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    58 views23 pages

    Doc051820 05182020170726

    Uploaded by

    Liran Gordon

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23
    at ‘The Ag of the Papal Withdrawal sch ttc Nop Th gl he sey cr er ee a errata meet mcs t asec Se Miacalheainineierntaccrisinectrels Soe eee ene taeracacee eet sec sesh bg ena See earnest ce Seca erie eg hada Baie Uc wei lof See ee et ele ncn | hr —™— Fhe roe emote a eran ,,rr———CEE™ Siacnloans blues Wop ent pT cos ce oe oe ee Pee et a —— Sr eg aS sa, tee ye st Seat th etn ae fea aca apa aa Cosine fee pene ene Pomc Rahal ba eas opt an fad cattpe Woe /atptentne ciel otac sermon eee et tse el el oe Ann ety Come eons a en acters cnc iene Trecyaineietanatestaerie nd See Cee eee ae tt aor ence State) Peele pod onan adi orp error Speer cea arn ey een oo Sinan ctes nc nget i urea ore thehzaul terion od or teate ty eae teen he kan ly wha ein gal se sng rene rims ne ee a seers res eee cere minstia mclaren wpe semen reas b oe es eee ee AT vas ne seers, peti aera ereerngy eaeomerteaitaeet -hCr————CL Se eu eee a ee Rea Vinal Neraive 29 {act The Madonna is mujetic woman whose commanding teenth is inseparably conneced wih the weight of herbody- I wearerightin thking that these pincngs precede che Arena fescos, Goto had aeady shown himself wo be an anparaed maser ofthe signee human body in = ‘manne which was to beincorported into ter pitngr baton whi be dd Botimprove real inthe at hry year of ie "Historans bve been repetelytoubled by the question of whether the Legend of Fanci the uper sin of Asis and the Area feos ok bothbethe work of Giga. Therearestong egumens guns giving thetwo svt dicameman? dened parm eferncrbereehe ping ‘of faces, The paler and sneer fies at Padus do not hve the patches of ‘leep shadow made by leving dark underpinting bare andthe ructre of ‘tapery ad lib sin genera euder ne ised hee Franc sre, Slot convincing i the contrat Berwee the srsctare of tends] fener, The sens of ths jr that the Paduan scenes are more Ugly ‘rpc. Figures se placed in siafcat elation o each othe in and Stow the Goat ofthe apace in the composioo, "The backround space, landscape, and architecture teint, and in general raheloey related the groups of gues often laced in ron of them. Ae Asis onthe ther hand the figure are often more lest dings fom the pce behind, individal ae sometimes les clearly rated tothe acon or dea which tis {he main purpose ofthe panel wo represent arteries elie nd landscape cate present in rest eerher fle which ave ile resin tothe ai action This conta is sriing. chs convinced some storia: that cis imposible o imagine Ast and Pada diferent stags inthe ‘volition ofthe same sre ‘Emphasis onthe cones has probably pid ro lise atenson to the Aiference beoween the sie ofthe scenes, 272 em. high by 230.0. wae at “Aw gine 85 om by 2000. ¢Padse With panl as arg shes st ‘Aus it would have been fait to estaba the sume elatonsbeoween ‘gues and background without multiplying the igure or gos enlarging them. Apar fom thi however, the dlrnce between he scenes 2 Aaa nd Padua cannot be understood withoat comparing te relationship of the Printings wih the purpose for which they were compose. Both the St Francis seis andthe Aron recor are clos rsd to precise Itrary sources and to gener rlipous conceptions which they were intended preset But theliturry source andthe conception are extremely differen ‘There le mobetter way to define and grasp the charter of he res ply at Pads an by comparing its neni wth tha of predecesor at Asis "The St Franc serie at Aus r mated hy the simple and definite insta which mt have ben en tote pater ands workshop. At renin a SiS Gin a i nd a ea ne The Age ofthe Papal Withdrooal the time when they were painted the eof Se Francs was the subj of biter {Tapa win the Pranctcan ade, In choosing repesenici deform of ideadons oa seis of eene drs from Bonsventre’s ofl Legenda “Maio the order was aking» dlibere tnd, based ons parsieua rary ours whew atu woahavebeen disputed by the ranean spss {na que of which everyone ae Ass was icensely aware e would have ‘Ban impossible to alow the pine 0 devise from proce ionograhical Itstactons, One notable on tothe Lego Maori in thea cee, the posthumous Liberation ofthe Prooer, in whch Frans, after the Shitvement ofthe Liberation, i avending ito the skis in a pose aher Similac otha of Chris Ascension on the entrance wall” Bonventre ies oaths for thi inal cpa onthe parle of the ves of easels tnd Chris In ner however the content ofthe episodes a they were ‘ehced by Bonaventure followed ffl nd very short summary of ch epaéde was pat tan ineipon under each scene The pine could fot have been lowed to see his imagination in ways that might have ‘adernined the preci inenons of the aos. Sil more importants the pnt charirer of te tory of Franc’ eas reported inthe Legenda Maio which had tobe lsd edoesnothaven ‘fying strane lading upc the Psion, sachs could be iene te it (of Chr Ia ost characters for whom acominvous stor-lin could te developed like Mary, St Toh tod Juda, who have such large roles at Padua, Francis id have important elon wth othe people—for example Isfathen the pope or St Clte—but they wee not cotaaous oF peated ‘elton It was posible co emphasvethomer in Fran's He, suc as [over the ding ofthe chore, papal approval the idea of Atceasion, ‘Poschunious miracle, But, beyond ths, ise was bound to bea series of Ely separate epoder,withow the ese ofconinoos, ominous confit svhick rans through the ren at Pa, In mow ofthe cones Fran was ound, ifone war to follow Bonavetare, o be fely slated individual ‘ihout te changing bu contnanss collon of fiends and foes which {Gres unity tothe scenes at Pad, and abo allows each cone thereto bea {igh ka drum of reasons berween gin people, These diferences ‘of purpose and dramatic rate athe domiaot ear ares probably Ie tae fatto wor outset contrat Between the vo series pg a hey th wot fais oping ede Snr Tapco the emphasis onthe paral of he ies of Francis nd Christ se Asis and the IRerry part of this ot, calminating inthe Lae {eorteenth onary in Barta of Pie's book On the Conformity ofthe soamsieneny A at "Ti An Problem and the An of Gin (Oxiond 171), Realtie Vinal Narrative a “Life of tbe Bese Pranit the Life of be Lod Joss the conta beeen Tite source a oe remembered Te suctre of theif of Franc st teporsed by Celno and Bonaventure suite diferent