State 3+ 4 are beth Fixed from given into, Substitute [rr], COC], + [IL] inp CT] ge Pitts POO Men) - Figg, PUR) area EEEEEES praesent ames & Co-ha) 7 All variables are known fie NIST, or given) £ (0.98X 1331 - 905.30 “ie saz (om £2 Yss0- haa wie ssi cn A (1397.4 - GH.49)Prob 12.19 continued Wer * Cn Que a Un ma Cby-hy) Solve fer gt 2 Wer Am Chy-hs) mi 2 Silt Se = 495 x103 fe om (6268) (reas.4 FTE) te 1 x10e Ibn be thy & 106 low he on? Pisscuss so! This problem illustrates the «fleets of losses on therme dynamic cycle efficiency. Eliminating all of these. losses yields a cycle efticiency oF + = hg - hes sae oh 7 Nok. also, that the temperature of the lake water used to cool the condensin Steam does not attect the cycle efictency. The temperature and availability of this water would play an impor tant role is Sizing the condenser, rePropiem 12.26 Wrer 1 100 mw Stare__Locaton TF) PC tsia) 1 Rage net 1600 806 2 Convensen mer TOO 3 PrimeT [00 4 Bee mer — 102 B00 TURBINE AND PUMP ARE ADIABATIC Eis 9) oh i amcansen ©) Wrasive » romp dam ») Gooten, Assumenon$: STE apy ofewnon Anavysiss My, = 1853.0 4, = 150.9 Wh eeore PMMtbm my © 72.180 4) Wace = Wane Mra © him hy)= hyn) oe | aut 12 oe (100 mw fee] ag men (1953.2 - 1S0.9~ 72.1804 reer Y) Qoouen = ay - ke cs 1) = 0.489 Ye (1953.2 FS = 72.160 Tm )* 870 Te Woer hina he thy “ 7 : : mis, oy ayy. More eovorntgn # Aly = hy) = 0.489 "9% (1150.9 Tis ~ 68.078 Tom) = S27 he ew ery mew ©) Wraging 2 Chobe) = 0.489 Be s = (1953.2 fom tom ~ 150.9 m=) oe i ee mer Why = lng hs) = 0.409 S27 (72180 Re 68.07 FE) = 2,00 92 ae oa Wrname~Yrme 348-2 9 qn au Qeonen ae: a Comments: N TMS aNavysas, THE vn = 0.489 Ge ware 5 mow Comren® 870 we i Scomvemsen = 529 he 5 mew wer Wrvnene = 343 Tor 3 “me * 2.00 “Ge tm + 0-292 Pum work WAS VERY UTTLE Impacr ow THE Resuers. ow oe Tas 1s Tae Ramen eyeve.Problem 12,2] Knvown LSKETCH: Ta 2 (000F 500000 he © Pye 1 psia Xy = 0,40 Finp: ~~ Tyee » Qowt Cie Am fer ideal eyele Poperty Table State TC) PCesm) X CR) SOB) v(BF) comment , Assime set leg, 4 BB & 47 os @ Apel 2 500 Teg 901327 eee 3 Wl see 7 1922 934 tnitially Fixed 4 & 22 03 way Aockally Freed Yisen 97.5 1734 Fix wth. Stisen* 83 “Temperature Pressure Volume ——Enthalpy’ Entropy uatty Comment Cr) (psia) (feb) (Btubm) —(Btubm-"R)_—(Ibmvtbm) 1017 1000 pote = ee77 tse 0000 iis geo Bonert Trae Otay sunny {009 soo ‘701 ike 179 Sperheaid io ‘00 Pr toea tree “sese* acs sate « so? tooo yo? ans 38a) ensaes2/4 Preb 12.21 contved O_ Steady State, Stead Flag Assume: @ Adtabatre 4 @ Neglect Ke +PE changes A) Find Wry~g — use assumptions. RE @ LY wy . al ee . : @ Wee mChz hy) r = qo083 & x 1088 Sy Te maw | Assume: © 6 = Py © Steady Stale, Steady Plug Gsse) ® X20 C Sat lig dt exit) @ Wo work done by condenser ® Neglect KE + PE changes Awatysis: B) Find | — use assumptions, gs Cn a4 0 acl = te (nt ye of oe Geene * 2 mlh- hy) 7 ome Rejected fam 12.4600 ST Fejsctel fn = 1367 FrProb 12.2) continved €) Fino Tea reg Un = Wires, actual Cram A) Wervas, isen Ww ome mus, = ort Cha- Mga) > 76460 © — ¥ 1.088 where hisses is enthalpy fixed ot fy t+ sz Wres, 2 80,7 nw VStn Mum, - 72083 gays nae Toyo NTRopy BALANCE ») Caner WN E f FoR Tie ConDENSER es & . : 2. ASW nce 5S tis, - ms. + ye = SssI Gesu + m(sq-s,) + Sen =O SuneounDings ae ete ete ee ee eeProv 12.21 continued E) Wome % 7% Chi-hs) Pump Assume: SSF . + Isentropic Wey = 217 KW DONE ON WATER «.. WORK IN F) : : Tan = Woes, - Wome Qy= zt Cheha) actual = Z0l5 x03 BTYs en = 212.6 mW = 7omw- 0,217 mv == 212.6 mw = ° QD Yy 5 Wras, = pump, 82Tiere 6217 nw ideal Sen 2 On 2ZIL.@mn Am . ty, = 3188 Discussion: The choice of an appropriate. Teareornpnes Will affect the numerical answer te pact D. Note that pump wark Can be neglected tn the eficiency calculation with minimal loss oF accuracy,Progtem 12.22 verging mer: 400 kPa, X= 1,00 Comvensen : 3.5 kPa imcer LoleR Ae CONDENSER OPERATE AT CONSTANT PRESSE, TBM AND PUMP Pom imer 1s Auares Liou ARE SewrnerIe, Anavysis: 9) hy = 2738.1 ey 7 Sgt Sq 6.9955 “hyn & hy 2002.1 My = er Ay Lay 5, > 038061 Agee > bye 22 “%ey ae pe th 2 osy han hy 2093.3 %y = 5qe 65092 Myx % hy= ince. *Y 5,55, =0.3906 "Agen en hy = 5.83 Yy ye Meth em TT = 0376 LET ALLOWS MORE WORK T RAISING THE MessuRE AT DIE TRRBNE by Remains UNenanceo, WHI € DE EMME, IMMOMINE EFFICIENCy. ALL OMEN ENDIALPY VaLvES CHANGE. Comments:(2.23 Fob Known? Rank ne cycle using K- (34a. as the werbing fad T3208 X32 to Te Yor Fino: On Skee’ @ Ty BSC Assume! Steady-state < 2 borusiite, adiabatte fucbine Cisentnpte turbine) @ bencsivle, adiabatic pump. Cisentopie pore) No sure dcop through boiler or condenser oo : Op> te) (hye) @ x, 20 See The) PO) x Ag s ee Commute ! 2 DQ. Psbdf — Liges Initially fixed 2 Bats 288.07, 1905" S225, 3 8s 2 27% 16m) Initially Fixed. 4 Pee 408.60 1,677) sys, Anatysis: a) king = Po tien. 12.98 pais cs) : tala) ranking = [- (4008 ~ 2564 : Cann 28.02 = 01102 = (0.2% 4 Disevssion! ~The low BT asseciated with this cycle yitlds a rather (on Try, because of the limit Set by the Carnot Cycle 1.57%). Note Hus provides a quick Way to Vound Cand check) your answer. HF your cycle ePctency evr exceeds the Carnot cycle eltrevercy , you’ made a mistake.Progtem 12.24 10 psia PF, = S00 psig Fy + 4B0 psia Py > 10 psi = OF Ty + 800 F v= 250,000 ""/y Nag * 87 7 PIPE From ‘onvensen % PUMP IF Umax > 20 ft/s mimmem Pump work (he) Wer (kw) Qone (Btv/nr) Qeoncen (Eeusbr) um 2 Rm, Ax POSSIBLE Fimps Q2TVOS® ASsumpTions: STEADY OfERATION, IsEwTRorIe PUNE Awavysis: AL HPA = ply 2 D 3 D* 0.269 fe= 3.23 in es0.0m "(ED (con BE to) 128.10 °° /tbm pe a Mevweisen # (hy = by) S)252 = 0.23151 Aidm-@ > hy = 129.58 Zion Wrne,rzen = (250,000 22 )(129.58 FE ~ 128.10 rolegs..| era} 145 5 Ge hye 1414.3 ow \ byes Sy +54 © 16638 Monn 2 bye = 1062.3 Zim J MET By Ms he = hy- Cnn (hy-hgs) = 1414.3 SE - o87(t9r.3 SE - 1002.32) = nos.o6 & wer = Moons ~ hump = (hy=hy) = Mame Wrer * [ese o00 B N(era.2 Re ~ Nov.06 feo. [See resi Zest) 12,300 kw 7 stu 8 = (hy hy = (250,000 HE )( 08.06 ee = 128.10 fe) = Las Kt0” @ (4 = he) = (250,000 27 ig1a.s $2 = 129.58 SY) = 5.21 x08 conTiNvES.Progen 12.29 (connnves) e hm = Bver Frere ay ag = 0.237 . [oe eee GES Fron, S20 SO, TAL [ao] Ge Reerace hy wim bigs FoR Maximum EFFICIENCY bath © 1419.3 -1062.3- 12958412810 9 aon 1414.3 = 129.58 i go hy i 8 ee Ai DE 3.23 in age Bi rnp = 145 bp a Ci Wer + 22,300 BW & p Qeone = 2.45 «10% PM/r : ae + Qpouen® 3.21 108 BT™ne : & 7 lm = 0.237 % G! nmean = 0.273 Comments: THIS PRosLen IKLUSIRATES HOW TE CHOICE OF UN/TS HELPS EXtRESS A resur. Foe @, MBw/ie on MW wovto BE A 6009 cHorce.Peben 12- Kasten — Bannine Hee, Par lonts, Tez 722K, Pz lobes, Pys Pg 2 2 why D Ts 220K Pe ones feo ts Seer one cc ae 7 Be Entropy (katka-K) eo ASsoneuas: tem younn pene to nee TNO cto ExeEUTS oR MOAT LOLS 4 TE pis , Boece, ree Aracgsist SMa wwe SMe SF! Py steht, Ty Poem D Sys 6, DOF WIM eoK bye 3177 eS les ste PSa+ CBS KG ley» Re UD MPa 2 SpORHEATED ftom WIT Cneine hye Mi. L KINKY ste St Pys Ps = Lume,» Ts? Tote > SPATS Fron Mur onemdy “Sgr Dees Kees , bs= 20%, briny sree Cs Per IDEs Spe Suz Pleo , Sgn st Klee, Spo 8.408 esis x Nes Se Se | Rhheonstese |g C092 Sg- Se Bree = .6ysa wom hes Inet wstns, 4. 25 rG esind @ ber Viera 0092 Casen1~ ane) © BADN01 REISpester 12-5 Cored) sree 1: Ps lew, Mr Ub, = 19,6) STE 2s Khon pilabier /2-64 bas Qol,s es ley Fremeys dae Bea = Bene 5 Bet ne 4 Wert iee — Spenp Been Boon 4 Orebeae gase (oar) 4 (hy) Ce bi) : bg-4i) + (bs 59 ty2 Gitry— irr)» (230% = 227101) ~ (21.5 - 19.6) (3192.9 ~ zen) + (FRYS~ BET Ye +100 we Y2.0 % Lenmens: Me Beery IS ievereR Rey 320% we YOR. BT | Tie man ingle mer SE mT OF TE ST eo. rc tae ti eee eee ee eet ipraucear Cee) pee es |Giese, (2-40 Krome: Dem Racine cpece wm sponta F aewear ) Tee Tse 250K, 6 Pye lone, Rete Ske, hs TO m/s fimo: A) ToS DiAwam 8) Oxymy , Fragen, Groene ene oy te BoE Stews Ege i asa | < a] wh | e | é eae Eniropy (kang) Adserpumy: + (erty Grominnen foe 4 Tens me 7 he Pari ONE Ut Heer Sees Lem, BorceR, KR euvevER, Poogsisi A sex Smeun Ste Ki T327Sk, foe lomes > Use NIST Oneimne Sy eb Stoo memse rhs = 3314 6 Ke iKs Stwme4? — Syx Sze G50 Filey, mT VAPOR wp LIE MAT Deine Pye L20sT mes, tye Hens2e, hye TICKS KSKey Same $i Tye ISK, Ree Mya Laos Mh > Ure MST ERIE hes MALL Eshy, Spe 76097 KeM Same 6: She See THOT ns | Pen SHS SE MU Cume She sae Kwon, Spe O.573E KS ttn bce 13775 bales, ge 250.7 Fy Mey Yor Sousa ~ Deosp— Yee - {904 : Spee €.3936 9902 199g + 901 (307 - 19273) hes bye Kelby 46) = Wes 1320.6 Katesfeascon te qo (eon) Ste Se RB Lute > Ue MT enn @ hie BAS Hay) Sy e 7ETO Kae Some D> Pre lone p25, 8 ATE HSM A USE MEE ne bee 147.78 K5VE3 ROW Te we Hr A THE NECESSARY no nation To Sue Kee AME opnmadt Gsageenor = Chg—by) = (10 eos) (3346-2725 sesin) Mee be ety 8 Ft Gsyemwrs Sto ww ON Sune #4 Chea by) 2 Cte wots) (B¥2e.e = 27879 3 les) | = z | € CQ seuem + 57-893 mn = | Be © Clg by = (G0 Wels) (2728S = 192.76 Walks) / ‘eters Seca = T3159 ma i | Bret = Bea + Orpen 1 Qeeweat = 234995 + S3.0194 sey9 392.66 mw 4) aw bbs-be) — ih b> j But = Goksls) LC 336 — 27639) + (31206— yen 6) - (rng -iststh |) War = Maes Kup tip? ot (a, Bets 146.38 MH bw er 3492.66 KY We 912 2 9267 % | vs 01420 Ufo pehaak Cannery? Reheat results ma 0.69 pororndape price me-ease Pe The MS 7 no re het, The percenty rmprsverent— | (8 (0:42.69 -O42)sj00% ory, = W642,Progiem 12.27 e Keyowns — Wygy = 100 ow i Mon presiae Twneine meer: 800°C, 10 MRe Reweater LET: 700 °C, 4 MPa ; Ourrer 800°C, 4 MP CONDENSER INLET: O,O1 MPa , SATURATED VAPOR fume inceT: 0-01 MPa, SATURATED Uovw Fivo: ttm, AssumPnons: TWecines ABE ADLABAT, , POMP IS ISEN TROPIC. Anavysis e hye tat ey 52512 06420 "Zegk 9 hy> 20188 ey ky, hss 414.5 “ey hy = 3906.3 hy hs = 4142-3 Mey bes 2588.9 ey 2 (is thy thy da(ng thy +h) (hg ths > (hy thy) ne 2 ONLI Um S+ 191.81) (4192.3 + 4114.5) - (3906.3 +201. 88) Sher + Seen won * csi see ~ Same = Alloa) eg -he)(ha-h)] e . _ Weer 100, 000 3% | Rare ting “besa s iy “(14.5 - 3406.3 + 4142.3 = 2583.9- 201. BB+ 197.81), Coren wu eo Coen neeProstem 12.27 (covrimvcn) Gommenrs: nonce TUT in THS CASE, STATE 4 Ws Nor A SawaNTED VAR AS Show IM Fig. 12.8, spo steersPRrogvem @ Known: Wer = 600 mw Poonee + 1000 psio Peonoenser * | psi Paeweny % 200 psio Tucsine mers: 1000 F conwensee EXIT! SATURATED LQUD Fino: nm, Assmpnons: ENTREE pune Ano TukeINEs, CONSTANT“ Pressuee HEAT TRMEFER T A, 1 4 228 Anavyss : "Piet ES ' ~~ 1000 (as thy thy J= Chet by thy) Ry ® Chg ths) ~ (he the) 7 Wer, ‘3 (es ohs thy d= (hes ber ta) © e@ bs = 1507.2 */ibm 537542 1.6546 °"Mbeen 9 © 200 psce hy = 1298.7 * ibm (hg 2 15308 Aide 56 = 1.8443 Ym-ne@ Ipsia hes 1030.6 ° ibm $s hy = 69.769 ine 515 5y © 0.15271 Zinn 3 @ 1000 pio hy = 72.750 ney 1530.6 + 1507. i ~ (1030.6 + 1298.7 472,750) Airy = 530.6 + 1507.2 4 69.769) (1030.64 1298. err (1530.6 + 1507.2) ~ (1298.74 72.750) we = (660 mw fleegnsefo.0sen smfen Pern) Ibe i = Z4oxoe 705.52 My, Nw = 0-413 He 2z.T0K 0 e Comments: Nore TAT THE SKETOH SHOWIN 15 Gerteme. StaTes ¢ ANo Gane Nor NECESURILY ON THE VAfOR dome.Progtem (2, Known: Wyey © 600 mw Poower = 1000 psia Prenear + 100 tata Peonsenser = lpsia , EXIT 15 SarvaaTeo Levin Goren, Reweana exit: 1000 F wes 0.90 pomp = 0-85 Dt om AssumpTon 5: Com STANT - PRESSURE HEAT TRANSFER Anarsis: b= 69.767 bm heceh 7 Vem = Woh 5,25, 018271 BE, 7 @ loo psia bys 72.750 BE facet ee _ g@ sp me re \ baat ah, = 22750 tm“ 6U 761 s cg 7e9 = 73.270 rea x bh, = 1507.2 tbe hg hy ew ew (8 I, 53 S42 1.6546 fore FO 200 psim Ings = 1298.7 FE a> has, er 1 sr bet 3 - Lone (hy has) = 1507. 