Conduction through a solid Convection from a surface Net radiation heat exchange or astationary fluid tp a moving fluid between two surfaces Ca ve , heh op Tal. med aa Conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer modes. Tr ony AAO oO} ue . ee. = Se o ca oe ~o $ 14% a . 4 Th Association of conduction heat transfer with diffusion of energy due to molecular activitymeet 1 Forced : {Hot components fow AE on printed => circuit boards => mt tt @ @ Vaper bubbles Notes Hot plate ) @ 7 Convection heat transfer processes (a) Forced convection (6) Natural convection (c} Boiling (1) Condensation, Process Free convection Gases Liquids Forced convection Gases Liquids Convection with phase change Boiling or condensation 50-1000 25-250 100-20,000 2500-100,000G SS ‘Surface of emissivity 2, absorptivity a, and temperature 7, @ Cy gs Surroundings te é f Gore at Toy Surface of emissivity area 4, and temperature T, @ wa / = SS ey Radiation exchange: (a) at a surface and (6) between a surface and large surroundings Summary of heat transfer pi ‘Transport Property Mode Mechanisin(s) Rate Equation Cosfficien Conduction Diffusion of energy due (Win) = ie (Wimn+K) to random molecular motion Convection Diffusion of energy due g'Whm’) = W(T, ~ T.) Win? +K) to random molecular motion plus enerzy transfer due to bulk motion (advection) Radiation Energy transfer by Win?) = sof — Ti) eo electromagnetic waves or g(W) = IipA(T. ~ Tow) i, (Win -K)Te y,2) Differential control volume, dx dy dz, for conduction analysis in Cartesian coordinates. eves Differential control volume, dr+r dd + dz, for conduction analysis in cylindrical coordinates (r, 4. 2)Differes control volume, dr=r sin6 deb -1 d8. for conchction analysis in spherical coordinates (, 6, 6). Boundary litions for the heat diffusion ation at the surface (x = 0) 1. Constant surface temperature Ts TO.) —T, Te, t) — 2. Constant surface heat flux. . @) Finite heat flux ary . hehe = a 4a! bee (b) Adiabatic or insulated surface ar oe Tx, ber 3. Convection surface condition eg = He 10.0)‘Heal transfer through a plane wall. (a) Temperature distribution, (0) Equivalent thermal circuit.sag oe ne a a Ta T, Ts Ta Tia ‘Equivalent thermal circuit for a series composite wall. Tr.‘Temperature drop due to thermal contact resistance,Tp 1 Inti) 1 Werk «Oak eBarl Hollow cylinder with convective surface conditions— | ~N 1 nosh) rly gry Gel Tiled 1 Heat equation Temperature es distribution ia AT Heat dx (7') Ar Heat rate (a) eat Thermal £ resistance (cyt) a 14(,at)_ re (4) ~° tngrny nord kar rin) 7.4 AT; QnLk AT In(in) In@airs) QnLk 1 ran 3 kar Pdi) ~ ry] Amk AT (in) ~ Airs) in) = Gir) nk The critical radius of insulation is 7 — K/h forthe cylinder and r., — 2kih forthe sphere.la La NO | N= matt (a) Tae Conduction in a plane wall with uniform heat generation, (2) Asymmetrical boundary conditions. (6) Symmetrical boundary conditions. (©) Adiabatic surface at midplane. vor 0 ° hi: (a) Steaight fin of uniform cross section. (b) Straight fin of nonuniform crass section. (&) Annular fin. (d) Pin fin,‘Measure of te ratio of buoyancy forces to viscous forces ‘Weber mumber PL re) = Dimensionless heat ramefer coefficient Dimensionless macs wansfer coefScient Ratio of sensible to latent energy absorbed during ‘iquid-vapor phase change ‘Ratio ofthe thermal and mass difusiitiee Ratio of velocity to speed of sound Ratio of convection to pure conduction best transfer Ratio of advection o conduction hest ransfer rates ‘Rati ofthe momennam and thennal diffusivities [Ratio ofthe inertia and viscous forces ‘Ratio of the momentum and mass diffusivities Dimensionless concentration gradient at te surface Modified Nuscelt mumiber [Ratio of inertia to surface tention foressa c £ WW... WW, o nn int i {@ Vebeity boundary yer () Theil boundary Ler. * roll © @ Buorane-riven tows n nin plate: (@) Site view fows lop and baton sures e cold plate 7, < 7) (0) En view of tow at tote surace of a plate (9 Sie view af ows atop and bom sures hot pla (> 7.) (ad view of ow al wp sursce of ot plate2 uoysney-rven Hows om horizontal col (7, <7.) and bo (7, > 7) ais (e)Toprtace of cold plate (© en suc cold pate (© Top surface of hat pte (@ Bot sure fh plate Summary of free convection empirical correlations for immersed geometries i tag pate av See yuh (cn sce sp A ‘Recommented None cose 10! =a, 107 Pr 07 10 =Ra, = 10" 10! =a, 10°,Pr= 07quien 935, Th colton maybe applied avercal linker f (D2) = G8") Radiation from surroundings oy Boost ne Secs radiation ‘Surroundings Radiation cooling of a hot solid. 2a, =10" Ba, =10" prea+. Qe secs (@ o The emission process. (a) As a volumetric phenomenon, () As a surface phenomenon,Radiation emitted by a surface. (a) Spectral distribution. (6) » fluxes (over all ways 5 Spectral = distribution Directional ¢~ z distribution / Ee 2 Wavelength (a (b) irectional distribution, ngths and in all direction: Description Comment Rate at which radiation is emitted E=eoI! fiom a surface per unit area Irradiation, G Rate at which radiation is incident Irradiation can be reflected, ‘pon a surface per uait area absorbed, oF transmitted Radiosity. J Rate at which radiation leaves a For an opaque surface surface per unit area J=E+ 0G ‘Net radiative fax, ‘Net rate of radiation leaving a For an opaque surface Goa =I-G surface per unit area Goa = 807? — 0G Radiation atu surface, Iadiation Reflection, tradition, Ratiosity, 6 Reflection, SJ=£* Gn Gut Emission, Semitransparent medium opaque medium : Transmission, G, @ o (a) Refle (0) The radiosity for an opaque medium, jon, absorption, and transm ion of irradiation for a semitransparent medium.+. = Visible spectral region 108 Doggy T = 2898 jtmeK 107 Solar radiation 10° Spectral emissive power, E , (W/m®.im) 22358 2 & & 5 lo* o1 02 04061 2 46 10 20 4060 100 Wavelength, Aum) Spectral blackbody emi: ive power.