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    8 views15 pages

    Capitulo 2

    Uploaded by

    Margarita

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 15
    Chapter 2 Stability “The evaluation of sablty fra proposed underground excavation ‘isthe damental sep inthe design ofthat excavation, Depending on {he purpose ofthe excavation, fatality may bea nese ing ‘by caving method), shorter tabty maybe rege erporary ‘mining orci excavation) and major cl excavations and important ‘ig eve excavations must sable he log en. Evasion ofthe inherent or natural stabi and the mechan and mode af fnwabty ae a. prerequse to the desen of suport syscns Testability cn rest fom the following: ature of rock materi or mass around the opening asa esl of high zs to sent condone ‘movement and ols of rock boss as aes ofthe goog street sal) © combination of srs induced rock fire and straurl ineatiliy © nstabiiy of eer type induced or aparavated by other factors tah at won foro We have identified a numberof methods of evaluating sabity co mer the above suations. These ae ot te oly methods able, ‘but om our experience they have been found to roid satsactory sls. The type of nstabily which we ave emidered appable fre dated before we procnd with the methods of anal ‘This yp of flr eter to casein wich the allure takes pve substantial through inact rock mater, We have sffrentated ‘eenee ble rock bev ahd dig tock Behaviour Inthe Terme ease lasablty ecu inthe form of sabbing sal sling from excrvation surfuos and spliting of rok pills. Typie ‘xan ofthis are the characteris ales around exsiadons the dep level mines of Sou Affe, “bung from tual se faces it Norway apd Now Yor, and spitting of pil t Mt Is Mis and Nast Mie For non-brtle masive rocks sucha hall and mstone we on sider haar fare masanim to be ore apleable ck Mase Fare ‘When the solos! stasis sich thatthe spletion of rock ‘mac svength parameter sno longs appoints core, it ‘neces to lok athe mass ate han the mater. The edison Gf the material trongsh to the mas strength Is achieved tot ‘easily, we bee, by win rock mas asication res Fee her, for amas we fecal a Tallue ervon based a shear sires probly most apical Major StuctrlInsbiiy aul, dykes and major jolt dvecions may be identi from ‘oposraphical maps, arphoro and. Landsat interpreaton at ‘relminrysclogieal work. These planes may combine o fom ge Unwable blocks which canbe speicly nae. We gsc that ‘tn approximate serene approach canbe sed fo ass usta ont ths potent ext, amore sophisticated ppeeach sth evened ‘A spacial case of major euctra inability that rated tothe scbity of atural rock “teams, which osc stratified or Dol rock masses, ad cnstite the oof ab excavation. In sich cases tne resumen that silty auewments shoud be based om eat thea cle Mas Stractral Instaiey For rock masses with no Sdentifable major weak planes, ock mast. elassicaton techniques have been proved Io be very sucessful {valuating aby of uadearound opens. We song recommend the egulrappcaton of caseton methods snc the benef sn be enormous, Regular formalised casfeatio nove understand ng and communication betnsntshicl and operating peo is {0 nedanism for coil of mining erat ade ngiering oniracs ee ldinately rss i alr conditions, beter planting fsa edicd overall cos. ‘Wedo not ecommend ta only a single method of stat ase meat be apie each cae Rater, several appbsblematods ‘Should be ied andthe ets compared before avng a yo ial fsesment tng Your Own elbowing Judgement base! om the rea We suggest that you use the folowing saquenc in crying xt the stay eatin to for ses induced fare around dhe opening, In any cases this wil bea formality reauingnohing mere than judgement — for example no flies key around 10 m span cavern in tueaticred grate at 2 dep of 100 m 1 test for instabity of tare blocks. Agin this may be ice more than a formality. sated and bade rocks a fo ay oF roo! or hanging! Bes clas the rock mas and test for rok mas isa. Clas. ton should te done in almost ever station, even wea the mode fina is stress nds fare, 1 optimise the opening with rept to loston, oration, shape and sie, Loopback to the beginning ofthe stability evaluation roceure it you make any geomet adjustment (ses the infuene of external factor, ssh as sei ors 2.1 Rock Failure ‘The input data required forthe assesment of roe fale are the insures (ction AL)", the strength properties of the rack ‘atrial (Seton Al) or mas (Seon AIS) ani he rss dition ‘ound the excavation (Seton AL). 2.1] Massive Brite Rock (Haste Analysis) For bet rocks and masses which ca be considered at massive faire zoe dtineted by a litingextesion sat bas been Toa ‘workin praca suns The eension rain cam eal ftom n+ ol > Poo’ ro isthe rock material modula of easy and canbe determine from the information in Seton 6 any are obtain from the srs stibton digas in Seton ‘Aid and a canbe assuned to be te orizontal in st stress (Sion ‘Al3) normal tothe plane of the stew diibution diagram I the ‘acl cis negative (Compresion posive coaveton) ‘and is ‘gue exceeds the pial resin he following able, slebbing ‘or sping fare ean be assumed to cc Gita ecension | Rock Materia ‘sin Basak, dase, doles ebro 000300 ‘Conglomerate ret 00016) Granite ‘050 ‘Quart, quartic sandstone ‘o0m00 ‘The dept ofthe rook flr zone tein the exesvton weiss «an be determined by sbsituing the corespondig valu of td fy, then fromthe stress dstribuion agra a incesing dps, ‘tl the excnon stain