25% - 0.90(1507.22 -1r90.785) = 1319.6 i re hs = 1530.6 BE hs ~he Pay wp aes Sgt 5g * 1.8443 Yip n & @ Ipsia bes + 1030.6 5% hs —hes em ry re ry he = hy ~ "Cons (hg hes) #1530. 6 ibm ~ 0.90(1530,6 2° - 1030.6 5" )= logo. 6 EE a um * i da (as #3) = (he tha) = Commenrs: ComraRe To poten 12.28, WHICH HAS fume AND TURBINE EFFICIENCIES OF 100 %e.feogien 2-30. Kronen? IDEN, Hearne CpCEE mith sce RettAT , Panes JO7MAE, Tas OOK S Pat Ol ats Fino: A) Ts pos FR 4.675 mtg, TEISHA, SOIT HPy 6) 7h Fea ent ewes Cyr <) per ve (4, : He 1) tek US. Breuer Castes) ": 1: € e 4 | 5 i Entropy (kirkg-K) [Bidumpins 1p aAbaTe | HEME peng MD TREY | Fae flupinm CERECTS uk week LeWdEF I oTGEKS, Comdex, we prong Pewtensrs A) See SeETEH 8) Fest, Fie by he Gye te AE Om tS RR THERMAL OR emer ee ome Hi sOUMPS, Ar ua FUSE NIST Onera€ ; Ale imei Kkes 5,5 $Y Ie Mes same ts Pps Joe Thy y Fae He 69] ww LSE NNT OrUne hae Lets€ kSMky NEXT) Find THE Ermmpres Fon Peer Cpece L lps 2-2! B-alesi-e De 5: astints, Pye OK > te mee SME dye BYSbo KSing, Sze CMET ASIAHee : Protas 12-46 (cont L) seen Yt Ryle Ye7Sh he, Syie Soe Guyer KSIKyR 9 USE MET ewes e gett ois seins ae ! ste S'S Pst WITHA, Ty = GOK 3 LSE KUT Onme hist = $57.3 Raley , Sie ONLI Ketek eae i la ce IRes, Sys fgre 7OTIT KS Ikoe ny WE MT wrune ewe Se = Urite wainge, Sye CMC esse hye Mees eg, hye E9097 MMs baz is Su= Se, Wena tyne 654 . EET ISe ae Fee Cae yee ete sates ay aa here Lrye,G BSIKD es Tite * Wau be oe Ahn byt) + Cee ber) = Cae € " anal Thgah,) * Cages by) | Aigg ¢ (B¥9e = 3177.3) Crem ce pawns) — (season Ire) (sate.0- vez )+ C35—.5 = 3177.3) 422 tert, Foe feaye fae prort Cleaetn 3 y= Stet 12,3 nee Tir sae. Some 45 Pyne DES mee, Syne Sze CORT UF RT Onin hyn s 30207 esis sre SNE Pgh a QbWSH Tye Book 2 SE MT one hgh. 3520.6 sins, Ses TZ Beee KES e pre Pe et hey Syne Shs 7.3486 erie Xr > Seen Se 6 DB eye _ ate S5- $6 €.1468 = +4 te hoes tieeia ere (25e3 7-79.87) here 23951 walks Jing =< Chan ben Da (tere ben) = Coed) (ig-2) 4 Cason ayn) Diy 2 ey Bee = 227-2) 4 ¢ 38206-2395.) )- (zorse- ina) (49300 ~ 202.98) + (352.¢ - 3027.7) Teer gas |Pome, fas ny Cteteata 3a 9M stne e Ream, Ser 12,2 ate TH Sane srmz 1 2 Rye 67S mee, Syme $32 6 bY6) KT erene hy = 27B01 ks ing sree SF PSM EF 67T ML, Tyas BO GE RST Bene hsm = FsWo2 kk; x) Ssw2 COTTE Slee ne ee ee I Kes Sena SC, Bozeg~ yseo =, 783. i 55 - Sa BA1ee = 76972 See hots loveia 296802383, 5-14.61) esta hg s 259%. L kone | | Saas Cu aay eee er our Ey Chs-$2) + Chg oyu) ea (343.0 — 27301) (35¥e.9-tsv42) - (twrse- 17,61) = DY dom terse) ¢ ( Rs¥e.7 = 2730.1) |tas< -0e LO) Nites emer ane poo im me cocce ame (y-2-3-bAY Stwa 6A? Pegs -olmds, Sone Spe Cobre) RE MKS oh ' Xoqe_ bel = seviee 2 794 B.ty8e =e 9te0, hogs Meera 1799 C2503. 5 12001) bens Liobey RSS Yes jntetemme + Chae by | = (haces) ban te « Grteo = 203. Ne Cre = i3n 64 1 Mss endo eauere ByZe.0- 2o2.50 oF tn, whe eee A pet tm now Se cenomm fet Tw pen peur vs Ev eterron SHEETS, 200 SHEETS | Peosstn [2-39 (Cont'd y one: KIRN] CaP anna veneer 1) 100% 323.2. 3.18 493.1 39 106 | 2.20 (nn!tten.wio reneat ~ 1)*100% oO 200 400 600 800 1000 reheat (KITKG) Di yes me igen e ieee tees nner OCLs AMON THE peMAT PREC IF Ty gt mE mains pte RE. Lemme ASN ITS aire CE Jn 2B BW Se GHPode (0-FL Kenn! Tye tom, & lomes, Pex Pus tokey, ay Foo YY) gee my i 8) Bene tamer Css gs 5 Gs ity, Copan NH BARE ALE i Pie UO DD Ried np 1 Pertine = » ‘ Cnmpmes — Hieernap bree 5 Fey phd 12.6% Jive | Cape ent ASE CAST in Res 126A mH 1 ae 00 70 Entropy (ku/kg-K) ASS emp rions: * STEM, IMATE | STEIOy Few folie eras e a a ween, cern se aeFrogcen, 1-31 (Core 42) Prob 9515 e A) CAELey ConSOtearim uf FERATER HENTER whey. (ey) a by > (hy-by d= y (by) 2 y+ bem by 4a bet Meer pRapenres Ty Fao 1, by, bo sma hi Pe Rey Sar ted pe Nur wind > hye 950.87 EIS 5) 2 CNP ese (oT Fp hy, compen pene, (627) 2 Sime 61 Pes lore, Satie > mr mere bee mer ks ues € Ser e182 rte 9 ye FF Pye ETM, Saye Ser EST Keg a AT Sine > has Ioyou asm th peo hy | nrren Tse (3094) e STW F: Py = fonts, Ty¢ 0k mT oune > F774 Kes ey Bye 6 BBeS HS bese seers Ys Pys DEMMe, Sy 2554 LS BOT ESQ PD AT CUE > bys 261s 2 KE Mey wn, gs brats | He€7—Irew y +2613 by abs 2413.2 = 199,02 by 2 OP Creeper) | mys B3756 Koss! 1B) Booms Ube g) So GarnbeS = Ue reser eet Vance Ieer eres) Kops Ino0 ke Rpt . Iee Ke SCE ko ug = tabs eae a. <) 2 Qy = SH Cba-bad =? Sw 2. “Pre jobs, Sue Fy 2 BATA hege eT oie 9 hye F490 OC King ads Slay —bed= ta esis (3177.4 tye, og ists) = 26-898 ne [Sie Beene] Ba, teerses oo |e 2237.32 KetK ee * carefeosies 12-31 Cont'ty Loner Wen te aie ASC ty Prog (OR, Hy | 2595-5 etles, WHE SEE ne THE Hee ROBITKen MEZCED yim RE WEERATEN IS Let | Ongore 33%. 5 mas ese), WD) Barge = SCkr—bg) = levee CBM = LEED ESIKS) oo. Ren yne = 4490.4 fue 383 wre 2 (1-998 (hee bs) eee Stare St Pos 18K soe She GE DI0SHolyR MSP omine | Ses Gym Melee S52 BIYEG ns lis bigs UE KSIKD, bys U3E3.5 Ex iny Do xgs Sr- 86 apo sb oe S5- Se B.iy6s = OV 52 ass hse bes xe (ha-be) © 19.6 4 9579 ( 2663.9~ 15.8) | bse 2003, 82 kay e Bae ep 2 (= 2613) 2s) Ces. = | Bhs eps 6980.4 lew 3.62 bey fies) PONTE mir one Lo AAFC SrAe DELIVERS MERE ou Thee RE Met Presser Soe ; G272.9 + 6 i604 BN 2 srs 2) Bim Werte ves oe ; Bs i Ker Kym. WS. 7 eSixs | ewe 1s A POL, Ret HeA Ke oe UE I prs 126A, Benen sort! pany Yvenm 2 430 teow — (Ih oe + W9.se) ke ve ha-b) Zee Ke Thane 2 TIB oe 9L ED Ths 1s Core Ti prs 2beee “pas em Cont LY | Comamenes: NORE THAT EU OHoCEd TRE Lenk OURUT peR er may e OF omen GOD IS PRESSED | The Erticerty (5 1enen see BEAVIS Oe Tae KEE IN Te ACLS Tene KES OE Veer aseines. AGS) Tam pug Kon UTeni) pee CT mats WF poten FLUID nemy TE Sane AS in ies I-A. HS 15 BEBE TRE Peay ire ORE OED ED pays THE Cand es AE TO TAT ReEDUMTER ERT I nee ted, IEETS aetan 200 8 AnwarPeebees (2 BR Frown! Sty UK PuuT WOK eubAT me LP, Me TRATES, Be bubs der bs oA me Sy Ane encase e | dw) oeasa eae seat ete pat Ceetearet este eng 8) Lor Agseyerinns PRO whee WATE Te Swe Fa Guys OC) dine Erte SELAE fa eM RABE Men bE Be, cur Dlr AiSeneTieg Ao wen Eboktian Po SUE Ku yer 50 SHEETS 2242 sho Smeets AE nn SHEETS past Avpar 6) AsSeaetins Fo Mo Kum ot METIS Uk ROARED AL Crtees +k Keak Meme en Ree Kanbenmenin 0 MASE ety = 8, Cenenn) Lar Semarang oF Brea, | Weghee ote nee gaa yh of e D) Assumptions + ADIABATIC Grit uf for TUBES Fhe Cela in EMETC at poneTAL CHEN ETgt ayo Ny Waren? Athy + Aaty — abe — Spey ~ Sehr gt rer of meter eee Sours Hibs tory ~ Seba ~ wigby ~ (som, Vhs ! ess Pelle esi tpe lglg pas tia | wg [Reis th Che gts babs) = oy Gay bs) gc |r eS! Ws ieeesmmes TRE ROR TRE ue Ca Te HOt Oe marti, ME phebie WF ase Kutt Single By Adkee QeET OPETS.Prob 12,33 Fig (2.9 from text, pg 104 PoPs Pu, Poe fo, P= #, = Py Xe 3 fines a dee cycle m blem statement ore underlined - pears ee are eessec, Values are from Mist: % Others are added as tne analysis prog Pepe 10) x hE) (EB) comm State. = ae 2 3557 Pred by givens 2 2 BBY S05, . (geo leco (507 Fie by givens t 12 = (219 525 3 WZ ooh g Zz Qo 64.7 ran 7 we JoBe 542% Assume: O stiady -stte devices are ideal QAM processes and% Prob 12.33 continued Awmtysis: By assenptim @ Ses) With this additimal info, Sy> Ss all states in the cycle 55°S3 arc Fired... any desired S1= Sp popecty can be found, Whet, ont | Warp Weng -W pump? oe et Am, regen = Pa Prooilec = I= Qeonde also define : Goat Yo Mertuctel itor} Ye Wich Cejyation 12.11 in text) hy - hy Owiler= th Cha-he) Pend + Cl-y) in Chs-he) — subintr Un expression. Tn, regen: I “NE pete Whee = Ton, regen of it : a ohs-h.) Me Wer. sub invalues be Uhs-hz) and caleatate. ye (355.7- 7036) Fe. 0232 (24- 70.30) &43 Prob 12.33 continved ee Gn ons BESO" eS Bn 1507 - 358.4 = eau Goo mw (0428) (1507 - 258.4) * 1.055 ee 7 tom fee. Ne = Hl » 108 Be Prscussio’? — The thermal efficiency of 42,08 ts based on all ideal components and should be taken as the ugger bound +o whates possible for this cycle operating at he given state. points, NIST outpat 4: water: Specified state points Temperature Pressure «Volume -—=Enthalpy Entropy Quality © Comment cr) (sia) (fem) (Btu) (Btvtbm"R) (tbe) 1 318 2009 corse 3557" osaez ‘0.0000 2 3a34 ‘000. o.o1ss2 358.4 0542 —_Subcooled 3 1000. 1000: 10,8208 ve0r. 1655 Superheated 4 5542 2006 2.908 1298 1855 Supetheated 5 1017 $009 2750 3243 1685 ‘08245 é 017 1000 corse ea77 0.1327 0.0000 7 1018 2000 0.01613 7028 01327 SibeooledProb 12.84 KNOWN: Wyg, Pyefye 1000 pein, Ty + (1000°F Py 2 100 psa. Pa =! psio Pq 2P)2 Py = 100 psia X20 "sen, tb 2 OF sen, pump = 08S Finp: py + iy SETH! — (Figure 12.9 fom text, pg 7) Stare Plred The Xb Oey Sm) comment Prob statement does nok ' 100 327.8 | 0%" 218.7 ONT fix state d= zs Tooo 324,2 307 87H wel temaeene 2a 000 302.2 0.4753 3 1000 1000 1807 1655 State fixed by givers, 49 100. 1230 Loss i He 100 i286 1,686 Ss elias 124.3 Loss Sa ee 182.6 1784 & ee 2 64770-1327 State Fixed by given, Is 106 So yo.0b 0+1327 oni Ta loo Jour 0+1328 Note: Properti¢s Known fram problem statement are underlined, others are added as the analysis pregreses. All valves are fom NIST software.“15 Prob 12.34 corthimved ASSUME: — Steady- state ~ bossS less piping C No 4°, AT) 7% +0 -% Note: Insufficient info is given v in the pablem statement to solve KY this problem without the ad hec assumption. - Neglect KE+PE changes in all devices ANALYSIS: Lm = Wr + Wro - We, - Wp, Proinen Selve first for the ideal Cisentopre) cases Sas = 5 Ses= Ss S45 * 53 Sip Se > Chay hy) > (70.06 ~ 6.17) = 977 FH Wat Ly, 7% (et) Ch. be) = 0.341 = hy - 64.77 70.4 > State 14 ts Fixed at By, hy, Py hays foc Rmp2? yi) ir Ouag -hi) + (201.7 ~ 2987) © 3,0 7% cae 7 (Ht) (hy) = 3,93 = hoy - 298. te PT oe 2p is Pixed at = es oo hoy, = 302.23 ON, haes Po Note: The pump werk. Choth pumps) rs very small compared. Wp the tirbme works (see act) + could be neglected with mmimal loss of accummeg..Ws Prob 12.84 continved for Turbine | Wa igen = (ha- hy.) Wo act st Ty Cogs) = Org ha) tht * Non Chg hs) ths * (0.9230 -1807) +1507 By h Ma= 12877, Fy - Fox stale Ye hs, ny Chsg- hy) thy * (0.4 0.3 - 1907) +1507 FE SA> 962.57 9 Fir state & Now all states are known... ank equation (2.4 from the text can be used te determme yy the fretion of steam * be bled fan the Trbine to use in the cegenerator, Likewise: ye hichm 298.7 - 7001 2 2 O,7Z hig- haa” 1268 - 70.U CIV2%, of the steam will be bled off after high lets pressure turbme) 1475 easy-to see the effect of the ran- ideal components en his, by using the /sentrple values for hz +hy Y, = fue has 2986.7- 70.06 se ee = Ou 1270 - 70.06 ake hag-hre (1872)"YS Prob 12.34 comhnued Un, regen = Neer, ovr Wrenn! — Np - We, } Oe iN 2 7 P Bmee = yp Beene Frou en. Feouse. = om Chs- ha) Peome = Ci-¥) m Chsy- hg) and substitute into Cry above + t-G-yy Osan) Chs - haa) * Wace + Oy & lin-han) ree Wher Ty ths - how) Caleatating .. I~ Cl- 0192) (492.6- 64.77) | 38.822 Mn lis07 - 302.2) forthe ideal case... I G- 0.197) (924.3 - 4.77) 0 ———.._ = 43.02 (1s07 - 301.7) % idee! Un, reer . tL mM = G00 MW * jose om _ 4 © =/j210 ee (0.388)(1507 - 302.2 BE) [onto ]~/s Prob 12.34 continued QISCUSSION * First, it must be noted that this problem is hot completely determined as stated in the text, His necessary t assume a stale. This analysis assumed satrated liquid at the A iach outlet , but any rea sonable value could be assumed. This problem also demonstrates the etlect of nen-ideal components Cpump, twbine) the egele, The efficiency drops fom 43% 38.82% wher nen-ideal components areused, Nearly all of tars drop is caused by the trbine efficiéney , since. the amount of work used in the pumps és very. Small by comparisen. Additional compukr printout. Temperature Pressure Volume Enthalpy Entropy Quality CF) (psia) (fenbm) {Btu/lbm) — (Btullbm-"R)—_(Ibmitbm) 278 100.0 0.01774 298.7 0.4746 0.0000 3292 1000, 0.01768 301.7 0.4746 Subcooled 3297 4000. 