rom the rate of Theis of Chen in the Gospel ancisan aeirudes 10 2 oly lie Infvened views ofthe eof Car ehroughthe Medatines Vitae Chris trehe Legenda Aaron it ws a infec on the mor bec nerpretation ‘kinda sane athe than the general shape ofthe events leading fo the Crucixion “the Lif 8 Fanci opens onde nach wallet the crossing with aby containing eee preprstony sens (PL. 2) tbe Homage of «Simple Man of “as The Gy ofthe Mente Poor Koight (00) and the Vision of be ‘ade LUD) The gro given symemenryby the dominant architetare in ‘Beers outer pels contrast country ands in the cenit panel Werther move ont aro of scenes representing the il to Francs in The jac of the Cri a Sen Damiano (IV), Francis’ Remuncition of ‘orl Goods (Vy andthe Dream of Tnaocent IT in which Francis + opporing te church of Son Lateran (VD- Ashe cente ofthe bay ate the [ure ofthe nde ad moda France facing his wealthy and angry Eber. The eomposison works back om ether ie frm the cenel gap betwee thom. Agin the swe ovter pale have balancing designs of acca ia “Ratti thesenvel panel whic ha two separated Dldings ising above ‘anc and sate ke the two tower-apped ils inthe central pane of {he fis ro The third ay (PL 33), representing the Sanctioning ofthe Rade Biplanocent IV IT} the fire Von of tbe Chariot (VIN) andthe Vso (fe rome served for hin in besven (1) pain pat tbe same pater. TER woowerpael the patente oof of he pope spalaceblancs the orf tones ghia the ny whe the oneal pane as iflerent shape, "Phe nora wall eds with lage bay towards the nae to the chute, shat comes four sens theExorctof the Dans at Arezzo (X) Francs Dore the Salen (XI) his Esty (XT) adhe mal ofthe appearance ot the Care athe Chrimar Gib at Grecia (XID, Thogh ie appets Jes obviously dis bay ako hs syounerial pattern ike those ithe [BeviourbuysAttheccne the abliqe portion ofthe bulnginthe eessy FFene balances the oppo sigoenet of the canopy above the Sla's throne The mass ofthe chucch steen bebid the een at Greco olances ‘hems the buildings at Areaoo behind Silvester. Thereisa rhythm nthe ‘gor the red fds of iene and Franc inexesy interspersed with ‘Bear sens ofthe Stan and Grecia. On ether sd ofthe dor (PL 3) {RE eve conenues with two scene which have am appropriate sniasiy Perce” the Miele ofthe Spring (XIV) aod the Sermon othe Bids (GV) te both of hone eens the Higares are se guns 2 eighfl arl 2H WO Fn SCs Ping Sn a ‘The Ag of the Papal Withdrawal background. Theo follows he four-pane bay onthe south wal P35): the Imaclous Death ofthe Knight of Celeno (XVD, Fanci’ Sermon before Dope Honoris 1 (XI) the miaalous Appearance at Ars (XV TD, nd fnaly the Stigmatzaon (XIX). This completes the story of the Imnisry of Francs alter the approval of he ral ida which al the ovis 2 Uhr end of the church QCRIX) ae concerned. The seenes usa the ‘icy of Francis work: mile, preaching to pag and Chrisian, ‘Tevouon to animals The lax ofthe Smatiation seen is emphasized iy the right are of white rock around Frans, srrouning him ike avast ao "We now ren to bays containing bree panels Theft isconcermed with Ii death the Death an Aten (X20) he Vision ofthe Ascension (XXD te the Peneral and Veriton of tb Stigmata (XX, The second (PL. 36) is tonceed with portomousreopition: Francs mourned by St Clare (GRXIIL the Canonization OEXIV) and the Appecrance o Pope Gregory ECV) The lana group of psthumoss mirc: the Healing of he Wounded Men (XX, the Confesam of the Woman of Benevento (RAVI and the Liberation ofthe Prisoner (X3CVM), With these bays we fetun oto peters somehing ike those visible in sheet bays on the ‘pposie al hough ther est obvious. Tn scenes XXXL she apes of (he ewo outer aces balance: inthe Dest and Ascension (XX) andthe Verfction of The Sigmate (XX) the body of Frans bis ousreched reat the bce, with crowd of fire above and bob bm in the ental ‘and topped in she cae cae by Franc standing and in he oer by the traci: Phe centel pando th vision ofthe Ascension (XXD has diferent Tes pombe alu to point to siifcan parls berween the scenes on the north End south wal The fst scene of France stepping out the cloak ‘teed to him in Ast the site emphiaed bythe approximate porwayalol the Roman biling, fs the final scene of the Liberation of tbe Prone, ner Rome is made eal recognisable by Tras ealuma. Franc’ sory Tregns at Assis ends a¢ Rome Rome paontes the Franican order i fener spd ths asics n parca Thr Reman hare celebrating 2 oan tine The ised hac raninexayinsene XT Ton the north ‘val and hs postion within the ping are repeated in bis pearance a Tikes in sene XVIU, altos oppose onthe south wal There ae many pris epeins ofthis Ki nals ofthe racer ofthe ih Fwever most proaence shoul be given othe fairy obvious breaking up ofthe sory lo chapor ain the Legenda Mor, within which he eee “etelted ins pmmririel ftion: prepersson, tablshment ofthe order, Prewowitions of sanines, miniry ealinang in the sigma, ext, ‘cognition mireclous powers. This wa he mesige which theses Wat Intended to convey. Ie fred remarkable lson in the arangerent of Realitic Val Naraice ay spe pio ihn «pats whe ee asic Sins ‘dpe wo Convey se intro theological meee “Phe we clopce and rhetreinthe St rane scneshasbeen xine by White and Giovla* The designer har advanced beyond the spat ‘oem wed inthe et ofthe per church party by having 2 songet tora sens ofthe presence of groups within an open pct apfor example 2 Ae Gib ae Chea scons sare a amp to pee the wor spt Sousur ofthe Church butte Limite space kind the sre sen ‘ovincng depth Theres s convincing tempo draws roupwidia iS gure ums sun fo = potion igh ih ofthe entre i the Sinninghe ie yf 177 and he Sem before omar 1 ‘Moreover ny oft bldngs ar presented nan blige view which ies Meronguae of thespace tothe gwosiler mos eletiely inthe Mialeof ‘ie Crea San Demino, where the intro the bing shown as SU Tht experiment with space was not of cous an tempt o presenta Truthematealy ere foas forthe whole sac of the punting, uch s+ Srunllociand Masai delopdin the fieemthcentry ews probably {bned onan cmp iiason the bling n Roman pings deed, Hone compres the spa schome within the patel and the painted trluectunl meee around thems Asst wih the elasal Roman wall fring trom Bescon New York ei pin that te whole spa cf the Se Francs egend sve ben ued om Roman pian, ‘Probiy on eumpls in Rome which have sce depend. The sph ‘Stem as however seo border the demas of te oF, the ‘yotha oblique snd frontal