calculate Tem the abow equation i ss ‘han the lve, 2.4.2 Massive Brite Rock (Empirieal Approach) For approsinately square 3 1 4m tual in rile rook it hae teen fon ha he aloof the major lay ses te wi umpesive strength ofthe rock mateal aa be wed a ample {eteion Tor asesing potential aire “Tele 2: mpc Ih Citi for Naive Bite Rok ave Desi of Coaiion [cor No pour protiems 02-04 | Spaling fre ric paral ow Heavier suo reed aos ary spot regs Naor ling (05067 | Very dangsous an feat hep ope Support hey and col 2.1.3 Massive Vielding Rock Where falure of massive rok is nomtitle «more approprite citron to appl is that based ona shear are mechan, “The following equation canbe usd 6 the wail strenath (maior peacipl ses fla) 1 is the coining sre, For eae of we, this equation i epee in Fi ‘Use ofthis rektlonship should notre in ears of mich preter tan 10, ‘The unaxalcompreive strength is found from Seton AL tnd are obtained fromthe ses dtiboon diagrams in Sesion ‘ALS ad oy subsite in the above equation fo acute ay. fo, ‘czas o,rock fae cane aed. The procedure i repeat or valu of oad oy fre no the rock fo determine the extent ofthe rock fue tone 2 LA Vieng Rock Mass Faire In cass in which the rock mate cannot be consid as masive, sock mas alr terion ula oa athe previous ston fan bese to evaluate the rock fire. The strength equation 'm and sare constants forthe rock mass, ecton ALS, which an be dtemnoed from eck ma ensicaton data, Vac fy do, sae ead of theses dstiton dag in Saion Al ad ih ‘m, sand a, (Sten A subsite in the above equ elle fy een, fare wil xs. Thi proedre can be ep fr vatious pins to deine the exet ofthe fare mone 2.15 Rock Mass Failure mpitleal Approwch) ‘The following metho is based on experience and is paully splable ina ising exvronment. Te dein rock mast sent (DEMS canbe esubsbed sig Ue Ming Rock Mass {Gasseation™ Section AIG) and then modified to secount forthe epee of cnfoement oy ad o,srenes ar re off the dngams i Seton Ale If of tease an ajusiment of 80% should be apo and if ¢> Ot oy the adjsinea is 120%. lnterpolate between thse Sdjstmens fo nerd vals of ey IC the reins DRMS is Jess thane den fare can beast Repeat the procure at varies pols to define the extent ofthe fate zoe, 2.2 Major Structural Instability ‘Two capris ate relevant, one iavovng rock locks andthe second ivoling rock beans. 2.2.1 Diserete Blocks and Wedges ‘Where the cecurenceof fuse major ois known or expected and drt loks or weges may rel, specie tab nas cn Io eared out. Tht more leat in ci excavations aed long rm ‘mining sve excavations. To obtain ik asset of whether such pce analyses ned to Beco, the pol serene in Se ion AB can be wid for an approximate anys. Plot the dip angles and dip cen ofthe three ples a thre pons he uerone as sown in gue 2. Saleh te joins the three pos shoud te steed i. If he sete of the scone Is ins the resting tangle, the the planes can form m wee which ‘may fall dear oat of the rt Pe Pot Sort Shin Potty Unsale Wee te cet af the stern is not inside the trang, then to fil te weds wl have co side father than fal. Kn this ise he shea ‘enh ofthe ois wil have a reer nla o the stabi. The Shear stength canbe rprncted by the flies of fton. In the ese of clean joints wih strong rock sures che effective angle ‘of tion ely to be gree than 70°. Fo seed jit wal sur aces and jis with gouge fl the efetve ange of ion wl be lowers The asessmeat of jolt shear stent dele wit a Seton 2, ‘As shown in Fre 3 the angle of fision can be drawn on the secrcot fs cle concent with the eteonet snd rad ot ‘eaponding tothe fcionanaearne the pana racial ave. This {aon cle should erespood o that oi whose pole plots sie the dt, bu closest tothe ee. any par of the ange i oud the frtion cc tere it possi of sling fale. The pratr the rea outside the ee, the Deter the iehood of fate ‘Pat Scot Sorin ison Chad tei Una Way “The sketches ia Fewes 2 and 3 lstete vaio condone for clanation purposes The seps dexibed represent an approximate Shay for ule asesmet of sabi for easy purposes Should major wedgs te ienied as potently unable, more ‘ophisiatl sproaches” wil be requ o define the speci p= poe regula Ee pL ie ml +H 2.22 Rock Reams “Te cures in Figures 407 provide a rapid means of assesing the stably, aerate, che maim sara supped spats for ‘openings in bedded or Seated depests, Tse ines are based on the assumption of plane arain condong and wll ive cosevatveextimates of stale span for ‘openings wi gt to width ratios Bes than 3, ‘ Doone A Fr lA rh amet a |* tc LE 00 we THs ane YY =| XZ [A = | same J) ALA Kne| Le — 2.3 Rock Mass Structural Instability ‘A cook mai anally weaker than is coniventrek materia the mau contains stucural weakest pesca sx fot and faults. The sabcy of an excavation in «olted ook mast it fntensd by many alr acu © strength of rook materia 1 Frequeny of joining Join suene © confining sess ‘The best preted way it which thee nenkning/ trenton etter canbe ake ito acsual by apiving rock maw sic tion methods ‘Quantative clasitcaon of rock masis has bao very popular inthe ast decade, and usb so, sce provides a apt meats ‘ot asesing he gut of amass, comparing quate, and asesing Support requiements. Cassia appcd on rouse basis ca have tremendous vale in mins, and hasbeen shown to sul in co sable wonomie bene the operation” ‘Two dasifeaion mths have Sood ou, the @ Stem developed by Baron et aP andthe Gconechanss Casifestion Sse

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