0.01768 3022 0.4783 Subcooled 1000. 1000. 0.8308 4507. 1.655 ‘Supetheated 402.9 100.0 4.955 1230, 1.655 Superheated 455.3 100.0 5.304 1258, 1.686 Superheated 1017 4.000 275.0 924.3, 1.655 0.8245 1017 4.000 293.7 982.6 4.759 0.8807 4017 1.000 0.01614 68.77 0.1327 ©.0000 1017 100.0 0.01613 70.08 0.1327 Subcooled Comment |: must assume x=0 to allow soution. Prob is not wel posed Slate 2S: $2 idea = st 3 Stale 2 actua 4 state 3 7 8 ” stateds stateda stateSs 10 stateSa 1" state 6 12 state 7sProgiem 12.35 e Known: Fes1- STAGE TunBine miter: 800°C, S MPa SECOND-STAGE EXHAUST + 0.01 MPa SINGLE Fee DWmER HEATER: O-7 MPa Finos tm, mp (k3/kg) CONORNSER, FEEDWATER EXIT STATES ARE SATURATED LIQUID Assume non s: TURBINE, PoP EFFICIENCIES ARE 100 2o an SHEETS pads? 109 SHEE & > «97.00 “Ay w SPS, 19918 Aeg- K 7 hy 701,77 e@ kgs 1132.7 Fey SytSar 5507-7850 Pg > hee 33405t2, hs = 2458.3 % bes Meet Ay we 567 $y = 0.64920 "yx > hy = 197,50 5 ; 7 697.00- 192.50 0.16o hg hy 3344.5 - 192.50 z hs = hy acs a 7 1=(1-0nn0r ) = 0.447 she Wren = MChsrhg)t QayD8 (hehe) @ res. (hy-hy) + Cy Mags ) w fea See. (419.7 Bos +(-o.1e0)(o300.5 65 = 2455.3 55 x00 2 Comments: THIS EFFICIENCY Is mnCH HIGHER DAN A SIMILAR NoW-RECLMEUTNE CYCLE.Prob 12.3G Known: Treastarts ~ 218K Caic+ Ch, ) Preactants = Latm Cair + CHy) Inlet stote of water > Ty=305k Fy = 10 Me Caen nie eacine > Toor = 780K Pour = 10 Mn steam. Cooter = - = 0.85 aisteam = Hite HEV steam = 38.7 kg/s Emp: Gay Wades Sheree: Team ~ 780 Pe jo mba etree: Products e248 @T? oon Po Latm thing We To B05 , P210 moa Assome : ~All gas +vaper behave as ideal gas wrth amstat specitic heats at Thy, — Steam dees ast condense in tHe product steam Awarysis: Cream ee "heen Chou Ee hin) sheam Fam NIST: ogg = 3393 Sy Br steam hig 142.5 hyProb 12.86 continued Qsteam = 38:7 Kjls (3393-1) > 1258 mv HAV methane = 5526 Cp M27 intext) Mea = _@ steam Tyaiter HM pac 1258 00 KW (0.85 )( 55528 "/ky) Mel = fartB: ASSUME: - Ldeal gas behaveor throagheut - No dessecration Cy, cop HO are the only products) =. Water in prodacts dees not condensey = Stoichiometric combustion CLHV rs uced) - standacd aic is used ANALYSIS: xel a fur) Arle Me) Ma yey fe oy heel stole. Me = 4,76 €2) (28.88) 2 IT.1 for methene 1.04 Mh pnd = ™ Bey t Main = (2abtgls) + GIN2-66 gle) = 12102 gh Products = | CO, 2H2,O 7.52 Nz ee iS Kea, 142470862. ~ 0,09506 Xho 2 —4% = 0./90] Ieee7.se Xu, = 252 2. 0.7148 le2+ 752 ee26 Frod 12.36 contmued Mend = Koz Meo + Xio Maso + Xne May = (0.09606X4H) + (0.190/)C1B) + (0.7148 X28) Mend = 27.62 kg/tmel ¢ ied =_ pat a tot © fs (hn 7 Kas Gag + Rath) Guess Tpnd = 1200, then... from NIST @ P= 10,000KPa T+Tavg = BOOK Frag * et eet u Ch, + 58. soar Cop so? 19+ omit. Cee 3) 65, Chemd = 36.47 Meg Use LHV, because we assume that steam does not emdense itgay UMacane = Moma bord (Tend Te) Cao BY 5001 Fe EE D> Cisiz $Y so.a7 ET YT -Ho0Kd Discuss ion: In view of this low answer, and compared to ovr guess of Teyip = (200K, it might be worth it to iterate ain on the value of Cp at a more reasonable value ot Tp, However, examining the change in Cp of Ne frm Yoo°c Ga. 36 SE) B00%c (31.86 =.) We see that there is only a 1.79, change. Since Nz és by far the main species in the prduct-, this likely that the overall error will be withia an acceptable 22.fae eae aan gt U3.beale, ee Bees hal) e Ine 1622 HSIay ee “BUOY RS Meye , hee 125.4 Ko tRpe fap; Tikuse (F) ; i Bava 5 10985 Canseavarion enetey Gusowartes ON prowerion COAERLAT ae | © [Aikzerens + Steg -smare | Stamey Flot i i 8 hpi Atarig ‘ : a + bem OM Be ahee + BPE=0 | + le uy mecheese ! j + Unikoky Clete ene HLL TIES | \ i e Prmgstyi STMT WIT THE CanseRATIon of MASS To Fad me. | baa See Be 2 2h euch 4 +3165 kols tee UB, %eS ksls i To ee me beer eboety | Soke Ek IZA Foe Le Mereney wousenencien Ie i Ve = | the — tte he bez tea! | | A (is fia) | with Flar melee sgues [240 Fe1BY | WE nen HAE Ate MERA, VALLES. MAME SuLE Ther A Enmimerer cue Cuts of TIhy. e G0ld4) (-3tle4ae?) + 1672 - Lhe iens xe?) « 4 lise) ve i 4 (1.2098) Ver 446.4 | Wen US omer Guscrnne Teer Fes Fee wal (utla)ve - ve) @ Foe (24.0 ws) Meroe) ers — I% 1 > [ee Vie KN | | Commens! Tiny SA At BeCUET AYRILATI€n Of Ome THE UnJenrATION LANs. Pay ATE Te emery AM BO AME A SIMA tnphir ne TE besefone 2-38 keemri Tingsyer Nacaat, Jorpnisee 9) Towrjisar. % , Vero, Ane Goo ) Te Usk, Pos HTK so sheets, #2 100 Smeets fon SuceTs wt 4 1 = 1 Cave , One, Tye WER “Alen 7s, 48 bls SI [owrevsee ) Ee joy Loe | Conpeenn ) E-% how hye Gramm 3-4 Ite 1.37 gine YT Las 135 porns) 578 hove 139 Seeeven Theo , SEC, eta |) FEED ToS DAMA FDIC, Complete Teter yma WELLE ARE AD ASAT shot Fun 1s Are Crem CAS) mt Cenioer grecren titan wer Seana g Rome ene meets 25 Cainer as Otc sTHan (ne nearg ace? ao PLES Pane a TE TRG ME OT pT penn CER Te DRE THE Comptesion Toke Ar sem BHT mee neue tee GY THE phe Em OE NER Te PETER OE Sores 2 aawe by tyr @ Ce M-1) = dye ,ausek , Zeize 2heyne?) Ce OW Coser Cae =Peopven 12-39 Cent be Pe Pf R\NIA se 30 Kes @ 8 Ns Heese compeesen > Po, Be 5 Poe 3, Pa A y r, m Sue SO (BF. Tas tes (2) Te G TT Pa He T3s= (6) (asrk) = ¥9IIUK a ee 4 ayy Cerone Ty2 Tr + Tech 2 Yeo yk i 279 “ fy PR, : * Com ustoR + 32 Ps 345.6 Kes Ty = VoK EES Desire Reborn 2 Corey BUy-bs) = we Ch9-42) e Steel Ty=Ts= Gren (1 y-Tr) Ts2 Ty = Giese (yt), 970 — pow (400, 65-1052) Oh es - has, Ts! DIA Yeon = tym bs 2 Gye (ff) 2 te hy nses Sp, teow (Tye Tse) Tsse Te Tats « 1653K 2 Pe Mow, Ps = Pe = Ss57 Sy 2 @) 2 (Tas\"' 2 Posse Pe = Py Ty Pss= Pee IS% 6 ey i : nerwe: See wo (e)*. Tse Te PVH i e Cee 7 a Ce) ia 7 (n92.2%) = Sez Te = (Ye Svecece Pantie 2-38 Ceone'L > bse bee vee Comer (Ts -Te) = ves [Upete+03) CII Sere) vex 702,77 “Us Lhe Copueres Tue ne trans It ‘State, P (kPa) T © Vinis)_|_200 0 o | 0 0 | 702.7] bold - ® ‘Temperature (K) Entropy Mu be OM Asc te EURO —— ANAT ETERS Fee ka Lv (te Av = mas (ale lip 2 FI Ks/y Fee si lGorm) (1+ &) + too) e@ Fer Zend ew [Ry 2 | SIRs 2 Speco THT“pease BE Cont) ii) sec we | ee 2 2, 0IF ST A Fe cared 5 SFr Z.tod5 io? Shy WY tees Niwa 2 Vilw-w) 220 (992.27 - 2) banhs Cercms (Ty-Tz) 1109 ( $79 yee. 47D FIDSS ce 2 95 7% Lomrreenes? NTE Holy THE Mayor PAMETERS Fe, HEUER Trest, | SFC, mo Temp AME Ace OME LE me TES me and Cen pretion incwde 1aceteR SOE (ay 1 DER). THIS ; Sue? GE EY ECRER Ir wT Nery » ALSO, MAT PRYeaTIEY Ch EP) ae He SE pores snene GE Lemire es THE Hl TS pur.Ig Prob 12.34 (Redo Example 12.9 using standard enthalpies) Fh, Ya Ta Te Te fired Cio Hoa, Ve ptehe Peres —_— Sane, . as ceesca eae tie Che + © ) ! - Zook # 298k, so standack state enthalpies can be used at inlets — Ideal gas behavior — Watemvaper dees not condense = Keg is negligible = tbrabatre pacess (Ger =0) — Steady-state poass - Complete combustion, no dissociation % 2 Anaysis: ic -[ he + hy-[2+CAh)}he + 'hvat] — Eman rearranged C1 + a) hee hee /me + hey he > “24454 2 477.7 142.26 ha hop + hy, = © ab 298K he = & Xe he 1) 2X Mm "912.39 continued Prob Products @ 600K Cor = - 393844 + 12899 W,0 -244753 + 10528 Nz 8905 emo} 9264 Teme} On For fucl= Cio Hz, Ae ae Os.SM476Y 28.65) -3g0a4s “eme| -— 234225 "mel 142.26 eae = 4.96 Xt ye 16.6 ii 4 . 6 = ALF sti 2 Hea 2 0.M9b ale 100 Find X; for products... Paduds 70. Emol C02 It Kmot H2O is O-$) , (ents) iss = 8B. kel Oz pt omae ce $6.28/ 58.28 399.5 kmol No Va > Kage = 7225 Eee Neos 10 Lo Nor = “tq = en reelesens = ¥B07> OOF ‘ Xy,0 = qe] ~ 0.022 Mose oe ia fge.07 * O!77 Yu, = 3895 = 0,781 498.67Frob 12.37 contmucd fee (0,02)(- 380948) + (0.022 Y-234225.) ‘ + 60.177) 9254) + (0,701 1890S.) (0.0244) + (0.0228) + (017732) + (0.78128, hes HITE os ET 26.81 ee] $0, new.., : % V. (0.01- 1477.7) + 0 - Lier ][-M5] + Ja 000 Ci2)> lp 2 [ Yeoco (1.61) DISCUSSION! Although the calculation +s yore tedious , this paoblem ''s really no diftecent than example 12,9. The increased computational effort rs rewarded with improved accuracy, of the exit velocity,Prob 12.40 KNOWN? hi C1.) = bi products (Ty) Lequaton, 12.33] Find: Show +hat tqpation 12.33 can be expressed eqvivalentiy on a per Unit mass of mixture bases and on @ per unit mass of fuel basis All assumptions made in text fe Assume: reach £4. 12.33, including... ~ Thuet = Tain, in = T3 “Wet@szo 7 Steady ~ state - No AKE er APE Avatysis! fee Starting with 8.326... tiph, + mh, = mph and recalling cons Mp = my + te We can divide by nip fo express this equation on a per unit fuel basis. thigh, + mh, Crip + ma) k tes a hy : rig meProb 12.40 continued Equation 12.33 on a per anit fuel mass basis, he + he (1+ #)he eee ry my 2 Similacly i $0, starting with 12.826... tiphe + righ, + Mp hp divide by mat mp hp CT) per unit mix per unit mix Discussion: fhe ‘dea of This analysis shows that on a per ante he Cl) = hp lM) can be expressed. 4 mass of air, pec unit mass of fuel, 00 per 77 # mass of fuel-air mixtrre basis.Hi ee é ate lasses eee Prssvem Ip 4} Pye BYRGHs, Tar Whew y Gee 286u, Fens Gate (ey), Ales Sort eno: Tp a “eg nen : ee ca = (t=) Rala(wae)—y lL» Pee IEEE | ASS + ST) Flore Cesta peered > ADLAGATIC Me bree KEEFE FDI GAS BeHAMO® 6 ue DIOL Acton a Sinpee AR | Pomegsiss apy Cons ReAtinn GF EE OME By ILIZE Te ero Tp Fon Oe 12M ae fone Mier ge 1SuaRSIny moe ys “I9TL2 balay frm 68 BING A lg FA be ge hy hye Tee a wu €/_ © 1/50 hee , (ramrmsns) 4 | Csvrbsmy) 2 [12S ks tes Lis Ye J Lis tse] Fettormn 6% 1.1, TM meu faker mt Ge Ye 6 Kine PR Kee tes CF) aye 28 er owe wor Nee Fem AR Rift AME Rare, THE EkenMene ATIC mrt Be BROT. b= Ale\mon 4 21960 = Bees sy (Al Jere = 45 ale Is Carer 6 = Bile | iysh 22960 = o> Nee, yee eta 15 CEE) y onsthaser Nor = Boney (ELE Kaneriens mee THT Kore 1038 Xe 0431 eps IYYS Mane 17927feopees 12-4, CONES A Tce 15 Congo Te CATE Ng AT Wao Cri Teqrcenrner. D Re Gm Tey Ae A Hiuree Tenrournne Tht MSC Bec Tree 17 CEs Am eM te MCC ME Fite Teenie. Ty RK a \roon,, we SEE TOT Mp (rook) = Mel MED bomen 1 anor meres EWM TH Oe Deine by (= Hrs Krley). TOOK [_1400K | 1100K [1700K %_[h2s8K)| ah, [he(ksKmon)| EX [he (kskg)| Icoz 5.0368) -303546| 38011] _—-354035| -306.75| -10.6523] 20 0.0431] -241845] 30191] -211654| ; loa, 0.1443] ‘o| 26232] 26232] INZ 0.7728 oO} 24770] 24770] | (eae 200K] —1200K [7200 ]_7200K X hy(298K) Ah he (kJfkmol)| ZXihy _ | Me (k/kg)| coz 0.0306] -393546| __44488| _-949056| 200.633] 711.1459) 20. ‘0.0431| -241845| 34518] 207327] loz 0.1443] ‘of 20775] 20775| Ne ‘a7res| of 28118] 28118] | We Un concwoe thar] Tp = 220K Lumens! Te semen process 1S Laer ITE Se Sertemoremr paca was Csr TD expeome e peccess. Avan, nore Diet THe | ptcsie Texpomnns 1S MIU GELAME Tre ANE FEL HAMS 1S Lowen,Prob 12.42 (OWN: Kanon Combustion outlet temp must not exceed (200k=7, Tin,air = Ta = YOOK Tim, fuel = Te * 298K Fuel 1s CioHs B Min A/E such that 7 4 1200K ASSUME: _ Complete combustion + no dieseciation Conly products are On +H,0) — Ai [products are ideal gases - No wndensation of HzO - Steady- state operation Skew: Products @ Ts = 1200kK Ta= 400K Combustion texcess air Fuel T = 298 Be? Ansa ysis* Eqyation (A) se thy * (i+ Fla) hp Ces On the inlet cite. ea, (0K)> hyo, (298) + Deo, (400) 2 0 + 5031 Ey > 303) Ry, (400k) = hen, 2%) + heey, (400) 2 0 + 2973 4, > 2073 B etic Mics tis ite Mie ie ila eile aii aii12.42 continued frob For the fuel Cvalues from Table #4) Hey Mr vp — hf Me = 7249089 - 277 Cid2.28) = - 289070 -£, (fa) Bo 1+ (&/A) he * Team) ha > where hp must