ews mee ee contrib epee ‘Sains the pane ‘Rober marked featur ofthe S Francis end was che ping of ea exining accra etings Not oly Asi and Rome inthe fist and et Sonoran ihe ctria she Cat Greco whch appear obese ‘nthe Gothic bra bulb Arolo cd Cann tan Polo fore Mara Sed Sica Cetin Traever Tere sre many elerenceso rece architec. ‘Selinovatins andes probable tha fel bulings werebeuer preserved ‘reaboald bbl to enti ll more diet natn. “The work of swat test Mons lged a Aus wasn pr epee by Gio about twenty yer tera the Bardi Chaplin Santa Groce at lone 9p) probstily punted ater 317 Gn view of the presence of t Tous af Toulsat who wa caoniaed nt er) and wel before 1325, ‘er de wrk of Ambrogio Lorene appear to show knowledge ofthe Juttagy ne neigbourng Peas Chae, general thought wo beater CLESERDett ict tree mar Da apnea at carted Sonn ig ol po Sala AE Ripe sr a ‘The Age of the Papal Withdrawal Giowo painted the Stigmatzation onthe wal outside he chapel and sx more Sane on hese wal within: on the lechandie be verter pcg, ‘of Frnc's Remeron of Worldly Goods, below it ecangulr paintings of the Appearonc ae Aleta the Funeral and Verano he Sega on sean eh emt Coat l,m heb ‘Fonts before the Suton al his posthumous Appeerance ote Bish ‘niland Brober Agontao. ee hd ‘Comparison withthe fico a Aus shows «studied concern for the desig othe pings to fc the ape of the space val, In contra to ‘Asti l the panels rep the Stigmatizaton are much broader than he ate igh. The Stimatization panel tnther srr shape tothe ones Ais ands general dvgn i sma on. The msn ifernc ha inotend of Keestingto fe he seraph dicey ar at Asi, Francs has been pten amore ‘omples pos, kneeling away tothe gh nd wing the upper part fis body back othe lft seat he ays rom the sraph, a poston more ke ‘ome ofthe gure in Giovanol Pano’ seule The panna the Bard (Chapels probably notallby Gin, buche igutesin the other rescost0o faves restr suppleness and freedom of movement than figures at Avsi— {orexampl, th famous figate ofthe young ar loking ot rom behind he ‘rain inthe Appeanence tthe Bishop of Ass and Brother Agen, More ftrking however ithe way he Sigures ae spread out seross he Bren of the panels cach osupying + separte spatial poston, incomes to he ess reall pling up of gure at Asis for example inthe Reneciation of ‘Worldly Goods This pry result ofthe broad shape ofthe composition It must also be pur est ofthe command of space which Gio ad Acquired ar Padua The architect background of exch scene is designed to fe and Sil she apace ofthe panel, hence the oblique Block ofthe lsc ‘tractre rng above the crow to the secre the Remus of ‘Worldly Goodt and the wo depicts added to the main room in the Sentionng ofthe Ral, The achat od the architectural pace ae not particulary iersing, ith the onexception ofthe radios iteleance of {heb inthe Renuncition of World Propet, whish agers that he ‘sist hasan imaginative intern rein Danger He ht sown [bythe srs ass Nor re the pictures remakabe ke the Pads pings {or dramatic tension; in ths respect hey seve 8 Asis, thelimtaons of the Franciscan noi, The a seat terest ofthe Bard Cape iia its protsion of exper and sdvanced igre drawing. Comparing Padua and the Bar Capel one sees hat the same aris an respond diferent ways to diferent pial engs and diferent ind of ‘tories If anything, the companion makes one mor incline tobieve het ‘Gio he painter = ad and Sata Croce, could have bets involved t > & anos, ‘Gin el Cop Ba Poet «Ga i Ste Onc (Poet 0) om Realitic Vinal Native ay ‘Asis oo. The progreston fom Ass, hrogh Pau to Santa Croce mast ‘tena single le of development "Though the sae of the Se Pac gen a Assis ae strong space ad landscape hey ae relatively weak in drama, forthe trary exons mes- tioned eke. The two pel ofthe ets, aco, ad Esau try inthe eater (Oh Testateat series on th nord wall above he StFrancis een owen te pate ith an extrema tllagdeamaic sense, The fit panel, Base ‘Blesing Jaco, shows Jcalo anda woman, probably his mother Rese ‘Sani befor the reining Leta who ong isabel hairy hand Inthe cond pand, the Rejection of Eu (Pl 38), beter preserve, Jacob and [Rebecca removing outof the cee andthe rel Esau stands before his father tlfecnghimthe savory mest, wth another woman, perhaps 2 servant behind fim. The to scenes are Bot placed within a moderately rate bole oom, open on two sides It however, the Sure which are imporant [crue tice sance and facil expression etablsh a reltionship between then. Eoaubeads fora oleing the fod, is faeinnocent and bewered byt evden sigs orton exprese by the hands ofthe dignified Tee, wile che moma bhin him looks on vith perhaps sigh gly concern ‘The tice agus are iterated resi, snd desebe preci the ‘orent wha esi a thy son thy r-bora say Ad ae renbled ‘ery exccdingly, andi Who? Geese 7532-3) "Pre names of he pales ofthe Se Francis ged and the ae sens ae tuckoowm The probably i tha several piers worked on the Se Francs ‘Sones, Whether Giotto as iwalved i beyond oor knowledge. eis clea, owever thatthe upper belie oot te material especially those bated ‘the ition of Reman plating, which were aecestary Before the sep ‘kena Pada could be made: the presetaton of realise drama inthe Feationship of aman fights, she advanced sense of space, the ably to ‘Bamage a omplr series of episodes with complex wnalnterdependence Hlumisaing stoop leon, sk in freee pnog on large vele “Whoever he puiner or desigoer ay ve Ben, nich of this technique bat ‘eames transfered fom Romer the plsing at Asis as far 8 ween [Sesesenily an adaption of clea meds which cou ony beled te home, The Arena eon t Pada, painted jstafer Roman patronage ad hile, were proboblyachenan'v tempt tote the sncess achieved SCAB i covering the inter of church wth sco, The Arena chapel ‘Tih its smooth ennterapted wale and ght rom windows in one wal ‘aly was bu so be painted escems likly tha Seroveniy the pon at Paden would kave ted to art someone who had been involved inthe team mt Asis nd it may be eprdedasceran in pit of he conta [ewer hie syle and thove of the St Frans Master the ‘Master of St (Conia and thane Master ha Gio knew gen deal shout what had ‘bean done at Assis and sed that knowlege in is work at Padus, The 26 The Age of the Papal Withdrawal explo of he Roan pate provided he een preparin forthe sel Roman eos ode he Roman be “The mejor pps ofthe pings Paral estoy of Ch i family the Apobersod he Pasion Catan lonein te ets hreve, fv