PLTA, Wave, Tidal,

Current Energy

Pengantar Teknologi
dan Bisnis Energi
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Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA)
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OUTLINE ENERGI AIR
• Basic Concept: Water Cycle
• Hydropower, conversion energy from river
• Ocean Energy
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropowoer
• Hydropower and Ocean Energy Potential in Indonesia
• Challenges

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HYDROPOWER

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Hydropower
• Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is considered a renewable energy
source. Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted into electricity
without “using up” the water
• Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the kinetic energy in flowing water into
electric energy.
• By 1925, falling water generated 40% of electric power. Today, large dams (15 m +)
generate 19% of electricity.
• Hydro production capacity has grown 15 x.
• Fossil fuel use has risen so rapidly that currently, hydroelectric only supplies one-quarter of
electrical generation.
• One-third of world’s countries rely on hydropower for more than half their electricity supply.

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Classification Hydro Power Plants by Installed
Capasity Sumber Data:
IMIDAP (INTEGRATED MICROHYDRO
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION PROGRAM)
Tahun 2008

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Large Hydro
• Large Hydro is commonly use a dam to generate electricity.
“A dam is defined as a barrier or structure across a stream, river or waterway to confine
and then control the flow of water.”
-(International Commission of Large Dam/ICOLD)-

• Dams vary in size from small earth embankments often for farm use to large concrete
structures.
• It is important to note that when determining head, hydrologists take into account the
pressure behind the water. Water behind the dam puts pressure on the falling water.

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Large Hydro
• Picture on the left explain that we need to
“create” potential and kinetic energy to utilize
hydropower
• Classification of hydropower plants by reservoir
consist of:
• With reservoir → DAM, commonly have
large hydro capacity
• Without Reseroir → have mini to
microhydro capacity

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Purposes of DAM
1. Drinking and domestic water supply
2. Flood control
3. Irrigation
4. Industrial water supply
5. Hydroelectric energy production
6. Retention and control of sediments
7. Fish Farming
8. Recreation facilities

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

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HOW A HYDROPOWER SYSTEM WORKS?
Dam is a wall or barrier to store the water, and in the case of
hydro power, to create height difference to obtain potential
energy. The type and the form of the dam depend on:
1. The landscape.
2. Reservoir, which is a water storage created by the dam
3. Water intake. There is a gate in water intake which can be
shut and open to control the flow of water.
4. Penstock for the flow of water from upstream to
downstream. This is a kind of pipeline which connects
water intake and water output.

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HOW A HYDROPOWER SYSTEM WORKS?
Power house
all the mechanical and electrical equipment located. The
location depends on the landscape condition, either inside or
beside the dam, in the cavern, or even sometimes far away
from the dam

Turbine
Turbine is the part of hydro power which directly affected by
the kinetic energy of the flowing water

Generator
Generator contains series of magnets inside, which respond
to the movement of turbine, causing generator to spin also
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HOW A HYDROPOWER SYSTEM WORKS?
Transformer
Transformer will convert the AC generated, either into higher
or lower voltage current, depends on the need

Water Output/Tailwater
After turning the turbine, the water will flow through a kind of
pipeline
and going back to the river

Power Lines
Power lines or transmission lines are distributing electricity
generated by hydro power to the grid

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DAM
• Classification of hydropower plants by head:
• Low head: < 50 m
• High head: > 50 m
• Tall dams are sometimes referred to as “high-head”
hydropower systems. That is, the height from which water falls is
relatively high.
• Many smaller hydropower systems are considered “low-head”
because the height from which the water falls is fairly low. Low-
head hydropower systems are generally less than 50 meter
high.

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MICROHYDRO

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MICROHYDRO
• Micro hydropower plants have the capacity
to produce 100 kilowatts (kW) or less.
• Micro-hydro facilities typically use a run-of-
the-river system.
• The amount of electricity that can be
generated by a hydropower plant depends
on two factors:
• Flow rate - the quantity of water
flowing in a given time; and
• Head - the height from which the
water falls. The greater the flow and
head, the more electricity produced
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FLOW RATE AND HEAD
• When more water flows through a turbine,
more electricity can be produced. The flow rate
depends on the size of the river and the
amount of water flowing in it. Power production
is considered to be directly proportional to
river flow. That is, twice as much water flowing
will produce twice as much electricity.
• The farther the water falls, the more power it
has. The higher the dam, the farther the water
falls, producing more hydroelectric power.
• Power production is also directly
proportional to head. That is, water falling
twice as far will produce twice as much
electricity.
• A standard equation for calculating energy
production:
• Power = (Head) x (Flow) x (Efficiency)
• Power = the electric power in kilowatts or kW
• Head = the distance the water falls (measured
in feet)
• Flow = the amount of water flowing (measured
in cubic feet per second or cfs)
• Efficiency = How well the turbine and
generator convert the power of falling water
into electric power. This can range from 60%
(0.60) for older, poorly maintained hydroplants
to 90% (0.90) for newer, well maintained
plants.
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TURBINE FRANCIS