not exceed hp for I200k News. Cio He + EE (0, + 376M) 2 bo, + oO td ren, where b210 dais (= (Ze 62 $4.26/g h; Lizeok) = he, (248) + Ahs; (1200) CO, = [-sassve + 44498) * = 844052 "Teme HpO= [-24047+ 34518] = - 207524 Meme) 0, = [0 + 29779] = 29775 Filemel Np = [0 + 2618] = 20118 kT /emol $0 for canbustion of Lbmd of Lio Hee. es /F,5 = ' ow d+ # ki, (Wook) + ee 2m i ee 10 fig, (200) + hy, Circo) + 161k ) fg (ne) + ae Fay, (2° ee LL2 Prob 12.42. contrived which can “simply” be solved tor © @ (-284070) + 13.5 (3031) + $6.28 (2473) = lo E (-3josz) + WW B(-207324) tis.s (29776) - iss F (716) + $6.28 & (268) £ 4204809 = 24/265 B+ 0.056 2 OlP) shic ‘lp) Mims) 26.86 (#/e) (Wee ” TT a36 Ce) sre = 14.90 Discossion? This solution shows the ameant of air dilation needed fo maintain a combastron product temperature below 1200K, This ts achieved by running the combustion very lean CL 0.056 There extsts another Lmuch kss pructreal) solutton far running the combustion very cick, which is not considered here, ersProb 12.43 IK create a spreadsheet model ofa turtajet Keon! 1g Te, Ale are inputs Ce Hig is fuel Fine: Tp Seer: % Combuster Ale Te Cong Assume: ~ Stendy —state operation — Simplified air composition = All products beheve as ideal gases - Complete combustion + M0 dissociation = 1,0 inpoducts does not cmderice. — Adiqbatic combuster — Changes in KE ¢ PE are negligible Ananysis + for octane = Mag} = 114.23 Cg Hig + BE (og r8.76H0) = BCO, + WO + 25 af o, + Bu, Me) gag = 4 Reversible, adtabatie (isentropic) expansion fram Vinin + Vnage — Process 4-94 Constant volume heat rejection to close the eqele Fino: fots of hrs idealized Otto cycle in Py + Ts cae space. Wer * Quer? Area inside curve. Wour Delivered on “ pawer 4 stoke 394 Pout Wig or Compressiun stroke (> 2 Vv Venin Vinay. T Qu: Quer%. Prob (2.45 corbnued Discussion: The constant volume heat addition represents a rapid combustion event typical of @ spark ignition engine with @ premixed Charge, This cycle does not model the air exchange pacess * which is very important to the performance of real internal combustion engines,Progam 12.46 \-2 INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE, ADABANIC ComPnEssion From Vaay TO Ynuin 2-3: Constant #@esSuRE HEAT AppiTIn ToT; (Vw < vy << Vowax) 3-45 INTEROALLY REVERSIBLE, ADIABA TIC EXPANSION To Vimax 4-1: CONSTANT - VOLUME HEAT REJECTION TO RETURN TH StaTE I. Fino: Poot eycve on Pr¥ ano T~S CoonoinaATes Anavrsis: ? 7 ‘3 @ x Smax me Se v 2 Prax Yuan Ss Comments: on THE T-s Pot, process 41 HAS 4 STEEPER StofE Tian 2-3 BECAUSE THE PRESSURE 15 DROPPING From #7 I.Progtem oT cule Ky B 293K Twax * 2500 K = Vater Emp: T,P AT Benning oF EACH PROCESS, mm | ASSUMMONS! CONSTANT SCECIFIC REATS , IDEAL GAS DEMAVICR Anauysis: Commession: Ty 293K, Pp2 Latn & we i of comession 1S wenmonc, = R(Z) = lata 2) = 1838 et | € h 7 & uy BYmF : : : LY 2 675. : m+ 1 (#) 23 x(£) 3.1K CONSTANT VOLUNE HEAT APD! TON »(B)s 18.38 otm(2500% ) 68.26 atn 7 7 ween ha Isentacn¢ exeanision: Ty = a(ey's 68.26 an(3) = BT) ats 4 = 1088.2 K = 0.56s SUCH AN ANALYSIS CAE GE USED Te CRUDELY MOcEC AN INTER Wat COMBUSTION ENGINE: TYPCA COmMESSION RATIOS FOR MOPERW GASOLINE Au ENGINES RANGE From 9 T% II.Known cee 10 T2 FOF, 6,2 14.7 psio Twax (Ty) = 4500 F Fino: TP ar aecinwnG OF EAC PROCESS, mw Assumpnons: CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEATS \=Zs SewTREPIE conpRESsION Anaursis can ten T= 7, (B)"" = (0+ a60e )(00) = 133! @ + SIF | (SE) = (14.7psia)(10)"* © 369 pate ! Ty = AS0oF + 4960R & Rx 2B z Coen poin HEe8 ) 2860 psa aa 2 ae Lhe +) = (4960 R55) = 1970R* ISIOF Py = P5 (B)"= (2860 re(75)' Ss ona pie The) Pl psia) 7° 4.7 a7 364 Am > 0.602 4500 1860 1510 14 THIS EFFICIENCY VALE IS NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF AN ACTUAL ENGINE, SINCE IT DOES Nor INCLUDE SuH THImGs AS COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY OR FRICTIONAL Losses.Progiem 12.44 Known: VB enome B= bin, S* din casd Intake: 70 €, 14.7 psi Tomax = 4000 F Finpt AMyer Pee CrinseR fen evere (8) WAT 2000 Pm B.P arrem compression ( psie) C. PEAK enessune AFTER compusmon (psca) D. mee (sie) €. aw F 6. SEC ON FURL WIT! Hearing VALUE OF 19 KBrv /tdm Assumnons: COWSTANT SPECIFIC HEATS, OTTO CYCLE Anaysis: Pye (ey = (14.7 psia)(ay!* = 314 psta Tet wr = (704 460R)(9)%* = 1276R 9 (22) = (319 pie (BEE) = Lo esi eee ae = 51.4 psa (4acor)(q)" "= 1852. R rely-1) 1.4(0. 06855 Here) (1276 R- S3OR) _ sr Se RE ee EE 179 Te ¥ en eee yR(Iy-Ty) _ 1.4 (0.06855 EX, )( 4acon-1852R) 2 org 2% hy > TG = ore T= Lee + (0.00242 wm )(Gr6 SE = 179 He) Los sw oe tbe 728.2 tb-fe) jure | = 201 pia ite pe eee Ee Ise CONTINUED “aProprem 12.49 (conmnved) e wine tm en Qe = QF MGVUZ>Tr) = (0.00242 wwn)(0.224 S 9) [ 49602-12768 _ hobo mS 173 ew * (08 BE (zoe Be Lea ia Viner = Wer “Ne - eae ! . a 1.73 8TL)[ 2000 s)feon a res Soe f M220 oN] hy, : ow 19,000 S= To be n 87.2 dobre : eet cd a é : = = 0.428 e Fee Sher Od bp See i ie A: Waer = 1.08 ory B: Py = 319 esia Cs Pp MIO psia e Dz mee= 201 psia Et Um = 0.626 Fi Wwer = 204 he, G: sre = 0,428 Be. aig Conments: THE HORSEPOWER FouNe HERE WS NOT ALE USEFUL, SINCE Some OF 17 Wat BE LeEY DYE Te DRIVETRAW LayEs. ALSo, WHE UO Hy secms Lou Fon 4 VB, IT 1s OMY AT 2O00 Rem, ManuracruREns Vsuater QveTe ‘PEAK HP VALUES, “MIG GccUR AT NIGER ENGINE Sree.Prob 12.50 KNOWN: An air standard Diesel engine with... Compresser Ratio CcR) 2 15 2 Vmax Vin. Inlet Air Temp T, = 20°C Inte fic Pressure P= 0.10% MPa May Cycle Temp Tz = Z500K FIND? oT ond P for each state point Gh Py Ty hy) and mn ~~ Assume: = Constant specific heats for air — Ldeal ges behavior fer air Skereu? pT 2 2 ~Tr2s500\k 4 Fy OufON mPa, T= 20°C Von Weer Vmax = 15 Vion. T 3 State TOK) _P Cine) 1 293 oslo : 4 2 Bee 4.4q 3 2500 4.44 4 rr 2 1293 0.447 Fundamental relation: First laws for a gycle Wet 2 Puer (Note AU 0 for any cycle cyte closed top )) Ty» Meer Quiz Peer | Boer Outs enPrep IZ.S0 continued Qin occurs during preess 273 CCp ts used because itis a constant pressure process) Om mS CTy- 5) Pour occurs dug prcess 41 Qo = HOLT -T) Ly 2 pe FEED 5 - 1-1) ee aT) Fi Cif) Once these temps 2, ey are known, WZny can be ae % ) Starting at state 1, > 0104 Mfa T= 298k Process 192s ieee, oat Te/p (*/e,)** ~ (4 y yen and WA, 2 eRe 15 The 1 C8)". 293 (2.98) = peeks I Bp. C%u,y > P= O10 mee Cys) Ps Process 3-24 = isentropic, so... yt 2/f\% pr Ce fe Zz 2 emstant CIC] ; MPaay Prob 12.50 continved Because. YY>Vs From vy = RTH /p, y= mRT /p, . a, wes Twe equations in 7 two unknowns .. Fy + Ty T, BPs are Known 7 fom CI] Tye Ps fy substitete inte CZ] EN (ayy recat EN Th Lys ¥ yon Tah, Fy >) a ot By % 7% Te CNote? Both sides still argo Oy at hove units of p*! so Toh the al 5 algebra seems okay 40 thi Py io 7, Py* WS pont. ) Teh bdet. Substituting In valves > y= Cte 0, 286 e- ort yal (raay(hng) 6 one aay HOR ae Gaener Pye O447 MP Hy Be i )Prob 12.60 contnved Ane 1 - TO -1) 0% (A, -1) gg eal a4 Yael? Zee “1 ) 2288 DISCUSSION: ee The value of Y was chosen at room temperature Cr= 14), Howoald be better to use Y at a meaningful cycle avernge temperature (2800-293) /2 te improve accuracy. However, in view of the many other simplifications in His cycle analysis Creactants= products = air this error ts erobably not significant, prgertes The real value of this problem is in learning the trends of the eftrciency for this type of cycle.Prob 12.5) Known: An aic saturated cycle operates as shown on the Aguce below. P+ T are Known at states 1,2,+ 3. Arn Ee Assume: — Tdeal yer behavior with “constant specific. heats : Wer (A : x= dAnieysiss Ay 2 Qe Ww ta Process [-2 (h- Ds »& - | Caneel On Pricess 2-3 ty Ce-B)e 2% - Process 3-1 C Oe-T)= He, Fe Ge by ln-T) + COG) = Cp (T-T) 22 GlH-E)* On a Ny. Ie COED ey GD . Gy Gs-Te) ” en)Prob 12.51 continued DISCUSSION’ Since His poblem only inwlves 2 processes with heat tansher (@#0), it ts easier to calculate Bry in terms oF Orn 4 Dout rather than by using Whet.Yz Prob 12.52, The air standard cycle shown below with Known P and T at tach state. t 4T= 0 (Not a shaught line) 2 1 KNowN: Fino: Nm Skereu: v Assume’ Tdeal gas relations apely fumysis: Fst law Ale O-W, Ye aa I- ge ne ns for pncess IZ 2 2 - Pav = constant bu, » a S Us -lhe @, = POn-M) P22 Ue + P%)- Uy + Pv) 1Qs = moe - Fi) Compression ond m Cp Ct. -T, decreasing volume, are, Weak requetea) feo ae! for process o, wav Ally PS w " ” CthigherP, constant V, my (te-Ta)= Pa" Peat added) for process 371 Ate O07 au =O an = aProb 12.52 continued “3 ” a f Pav also ideal gas gives vw RM = mRT = Py, vi Mi 2 Ma : av ew = met > constant, aa at least for this V3" constant pocedure. v. Pe const fy 12 eM, = me TS In S M Nole: 4, is addel. first, the sign tells us this, Second, we Eno (fromthe Pv plot) that work is coming out but YL ix not changing CT rs net changing ) [£- @ ts notadded, T must drop. fat isasinigeee pp 3& a je te mW Oar 8, C9, + 8) So Nolo: m does Ny = - LE Chet.) not affect [He Ca-te eperTn yy, I] 7 DISCUSSION: There are. several different Cand equally correct ) expressions For 7% depending on algebra and hoo one decides +o “simp lity" the result,Prob (2.53 KNowN: The air standard cycle shown below , T+ P at cach state pomt ANALYSIS * Vv frocess 192 AU one aN Pp 2 my BT. [19 rendded Cin)] Process 243 Ale = 9 w. 237 23 ™ Cig) = 2P 3 -mP (vee) = m PCvs-V2) PoemlGs0y) - Cu, -e.%) | th Cp (t,-Th) Ce 3 tsadded oo] Pacess 3-91 Ys 4slh= 9, -, M 5 Pav ; Now, weneed 4 elimingde = (828 Yuu) z Pav infaver of T% Prob 12.53 contmved (22% teu): [ews + PIMy = Fav, - ov)’. Ond pyeRT Cideal gas) = [R13 - at + 0 (B)- *(S2)] “ECan +(2)-1(8)] and POT Be % = 84-4, +(e) - 1C%)] -$ [13-7 -Te +73(Z)] 2 Substihating «.. Ceemember! ) & Qe = a x p- GBT) + Olt) Ovlts-T) + £ [ork )- LUE J Ye p- B+ + kB-h) Ta-T + Bl tG-nYie B)] Discussion: It #5 unttkely that you will Whee | have. Simplified +his result te exactly the same i form,Prosiem 17.54 @] ero: cramotevere near ervene 2 Visas Few Asan Fiyoe Raw a Coumenrs: ALTERNATELY, THE RATO FE (oul Be Wer, SINCE IT > EGU.Prob 12.55 KNowN? The cycle shown on the Figure below , Where s Pie lOlkPa = T, = 18°C ?, = 700 kPa V3 = 3, Finn: P-V 4 Ts drag rams For the PPposed egele * Wer en *S/kg + BTY/Inm Assume: deal gas wrth constant specifre heat ANALYSIS: ree) T018"e VyeMy Wey Prcess 1-72 Nz =O Ce AV) BU, =, 7 > GAT Process 2-93 3 WN3 “J Pav = (700KP)C3 v,-v,) Ayls = ‘2, -N, Abt molT-E) Process 3-9] ‘ S'eave CPV u-vs) Balls Qi, stl = mov Cr1-15) 3Yo Prob 12.58 cortiwed PV, > RT, V+ 8% 22 Rh so Ti Tp A _ i‘ 2K) _ ar te WTS) [een Ta] Likewise: faa 6s Ae Vs Ve" Vs Tae 4 but Vz323V, se... a. . 