emphasized in an aceon a Which ges theory price ‘elo One of hese emphasess onthe gure of Jods.” who prominent) ‘Tele resiving money from pressor he Besa of Juni foncatof dvs ari and wechery which alone rng antag of Ainy wh liable note fob the Bap the ot side of he hcl ach (UL 99), sd aster see iig Ju te ne ft ‘ure, Iemy ao be someace whos face debe eb as sro int emp estng theif pr nthe Bs cee wile joachim expelled nhc Lar udgoment ada ange spot bere he {toe so he entanc oll oughly gant 0 he pot on the ther, Telcom ide ofthe com, where the Jonor kine prseting the chapel 9 the Virgin. Around th hanging Jolene ther darted nace snocion sik boy agra though sce wet an npran pt of chro Tic condoaation, Sil more important forthe arate ofthe ary tld by the pining i the apart cpl on the immaclte Conception ad Chay The ‘iho emphasize this cent in jos tory the mor pao explana. Tonforthe pers nneun of ce gente pear oy of Ane Jenkin, Mary sd Joep wii liste whofe topo of chapel {Gio 4). Joun ad Joep were bo lly en capable of frost, snd Mary od Jens were Dorma elt of die itretion “iis very clr the seer coe devoted oJ, wo pas arin he i ren he vied Prominence eno eJobn he Erg nb Wading a Care ohn t eTaslepebm nd boned on et hd of fru die at Jndgoment be npn to be one of the thee Sits cng the Ae ‘Chel fo Eat Sree ther two ng he Ving npr St ‘Usa flowing Scoventseowment of conver of nt Orso “Theses bps end fhe top evel he south wal at he chance arc On tis eel he res cees owing te yf Joc {Sy boning wits hurling explion rom the compe fr fare tbe ‘ahead adn with tej meeting wir wife ona the Golden Gite when she's pregnant Opps theo lvl och nor wala the Secon ofthe ifeof Nay (4) ome: bho era ome ‘Thenflowsthe nunctonchowahy Mary sd Aagel Gail ag ht eee REET Roa Ents Sow Canis Gand oh Ae Chain Reale Viel Narrative a7 across the wop of the arch while the broad and delight scene of Cod she ‘ather sending Gabriel 0 take the Anmanctio ils the are betwen the rch id the ea (PL 9) The te oer of gin x lower vel with ‘he Vistatin blow the Annan, ad cosines wtbe sae evel athe ‘Suhail ve ster a the hdd of Jems ening withthe Masur ofthe Inacens (Ph) The seis conte son he oth Wal svi ive scenes of Jeers minty, ending with te Expuion from the Temple sod then the Pac of Judas onthe cancel arch wall P43), The lowes rel begins with the Last Super onthe south lx the chanel end (Ohya The be sees oo thi eed withthe Mocking of Jems The ‘Past ory cunts onthe north wal PL 4) withthe Way» Caloay, and goes tarugh the rnin nd the eves following wo end wi Ponts. Foal, tocomlctethe whale sequence oe mustlook back the huge and dominaig Last Jadgeet o the entrnce wall The Area chapel thus els he ony of Jonsson of saer broken pita pop Futheapces ole sound the walle "The Ara chapel wasoundedby Brio Scrovepi son andhirfthe ich sue Real Sovegn whom Dante placed inl Te was an intimate of Pope Benet Xi, who provide bal fidulenes forthe chapel: He was fv member oft yore fF Gand emay beth he ary Tne dope forthe chapel nas inaed tere the oly usury and the dovtion to Mary lor wc he Fre Gand ete td. ony, theory invelved course toliteary soos oui the New Testament ride mater forthe sens Cot appears 0 hve sed two populat Eau composed in tele hen cetry by mendcan ators tht Soa fl nd inveie veins of New Teams oe the Legends ‘fares bythe Domine Joopo sa Voragne an he Medeationes Vie ‘ira probably bythe Hanenean Glove Ca.” The ws of thee ‘eure carci ofthe vel andres inerpeetaton ote Bible Jean be ven snc of endear rere Encouraging mn pgs trpention of be evens by the al Si Thy paced Coo Palin sillrntpstion om hedge of © now Eso Soe KH ai ee Ae of De Mads, 96 PPh rn Nay, Die Wander der SoovepiKapel Pau Gnas Vers ee ear Vonbart Le teatro Site Coparferdrlieedian 7 ‘ihc apace egal Cee ee ENS ee ets fate oe The Age ofthe Papel Withdrawal cisscenes Av who ha ick honey apres and ited Story. seams poi shat the senein reno he chanel ach above {Ee nnumcton=s acne sing forts benay ad for torial, ply pn Hedonic oo * Tac Leween Trond Mery nth prsenc of God bleh econ hike Anmunction wade" We anne however ae tbePaan recat Senbualeyesionoemadicantory ting ehouph hirmay be peer Span Drala ve )enl e cpa Setar ltl fo expining the pester pat oh ost orga sens a Fath hich convey theo of sein and Anna andthe et Mayrsamuchexerte-on whch she agen ure warpaybredsthe apocryphal Copel of Dnaathew. Flow Gio oe hi thelope ener thle svious sour or whether wa sing ee snoher tertrh incorporated nore fly than the Legenda, tee “Gat ht sent of encoun wl ang ding Joc exile {rom Ana; wich he pent wn cant foci i aeclng {dove barainganinal use ns sae obiguey Toone side facing sands an ane ith sand, appey in admonition Bend fnvol hs shepers wth und aed npryer band pps om heen shove te ala nthe nest cnet sig als eorex hat. An {opal inthe hy with and eed towards him. Iwo shepherds ave ‘Brag the ptr from these oppo Jscin Tis hud Matthew meen fsa tocousterberwen Joachim aan angel who rps bin to make sarc. When John taker lamb fr e Seif hang! sy hate wos ot ave poker wou owing he wil of God and chen scene enven withthe ke ofthe eee Jaci rp om cen i slp he ume ng! appears hh {Bring hi te clr to return oh wie" He i ben aed by raring ean hey vo exhort ogo backtobirwileKsposblet9 [apne how Clot could have eeed seo scene recoding the ‘Erconters withthe angel one she tine ofthe sex he ter wen he Sasa ourofansnngiotneconiceion of tistexe Iota he oor lament ie prominen, with Mocks snd sepherds~he Pedo- Mabe dow not enon tn mh pelt Cas oul cay hve deca o make th pastoral ne the background ofl pita of Joachim iw en following he intrmaton xe in th oh he reed to it Tod and sheptds afer hs explion fr the temple The eee of Joan's Explon fom the Tepe Joacim sng he Shepherd the ‘fone fA, Joachin'sSaf, Jaci’ Drea he Meng = Spt somes ep Sa, ier fi amc ep. "tin ts eyo ebro Reale Viol Narrative 29, the Golde Gate the Presentation of Mary athe Temple te Presentation of the Rods the Watching ofthe Rods, andthe Bexthal of Mary ll lok 3+ th dey were based on Pseudo. ‘Ou the ote ands Mary's Retwm Hoe seems to ome more o Jacopo da \Vorgie; andthe elaborate scene of the Bi of Mary does na ook elie ty the tens to whi i as boon refereed. Te maybe that Gio ws ielowingasorce whichis unknown oor kay bethathe was flowing PrendoHasthew or srvething mle to ic with considerable us ofthe ‘raga in desing he pastoral apcape of Joshi’ eve andthe ower a which An esived the