• Turbine fracis has 1 MW capacity

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION
• High-head hydropower systems can produce a tremendous amount of power. However,
large hydropower facilities, while essentially pollution-free to operate, still have undesirable
effects on the environment.
• Installation of new large hydropower projects today is very controversial because of their
negative environmental impacts. These include:
• upstream flooding
• declining fish populations
• decreased water quality and flow
• reduced quality of upstream and downstream environments
• Scientists today are seeking ways to develop hydropower plants that have less impact on
the environment. One way is through low-head hydropower. Low-head hydropower
projects are usually low impact as well—that is, they have fewer negative effects on the
environment.

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LOW IMPACT HYDROPOWER
• A hydropower project is considered low impact if it considers these environmental factors:
• river flow
• water quality
• watershed protection
• fish passage and protection
• threatened and endangered species protection
• cultural resource protection
• recreation
• facilities recommended for removal
•

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ADVANTAGES
• Renewable Energy
• Clean Energy Source
• Domestic Energy Source
• Generally Available As Needed
• Provides Recreational Opportunities
• Water Supply and Flood Control
• Hydropower conversion to electricity has more power plant efficiencies than coal
conversion to electricity.

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ADVANTAGES
• Hydro power technology is more environmental friendly than fossil fuel.
• The research in North America confirms that the ‘GHG emission factor for hydro power
plants in boreal ecosystem is typically 30-60 times less than factors for fossil fuel
generation
• The hydro power does not consume the water
• It does not produce any waste and does not pollute the water
• Suitable as source of electricity in remote area
• Has the long life span which is 50-100 years and more
• The operating, the maintenance and generation cost of hydropower for the life cycle is the
lowest
• In the case of small hydro power, the initial investment will be less than other power
plants, and undoubtedly less than nuclear power plants
• Compared with biomass, the use of biomass is dealing with the risk of increasing price of
agriculture products in the case they are used as fuel

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DISADVANTAGES
• There are possible environmental impacts such as:
• Fish Population
• Quality and Flow of Water
• Ecosystems of Rivers and Streams
• Drought
• Impact on Local Environment and Land Use
• Preservation Concerns

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• Seven hydropower stations totalling 1,559 MW are
currently under construction in the country
• Ten projects totalling 1,819 MW are subject to
power purchase agreement (PPA) negotiations
• 19 projects totalling 2,131 MW are in the study or
design phase
• Indonesia’s technical hydropower potential is
estimated at around 75,000 MW, with untapped
resources concentrated on the islands of Sumatra,
Java and Sulawesi
• It is estimated that there is currently about 8 GW
of undeveloped hydropower potential, which would
provide almost 33 TWh of electricity per year
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Ocean Energy
(Wave, Tidal, Current, Thermal)

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Ocean Energy
• The world’s oceans cover nearly 70% of the world's surface
• The oceans are the world's largest collector of the sun’s energy that is continually renewed
at all times
• The ocean is an amazing resources that could be utilized but many challenges stand in the
way
• The various forms of ocean energy generation in use and researched into today are:
OCEAN CURRENTS, OFFSHORE WIND, OCEAN THERMAL / OTEC, WAVE ENERGY,
and TIDAL ENERGY.

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Wave Energy

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WAVE ENERGY
The energy in waves comes from the
movement of the ocean and the changing
heights and speed of the swells Kinetic energy,
the energy of motion, in waves is tremendous.
An average 4-foot, 10-second wave striking a
coast puts out more than 35,000 horsepower
per mile of coast.
Wave energy varies in intensity, but it is
available twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a
year.
Wave power is renewable, green, pollution-
free, and environmentally invisible, especially if
placed offshore.
The best wave generator technology being
used in the United Kingdom is producing
energy at an average cost of 7.5 cents
per/kWh

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WAVE ENERGY
• There are three basic methods for converting wave energy to electricity: Float or buoy
systems and Oscillating water column devices

Video of Buoy System Video Oscillating Water Column

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Wave Energy Potential in Indonesia
Konversi gelombang laut dengan
tinggi rata-rata 1 meter dan periode
9 detik mempunyai daya sebesar 4,3
kW per meter panjang gelombang.
Sedangkan deretan gelombang
dengan tinggi 2 meter dan 3 meter
dapat membangkitkan daya sebesar
39 kW per meter panjang
gelombang