2 3Te > [s1ek2 & | Discussion? Note that the‘retye” path 3-7 / must be below the paths 192 + 293 if thecycle is to preduce positive vot. ie. the average temperature of heat addition must be above the average temperature of heat rejectren,Problems (2.56 + 12.57 KNOWN: =A compression between 7, = 20°F and Ta 490° F According +0 the relation PV'M Const, nz 1.34 C For prop 12.57 T= 50°C and Tye $s0°e) Fino: ~ the required compression ratio Cys ie) ~The work done during gy Compression , Waa. — The heat transferred during Compression, Assume: Teal gas behavier with ae Anmysis: Constant specific heats a) Fora polytropte process CPV™z const) te pw “| =: (%) eo) ne(B)* ” *) Woe a pw -S& av = pve - Py, wR (2-7) l-n l-n Wn RCG-T) nem - cy (E-T) We Boe (y-T) + RG)2s, Proo 12.86 + 12,57 continued, Cales for |2.56 N13 T2\20°F = 580 oR R aie Tr= 1B0°F = sy yo og die? 53 tom : Bre a Cy = e240 BO a) ry, 2/140 R \ afer SBOR ft lee ae eis 53 TemR — (1440-500) _172 Bre m "47g fut heq = Tom Bru Work done We -172 ste oa Tem ; = (o240)(wyo- see) - (72 BEE Discuss ton: is interesting to note that heat must be added 40 the air ductag Compression in order to reach the desired endstate while Following the Prescribed curve. The mechanism Which +this heat would be added 4 the Working fluid during the Compression stroke is a matter of ‘speculation, ©) 170 Ibm er Wisew (+133 jes N0.0re Ibm) = =2.26 Bru Kcommession : ar \[2000 ees [1 come Yo. 073586 W=(-2.6 2% )] Beco ee I |_cowe Yo. 02358) 5, (ames St [Ee] 3 te T= 1324 R Py = 325-1 psia Ws 53.3 hp Comments: A Two-smone Crete ENGINE WOO REGLIRE DOUBLE THIS FOWER FoR THe comenession paocess.Problem (2.59 KNOWN: Aip- standard Otto eyele with Compression ratte Cy 27: | he V2 7M, Yin = 2t00 KT/, P= 100 kh T= 18e¢ Fiyp: Un Per ASSUME: Ideal gas with constant specific heats Ldorking Fluid is air Sketen: eT Oe Over ee AV2@-w and Py > RTProb 12.61 continued, Process we aa Iz (Le Spave Eft) 1, 7° oe beating 2P 3+ Ch-T) 3-4 3% 2 S Pave Pa Cuy-Vs) 3Pyq = RlyTe)+ OCT) = RCW) 2ErQNy-G) + (Tle) = CpCt-Te) £ CTs-%) ‘ Otel teeta #570 Sl su, 2 O 201+ G CIT) &y CT-T) Qualls 2 f- Qual Op ye) 4 Gy CTT) = f- _C%-T) XCG-G)+ Oh) 2A “od het kp= Af > Be + B 4 oR and v Ts ri nev ve Ny (A) Substitute + ) [> £8 CRp- 1) + ¥Re (#-1) also yee Ty a Teh Ty ut Te TORN I Y= 1 eB Be Lue ohn) TProb 2. @1 continved a Oa etty ee ids cs Ene 2 [ee-1) Re (6-1) ] ry DISCUSSION: The dual cycle can be used to examine the effects of a fmite’ burn rate in gasoline eng ines , ond premixed charge Cfuel air) effects in compression Nole for Reel L* Donec and tor Bel 2 Dy, Caseset) type engines, 43CAsbue, (l- GR Brome: pister-Kbunoen e 12 ew > 1p Venta = 199m) REVO SHE) AD dg yet Connon, 23 + Ceiereine He Ane Te Tee [992k : 3295 Canam = pettus HAT Amoitien OY e3 Qos ges Vy Uae REV HBLE OABRE Expansion FN ene Vebene ter Heyer fio A) Pot ow T=5 pmo Pod coeouanes i BY Fie iy DARE mH Gps Low RSME Cue TU HSE, Rugs 267 ks hese Perr Fy if (pres mY 1 Seems pre 7 5 7 PT 3 1 ( ' | 2 o | it s Adie nes: AA Beans AT pe 00m. GAS Pane $13? 6) SDare ‘ == M | ea) 100 2302.4, 3333 3333 VG) 7O91 + O001 -9991 79923 TH) 300 sk 1000 yoo. 4 ws) 2 oul, «201, pooue _oeule wre (i file on Dt ows A PU HAT | me PY Goo reh) C00? eos ng RT, ~~ G@e7Stayn) Ca2KD Bee hat hy eg 2 coe Semey, 2 Py 2 737] KEG e mor, Tye My 2 (b383m0D (990327) 3003.4 K oR Goons 23) (267 Sian)ens BAAS 250 SHEETS 20142 300 ARerare in Paogrem Te @R Cont 2) Ste Ti Berm Gapeoson Kew sme [5,5 Sa Faom rages 26S = |.we Pe (4) HPs ( vo0) \ Ft NU, too 708 USOO I Ke, New, Taz : nso? ooetn3) 5 C20 We Ws 0287 TUK) iO wp fap sR = WB or {yrav= PS ed= pul 5, Pye My aMye 39994107 B ( 20003 - 0001 4?) 666,6 w 24, = 066.6 W Comments + ARCS EAS USI TIE PE OAS Lk 7S). Kk + TWS peowesd WAS ERE Canes ATED Tian TE THMOATED BAe Cy cce. HERE) Te A GO A Capt Lone Fro asset PEE PRESS, IME KEL TD FOI Hee CAE PUI OE CensMR ATI oe Ere eG Aden y KES APEZO)' : Pesbcem It- (Gh Krenn WAS magne, Mar Bokeh, Tye BK, Koc 12S, TAME Hed Tene siagon To deyne Maer deere} : [oe tee - RY : eee [- a Mowe eee ; = oop \> Dour & = ge Aes “Stee ITATE | STERoy Elen +e us neeuuace > Ate . TELS ° Cp = Sqaws 1007 Theax Naame ppmnin & Tbine AO Conpeerson fomepits) from Eb, 12.3: e ie eLy Jase = 1-1)” =e JE (iesy™ ‘Vth, gampres © SIY | Ft EU. 1240 * \ alee FY] = (bee I! ie + 204011) 907Sie98) feswe] 1 res q + eee] fo ies Psu 2 Be tons [ts fier, hgunes © 6. TI Roments! Phe 1DER fiayTm Cpe PeiPE A Sage memos ve Acrcncas THe heey A Silay ponte oF A GA THtgme MareKaowa! Wat Jomls, Tar dook, Ror 12.5, Tze Itook [Ear eaasrm > sneer | seenw oes tx -—~e ieee -— i i ‘ We * Gaus LASSeaprims: + STERDy STATE | SEND Flew ayant rr ; *° BPETO | - Yely * Cet paves Loo? Terk Were Tbe $ mptenon ec " Pinsorm = l= (Re) © eles. \ | PAs engroe sty | Fan Ev, 1240 emer cram [Ty [1 te” | +a) ~% #1) -es) HR] * Beek] 1-025) it Weunge = Gdkgs) (leo rates) [rem Wigs 1, O1B Canes! TW Mine Tenor aut Tea pemnTce Consens To pag (2-1) WA ne ERRELT om THE Teme Beeremey, HOVER, ie OD | Wnegaase THE SHAET flonER | WAH IS gf COUE DESEWNE In Bs Resekobe 1 Krewe! mas BoKsS, Tal 300k ) Rys IS, Tye 105K Five Hay, oyartm , Osaaer Seen Pome ee ae AsSexprions. — ¢S/Tiny STE | STeAD Flow Ves newer © MPEzo + Cpe Giaws loo? Tips/k EY e OTR THOME MO lan fPEEIOR Brdey StS) Fitem E EIT: st aL nome 1 (fet 2 psy" “Pes, ease 2534 Fron el. Lye Hane lertinsie) fies |, a osy OF ) | + 0 //-US) #7?) Bsawr = 6,504 mn LomnerTs! Compares Te Pays (REI, imuitome WE PRESERE RATIO CRASS TE CGE rey, MONEE | Tat SHET pone weruuasen 38% SEE Fis. 1227 mo 12.30 Fon mone e PeRspeer6e Eee Me ge eaeYo Frb 12.646 KNOWN: fh gas twbine cycle. Cshown. below ) operating at ge following Enditons : mh 2 30/5 T= 00K Re= 12S Tg 2 10S0k irene 1% » Arsen, comp = 15% Seren: Qus “nr Ty 2 1050K 2 30 kyls 7 Weer or Ser Fino: ° An Wwer,our Assume: _ Ddeal ges behavior — Constant specific heats fosatysis+ ———— ~ We Un ee as Wer = Wrest Meowe 3 Woes = Weer are Cpe Were = Wisin cone where? Weeen tre = Ce OT- The) Neceajcomp * Cp Ch-Ta,e) uy xe aa Taa= TG)#, Tine BOE) Th, 5% 300k (12.8) 4 Taye = loso¢ i.) '9 = ek = 510.4 KYo Prob 12.6l continved 2 Cp 2 + /) | cmp TZ (ee Be [cess simaone + Ce o7Yor} 185 Hy Ww . i " Nor > aw 7 kK: = BO by, + es Res = Op (R-T) a0 Wemp2 (PCT - Te) = Wisen, cone, Tore Fearmnging... het Wisea, come he & Lone aaa = Te Ge (Ti- Tus) nh A Meme seers et He, [n- Coe A) ] +7 Substitute ete Calculations the Qs # ai a = using exce! Kk ro Specldceet from Qygs W827 5 Mur 185 Pools 12.73 HQ, 18.27 T g Discussions: The Wry for this cyclers 0.514 if the trebine and Compressor are tsentropic, Cleach WK Small decreases in the ISentropic efficienz of the Compressor + turbine can result in Significant losces. of overall Cycle efficiency.Known: COMPRESSOR INLET: 106 Kfe, 20°C feessune Rano: 72) TwReINE meT: BOO *¢ Fino: @) “eoup 2) Qe O Woas, nm Pax Seren: Be Assummons: MEAT EXCHANGERS GHEAATE AT CONSTANT PRESSE, TURBINE AWO CommREss&A | ARE ISENTROPC, AIR ACTS AS AN IDEAL GAS, CONSTANT SPECIENC HEATS. ' Anavysis: 4) Weomp= ho-hy * Cp (T2-T) G1) 2 Teeter = 0127307) Heeur = (1007 "yn M5109 K- 243k) = -214 ey hast = 510.4 K = cp ts - Tr) = (L007 %,. Qllorsk.sto.an)= 566 “Ay view, rye 27 (#4) 7 Yrne = (1.007 eg x (1073 ~cis.4k ) = 461 "hy Celt - Ts) yy had verse (5) TT = 615.4 K d) nm t Snag Weoe . fe Comments: PAY CAREFUL ATTENTION T TRE Si6nS ON ME LORE TeamsProb 12.68 Known: Cycle shown in sketch below is used te cool passenger cabin. TP, Pe B, OT, @ Finp: a W person of cooling Pe Cesc, try Prefry Sketen : fo sopsia_—— Heat sepsis exchater YIM Gy 12.000 Brahe Figure 12.68 Assume: _ Steady-state ~ Gmpressor is tsentrpic oa Neglect KE +PE of air Flow ANatysis: Wer * a cp [0m-%) -G,-7y] Ww and a\Vn 80 pu. The TC = ee 2 (CE) s20k (7 ) T= THAR te 17 ace O, = (2000 $Y mp (1-7) m2 12000 6he gg ong, (oot W5)F (0-248 ne)qe Prob 12.68 centmued A) Wer = (276.5 ee V/o.248 oe) (looens) - (an9-928)] = 487 ow he 2) Oy 0 Ooty) > (276.5 'R\( 0,248 SRY seor-a41.9) ©) Tas 5(a\t > BOUR 1” 2 BEM) (500- 345)R 18en, tac pee (Tie) a (sto -307)R e CTZ s. Tisen tarb = 8Sbg z ony D 2 Gt = 12000 he Lo, gy, ) Bretog i Wer 1419-7 FY be [28 : Petey | Discussion: The AB of this cycle ts not very high compared. toa tyetcal Vapor compression cycle. However, i+ makes sense on a commercial Jet, since there os a large * Brayton cycle" Cor several, the engines) already available +o do the cooling.Frob 12.69 A Brayton cycle uses gir as the working fuck Ty = 800% KNOWN + Piz 102 kf. Be GI2 kha T+ 18° Fino: On for free eydle. Pye OZ EPR Assumes —- Steady ~state. — Both’ compresser + turbine are tseatropic. - Pah + Peep, — Air is an ideal gas with cnstanf- specitic. heats AMMLLEIS: deal Graytn cycle cRicrency depends anly & en the pressure ratie ‘a 2 /- (#2) Vargo 2 I-R a ies pe 12.37 frme i Discussion: Thes is aw very Straig ht forviard. prblen rf oa happen fo remember equation 12.37. IF not, fram a slep- by-step cycle analysts. the result can always be re- derivedProb 12.70 Know’ A regenerative air gas turbine cycle factens as‘shown on the Sketch below TB, Te, GT, To uo ns deagram Br the cycle ~ Uy ~#7) - My for T, = 300K, Ty — Compare Ary with end torhout repenerectran for Tz = IS00KK 2% +78, 6/4 -ins Skerc#: Regenerator 0 <4 Compressor “a Fig 12.70 Assume: — Stead y- state. — Neglect KE + PE of working fluid — Warking Haid san deal gas with consteat specific. heats (¢ */,4) ~ Both the compressor + torbrne are isentepie ~ Fe Pays Py and Pat aie PeProb 12,70 continued Heat added ‘fo Incoming old stream Heat absorbed from hot exhaust typically wastel) Ss Nole: Ty must always be higher than 7,» Cthis limits how much “regeneration 8. is possible, ry + Wver Cheha) = Ligh) on ha ~ hy = rf 5-%)- Ge-7i)) @0-t] Cc. y : # # ot G- UE)? = Tle) insoles) e rk Tee Btls = C920 a te oO. Was 3(4)*- ‘se () = Poo T27& Usd regen = (2 =H)-Ce-T) | (1920~24)-(6-500) Te~ Zz) (S00 672, ™~ | Ut sagan = x = 0562 42 56.27%Fob. 2.20 -Gatd A vo gen > Mise. Gate) =) Bia de A ~ (B-%) (-7) 73-7 = (0-729) ~C6l7T- 200) | _4sy Mo - 617 6s Commas: The addifioa oC teyeneract Tom proves ezioncy ty approarnably IRB, a signhcant gain. Wk The. lar bine inlet temperatare xed, ne see That this.gam vesuls % Ba reduchor ofthe hat addled (Oy),PRB tem (2--"I Hromat Tis 3o0e, Pie 19m ePK, tains bese kiiky , Go LoosKSIEs, Gt Me msl | Fae, AY T-5, fe viacenns TMi) ies cceee try ites tigen ets Ale, ) biscess we Resues Saeco: paar Ad TE IK Risengtiensi 2 WET LoytzSEOK Hho Tuk ine f + Seep SME ste Fle Fam SeecuFte HEAT 5 50 SHEETS 22444 209 gases =p inva TASLE Shes THE EMTS CO Tite CAKCUM Tin. Te kas fed Bian me pie tie anh Ty Tne fer wot WM Roum uhing ee, 12,He a A 10 $79.2 4624.0 506.2 0.482 4 595.2 1640.0 520.8. 0.496 42 610.2 1655.0 533.8 0.508 43 624.3 1669.1 545.4 0.519 (14 oesr7 [1682.4 ‘556.0 0.530, 15, 650.4 1695.1 565.6 0.539 46 [062.5 | 17072 |_s745 0.347 17 674.0 1718.8 582.7, 0.555. 18 685.1 1729.9 590.2 0.562. 19 695.8 1740.6 597.3 0.569 20 706.1. 1750.8 603.9 0.575 21 [716.0 } 7760.8 610.0 0.561 22 7256 1770.3 615.8 0.587. 