Chapter 4: Making Decisions: Topics

10/25/2018
Chapter 4: Making Decisions Topics

4.1 Relational Operators
Starting Out with C++ 4.2 The if Statement
Early Objects
Eighth Edition 4.3 The if/else Statement
4.4 The if/else if Statement
by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters,
and Godfrey Muganda 4.5 Menu-Driven Programs
4.6 Nested if Statements
4.7 Logical Operators
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-2
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4.1 Relational Operators

Topics (continued)
4.8 Validating User Input • Used to compare numeric values to
4.9 More About Block and Scope determine relative order
4.10 More About Characters and Strings • Operators:
4.11 The Conditional Operator
> Greater than
4.12 The switch Statement < Less than
4.13 Enumerated Data Types >= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-3 Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-4
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Relational Expressions Relational Expressions
• Relational expressions are Boolean • Can be assigned to a variable

(i.e., evaluate to true or false) bool result = (x <= y);
• Examples:
12 > 5 is true • Assigns 0 for false, 1 for true
7 <= 5 is false • Do not confuse = (assignment) and ==
if x is 10, then (equal to)
x == 10 is true,
x <= 8 is false,
x != 8 is true, and
x == 8 is false
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4.2 The if Statement

Format of the if Statement
• Supports the use of a decision structure No
if (condition) ; goes here
• Allows statements to be conditionally {
executed or skipped over statement1;
• Models the way we mentally evaluate statement2; ; goes here
situations …
statementn;
“If it is cold outside, }
wear a coat and wear a hat.”
The block inside the braces is called the body
of the if statement. If there is only 1 statement
in the body, the { } may be omitted.
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How the if Statement Works if Statement Flow of Control
• If (condition) is true, then the

statement(s) in the body are executed.
condition
• If (condition) is false, then the
statement(s) are skipped. true false
1 or more
statements
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Example if Statements if Statement Notes
if (score >= 60) • if is a keyword. It must be lowercase

cout << "You passed." << endl;
• (condition)must be in ( )
if (score >= 90) • Do not place ; after (condition)
{
grade = 'A'; • Don't forget the { } around a multi-statement
cout << "Wonderful job!" << endl; body
}
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if Statement Style Recommendations What is true and false?
• Place each statement; on a separate • An expression whose value is 0 is

line after (condition) considered false.
• Indent each statement in the body • An expression whose value is non-zero is
considered true.
• When using { and } around the body, put { • An expression need not be a comparison –
and } on lines by themselves it can be a single variable or a
mathematical expression.
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Flag Flag Example

• A variable that signals a condition Example:
bool validMonths = true;
• Usually implemented as a bool
…
• Meaning: if (months < 0)
– true: the condition exists validMonths = false;
– false: the condition does not exist …
if (validMonths)
• The flag value can be both set and tested moPayment = total / months;
with if statements
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4.3 The if/else Statement

Integer Flags
• Integer variables can be used as flags • Allows a choice between statements
depending on whether (condition) is true
• Remember that 0 means false, any other or false
value means true • Format: if (condition)
int allDone = 0; // set to false {
… statement set 1;
if (count > MAX_STUDENTS) }
allDone = 1; // set to true else
… {
if (allDone) statement set 2;
cout << "Task finished"; }
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How the if/else Works if/else Flow of Control
• If (condition) is true, statement

set 1 is executed and statement set 2 true condition
false
is skipped.
• If (condition) is false, statement statement statement

set 1 is skipped and statement set 2 set 1 set 2
is executed.
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Example if/else Statements Comparisons with floating-point numbers
if (score >= 60)

• It is difficult to test for equality when
cout << "You passed.\n";
else working with floating point numbers.
cout << "You did not pass.\n";
• It is better to use
if (intRate > 0) – greater than, less than tests, or
{ interest = loanAmt * intRate; – test to see if value is very close to a given
cout << interest; value
}
else
cout << "You owe no interest.\n";
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if/else if Format
4.4 The if/else if Statement
if (condition 1)
{ statement set 1;
• Chain of if statements that test in order }
until one is found to be true else if (condition 2)
• Also models thought processes { statement set 2;
}
“If it is raining, take an umbrella,
…
else, if it is windy, take a hat,
else if (condition n)
else, if it is sunny, take sunglasses.”
{ statement set n;
}
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Using a Trailing else Example if/else if with Trailing else

if (age >= 21)
• Used with if/else if statement when all
cout << "Adult";
of the conditions are false
else if (age >= 13)
• Provides a default statement or action that cout << "Teen";
is performed when none of the conditions is
else if (age >= 2)
true
cout << "Child";
• Can be used to catch invalid values or else
handle other exceptional situations cout << "Baby";
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4.5 Menu-Driven Program Menu-driven Program Organization
• Menu: list of choices presented to the user • Display list of numbered or lettered choices
on the computer screen for actions.
• Menu-driven program: program execution • Input user’s selection of number or letter
controlled by user selecting from a list of
• Test user selection in (condition)
actions
– if a match, then execute code to carry out
• Menu can be implemented using desired action
if/else if statements
– if not, then test with next (condition)
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4.6 Nested if Statements Notes on Coding Nested ifs

