Wind

Energy
OUTLINE ENERGI ANGIN
• Konsep Dasar dan Teknologi
• Potensi dan Pemanfaatan
• Tantangan Pengembangan

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Wind Energy
(Energi Bayu/Angin)
“Wind is caused by air flowing from an area of
HIGH PRESSURE to an area of LOW PRESSURE”

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Sejarah Penggunaan Energi Bayu

Kapal layar

Wind Mill: Menggerakan

mesin penumbuk gandum
(energi kinetik) 4
Sejarah Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu
(PLTB)
1888 1890 1920 - 1950s
Charles F. Brush Lewis Electric Company Propeller tipe baru 2 or 3
membangun PLTB of New York menjual blade (horizontal-axis wind
pertama generator yang cocok electricity conversion
dengan Wind Mill yang system - WECS)
ada

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1. Konsep Dasar dan Teknologi

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Bagaimana Turbin Angin dapat Bekerja?
Wind power depends on:
• Amount of air (volume)
• Speed of air (velocity)
• Mass of air (density)
flowing through the area
of interest (flux)

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Konsep Dasar Konversi Angin
Based on Betz’s Elementary Momentum Theory:
• The mechanical power which can be extracted from a free-stream airflow by an energy
converter increases with the third power of the wind velocity (V x V x V).
• The power increases linearly with the cross-sectional area of the converter traversed; it
thus increases with the square of its diameter.
• Even with an ideal airflow and lossless conversion, the ratio of extractable mechanical
work to the power contained in the wind is limited to a value of 0.593. Hence, only about
60% of the wind energy of a certain cross-section can be converted into
mechanical power.

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Konsep Dasar Konversi Angin
Based on Betz’s Elementary Momentum Theory:
Power Coefficient (Cp) :
The ratio of power extracted by the turbines to the total power contained in the wind
resources

The Betz Limit (maximal possible Cp) = 0.59

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Jenis Konfigurasi Turbin Angin
• Generator mengkonversi energi
mekanik menjadi energi listrik.
• Generator terhubung ke jaringan
listrik.

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Vertical Axis of Rotation Wind Turbine
• Turbin angin ini memiliki konfigurasi rotor yang
berputar terhadap sumbu vertikal
• Memiliki desain sederhana
• Mengkonversi energi angin dari segala arah
(omni-directional)
• Komponen dapat dipasang di permukaan tanah
• Mudah untuk dilakukan pengecekan
• Memiliki tiang yang lebih ringan
• Secara teori menggunakan bahan yang lebih
sedikit untuk menangkap jumlah angin yang
sama

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Vertical Axis of Rotation Wind Turbine
• Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer
• Centrifugal force stresses blades
• Poor self-starting capabilities
• Requires support at top of turbine
rotor
• Requires entire rotor to be removed
to replace bearings
• Overall poor performance and
reliability

Darrieus wind turbines of the former American

Flowind Company (rotor diameter 19 m, power
output 170 kW) 13
Horizontal Axis Rotors (Propeller Design)
• The dominant design principle in wind energy
technology today.
• Rotor speed and power output can be controlled
by pitching the rotor blades about their
longitudinal axis (blade pitch control)
• Rotor blade pitching is the most effective
protection against over speed and extreme
wind speeds (esp. in large wind turbines)
• It has been proven that rotor blade shape will
achieve highest efficiency

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Skala Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB)
SMALL (<10 kW) INTERMEDIATE (10-250 kW) LARGE (250 kW-2+MW)
• Homes • Village Power • Central Station Wind
• Farms • Hybrid Systems Farms
• Remote Applications • Distributed Power • Distributed Power

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2. Potensi dan Pemanfaatan

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 World Wind
Power
Installations

Source: GWEC (Global

Wind Energy Council)
 Global Cumulative Capacity
(2014)

Source: GWEC (Global Wind

Energy Council)
 Energy
Source: GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council)
Cost by
Generation
Source
 Global
Distribution
of the Mean
Annual Wind
Speeds
(measuring height
at 10 m)
Indonesia: Only regions with more
▣ 3.6 – 4.6 m/s than 4 m/s at 10 m
▣ 4.6 – 5.6 m/s height can be used
unreservedly for
commercial exploitation.
Total success!

CHINA (45 GW)

That’s a lot of wind energy!

USA (43 GW)

GERMANY (28 GW)
SPAIN (21 GW)
INDIA (14 GW)
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 Wind Energy All Over the Globe:
1. China
• Negara dengan PLTB
kapasitas terbesar di dunia.
• 45 GW energi yang dihasilkan
dari 80 ladang kincir angin
• Masih terus memperbanyak
ladang kincir angin hingga
kapasitas 100 GW pada
tahun 2015
• Target di 2030: seluruh
kebutuhan energi listrik
akan dipenuhi dengan PLTB
2. USA 3. Germany
• Kapasitas PLTB 43 GW • Kapasitas PLTB 28 GW
dihasilkan dari 101 ladang dihasilkan dari 21.607
kincir angin kincir angin (mostly
• Pengembangan PLTB
offshore)
offshore
• Ladang kincir angin • Biggest wind tower in the
terbesar di dunia: Ladang world: ENERCON-126
Turbin Roscoe (627 kincir (diameter rotor 126 m;
angin; 781 MW) energi 6 MW)
Wind Energy All Over the Globe:
Denmark
Pemerintah Denmark tidak
hanya membangun kincir
angin, tetapi Pemerintah
bersama pihak swasta juga
membangun pabrik dalam
negeri yang memproduksi
mesin dan perlengkapan
PLTB