23 [7481706 6213 0.582 24 743.8 1788.6 626.5 0.597. e@ 25 752.5, 4797.3 631.4 0.601 Eee Seca2000 + eee Eg; SEA eee S¢ 1600 z= Sto 1400 § 2 § 120 : EE cco p= 800 q 22 600 : 400 + j 5 10 15 20 25 | | Pressure Ratio (P,/P,) Turbine inlet Temperature ‘Thermal Efficiency ‘Net WorldUnit Mass : Ci Turbine inlet temperature, net work per unit mass, and thermal efficiency all increase as the pressure ratio increases, Thus, it is most desirable to achieve the maximum pressure ratio. Aithough, this might not be feasible. Consider, for example, that the high temperatures may damage turbine blades. So, it is not just a simple case of increasing the pressure ratio to maximize efficiency.fobiem (a~ 19. DEIR Gyr HE Rei 300K, Ps teokh , Tez (Pook, Gs). Feo A) Aag , Marley me Poetics oe A/p, 8) Discos ME REIS fed Compete TO Bal er i z ASSumpticns | = (SeTapLC CompaBiSon Ped TRAE + Sree snare, Sramoy Fu : + Geto speceen Hers fovaysi$: A) Tre Resers OF THE CARULAT in BT NOL REL, THe e MT Means Roh ine LD, Bg ome ta Bhs Gat mo The is Rom From €% 37. Weadm (kaka)Fa Cot sy ftohcen Tre COLI LAN SHS Re Tee taken dutniries 1200 aan 0.70 z ' g 1100 nes | = 5 1000 i 2 = 9 0.60 > 2 Eg 800 oss 3 B= E gE 70 050 i <2 600 sees : ig | 82 500 a 0.45 ue) 0.40 | 5 10 18 20 25 30 | Pressure Ratio (P_/P,) -Heat Added/Unit Mass ----- Shaft Work/Unil Mass === Thermal Efficiency ! ® 6) wiscossias i ‘White the net work per unit mass and thermal efficiency both increase with the pressure ratio, the heat added decreases with the pressure ratio. This is because less heat is needed if the energy increase in the system is largely due to the pressure hike in the compressor. tt should be noted that the net work increases only slightly over this pressure ratio range. The thermal efficiency only depends on the pressure ratio - there is no dependence on the inlet temperature or heat added quantities.Proe 12.73 KNOWN: An air standard Braytin cycle fmnctens as shoun on the sketch below: TP, Ts Nermg > 0:82 Nye 087 Fino: ii Qs Wner Wy all as Frretins of 8/p, Tw , achet [tm va Skercu: Qus att © 4, ® tes Assume: - Steady - state. — Aie cs ideal gas with constant specifte heats Cpe 1008"Agk Cys 0.718 Tox ~ Neglect KE+PE of flaws No AP across Hys Pur Ps PyeP,fs Prob 12.73 contimed ANALYSIS? An se Weer P-3 Wage Wesen,rr Crs Wrer = Wruzg + Weeme Weeme = Weren,comp 7 camp Wisenvrbz Cp CT z= Tus) Wisen,cone Cp C1) Taye) Let Rp Pep = pressure ratio zd Then Thee TCR) Tage n(ay on substituting 4 woer= GF te- (RY) + 11 T.Ce)*) alge 3 eS tit OE) Ee Lh Y\- #) Cy (e)*) Gs > Oo C%-%) AI50 Weamps Cp (Tint )= Nisrtang A) “ta, [pecs 1 cy] tT, (i-R%%) +7] Ceomp Tt [Ge Yi w)| Bes ee Ste Lm O- Ni te I These. relations can be programmed into a spreadsheet and calculated... ‘comp73 Prob 1273 continued Disevsston. The Eta Comp= PR 10 1" 2 B 14 15 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 This problem clearly sndicates the importance (ef working ‘fh variables until the very end. This facilitdtes fregramming the. solution into a computer so that the effects oF the parameters, such as Re, can be investigated over a wide range of values quickly. For this cycle, with mere realistre Compresser and “ turbine pectormance. , the cycle efliciency varies over the range of y fe 35% to nearly YOR — as opposed Yo% te 0% For the cycle with isentropic Components , quite A $ nrfreant change. Also, the eficency '58 becomes Worse as Tirs dynamic implies pressure ratio increases. y that at a certain point it will be more advantageous to seek imprevements in com ponent rsentropte efficiency rather than increases in pressure ratie if the geal ts improved system efficiency. 300 T3 = 1700 Cp = 1.005 Cv = 0.718 gamma= 1.400 0.82 EtaTub= 0.87 etl 0.286 T2isen Taisen wnet T2act 42-3 _ efficiency 579.02 680.80 374.30 640.27 1065.03 0.351 595.00 857.15 375.40 659.75 1045.45 0.359 609.97 836.11 375.44 678.01 1027.10 0.366 624.07 817.22 974.68 695.21 1009.82 0.271 637.42 600.10 373.28 711.48 993.46 0.276 650.10 784.49 371.39 726.95 97791 0.380 662.19 70.17 369.09 741.70 963.09 0.383, 673.76 756.95 366.48 755.80 94892 0.386. 684.84 744.69 963.60 769.32 935.33 0.389. 695.50 733.28 360.52 782.32 922.27 0.391 708.76 722.62 357.26 794.83 909.69 0.393, 71567 712.62 383.87 808.91 897.56 0.394 72524 703.22 360.36 818.68 885.83 0.396 734.50 694.35 348.76 829.88 874.47 (0.387 743.48 685.96 343.09 840.83 863.46 0.397 75220 678.01 339.35 851.46 852.78 0.398,Proguem 12.74 Known: Compressor mer: S30 R, 14.7 psia Weat Apoinon AT BO psin To 2200 R (T,) sence: 2300 R AtmospHene: S30 R wer * 100 hp Fine: nim, * (422) Assuwrnons: Tongive AND ComMnesson ARE Wenmenic, I0EAL GAS BeNAvieR, CONSTANT StECIEIC MEATS. Te-T er eaeeere eae ToT Ty, S30R Ty = 22K ei eo ener Borin) Te = 60 oi WRYE = G00) R pay te! MZ pata Et? Te (g) T= (2acen)( S208" yTe = 13968 ese ) 1356 -S30 Sane ime 2teo- geo | Mer © Vag - Yeone = 8 ( Cp (-%)- Cp (Ty-1,) i we ner Gly-T- Cp a-r,) 0.7068 Bw 7 “36005 e 100 bp f Ave (EE ] pre ( 241 re)( 22008 - 13ser) - 6. 241 rg)(St0R ~ 530K) Tm = 0.384 ton w= 2083 FS Comments: SINCE WE now me PRESSURE RAT, WE COULD Have USED THE exteession 1-(Rp)'F m emo Nm, Gur IN TAS CASE WE NELDED AU THE TEMPERATE VALVES ANYWAY,Prob 12.75 Known! A Brayton cycle uses air or helium as bts rns Fluid | as shown on the sketch below. W,4,%, Te +% Fino: MN aie Ne, we Mae Uns,ne oo Skeren: 7 Pye Hat, \200 K W275 KW T2293 -k Pye Vat ® ‘i Rout Assume 7 Both air + helwm act as tdeal gases wit constant specific heats Steady- state operation - Isentrpic compressor + turbine — fee Pz ank Wye Bb - Neglect KE 4PE of working fluid flours Avaysis : Lt eee 7 CEquatim 12.37 nies ime Ft 4% frm text, ely Fr air Upartwer = 1-4 4 Fie helian ... q, blah fatehinn 4187 tab Mniz Prob 12.75 continued Wwers Waves - Weome Weer = Cha-hy) - Cha-h,) Wwer = Co (%-Ty) - Cp (2-7) ry and Tye TR) Tye 3K) Aic B14) Helm Ce 1.667) 435.4 K SIO.1 K 807.5 K 89,2 K wr Wher, ate = [005 ye Ce-%y -Te +7.) * 1.008 Ci200- 607.5 - 425.4 +293) = 2513 ey mi Wrer, M m _ 75 k\ ar = 2 Lees © HA: Wher, gaa = 1074 Ap= Mag ee Weer ett = 5.14 BE Cta-Ty -T+T,) * 5.19 Ctze0- 684.2 - 51014293) = 1524 ine la) 4 vauume Wher 75 kW - > 3000s _ = Wer ation” fea Hf, * See >|! "Ae = ebetion Discussion: The high eV associated with helim is very advantagesus both fam an eflicrency paint “of view and a mass flo rate potnt- of view,Progtem 12.76 Known: — compresson met: 20°C, latm TuRsine mer: BO0"C, 3.4 atm AssuMenONS: TURBINE AND ComPREsSOR ARE WENT ROC, IPEAL GAS Be navIOR, CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEATS. Anaursis: ; = Lae compatsson: Ty = 1, (2) T= (209273 «(%) fs ase Kk ‘ we rom t Beoby = Cp (at, ) = (1007 Bix Mas. 6e- 203k) © 122 7s Hear ApornoN = es Qty we Co (a=) = (007 Hx lors ais.ck) = bee 5 of Torsme: Ty = Tp (ye = (1073 =) “rapt ba-ha= Cp (1-73) 2! = 756.4 K wr Jio73K-756.4k) = 319 ty kr ‘a Wwe ® Mavep~ Meowe © 314 ky > 122 eye IMGT ee hase Um * = aw COMMENTS: USING AVERAGE Cp VALUES GENERATES A NET WoRK OF 23% eq any erriciency oF 0-325, 4 SicmiercAnT DEPARTURE FROM VYHAT we SEE HERE USING STANOARD vaLues.Prob 12.77 Brayton cycle, Helium userking Fluid Compressor inlet + 20°C , 4 atm Turbine inlet: 800°C > 34 atm Fines vy hy Known * Assume: — deal gas behavior for helio = Constast specific heats — Steady state operation — Neglect KE + PE of working Pluid. — Istntrpic turbine + compressor — Vig 2 1.067 Awatysis: af e674 Compressor: -a(#) a Cooratsy $4) 1 ay k Weanp 2 hah, > Cpl%-T,) = 5.492(418-298) = 96) a Heat add itien: Ou = bigchy * ee = 6,192.(1073- anh)? 3089 B e Terbine: Te lq)" swois(ey = OTEK Waure = hg-hy = Cp (te) = stag (ire-snck) 257 Woet = Wars-Weanp 2 2157 - 961 $F - Disc: on? ESN The higher Cp +S associated with helium leads ® @ si igaficaatly h her thermal ef€icrenc for this cyele, compared to air Coe Prob It. 70)Prob (2.78 KNowN! = «& 200 hp Brayton cle uses air as the Working Fluid. The following measurements are given, Stale points corespend to the sketch below: Sate = TCR) P CPsia) h CPsia) ( 530 5S 2 830 Oo 3 19@0 58.8 1400 15.3 Fino: : My thar (Yr) Skeren! W = 200 he Assume: — Steady-state operation. — Meal ges with constant Specific heats fe Neglect KE + PE changes of air stream frye: CEypoton, 12,5le Som ext) Soe eee Gy) j- Le- BOR ae Ga-Te) Cigbo- 830) a 0.77 + 023 fiat et at a a at et a a a ae et et et et ete et et et eneProb 12.78 continved Tow ee ar } ws = NET m Quiz BOhE . gca.s ny + Sosese BT 0.23 N30 7 0 Bie th Cha-hs) = ph Cp (tate) me Sa scssee FM Cte -Te) * a = r a) Gay PEL Yitwo-s20)8 1076,4 es Discussion: aw TES tg aw realy oversimplified analysis Fa Braunton’ cycle? StantFicant reduction efficiencies Would be caused bi Non~ ideal CAKA. realistic) Aucbines + Compressors. Also, the assumption of constant specific heat is weak for ain over the Fange of tem peratures used here ,Ib Prob (2.79 Known: A Brayton cycle operates with air as the workin laid. Tiz250K P= Ot MPa Pe/p, 24 Ta> 100k Cn Deore > 0.85 Fino? wy (8 ber CE) Ch ote Weoome Wree H hecount far variation in specifre heats with 5 temperatvre, Sketch? Assume: - Steady-state. — Neglect KE + PE changes = Airis an ideal gas with variable specific heats pled) Tee) 3(&) bh GE) comment State 1 OL 250 3108 376.] laitrally Fixed ge cen ee 18 Sage'S; Za 3.76! SINT 2 Ws 3 1202066 1522.9 pane Bee tong ie 5.066 1084.1 S4s ge i $1882 MTT hy ta Mpeg Mey kee io Ss All values fom NIST Anacysis: ~ fynh Equation 12,360. Tn, Bragten = / hei ham tex | Weenames hae =f; Wea,canps Cheb) yy, compYe Prob 12.79 continved %.. hye hu-hy +h use to tnd hag carp _ hig 2 ($8 BHI yaya To 57 ee 0.85 7 NT Likewrse... W.. ser, ters = bs hy, Wat tree = Tous Chs- hus) > hae hy hans -~Wnes Cha- hye) + hg So... 1522.9 g - 0.85 (1522.9 - 1084,)) fy, 49.4 Substivte valves for final answers hemp? hp -hy> SIR7~ 376.1 = 13.6 is Weomp Warp = hachy: '922.9-49.9= 373 Fa = Whew Wer = Wary leap = 313- 148.0 = 1229.4 T= Wage W 3.6 aps Wives * “373 : : yoke (U41.4-376.1) Tm? I he” I Tan s-saay * 2229 Ma] Using non-ideal Cnin-isentapie) compressors and turbines allows +4 r amore acturate estimate of eqele eheerency, Discussion: CnProssm 12.80 Known: —100-b Bravrow Creve COMPRESSOR mET: 530k, 1.7 psia Neat AoprnON AT 80 psia we 2200R nas * Leon 7 0-90 Emp: 2m i AssnmpDOns! EA GAS BEHAVIOR, CONSTANT Steere HEATS Anaursis: conrmesscn: Fst Mncre wewreane mecess: Tye T, (LL) F = sea (BE)TF= soe | weomg en baghy t Cp (Tag Ti (. oor) les.s)= 184.6 Tay Wiser Neome * MEE gS TEE eam = eae = 208.1 iy Meme oy 205.1% + 29849K = 498K oe (m -7,) > fe eee ca Too Fae Las wr wear avomon: Que Cp (ty-1,) * LOoTigy (Ire2.2e- 490K) = 729.1 Dy “7 1)F (mre (22); 753.2% 6 TURBINE: Fingr ANALYZE IsEWTROME Process: Srmpsen *Marhy® Cp (13-14) s (1.00725 ieze.2&- 753.24) = m3 ae at z= i vas PE Uns iser F vag (OMT) = 4IS.0 | Wes Mkowe we Te Comments: THIS PROBLEM WAS wonKED IN S.T. UNITS FoR ConvENIENCE. Be Caner WIT) SUCH UNDE ConvERsions.Prob 12.81 A gas turbine engine operates as chown Kwon: on the sketch below ti, Pela PT Ueare AE Mars Tout % Fina: % m= Currieas @agek) A/F 2g0 Skeren: Hany 20.85 Wrsete Agey? 0-92. ta/p, 2 18 2 feeducts Aicln fy > | atm ye T+ 20k P, = latm Assume - Complete combustion (products = Cbs, 0:, Na, 10 ealy) "hie" se [0p + 3.76 My with Y= 1.4 constant - Ldeal behavear far all specres , with constant ade 1 gpecitre heats - “Adicbatic " cembuster Call heat tom z ths! enters the pnducts stream) ~ KE+PE changes are ignored. ~ Stead y- state operation = thy enters combustion at Te Atvarysis: Phst, find Ta... For an isemtepte compression 3 0.2867 Teicg = T (bya ak (i) 2 660.6 Tha Weanpteen > Sp Ca-T) * 10035 67 (4b05-296 )k Weonp,isea = 362.5 *Uhey _oeeeee—<“—— 660, oly a +40, FEN, tor Chy = b= 1 an ern oP ye4 ae 2 (FG ) wt Ihe co 1sly For ctty an ALF stoic, 2 Magt 2*3:16Mu,_ 2 *32 + 7.82 28 Meny 1e Nore = 1216 P~ Alesteck | Mlb. sys ALE 50 ode 363 e+ 21492 Se, in the products... Ken, = ieee Ran baie 7 7848 Xho > Tezraeseaian = 700% Xo, = 323 ss 0.1382 We2+3.034 Z1IZ Xw, 2 — 24% = 0.723 © [pers 08 2192, EeYo Prob 12.81 continued M prod + C0.0318) W + (0.0696) 16 + (0.1882) 32 + (0.7623) 28 = 28,39 also, fom MIST @ T= 000k (a reasonable guess Tay betwen é, = Bt peo, = SHAD fmol k att) Cem = 4.727 Souk zB kK Zeon, = B42 ie a x = = h2f pe, Cpu, + 32-75 on Sead = Pend Vig k pnd = HM] Phak Fir methane Liv = 50014 CTable W.1) SOs Mine Vg * Cfpod Merme 5-7) io pe Meme = Pood (ain (1+ Ge) CT-Te) C8791 soo HE) =H ik (68,7 BV eq THe5)k % ISS7 kK (rt beter guess for Tavg wort have been 780 FISS7 _ yey g 2 One coulh now use this Value te repeat the above calculation 4 improve accurn eg somewhat, )So Prob 12.81 continued Now find Ty, isen..