Annuncadon and pve bith o Bary. The ‘roby is tht he ae the soe explanation ofthe paintings we sein Tretopleel of he Arena though the birth of Mary wat 2 cene which had x ‘Telceuablsed conopanhy, Ciao wis given the sk of preening epi Tous inthe story a» come in Peado Mathew to show Joahin's ‘elgious modes in wiring rm his wf iat the wires alte is ‘Srplton (om the temp andthe similar modest of Joseph in not peshing Full forward as 2 bridegroom for Mary. In both eases, mitacalos Intervention [eto succes Apnaconceved Mary, ouphsrod war shown to ‘Btheone hich cided hi to Marys hand Fly the Anmunciation le tothe conception of Jens, Cito rade there events io acomsinuous ry (rahe ep of er of backgrounds whch are repeated: the temple, the renal shape of whch may hve Boer peed by the ScholaCanorum at SenClementein Rome, thinteror ofthe temple the wilderness with locks su shepherds Ana's one "The eens fom the life of Jun ia which we move from alow progres trough elavely wna spider to 2 rape progress sought a walle Kowa quence ae based pincpally on episodes recounted inne or other (ofthe out eannieal Gosps, Here 2am looks 5 though Giotto as alo ‘een inuenced by legen drawn from apother source the Medatines Vine Cran orsmethng ike it For example nthe light no Egy, Mary nd Jeu are scompanied by 2 group of four women Whose presence may five beenspied bythe mention nthe Medtaines of the bonae matron Iho cecompenied thm onthe way back. Foe the Wedding at Cen, the Teditatons could have provided the suggestion that St John the Evangel ‘resthebideroony at be irin Gita’ panting, which ited so wll nto the {ener sroctre ofthe aratv Th addon tothe ihe proved by Judas ad the theme of che chaste Iba cevtan sont is ao gest the story by the eepetiion of [lye or similar groupe of people The Shepherds tn the Joachim sees (Sppaarin he Naty Asmar group of ladies tendiag Ano nd Mary SPER in he Meng atthe Golden Cate, May's Beocbl and Revarn 1) wi ie nel Ain“ apelin al Th aye Jena i urn ogame ov a0 The Age of the Papel Wahdrawal “rn, he Vstation ad he Flight into Egypt. Th by tang pies hostile {othe Holy Family ate athe Presentation of Mary a he Tempe, ess teint Jerald the Pact of Judas Bera Chri, Breall thelarking howl which sey represen om the beginning exlss inthe Seene ofthe Pasta, in which theater racy engl he Saviour. The ‘Aroapalings thar presen eentilysdramatc story with he wb of rather {al groups of chars smal enough or the dame ineply between inuividel to be lai show the lire crowds which Sl many of ‘Duets saner wth pstral rather than dramatic ele, Thogh divine interventions ofcourse supremely important, andissbown graphic inthe ‘very Beata henveny scene of Go enthroned aboe a cow of angels enn bloe sy, sediag Gabriel on his mison to Mary here 0 ‘Suphasit onthe sacramental inplition ofthe Passion rhe Bachar The ‘Sor abou dramatic vet interplay of personales and the dominate ing power af Jess. “Though the seroctae ofthe whole sre has great aesthetic importance bons provide tne sti wil a coniiy ands icant relaonshp bevwec he ndividual gen quite diferent rom thone which are found it the St Franc legend at Asis or in Dseso's Maen, Giowa’s powers are ‘hieliy showin the orsnination ofthe individual paltings The Puan fresco are ightly organi, with general svoidance of elaborate landscape background unnecerary for he soy. The nid panes tend efile ‘th pars and wih os enough landeapeo architecture to ie them 20 ppropnate seting, No spice it wate though the bullingy are often ‘Eon designed to make thom plesralystreings for eample the ‘ened pediment and nosing shown nthe rot of Annas house, Nexly ill the ings ae in postion obigue wo the or plane ofthe ping “The mor obvious when they are seen fom the outside, bot iis mor imporant wien they ace intros sen from one side and reeling ‘blguey—as in Chrat Dipnting withthe Ede, o the Wedding wt Cane, Sheth oblique seting provider are introe quite different om at Thich would be provided bya font positon purl wo the from ofthe Printing Within he panel te gre re stn shallow space ue one in thick their spatial eeatonhi imade clear—sometines le reli at inthe Enoy ina erate, whet the top of he ger are pled pon each ‘thse ery reise, rin the Mocking of Ca, whereas ‘he thitenfgres placed sxc i i om spl psion addon to the spatial tractre of the pains, there is Sight ongnipaton of dsp, par independent of space to brig out the Sign ‘Cane of the story This fea acer lace devgn rather han of space For seis perl en Wa Re peo: Whee Sa SIERRA es shan fevmpps ong ek es Resi Vinal Narrative oa example inthe Presentation of Mary at she Temple pacer ofthedexignis {pyr wth es summit the peited tp of he roa ofthe empl One SL cP the tng i ephased by he pon chan ie, Mary thetop, Assuring her forward rom below, he sts of he pies ecg ie vine wh th nol On the igh hand sete pyramid eceds ‘hpi bythe right-hand supe, down to the swo doubling gre inthe formes the wiumphal scent of Mary emphasized and bance bythe ‘preset postion of thosehonlese inthe light lo Bayt heforwad movement othe pop phd by th rund artic ow thet einguled upwards and hculin of hil bhind. Tope they Forma sredge thir pot inthe drecsonn which the groups moving he uma yur ad thes of the ted forwards show movement The ead at hry ade etc cone ofthe plating havin above he ene eral, Her seriou, forward-looking fe expres her eer determina Alone move inthe decson which she mus eke. Disord shown at efceavely assess Inthe Betrayal of Christ, the hed Jesu and Judas are nea th cet of the panel, empha by che righ of Jen's hal and he fii color of Jua's broad robe The Importce of thar expres, contanng csi further picked ou bythe ‘tol hand of pricy shove am and ge mike a igo ine pining ‘Gnords js suinchngeye Th background tthe cenalcoupleie made po comenig gre tte meagect the peareis pry coovejed in rcp he panda which the cotin of waving weapons od od ‘abe poinng i dferentdrectony crene «periing stoner of ‘tren dcr around the unmeing gre of Jeu diferent stmorpere ‘tdscordisachive nthe Many ofthe Fncents,in which the ibs ad fhe ofthe tached wom sain fom srs of tes ped bye Singonal nero the con! murdres sword and the stared hand of cod Inthe painting inclenalymcewbee nh eres te contest teeween cane and oh archstcual forms symbolizes the difference teweun tnd ln ad the new. Herod stands uae round arches. Behind the women, his vsinn ses chrccike balding with doubled fc windows. Mow