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Wave Power
• Unlike wind and solar power, power from ocean waves continues to be produced around
the clock. while the industry has made halting progress, experts agree that it remains
decades behind other forms of renewables, with large amounts of money and research
required for it to make progress
• The Ocean provides a huge issue from a technical point of view and is far more difficult
than on land. Saltwater is a hostile environment for devices, and the waves themselves
offer a challenge for energy harvesting as they not only roll past a device but also bob up
and down or converge from all sides that creates a complicated factor to adjust for.
• Wave energy shows huge potential for energy capture, but an optimum design is far from
being agreed on.
• Lack of large company investment could aid progress but it is not economically smart
decision. the United Kingdom — Scotland in particular — is focusing heavily on wave
energy development and could help the technology along.

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WAVE ENERGY INSTALLED CAPACITY IN
OPERATION OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION

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Tidal Energy

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Tidal Energy
Energi pasang surut diperoleh dari
pemanfaatan beda ketinggian
pasang permukaan laut antara saat
pasang dan surut.
Prinsip kerja dari energi pasang
surut ini sama dengan pembangkit
listrik tenaga air (PLTA), seperti
waduk Jatiluhur, Jawa Barat

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Tidal Energy Conversion

video
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TIDAL STREAM INSTALLED CAPACITY IN
OPERATION OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Today there is almost 4.3MW of
commercial tidal stream installed
capacity and the largest two
plants are at the Uldolmok Tidal
Power Station in South Korea
and MCT’s SeaGen installation
in Strangford Lough, Northern
Ireland.

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Tidal Energy Potential in Indonesia

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Tidal
Energy

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Current wave
Energy

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Current Wave Energi
• Cara kerja pembangkit listrik tenaga arus laut tidak berbeda jauh dengan pembangkit listrik
tenaga angin yang memanfaatkan putaran kincir untuk menggerakkan generator sehingga
menghasilkan listrik
• Kecepatan arus laut minimum yaitu 2 m/detik.
• Diestimasi 100 ft turbin di bawah permukaan air laut dapat menghasilkan listrik 13.5 MW
atau cukup untuk kebutuhan lebih dari 13,000 rumah di Amerika.

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• Estimated a 100 ft turbine could produce 13.5 MW or enough for roughly 13,000 high use
American homes Underwater “Wind Farms” Only small scale creations at this point

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Current Wave Energy Potential in Indonesia

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Current Situation

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Ocean Energy Potential in Indonesia and Power
Plant Capacity

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Ocean Energy Roadmap in Indonesia

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CHALLENGES
• Environmental impacts from ocean energy technology
• The first relates to the interaction of marine animals with the device. There is a threat
of animals colliding with the moving parts of an ocean energy device
• Underwater noise disturbance generated from ocean energy devices such as wave energy
and tidal stream devices, which could influence the behaviour of marine animals, not
least some species of whales, dolphins, seals, sea turtles, migratory fish and invertebrates.
This is because animals tend to use underwater sound rather than light to communicate,
navigate etc. and so any ambient noise can affect their ability to perform these functions
• The potential effects that the installation of ocean energy devices could have on the
movement of water by tides, waves, ocean currents and density in reaction to the removal
of energy from the marine environment or disruptions to the natural flow of water

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OCEAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN
INDONESIA
1. It’s not familiar with the society
2. Availability of human resources to develop hydropower plants
3. The utility of wave energy and current energy is on small scale application (research)
and has capacity less than 10 KW
4. Tidal wave and OTEC is still in feasibility studies

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CONCLUSION
• There are many types of hydro power with strong and weak points for each type.
• The topography of Indonesia varies from the high to low land
• Technology applied should be adjusted to the topography condition of the site location.
• The dam type with high head can be implemented in the mountainous areas.
• The run-of-river type, which is usually medium or low head hydro power, is suitable at the
downstream of dam type hydro power.
• Despite the fact that the government has issued some policies supporting more utilization
of renewable energy technologies in Indonesia, the policy which supports the utilization of
coal and the fuel subsidy policy will create constraints for the realization of the projects.
The policy regarding better application of TDL (Tarif Dasar Listrik) is also needed to
support the sustainability of PLN business, beside the hydro power implementation outside
Java-Bali system, since outside Java-Bali has huge undeveloped hydro power potential
and also for a better electricity distribution in Indonesia.

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TUGAS MINGGU DEPAN
• Mahasiswa membuat laporan tentang data-data (potensi, pemanfaatan, ekspor, dan
import) energi (sesuai topic UAS) di negara yang mereka bahas
• Selain itu mahasiswa diminta untuk menjelaskan kelebihan dan kekurangan penggunaan
energi tersebut di negara yang mereka bahas.

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Thank You