- pe Seed al Tajten = Te Cig) tend Soma = Ya, Xen + Yao Xo + Von Xen + Yon Xing Finding values for Y at Tavg = 1000k fom NIST Yond = Co.osysyl.184) + Co.009e)I.26) + (0.1382X 1.34) + (0.7¢23K 1.342) Yped = 1,327 Nolet fara @ to0oK is 4327-1 Naf... $0 only aratter Tapa + Custer ip hee Small errr will arse = 807.4 K HF you Stmply model the Products as air, Wrercen = Poms CT - Ty) Litewese, Chain 18 = 407 which would couse 4 only 2.3% envr compared turd, act = with using Cppnd+ Be OR gaat "9 Lend * (0.92) (907 hy) > 834,45 Teg Worcs, act > Mend 9 tre, act = (6907 4) (24.48 £2)Yo Pob 12,81 continued Tn, event * Waeb = Weorp | Warp - Meomp Gu tig HiVea) = 583000 KW - eee (13.7 "hs )( ss 5-28) Mn 3612 Discussion? This problem %6 an excellent example of a case where trade offs can be made between accuracy , and the tHort required # achieve a result, One of the tasks of a mature engineer (sto “ weigh" the situation with regard te the accuncy required. and determine how to use her Cvery expensive) time wisely.fasten Ro FR Wrenn? Revenygce RermboRATR | TH | Te 26% ® Flan: 6) Bega cater rvs pore ener srecests ty Qa os Vase Er V/ 53 ices i SEA | th ' a e | Bikerpren: + promis B REVERS: Fee Geuze. 5) 1 S14 29305 aR LIT 273 Be73. He | pase 13.6 pore As expecred, Lommants: 60H EF FUERS OF PeRfokmare ane > 1 ,PeoGien, 12-% Krouns Tus 25% Ky Curr ber pine : Ene: per Boenpnp, commer vensys To fom USK CTL < 290K i Seenn agg & ees |fsdengring + pocess 15 pereuse See Te tonne THEE ttt me Le Sine 6, RSL. Bhirar E 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 250 255 260 265 «270 «275 «280 «285 «280-205 Cold Reservoir Temperature (K) Camot Coefficient of Performance Lommpen: B inches PS me cas neseenod npcerrie neuArer. THT SB Gechwe OE OT AS Samu BA TE He aye Ch Oxuene ekT —50 SHEET 400 8 os) Sirsa Keene y= 20; 000 bra Mh, Eno: §) be 8) cost pee Hee AT <) A Baler me suereni 4a Boe 4 , ben \ a Ae ASSunprions Gotan he » Beem pore = 3.22 62 t/a, kw + STESY SHEE Gp tietie pass! 4) Gaz 2,000 do, 1 mals les Me 4.W1e I Civ Bos, 1908s" bee 8. Bel Rw fon Rs > ogi Seren 6 Bese cose cae Was 1815 KO hy Leis Key GU" Kee Pe anes Weer see ere see rae Ge HBr — LES bey = Lore kw Wore kT Bhoos | 1swey S916 Bt 1%Bo0e ote te vey mee 3600 bw /y Lommente » Ae OT Renannt ne renee — vt HAT nye am or Agrees CC a es) ora Time,fresien 17 Reg bets Te FeO Ar LY Dey Betinge 2b ® Kien! He UAKY fon ans 6) be 4) Aree Seercn = Pars te wa a | at ern conor © | Aseaprion ? STEAD “STATE Teapot eee i [ermegsss Since mre ROP RIGERATR 15 AT he wea L258 Gee HE FILE mur pore Rem TE fem, DT OS ee e - Wes Go| het Fran. 6 : Bae ST ee 1) Ga = Wed Ba 8 LOB 8 ST kev i | Gas 19eke D Ona = Gy + Qe e 1 26b LOD KH | Gomenrs i Qa s 3Mt kn HS was Ke Sernguaae THEE, = RETA ving hades. PP sreT TEaapumae , Lg Blew aed Ty WAL THE Hear Bem waPeopen '2- Blo RIBY9; Pee -3OMFs, Pines LENS » 7 OTK ' we Su, he, Ky fret, Baar poor Shere oe “Temperature (K) 8 Entropy his) ASsenptinss + Stem) sree, STiep Arte Genter Conpesasion oN SKE we BPE, ABMS HTIC Bxpartion UAL Prva Sis # ' ‘Sire Tt Sat WAR, Plt POMP, 9 EE NIST Orem hye 37400 K5/K5, sh 92e7 Beles k Sree Lae Lue ae Spe Spe LDUD Mikes GE AT Sune hye Y3¥.92 Kris sree 3: 095 LUCA, Sar ra UE MT Germ Wye 287.43 H5IKy Stare 95 hy hg lye 2E7479 BSIks CSaeh39) bys Bab = vos kyle Cy9777 exe ~ 267.75 KStRS) by = §.1e KP oe RU mby) es .03snsts (47% 00 = 267.49 ws les) bee 390 ky Biss SUagen) 2 otsbsls (434.97 - 35% 00 Rites) bye LIS tePoste, 12- Glo (Ort) Bren = Qe . dteuy Bie Lis kw 2 Lament! Thy passes egweed THE OE Gh NET we BT Onme Te And Ertinepy Aa EnTrtapy. Démininn THE maroc » Densvine Ts pw PRS ei ERIER TH Lisa ze ae heeCeosten 12-8] 2 Dee, Polen hee ney jae SBS kale bn, Go, Bees fran, Buen pre ‘Temperature (4) Entropy (hikg-K) SSuaptes! — “STEMey STATE , STMap Fun 6 BERT Conpeeicien + BeprmSion VAWE IS ADIABARIC HTH | testa 50 Sree |: SM. wheat, Be JOM WE MST Ot ine | ys 39930 esiky, 5) 2477 FSIS Ie D sneer 2s Pat LAG my, See Sys (9734 SIA NIST : lige YY% 17 KIMes | sre Bi PyTleGbty ) me Ua ST hye 254.7% ‘estes Byatt) Demme GY: by = by 2 bas 2.7L KTlks C4421,22) Que i (baby) = Gor ksh) (yas 5— 254.72 bles) Guz 6 60 KW Bet Cty nby) = Goa kets C3931 = 254.72 bales) R= S,0 kW Bae bye 5 660-506 KRa ae we Ge , Foben 8 ee ae TSY ke Prens 24 vs 9.2 fr BB4a | Pon ow = Breten +) i fow pp? 424) 5 ye fee BeBe (Lemesss —— B BAG fs Slightly lourer 6, butts more envireamentelly frie , -00 Sree Bee “p SAMPAL fRodten 12-98 kaowat ANRI6 Rot 26m, Pouen= ISH Ps Few: frtan, fone Cor Skene; “Temperature («) co oe 7 5 1s v7 Ee Entropy (kaka) RSunptiens! —§ STRAap-sTwe , STamay Pew S enmene Conpteutes + Bplesiar WAUs 15 Aarne Ao BET APE TS sis: Senna: Poe .28hs, Sa mee 5 RAST lyse F9761 esley, Sy 2 19276 KSMb se Steet far 1S hy, Sys 8,2 ILIAVE bse DIET hae T3596 bs tes sree 3: Pye LISKA, Saskia, @ ST hg. 270.27 Exley ste 9° Ge by D bge 250.07 FD MES (44232) Breton = Gos tunbe 5 297.65- 27022 w bank, 1BS.96 - 397.69 freaw « 2,83 2 lpeby , 238. 5¢220.29 bat, Wosi 46 = 397.6%Paogveny (2-84 Keown: RIS, We Ob Rss, Wee, A= Brey, Tet 2k, Ps hiomes, | Ty 231M, Belem, Re 25mm Leg: A) T2S poor 8) Rone ON eop, em ’) Buar pene | suerew we i ; ' I 8 Co 708 7 7 7 ae i Entropy (kilkg-K) : [ASS cap re ons? 4 STMOD STATE 2° Fok emphtsioe, Avra! 6) Weary WO ba-b,) Se me eet 4 Ty i | fAom RUT online Ay Te 476k, Pye tears ma bys Yosol estes, Lasse KSNea, Spe eHTED vApeR i me Tas BRT, Px liohe 9 hye 42 re urls) Specmures WAroe Beonps i lard = 106bs (asere- Yor ornsiny) | | Vays 2.636 me | QT Peep am , Arne hr S.= 5 ae stn. DS STNG Phe MOM ps, OS ie MST ee ‘ \ tins) eng wes 5 Chageb 2 (506 ks/s)(¥E457~ PORE! HI) : Ee ee ee eee Ee ee LV99E SUES pay Te PRS ne >fsdies 17-94 KContLY Weoup, 190 = 2, 26U BY Jeon, = Hicorg, tes - 2ese Weaay, were 2.636 Yeoap, te = 9 BOS wm GO,.S% |e) 10 Fo Bur ping» we meet Ag ite Ty 2 BItK, Penton Ee MET one Age 157.678) swecoce ua, Oe . Agta . NIG bb= 2e7Ru Bia br-b, 4136.96 ~ 1H! F210 Komen PE SWS TNE ERENT OF A ere HenTR ere Con ptesien e@ ow TE Coe Om fleetmmbeee, [ng TE Confession Cam [eames THE Saar pop weno 8 6.10.Lioguen 2D Kaen Gs 2462 ke (Gy 0K) | Pt Zen tne Udy a 3 stidt 1 kL ae Fle sven i | bee | | Boe | | | | Aisne s: ne Home Lass Te Seton ngs gs | 7 Nb Euhe pation ‘S, orem Uwe Cau WATER hs THE Sane Tempoerner) Keay Constr | AoMysi6' USE THE CenSORTI on uF EHEC Duar: ™ : a $ n 2 (iso wh? (7.622423) 2 204760 Ky Me pv oe (riseys et These ar & 24, bro ws SE mee © Chet reoxsdlwer aaa) G2. Bix kbs at | ems Wyte dt Gee BEI | FE * (209760 x52. Lore tbe Mus) (SE) Stes) (2,888? OHA) atl 18 teh wee | | GQ] ee Te erring HA RoR A ERE Sow PROSE fon my rans, Ming RERHES AE TRE TO mit ee MEAT LOSSES, Sul cay | i po. wins,Ys Prob 12.91 KNOWN? The condenser + evaporator of a heat pump art modeled as a cass Flow heat exchanger, and a counter-flow heat 342 MPa, fine: (Uy A) evap ag (Un A) comp conp ev tet 9. Air 6S! ee aay 4s, (es Fe a en fs = Pye 0. 4 Pe * P 2.29 byls | " ie Q O08 men Tair * 248.3 K = Prono Assume = — fyg temps inthe evaporator and m the Compressor” are equal to Sateahar temps at fevap + Puond, respectivelys “£. Consider only two Phace heat tansfer, not the small amount of one phase heat tanster due 4 superheating or subcoolmg £22. - Steady - state operation — Neglect ke + PE changes — Intet water tempis specified as 292.) Awacysis: From example 12,14 we Know... hy > 4is.53 Beg hg > 232.33 Hig hy > 232,33 Teg ha = 44H.08 eyProb 12.91 contmved Ph gan * 0.1163 kg/s | Gevap |? lnce Chy-h,) = Coos Viss,2 BF) 3 = 243 EW ! eeno | = [rqaabh 2 ha) } = (0.1103 Kole (2,7 #) also gz = a4.b kW > CMYATI yg where ATyg* FLO 9 op Fo 4 for comkerflay Comdenser. We need to be very careful about how we define BT avg in thts problem! Since the refingeract is changing phase at constant prescure for most of the time itts pasting through the € VA poratoc loc endenser) it ts at Constant temperature most of the time Cexcept forthe Small portion where i+ beames subcooled or aii.) VE we aseume that the temp of the refrigerant stays constat (yt Tgp) fir the entire time. it passes throwgh the heat exchanger, We will qtt a much better result. [Refer +p Tnerepera + Dewitt 4 Ed. Clohn Wiley] +Sons. $0, tr thes analysis, we will assume that the refrigerant stays ata cons taat temperature C Teg @P) through the entire Weat exchange process. as4s Prob 12,91 comhoved Starting with the fandenser , covnter flow... 318 a bea EK Co Teate Lt mn) <—[ water VY lem mt = 20 F byls Tuo Tac = 282.1 O vm? First, Fmd Two... Goon = tie Cpmo Tuo Ton) CaH.6 EW) oe (Tuo - 288.1) (2.94 4f/s(4.1 wig) ed Tro = 295.16 k ——> Tavgs = 2BV,1GK So, tan exellent approximation, ATayg = 307.8 -—28416K 2 23, 6°C Geany 2 VA A Teay 24.6 kn 23.6 °C Nok: Because the temperature of the water and the K-22 Stay so nearly constant ia this poblem, the ty can be -apprximated simply as the tem perature. difference. | mean temperature diftereneProb 12.91 contraved Now, in the evaporator ,,, Germp + rig Cn Tio - Ta,2) 21.3> (2.24 "Ws .008s Ex (245.2 - 7) Ta,o > 286k Gnk Ter = 201, 70K 7 Rpprx, constant CP Tpay 2? Trar,o | durmg. evap. process. Tez, ae an <— Comter-flow 2a 7ek 207k arrangement CZ will subseqvent Tho Tar 263k use & corechon Fackor > 206k © ® +o modify this mital resuit fo cross flow Arrange ment. AT, = (290-201.76) = 4.27K AT = (245,.3- 281.76) be 13.54k (3,84- 427 (7) = See my oF in CBS] Can fs Hien kee Pro Fel oe ee oct @ 2 Fua OT, Ae ZL BEM Meee sexi) beaProb 12.41 contmved Discussion: The analysis to determine UA for bot the tvaporator and the condenser is based on the assumption that the temp of the R-Zz ts Constant during the heat transfer process. é@. R-22rs changing phase. during the entire heat tansfir process. This assumption ts not met, since the K-22. 5 Superheated in the tvaperator and is both Superheated + subcooled as it passes Parugh the Condenser, However, the ma jority of the. energy transfer i's assoctated with the phase change, so the error associated with this assumptren will be rea sonably small,2 § reine Keown? Plays S53 MPs, funn = W2YDMPy , R-TA lem Baan pnp | swenca: i “F | ue | "tee ie = Thr Entropy (tks) |Asoupties: + sTatoy STARE | STEM, Fl + As Mop Can hasiom \ Feapiene hue 3 AOABATE Ao Ole + OPELS Dsimse 1 FAP WMO, Pye .eS3 Mer PD SE NIT Gren hye Yoe.og ees | 52 LIEV WS tes 6 Loser ts Phe LB ¥tNey, Sar Spe LIM Muy. MET Sone ' ba 4599” kang | sre 9: Pye LTSL AD, Sar UR me NET Sree bye 2yise estes 1 2573 - tse Poses pnp + x, uct . BETS bral we by ASFA - 408.08 to Prous poe 38 Carne! WE COP Fon HS olan 5S feet EME Thain ob Tins 15 ese am phisoe in TH CMR © ay 1 te Verte eMicmey IF eke 16 (SETHE gee peat est,fence 2-19 faecal knouat Pane LBP mes ) Rte | eR Cyeee Emp: tatwere Ty fie ene qa an zg +f 4 | an Lo | son 70 Adusptioms: * STEADZ-JTATE | STEADY FON @ + pasion 15" evmgse + Cp mhuee vase 1s ABIMBAME PO BEET RPE =O + Pe Pang (1) Soe wrey re TH Preys: Brg PGT Sune Tre Potten, THEE sty GeetaTig To seen Heme Baap hess sum Ty | Pea Ts) (MPa) [fy (KITKOI] Brat | 401.930 | 7.84 403.870 | 8.55 405.720 [9.36 407.490 | 40.30 | 408.090 | 10.66 409.160 | 14.37 | 410.730 | 12.60 | 442.180 | 14.00 + "413.500 | 18.57 Comanche (Tm Hite CURATOR Te pone | PE bieareR i @ Oe oe, Howenen inckaniion ewer TEPOMENE Map OF DHEA Genk OH THE hore phen es rented,/ FROALIEM (2. 