ofthe cenes at Pada ca be pale and in piciple much more fully analy. inthe manner wich bs etn rei indicted ere. Toke a fal compl; inthe mow fanout scene the Lamontaton the cet impose eh beaks Chs ad she Vinginikempasze bythe of {hil ening dove rom ight oe and ror backround wo freground toward thm, tenting x wcdge shape pace round th cent pon the Furs Linon and dnp ofthe nota onlockerscet sere of ce tssueeono ney wb sured he pper pro the den body of ss wih a pedi ice deparThe ger of he wag anges in Ubecky shove ac mired by the etched ack sms of he en Joh the a The Age of the Papal Withdrawal saiking pson of are probably inpized by a gue in the Massacre of the Tnnacents on Nicola Pisao's Sens pulpit which was elf probably pei Ns ncn ology The a en avy complain converge agin on the ae of esr and his mother. Got ‘sensed ot Padua styl of painting a which an vanced yp of spatial {ealisn was combined with carefllycomtlla system of surtace pens Ieigtaing the erosional nena of he subjects. Though we hve sepa ‘ol them in drcasion here, hee wo aspects of his art afe not realy ‘Separable in the paintings because the symbole, patterned reltionship of ‘igure depends on thie poston within eli epace This combination i the champh ofthe aw se of painting >» A.nuhtvown,'Giate Pant Onl aS A alia ip 10 Dante in Exile and the Poetic Vision [ArvexDans death his poemtbe Comedy eure the av die! Ihr exesordory power td beauty, combed mans compled ym trey eve rye temp aie ho pet wd ‘hen cetin af cl mind abe ane ah of would ‘Rima ean, Aough he is sadowy and obser gre, howeer, Danese an whe ican be nt wh sigh more asrnee tansbelespese is prominest and matali pots es SNabwanidiy wus letl bogeaghy shih hp aso esta {espeson Dane inorte mba pokoman ofan ae Heisaman whore ‘Bafotlean cane lowe om ert yer very gery of cure, ‘rome sonidece tn wear seg ndesandableevlution oft tou bleed ystems of pol od pte fone. The Comed) ‘Shindstelé beeline hina conten whichnke he devdopoent tees ie The Comedy code ins cance te journey of Dat ooh bell. fern) purgry (rsa) tte es (Peed) Theda he ee, wicks paul obcredbehy tc erlnonof the sous ot Tse ho werent deal rth and by he decrpton of apoprate soem he ar sae eck 1m Ape rom ea at ee imam yop tonal age of yf Due peal chow hve bear a when the polite preuron Florence, which le ie, Seeing to bul p: kw hry before te mate events of he “vents condensate pn sl eo of ay. He may = Tite Emap el cen Cee fn as a The ao aad rece nh Sects raat Sly CS tne aetna eter See Chee Oeste Raters ypc Scot Siem ta eae ie eo els Rae es eka ie Era od tee a a i Gene oh ieee Mees pets trys hehe Nal tats ey rele Teed SUA aa mya Bae ly a ete tater owt Manteca sere Bic Sr etl nt once 2 ‘Tho Age of the Papal Withdraw also have chosen beau he wa actly in Rome a hate psi profiting from the Indulgence thar ben suggested tha Parga ie [resents he theology of the Indulgence rather tan an allegory of the Faerament of penance” Calls the mica, who cme actos POrEAOrY ‘om the shores of the Tiber together with oul adie’ becate of the Indulgence (Pig. i gives evidence tht Dane sccpted Boece Ville power It may well by therefore that we should wer the final date at ‘etemined bork by the civil ia Foren’ pois and bythe mporer) {gace ofthe indulgence at Rome, united in txt sigaicane by Dantes Patcpaton i both and hus preening a table moment forse in {he words beyond the grave sobre te fat of humanity a theta ‘eligon Unicy i given to the Comedy, not ony by is sore ime-spa, by the ighly content verve sacete, and by the many numeral pers ‘unnngthvough allie cance, be alo y the geval Dane's oles Ie iscearasenly 8 ofr. yoshae Beare the voure of Ving mson to Dane Vigilishisgide through el and purgatory othe eel paradise where Beutrice appears (Pug ats take iplace and pide Dante pte ell rose (Pan, where shes replced forthe few heavenly canton bbySeBermard. The evidence of trea unification inthe Comedy song. Insome cases tis proba that twas the raul a ner reworking. Ife ‘x 7p conti te prophecy cat the tne beeen the death of Niclas 11128 and tac of Bontace VIII (235) willbe longer than the folng period unl the death of Clement V (1319 which presumably eannot have been writen before 1314. Laer in the same canto come referees tothe shore seated onthe waters (Revlon mil) agar relerenee to the Dope, whch are out of character withthe thought ofthe ret of Fofero, though fing forthe posto the myracl procession of Pagearo mn-na “Thetneme denunciation of Clement V represents avcw which Dante hel slice 13, and which he probably adda to nforna ve years ale ad ‘rgallybeen writen. We an only conelade tht while some pasages which ‘re succrluniy eo he whole poem may have been a Date’ mind from [cary stage others were probably added later tobring the work nt onde ‘which should noe preven ts fom cervng changes in eli aad intrest in ‘the long period of composition extending over some ten yer “The commen modern apnin i that inferno was monty writen between 1307, when Dante tamed his stenton oi fom Come nd ys Atte cau of 131 oF begining of 1324 Francesca a Barbering mae the ise ‘Surviving reltecetoie. Pgetoria war probably bog sui than 31) and Dante in sil and the Poetic Vision as finished son aftr 114 Paredio was compos woe time between he nd Dante's death in 321. This chronology i vague but i posbleoenblich aks berwen the Comedy and Dante's ther wring, and between the Comedy aod plies events which give the ype evolon of is thoughemoresubstance Temainenteroaleystemnfelerence provided by theltaiaexpdion of Henry VI, rom ivanialia Lombardy in Ostaber "protohisdexthin August 13, pla enerprie with wish Dane was fernly very much coucerned. Otber inportae point of reference re provided by te alienation of Pope Clement V fom Fenty inthe pring of "312, which probably changed Dante's whol aitude othe papacy sed by the papal vacancy fon Apel gt4 to ty The new imporane ia Danes imapination acquired by bodh emperor and pope inthe couse of the expediion of Henry VII is probably fundsmenal to hi itelltal elation Ta addition eh eternal pov evens we ave the bp of sere of pola letersi Lan which canbe dated eter preciely of within kn, fd which provide the Emest chronology forthe ies they bape fontain. The most famous are de leters connected with the exiy part of Henry VItsexpetion and wren ents dlonceofitothe pices people of ly probably in astmn r10 when Henry VI speared in Tele the Hlrentines 32 March yr