20°C in a mechanically polished stainless steel pressure cooker whose inner surface temperature is maintained at T,= 130°C. The heat flux on the surface is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Heat losses from the heater and the boiler are negligible, Properties The propetties of water atthe saturation temperature of 120°C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9) 2) =943AKwIM? Mig =2203%10° Ika Be =1A2Lkw/m? jt; = 0.23210 ka‘m-s 0.0880Nin ey =42447ka-°C 120°¢ Water 130°C .0 for the boiling of water on a mechanically polished stainless stel surface (Table 10-3). Note that we expressed the properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 ‘connection with their definitions in order fo avoid unit Heating ‘manipulations. Analysis The excess temperature inthis cas is AT =7, ~Ty =130-120 =10°C which is relatively low (less than 30°C). Therefore, nucleate boiling will occur. The heat flu in this cease ean be determined fiom Rohsenow relation to be a oz? yannsao [28108 2) i 4244030-120) 0.0550 (0.0130(2203 «10° 144 228,400 Wim? = 228.4 kWim?10-14 Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure and thus ata saturation (or boiling) temperature of Toy a mechanically polished ctanlece ctel pan whove inner surface temperanuve ie maintained at T, The rate of eat tausfer to the water and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the heater and the boiler are ‘negligible. Properties The propeties of water atthe saturation temperature of 100°C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9) 1) =987.9kam? P= tam 0.60 kam? prwoan kes 100re 9 = 00580 Nin wie Py =175 tore digg =2287-10? Vx 1) =0282610" kas cy = A217 Teg °C Heating Also, Cy = 0.0130 and = 1.0 forthe boiling of water on a mechanically polished stainless steel surface (Table 10-3). Note that we expressed the properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 in connection with their definitions inorder to avoid unit manipulations. Analysis The excess temperature in tis case is AT =, ~Thy, =110~100 =10°C which is relatively low (dess dan 30°C), Therefore, nucleate boiling will occur. The heat fluc inthis case can be determined fiom. Rohsenow relation to be 0.0589 0,0130(2257 10° 1.75, oamanyaasra0'f 140,700 Wim? The surface aea ofthe bottom ofthe pan is aD? /4=2(0.30m)? /4=0.07069m* 4, ‘Then the rte of eat transfer daring miclete boiling becomes atae ~ Avion = (007069 2) 140:700 Win!) =9948 W (©) The rate of evaporation of water is determined from Qroaize __ 9945.5 hg 2257%10" Tk 0.00441 kg/s That is, water in the pan will boil ata rate of 44 grams per second.10-47 Saturated stem at atmospheric pressure ths at a saturation temperature of Z, ‘ona vertical plate Which is maintained at 90°C by circulating cooling water dough the other side. The rate ‘of feat transfer to the plate and the rate of condensation of steam are tobe determined, Assumptions 4 Steady operating covsitions exist. 2 The plate is isothermal. 3 The condensate Novis ‘wavy-laminar over the entre plate (his assumption wil be Verified) 4 The density of vapor is auch smaller than the density of liquid, 2, << py Properties. The properties of water at he saturation temperature of 100°C are fg = 2257108 ke and pe = 0660 kal The properties of liquid water at the film temperate of 7, =(T, +Z,)/2=(100-+90)2 98°C are (Table A-0), 1) = 961 Skala? 29710? keian's Analysis The mosifed latent heat of vaporization is Dy = hig 40.68 (Tay —T,) 2287 10? Ve 0.68% 4212 Vkg-%C(100—90)°C = 2.286% 10? Ike Assuming wavy-laminar low, the Reynolds number is detemnined from 3.70LK) Ton ~T,)} rn 44.91 .370#68m)x(0.677 Wim °C)x(100-90FC(__ 9.8 (0.297.107 kgm: (228610 Tka) | (0309%10* i ‘hich is between 30 and 1800, and thus our assumption of wavy laminar flow is verified. Then the condensation heat tanster coefliient is determined to be 1 heey =—— et £ osRe=—52| v7 stunaeerrgin so sn =6279Win! =e 108112)" —52 | (0.30910-° mw ‘The heat transfer surface area of the plate is 3mj(Sm) = 24m? ‘Then the rte of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes Q= DA, (Ty —T,)= (6279 Wi? -°C)(24 m2 X100-90)°C (0) The rate of condensation of steam is determined fiom 506,960 = 1507KW jy 228610" The