9+ ie 12.94) What is the maximum rate at which heat can be delivered per kW of electrical work input, to a conditioned space at 20°C using the following methods: 0) Electrical resistance heating. b) A standard Vapor Compression Cycle using R-134a as the working fluid, ¢) The most efficient method allowed by theory. The surroundings are at -20°C. Known: Teonditioned = 20 C, Tsur = -20 C Find: qmax/Welec for each heating method considered Sketch: . cs -20°C J Assume that all of the heat r : (q) produced by the heater 1] some heating | |, 20°C enters the conditioned space device : (no losses) a) Using an electric resistance heater: Assume: 1. Steady state 2. No energy “generated” in CV ... Winis simply converted to heat. Analysi heating Apply FirstLaw: 2 clement Examining the control volume, it is clear that energy only enters (£,,) the control surface as w,,. and leaves (E,,,) 0S Qy, $0 (Units Check ... kW = kW ... OK)12.74 cont. *%e or 1kW of electrical power input will yield kW of heat output. One might suspect that this is the most efficient solution possible since all of the work is converted to heat. That is this process seems to have an efficiency (defined as 7 =%4/, ) of 100%. In fact we can do much better .. b) Now use a standard vapor cycle heat pump as the heater. Given: R-134a is the working fluid. Teond, = 20°C, Tep= -20°C sketch, part b: from sur. © -20°C State Property Table: (All values from NIST software) State) T P x | v (m3/kg) | h(kI/kg) | s(kI/kgKk)| Comment (°C) | (MPa) 1 | 20] 13302) 1 | 14709 | 386.59 | 1.7413 | Fixed by x and P Fixed by P2= 2 | 27 | 57259| - | 037394 | 41668 | 1.7413 P3 and st=s2_ 3 | 20 |.57259| 0 | 00081623] 227.54 | 10965 | Fixed by x and P Fixed by 4 | -20 | 13302 ].253| .03775 | 227.54 | 1.1131 PasPt and h4=h312.94 Conk % Assume, part bi 1) All devices are operating at steady state 2) No “generation” of energy in any device 3) Neglect KE and PE changes in all devices 4) Compressor is Adiabatic and Reversible .. Hence Isentropic 5) Condenser operates at constant Pressure, that is: 6) Evaporator operates at constant pressure, that is: 7) R-134a Leaves the Evaporator as Saturated Vapor (x=1) 8) R-134a Leaves the Condenser as Saturated Liquid (x=0) 9) Throttling valve is Adiabatic 10) Assume that T surroundings = Tevop nd T house = Teond. Analysis, Part b: Now assumptions (6) and (7) let us "fix" states 1 and 3 Also assumption (4) lets us fix state 2 ... since s2 = s1 Looking at the condenser, we can now calculate the heat going into the house: : 4 (KW/kg) , Heat Apply Conservation of Mass, and Energy. to house at 30°C one mass inlet and outlet yields: 1.88 & no AF nn fsa seh subbing T into IT yields: 2=9,=n,-h, (IIT) im So we now know the amount of heat delivered PER kg of R-134a run through the system. We need to find the mass flow rate of R-134a that 1kW of input work will drive, Analyze the compressor to determine this: Apply Conservation of Mass, and Energy. 112,79 Coat, % Mofo an or Re etter Bho sma gh os rn (h, a yt.) dt W = ri(h-h) or GD a) Combining eqs. (IIT) and (IV) we get: (A, ~ hy) Qacvered = te chy” ™) From which we note that the amount of heat delivered to the house is actually greater than the amount of electrical work used, by a factor of ap. Substituting in values from the table: 227. camel = 628" ond o = 6.28 * IkW = 6.28kW heat delivered per KW of work input] Clearly this is a much more efficient way of heating a house. For every 1kW of electrical work used we can deliver 6.28 kW of heat to the house. The 5.28kW of “extra” heat is collected from the cold cir outside. c) The most efficient cycle allowed by theory is a Carnot cycle. If we used this cycle instead of a vapor compression cycle we would move the most heat possible per kW of work input, without violating the second law of thermodynamics. Tea? The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of a heare Carnot Heat Pump depends only on the iatearsraee ar 20°C temperature difference between the hot Work! and cold temperatures: { Overell im from sur. @ -20°Ccop = & so 0,=CoP*W Substituting in values (and remembering to use T in Kelvin) Soest 1-253.2K 7 Note: COP is unitle 1.33 | s0 Units will work 7293.2K (6, = 7.33*1kW = 7.33kW" delivered to house per kW of electrical work |nput. This represents the absolute upper bound of the amount of heat which can be delivered per kW of work input. Any system trying to deliver more heat per kW of work would violate the 2% law. CoP = Discussion: The above analysis clearly illustrates the fact that 1 kW of work is “worth” more than 1 kW of heat. By using the work carefully, that is to drive a heat pump, we can (in theory) deliver 7.33 units of heat to the house for each unit of work consumed, This represents a significant improvement over simply converting the work directly to heat using a resistance heater (1 unit of heat delivered per unit of work input). The 7.33 COP represents a strict theoretical upper bound to what is achievable, In practice such a perfect and lossless system would be nearly impossible (and certainly impractical) to achieve. A more reasonable-estimate of the “real world” performance of a heat pump in this situation is given by the vapor compression cycle analysis presented in section B, which predicts that 6.28 units of heat could be delivered per unit of work input. However, this estimate is also very optimistic due to the assumptions made to simplify the analysis. First, the compressor used was assumed to be perfectly lossless (isentropic) which is clearly unrealistic, An analysis of compressor isentropic efficiency on system performance should be conducted to estimate the size of this error, Also, no allowance was made for a temperature drop between the working fluid (R134a) and surroundings in the evaporator or between the working fluid and the house air in the condenser. These temperature drops would be needed in order to ensure adequate heat transfer rates to and from the working fluid, The net effect of these temperature drops would be to increase the temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser and thus decrease system efficiency. A practical minimum for these12.14 coat. 6, temperature drops is 5-10°C, which could be used in subsequent analysis to estimate the size of this error. Next, the assumption of Steady State operation was made in order to simplify the analysis, Actual heating systems do not operate ona continuous duty cycle and so the transient behavior of the system is probably important. It is very difficult to estimate the overall effects of these transients on system performance without first knowing the duty cycle. Experience with these systems has shown that this transient behavior can significantly reduce overall performance. Tt is also important to note that the electrical resistance heating system is not without its merits, It is exceedingly simple with no moving parts (it is basically just a length of wire or ceramic) and hence is very low cost and reliable. The vapor compression cycle is orders of magnitude more expensive, ‘An engineering economic analysis is needed to determine which system is actually best matched to a given situation,Prob 2.95 C4 +41) KNOWN? A A toa capacity R-(34a based Vapor compression refrigerator Optrates as shown onthe sketch below! Gee 1 tone 200 Yon Tevap2 10°F Teepe oes Tye 20%e Tg = 9S°F Pie Pye Pevae Pre Fee Peonp Assume: - Steady state - (een topic. compressor Cas per problem shtement) — Adiabatic throttling valve Chyehs) Neglect KE+PE of werking Flucd Sate tr) pci oh CE) 3 (EL) comment Evae joer 26. 628 Pevne * Poe = Py © Ps | QOE 26.028 = (0.37 0 HIB TT e210 Zz 121.37 (38,85 185.59 0. 4184 S25 COND 100° 138.85 Peon = Psaneioo® ° * & 3 4SeE 138.85 = 1072 4 10°F 26.028 07.12 hye hs All values from NIST, Info fram problem statement ae vaderiined.V2. Prob 12.95 continued ANALYS! Si : Petry 2 Woe ¢ ty (12.50«) ad = (110.37- 107.12) (85.54- 170.37) ae Wy > tens = 024) “don” of power = 4B.) BTV We oye kW DISCUSSION: Refer to problems 12.96 + 12.47 for T-s and Ph dragrams of this Fefrig eration process,12.96 (T-§ plot of 12.95) Temperature (°F) ty j 0 0200 7300 ag ‘3500 Entropy (Btu/lbm-°R)Pressure (pela) 12.47 (P-4 pl of 245) a v0 = mt = Enthalpy (Btullbm)Zs Prob 12.98 KNOWN? — An RIB4Q vapor compression cycle refrigerator operates as shown bets: Frmax* Peowg? '20 sa Xg2O Pom = Pevnp = 1S pstq x1 Com presser ss tsentropre, Finp: MRT Tina, room Tan, food compartment — Prefing Skeren: a @ @ [_coe” | . ® wes | sat al @ © 6 Assume: — Steady-state a Bee 120 psie — Pye Py = (S psia Neglect KE + PE — Adiabatic throttling valve AOE) 2() Comment 48 OTS \ Siete Plpm) TP t Is 142 Zz 120 107.99 superheated 18634 0.4175 S275) 2 120 fo.sae Osos 0.2761 4 1S lin 0,36 10S66 012845 yeh ANALYSIS: Under the above assumptions... Niche 1yt.8 - 105.56 frig = aod Hii ra ea © [63.4 — 4-8 3[ liz.ses) hahProb 12.98 combmued Tmax for heat rejection CT room) #8 equal 4 Tear inthe eodenser,., Tmax = 90.526 °F Ty for heat absorptien CThea compartment) 1S equal Teg, inthe evaperater.,. Tine = 14 12°F Discussion: wT The above Tay + Tuy are the absolute maximum and minimum temperatures allowed ia theory - In practree, a temperate difference of 5 to 10°F minimum would be required. between the foom air and the R-I34a in the condenser, and between tne food compartment at? and the. evaporator Ra in order to facilitate heat transfer and Keep the heat exchangers at a reasonable size and cost, Thus, the practteal limits on Tapy*Touy are... Tram = - 4,12 °F Tnx = OSS OFProb 12.94 KwowN: = A vapor compressien heat pump with Rise as the working flurk operates as shown on the” sketch below: n omy, T,2Z0°R =P, 2Opsin. the + 300 "Ye Te 180°F = popsta INO: Te IO°E Be [oO prin Roo fre O€ - Steady state = Neglect KE + PE OF eons R-13te - Adrabatre theotHiag process Chae hy) 1: R134a: Specified state points Temperature Press: Volume (psia) (fib) 1 20.000 20.000 2.4130 2 180.00 180.00 0.31936 3 100.00 160.00 0.013842 Awatysis: ’ eee bh = Bene hy-hs aie et is ha-h, Pre ? Cha-hg) im = CAI states Fixed by grovlem statement) Enthalpy Entropy Quality {Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°R) {(lbmiibm) 170.92 0.42536 ‘Superheated 198.46 0.43573 ‘Superheated 108.88 0.28192 Subcooled Cise.to - 128.88) fom (12.304) * C196.4e - 170.42) 2), Pare = 3.29 Civ0.46- 08.88 EX (200%) (1.47) Op 26100 SwSeo Prob 12.99 contirved Discussion: Stece all of the relevant states were fixed by the problem statement, this was a ve Straight Forward problem. However, the assumption, of steady state limits the accuracy of the solution When applied to “real world" applications where. duty cycle, often critically affects performance.Frob 12,100 KNowN* Vapor compression, eyele using K-134a. Pevap 2 20 ¢sia Peon = 100 psi Mel X32: 0 Fino: Bur Prefag Skereu! Assume: + Pye Ae Pevap +Pae Pee Peon Isentropic compresser Cs >,) Steady -sfate Adiabatic throttling process Chg hg) Negleet KE +PE of werking flurd lows Tec hCG) 2 6B) comment State P cpsia) x i 2 + [ob OMI stale fired by givtg 2 400 superhest 160.88 Oe 75 3 we 2 jol.eY 0.264 4 01289 10H 0.24 ye hy All values fom MIST Those that are undectined art known fron the problem statement,Prolo 12.100 corthnved Then... . a: Bretry = 2 hu-hy Legation 12.500 Ws * ach trom text] = 1ob.s4-10164 > fhsa = fog] 180.68 - 106,54 : hi 4 Pre= Gz h-hs LC Equation 12,50b hr -hy fam text] = 180. 88- jol. cy = DISCUSSI€N: H can be shown that Byp = Brebrg +] which agrees With the absve numerteal J results, Ye3 Prob 12.10] KNOWN: Vapor compression cycle with R-I34a as the working fluid, operates as shown on sketch below . ATEEE GB Ge Brefng 2 improvements 40 cycle SKeTtH: Working Plaid fee Sky /min Tis -jor 9, Pye 0.18 MP, Assume: — Steady state — Pye Pp, — Adiabatic Throttling process Chs =) State pcmeay Tl) x. 4CE) eae eat 1 O18 10 313.31 HY Fixed 2 of Je. 46647 1.85 Fixed 3 OT eT OD 236.99 ig Fined 1 0.6 236.99 Fixed by. All values fom NIST. Pye Phy hy os, Properties known from problem statement are vaderlined.

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