andvo Henry (17 Ap 381)" Of tpeicmporance bo the leer othe Kaan earinal writen ome tien the vcaney between Clement Vand John XXIL? From an eavier pid ‘ameleterr and Tl, springing fom Dates aachnen tothe ened Gel dred to Carnal Niccls de Prato and a counts Obert snd Guido da omens in #304 The preon of she chronologicl position of some of the leurs contrast with the extremal uncersin der ofthe tee import prose reais which Dane wrote while he wat ine De Vipers Hloguen- fia (On vermclar expresion), Dane's wets om lnguage se poety and {Cone (The banque) an interpretion of sane of ear poy in terms of echnical plosphy, were let nfnised. The probably, st Inthcase of Conta tht Dante fed to fish ecse he wa ning bis atenion to the Comedy. These wets conan no indcaons of date excep for ew references o contemporary peopl Its generally thought ‘now that they mer both writen daring tec puto iene beoween 1595 and 1508. Monarchy ie even more deste of indcton of dt, Its pastnate tack on papal and enlenncal cameo juredition indict hat ‘belongs to the period 151214 when Claman Vr eesion of Henry VI ‘would have eocoraged Date to adopt hs ine of argument. The document other than the Comedy thu provide stl indication ofthe rent of Dane atachment to nperalom during te expedition of ‘ets tote 36 ‘Te Age of the Papal Withdrawal Henry VIL and the effec iad in tring him no an an-ppal poll theonse Before thecoming of Heny we hve the bighly rn rary erie tnd wersaclar pllosophr continuing he work of Branco Latin, wing the nmol De Valgr Eloquent nd Cone ia the interval of eof tale which war probaly very peripatetic. Alter the dents of Henry the Itdiions are lt er. The importa leer tthe lin cans maine tins Danis cts of the degeneracy of the contemporary church, ‘ebuking the preter in wonds which combine rigs radicalism with ‘eniisenceof Ovid "you who ae art wereshe centurion ofthe ont ak ‘ofthe chore milan, neglecting to guide the chair ofthe spouse of the “uct along the wack which ay belore you, have gone asuy ke the fae ‘Sharioter Phacthon” But the main purpse ofthe leer sto urge tha he [opm should renuneits positon t Rome, aod thi scene eo imply eat Biehl sway fon the entation of papal cule power Iba exprsed with och trl in Monee. "De Vulgar! Eloguentie Comrein, and. Monerchy ae all writings of aang originality schol which exemplifies Dane's capacity for creating ‘ew system of though nprecedentd theron in which he writes by Firing ogethersnepecedcombinasons of des. Nove of them however {cree work inthe sense in which thei toe ofthe Comedy. Tes the ‘Comedy hat Hits the Tuscan consciosanest ono = new lvl ith new Iovinons ad contain the evidence of new perception ofan Date existed the anguch of ele realty in a prose passage of Conc Saceivw ihe plaoe ofthe mot eld famous dauheof Rome, Flee, teat neon ber avet bso whih war murare pote ssi o Linda ohh wih nod wl dtd wih ally barton my ed {ndend th day sowed tome bare poe hough ety al he repos och {Belin gas etn, tanec tort begging, showing ie ny wl ‘mound iran fen util suns in whos woe bebe ely {Rpt sl or ade cared a any prs nd sia ad srs by the ey ‘rind blows by peous paver, ad awe sppene beer of many who bad Fsbo iain me, cagh erin fae, ate Prom such evidence a we an pace toeter ofthe ery yeu of eet deartat Dante moved about considerably Theres ay evidence of inks ‘vith he other Whi exes Garponzs and San Godenzo in 130m afer which time he may hae moved ily ro the hospitality ofthe Ghibeline Dell ‘Shalsfcaway Verona and then ac gan oe cesreat Arezzo AE ome stage, perbpe 124, be broke ich the Whites, posi becuse he ime rote for bad advice which he had given: The brek nay have ‘ren followed by a move nor again o he cout of Gheardo da Caio t he hors of Das Mog te aie by Prac Beg sage een, Dante in Exile and the Pete Vision a7 “Treviso, Basin «506 he wa probably in Lanighna and rom 130 01309 [Tues where he nay be profited fom the fens ofthe lady Getucea mentioned in Purgatorio aif Dante eve dis Bozo thought isk Pai, 09 noold bes sible dt, though he possiblity seems ight. In Italy ely however, he poet made consdese journeys fom these spring the compli and the brosd knowlege of Tala des well demon- ‘trated in Conivn and De Valgn Elogeenti ‘Among ite numerous remarkable and memorable characteristics, Inferno pve ane which of supreme importance 3a apovation in the teary perception of humanity The preseraton of major characters, inaform Frvering between the alta the mythic complex personalities with tn wcheypa sipificsnce mae up pany ofthe rea oc imaginl evens of ‘heiearthy ine, payout ofthe impiations these could have for Dante's ‘wn preosupations, These ate the hares We ee mos cern such Isr gare Praneten and Ulynes, and oa ese extent in many others. “Tho invalve leap into the mar of pception of human care pel Of the moves ad dramas of ler eznaries. There is no obvious preparation fr thm in Dune’ caer writings orn other Tas eratore Eee femn. Ifwe look for Iterary background which may have Fnfloenced then, we tay think of the Bibl, of Viegls Aeneid and ofthe Trench Aran lgen allof which were wel known co Dante andl of ‘which contain represnstions of iadividal human charster which my have Tontebutd to those found in Inferno, There i nothing i these work however which approximates ley to she poetic evoeaton of x hacer ‘those personal destiny enezgesin brie convertion and cases weghtok Dsyeologcal and pllowpiea geieance The characters of Infero are otal fictions Uke tore Dante's eae Foe They ae gre, ‘thet contmporey, bitoni, or mythical, presented for signfence There embodies, clone to the characters ofthe Bible andthe Aeneid Bat the personal sicanc comes to th reader hough wha they sor din Infor bre eyecare sonal celia perch nd ty inva manor which i novel in Eoropesn lersrre, We ave litle oF 09 information sbout Dante's movement wads thse caractrizations We ist sume tht they emerged ron convergence ois reading the Bible Und Viel and the Romance legends with bu persona alysis of his own AEiny The experiences tht lay bobind in bis owe biography were the pic conflict ladingtohitexleand he religious upheavals of his reaction cour love poctry whith we ea about ia Vite nove ad Coo and In the lyse The effort of reworking thse experens in is poetic mind cms have tested in the sreation ofthe new Eerary appreciation of tuning caghtin the taro o if. Themostorgal ay oven re ‘Toren into an elborste poetic artfce Decne