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What about Indonesia?
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Meanwhile in Indonesia….

http://www.migasreview.com/post/1493702010/indonesia-denmark-petakan-potensi-
energi-angin.html - 2 Mei 2017

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Meanwhile in Indonesia….
Kementerian ESDM:
Peluncuran Peta
Potensi Energi Bayu
di Indonesia
- 2 Mei 2017

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Meanwhile in Indonesia….
Hasil Penelitian Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa (LAPAN):
1. Dari 166 lokasi yang diteliti, terdapat 35 lokasi yang mempunyai potensi angin dengan
kecepatan > 5 m/s pada ketinggian 50 m
2. Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Pantai Selatan Jawa dan
Pantai Selatan Sulawesi
3. 34 lokasi lainnya dengan kecepatan angin mencukupi (4-5 m/s)
4. Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (RUEN) mencantumkan angka 60.647 MW untuk
kecepatan angin 4 m/s atau lebih

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34 Lokasi
Potensi Energi
Bayu di
Indonesia

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Ringkasan Data Potensi Energi Angin di
Indonesia (Level: 50 m agl)

Sumber: Masyarakat Energi Angin Indonesia (MEAI) 31

Ringkasan Data Potensi Energi Angin di
Indonesia (Level: 30 m agl)

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Potensi Pengembangan Listrik Tenaga Angin
di Indonesia
• Indonesia sedang menggarap proyek pembangkit listrik tenaga angin sebesar 1.725 MW
di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia
• Terdapat 24 PLTB di beberapa lokasi potensial yang sedang tahap
• Konstruksi: Sidrap (75 MW), Janeponto (72 MW) → selesai
• Proses negosiasi: Sukabumi (10 MW)
• Feasibility study (FS), pengukuran maupun masih rencana: Sukabumi (170 MW),
Lebak dan Pandeglang (masing-masing 150 MW) di Banten, Tanah Laut (90 MW) di
Kalimantan Timur, Jeneponto (175 MW), Sidrap Phase II (75 MW), Sidrap Phase III
(200 MW), Selayar (5 MW) di Sulawesi Selatan, Buton (15 MW) di Sulawesi Tenggara,
Kupang (2X10 MW), Sumba Timur (3 MW) di Nusa Tenggara Timur serta Ambon (15
MW), Kei Kecil (5 MW), dan Saumlaki (5 MW) di Maluku, Gunung Kidul (10 MW) di
Yogyakarta, Belitung Timur (10), Garut (10 MW) dan Timor Tengah Selatan (20 MW)
serta Bantul (50 MW)
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LENTERA ANGIN NUSANTARA

CIHERAS

Research Lab Scale – Ricky Elson

Turbin Angin
Kapasitas 1 kW di Ciheras

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3. Tantangan Pengembangan
Environmental Impact
Technical Difficulties

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Environmental Impact
• Wind Turbine Noise

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Environmental Impacts: Wind Turbine Noise

The degree of annoyance

associated with noise levels is
highly subjective.

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Environmental Impacts: Shadow Effect
• The shadow can create a
disturbance to people inside
buildings exposed to such light
passing trough a narrow window.
(It is considered to be an issue in
Europe)
• When the rotor is turning, the
rotor blades cutting trought the
sunlight at three times the
frequency of rotation of the rotor
(in the case of a three-bladed
rotor) produce an unpleasant
flickering “stroboscopic” or “disco”
effect when the shadow falls onto
an observer.

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Environmental Impacts: Interface with Radio
and Television Signals
In the USA and Sweden, the
problem of interference with radio
and television has been examined in
more detail in recent years.

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Technical Difficulties: Onshore Challenges
Height and Foundation
• The greater the capacity → The
Greater Height and Rotor Diameter
→ The Greater the Foundation

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Technical Difficulties: Onshore Challenges
Height and Foundation
Ketinggian optimal dari tower wind turbine dilihat dari:
• Biaya tower per meter (tambahan 10 m menambah
biaya 15000 USD)
• Seberapa besar perbedaan kecepatan angin di
beberapa variasi ketinggian
• Harga yang diperoleh owner setiap tambahan kwh
listrik

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Technical Difficulties: Onshore Challenges
Height and Foundation
• The higher Rotor Diameter, the more
amount of wind involved → the
greater capacity of power

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Technical
Difficulties:
Onshore
Challenges
Height and
Foundation

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Technical Difficulties: Transport Problems for
Onshore

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Technical Difficulties: Current Connection in
Onshore Towers

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Technical Difficulties: Supply Chain Flange
Ring Problem

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Tantangan Pengembangan di Indonesia
1. Belum tersedia potensi angin dan data angin yang komprehensif
2. Lokasi potensial energi angin umumnya terletak di daerah yang miskin dan kebutuhan
nergi rendah serta terisolir
3. Belum ada pihak swasta yang melakukan investasi dalam pembangunan PLTB
4. Investasi pembangkit PLTB relatif tinggi (harga energi masih tinggi) dibandingkan
dengan investasi pembangkit konvensional
5. Belum terdapat kelembagaan yang memadai
6. Masih kurangnya edukasi/sosialisasi aplikasi PLTB ke masyarakat

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References
• Global Wind Energy Council (www.gwec.net)
• Wind Turbines (Fundamentals, Technologies, Application and Economics) by Eric Hau –
Springer
• Sustainable Construction under Natural Hazard and Catastrophic Event (SUSCOS 2nd
Edition) Slide Presentation
• http://setkab.go.id/potensi-pengembangan-pltb-di-indonesia/
• Masyarakat Energi Angin Indonesia (MEAI) – www.energy-angina.com

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Thank You