Dane was eset post Tho eapresed himself ass pcs, though be was capable of powerful rtonal at The Age ofthe Papal Withdveoal ‘apreion in poe in other wore. They are woven it acomidersion of fatal erent whieh ola his opi rn aed ‘rowing mchtothepars ol ovgheh knew ss Florentine sito {Healey snd symbol of tao pce “Ast iro aa etre re cose he gee of form i ‘very lp ste, Dne canbe sen ving ovardeme of resere ‘htacinic che bt apc of Coo The gee eee of bly tel refocused by Virgin Inferno a Above he 0 ‘andere pomratethe tier tl gon ea pedgay, fogs ad hey trop hich ce hv lady pase Below then ae {Rls mre deending cer of ter! whe Cheese hw ced ingle tke by fons of wor of al by band, ch ba peveraon Frida wo un tad epely allen to God, Foe ng © ner, ‘Side and bupheny swore shun the sof incontinence sore. 8 torent aud often this compe polscany ad ceri ‘ppt sinners Wor af aly wescery recs ain he easing and Biv rn and Jus re placed inthe very pt ofl Vig expe le ‘tenlcron by rering oe nine Hcl ghost Sone, mae and betaly in Ariotes Ei. Ban fac Ailes ‘Fron doesn Dae bly wel ane crac dco between {ote sd rud war then om Car's De Ofin whchisno mentioned? Inhappns, however, tnt Dane rks o Aro xian De Of, bothworis to dowbewallhnown hin inc sanesetnctn Conc ound hs confr they wae pet ink aaad seine marae ‘aa pinning fora an caper of Cos. etc De was inerprelog tet parol he cnzve Ls fla ine aor which he 1d comporedadeade ct Thsparolthepoembatheviac prope 0 ‘neblesoulia heaton pct ifesolctee youth aps adsl a {Saeoa Dane dbs ts pate In youth ee proper formants be ‘caper song ving contrary sad Ly A pl aegis Ving SRT gn, rm t pen sl rode genera and quckinprabe Tush picalge when men Tate Avon element ar man ttl Gece ‘herp etl oer Tiss the or ido bd on pote, forged could ore, enc bopis sty Bre Dear ope nthe {lal dal the Condy acts actal ge when branes pst tnt leur Pop mek dame, cording Losaia Bray dat heh he ‘iy oorave bes ier he poate prone by la adage [Arr point in Conn, en he ar ne menoned imal oH ‘Sprit fora long ines rena nd ta had wed 0 Ine ap to the Ars pecs wht tes bao sal fae * 8 Moa Te Cie of Seine len od aps” San Dt sect est 9) Dante in Exile and the Poot Vision a9 fellow, andthe cry bres os,"Oh happy. onbapy country of mie how ‘len pay for you contri me hen Tread or wrt of anything which oncerns ri government” (ravi, Atti point herder issue being permite gnpe ofthe inepitio ying behind Inferno. We ean sy this iy bec the cogue of vitae in Coo in a ses the mior {tmp ofthe loge of csinFrfer bth belong the same clase tory approach to fuman character that wasfaniaro the Florentine ation ‘likough ary becuse th clasiaton of wien in Coneeoisevidesiy feevanttoDant?voyn expec of pliers dsieaton of izes was ocley to bein feo, ewsranatral ep to move fromthe virtues tote ‘Dinw’s most extended commentary on bis fein Florence i given indivi in eas and a of Infor wich contain is pase wh Vil ugh the crcl of brators those uy of oruptin of fe for thet hha been ened, Tissot exceptional tbe Comedy becanseit Tp plsny come roel ar arly am absurd gang of burlesque ‘Edpons wih nme ke Calera and Libicoceo who quel so much that ‘Sey temas fal noth nferoal pth where hey are tormenting the Slater Dane tered ofthe Aste veer atv i the cl the tons are ringing ns load of brates rm bey of ace. One of them Sips tht crejone in Lacs it 3 bartorexcee one Bontuy and that ‘Sryone lis hie vote. As commentator both medieval and moder have [ointed out, Bontaro Dat the ary bos of Lue fom 136} 1314, 938 oro oop: Ics coment onthe plea moras of Late teacher tar ceryone therefrom the top down was roe with Cerupdon or thatthe dgincion Between the ot and te wot sin prnctcecomialiaveed The Whiter wre expel rom Laceby an onder [lee ot the bees of the Florentine Black om 31 March 132. Dante rnb lel de iy a ths ine or ot lang before, Seng his Frenne Poitalexperence ater ahappyitedadeat Lucca, peed: Hi experence ee eio commanal juke we may ppo%e reached is lowes evel telore he coming of Henry VET inthe folowing year His seve ofthe ‘Shurdiy ofthe events wees bythe comedy of te two eat. Thi fro his ene of mind selon wo Ns pli experience when he wat Comparing Inferno "Te ae of Floreneis spread shrough el (of amis) The condemn sion of Frenne polis fpeted nd prvaniein Ife. tapes fis Se Dimtes comer vith sere Feng gon Cinna ‘Giacen given in somenhatgromic ters,» prophet account of diputes 10 ‘ome in Flotene inthe yo years between Eater 130 (when the esting {Sle place) and the epalon of he White Gu, neloing Dacia the (iy farcor yon fn the acendancyof the Whites ten the von ofthe SIA wih papal be. He abe teil of Florence wo the evils pie, The Age ofthe Papal Withdrawal cov, and svar that dominate the actions ofall bu few good men. Inthe pe cre ofl Dantenecs ew further characters who hep fll ost ‘hepeure ln canto vy tere ran sroqan grande among te angry whom Dane pura dd, Pippo Argent ofthe Aaa famy nthe ‘ck ofthe Epctreans canto sth get character Faia she most fam member of te Ghibli Ur fly eed ros Frence sce ‘ey Faias din 26qbut hscoasin Talos captains Pasa 304 tn sll prominent in Chibeline poles when Infor. wa writen Frias tuning to Date ofthe pin exe which wil oll he iory ‘ofthe Back ink the Ghibeline sil of 367 with be White of 300: fd his magna, shown his fal of vinive eo si ht Forni snes rangle of prt hich aoemaly be from commana pbc. Below th ofits the cic of the sodomitesin cantor navi continsa enero allotment of Florentine pebupr becuse Dante eared Florence he new Sodom The dominant gurebere Bran Lathe mare ‘here who eps the prophecis f Caco snd Farinas, Eoking Date’ ‘alfeings wi teinberensrqeyof Florentine palit aanng om ‘hear fhe on rains the populion bse te desendansof ‘he Roman founders ofthc. Alon the cite ofthe odomite are Guido ‘Gaern Tego Adora nd copa Rasen thre prominent {Gus of the period of Gul-Chibetine coo, dasngusbed fn poplar {ecallecton by ter desert behaviour. Mach utr dowe, the rea the thivesin cans and erie thestry of Date’ plcal experience onward becnne coi Vani Fees prophecy (199-59) ofthe ‘larcton othe Toca Whiter with som Dae ws stot mes ely after see refering obscurely ether oe on of Serva im 32 ‘eto the fal of Pion el ode Blacks in 1906 which Ealy ended any pe of White eral An treo bn era lowet sof el be thc Hlorenine plans oo. Among the tito in amo ai ae Goat de Sonn the Ciblise who rebelion i 1966 edt the

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