• An if statement that is part of the if or
else part of another if statement • An else matches the nearest previous if
that does not have an else
• Can be used to evaluate > 1 data item or
condition if (score < 100)
if (score > 90)
if (score < 100)
grade = 'A';
{
else ... // goes with second if,
if (score > 90)
// not first one
grade = 'A';
} • Proper indentation aids comprehension
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4.7 Logical Operators Logical Operator Examples
Used to create relational expressions from int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;

other relational expressions •
(x > y) && (y > z) true
Operator Meaning Explanation
(x > y) && (z > y) false
New relational expression is true if both
&& AND expressions are true
(x <= z) || (y == z) false
New relational expression is true if either
|| OR expression is true
(x <= z) || (y != z) true
Reverses the value of an expression; true
! NOT expression becomes false, false
!(x >= z) false
expression becomes true
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Logical Precedence More on Precedence
Highest ! Highest arithmetic operators

&& relational operators
Lowest || Lowest logical operators
Example: Example:
(2 < 3) || (5 > 6) && (7 > 8) 8 < 2 + 7 || 5 == 6 is true
is true because AND is evaluated before OR
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Checking Numeric Ranges with 4.8 Validating User Input

Logical Operators
• Input validation: inspecting input data to
• Used to test if a value is within a range determine if it is acceptable
if (grade >= 0 && grade <= 100)
cout << "Valid grade"; • Want to avoid accepting bad input
• Can also test if a value lies outside a range • Can perform various tests
if (grade <= 0 || grade >= 100) – Range
cout << "Invalid grade"; – Reasonableness
• Cannot use mathematical notation
– Valid menu choice
if (0 <= grade <= 100) //Doesn’t
//work! – Zero as a divisor
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4.9 More About Blocks and Scope More About Blocks and Scope
• Scope of a variable is the block in which it

• Variables defined inside { } have local or
is defined, from the point of definition to the
block scope
end of the block
• Variables are usually defined at the • When in a block that is nested inside
another block, you can define variables
beginning of a function
with the same name as in the outer block.
• They may instead be defined close to the – When the program is executing in the inner
place where they are first used block, the outer definition is not available
– This is generally not a good idea
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4.10 More About Characters and Strings Testing Characters

• Can use relational operators with characters and require cctype header file
string objects
if (menuChoice == 'A')
if (firstName == "Beth") FUNCTION MEANING
• Comparing characters is really comparing ASCII isalpha true if arg. is a letter, false otherwise
values of characters isalnum true if arg. is a letter or digit, false
• Comparing string objects is comparing the ASCII otherwise
values of the characters in the strings. Comparison isdigit true if arg. is a digit 0-9, false otherwise
is character-by-character islower true if arg. is lowercase letter, false
• Cannot compare C-style strings with relational otherwise
operators
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Character Testing 4.11 The Conditional Operator

require cctype header file • Can use to create short if/else
statements
FUNCTION MEANING
isprint true if arg. is a printable character, false
• Format: expr ? expr : expr;
otherwise
ispunct true if arg. is a punctuation character,
false otherwise
isupper true if arg. is an uppercase letter, false
otherwise
isspace true if arg. is a whitespace character, false
otherwise
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4.12 The switch Statement switch Statement Format

switch (IntExpression)
• Used to select among statements from
{
several alternatives
case exp1: statement set 1;
case exp2: statement set 2;
• May sometimes be used instead of
...
if/else if statements
case expn: statement set n;
default: statement set n+1;
}
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switch Statement Requirements

How the switch Statement Works
1) IntExpression must be a char or an 1) IntExpression is evaluated
integer variable or an expression that 2) The value of intExpression is compared
evaluates to an integer value against exp1 through expn.
2) exp1 through expn must be constant 3) If IntExpression matches value expi, the
program branches to the statement(s) following
integer type expressions and must be expi and continues to the end of the switch
unique in the switch statement 4) If no matching value is found, the program
3) default is optional but recommended branches to the statement after default:
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The break Statement Example switch Statement
• Used to stop execution in the current block switch (gender)

{
• Also used to exit a switch statement case 'f': cout << "female";
break;
• Useful to execute a single case statement case 'm': cout << "male";
without executing statements following it break;
default : cout << "invalid gender";
}
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Using switch with a Menu 4.13 Enumerated Data Types

switch statement is a natural choice for
menu-driven program • Data type created by programmer
– display menu • Contains a set of named constant integers
– get user input • Format:
– use user input as IntExpression in switch enum name {val1, val2, … valn};
statement
– use menu choices as exp to test against in the • Examples:
case statements enum Fruit {apple, grape, orange};
enum Days {Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri};
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Enumerated Data Type Variables Enumerated Data Type Values

• To define variables, use the enumerated • Enumerated data type values are
data type name associated with integers, starting at 0
Fruit snack; enum Fruit {apple, grape, orange};
Days workDay, vacationDay;
0 1 2
• Variable may contain any valid value for the
data type • Can override default association
snack = orange; // no quotes enum Fruit {apple = 2, grape = 4,
orange = 5}
if (workDay == Wed) // none here
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Enumerated Data Type Notes Chapter 4: Making Decisions
• Enumerated data types improve the Starting Out with C++

Early Objects
readability of a program Eighth Edition
• Enumerated variables can not be used with
by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters,
input statements, such as cin and Godfrey Muganda
• Will not display the name associated with
the value of an enumerated data type if
used with cout
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 4-53 Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
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10/25/2018

Chapter 4: Making Decisions Topics

4.1 Relational Operators

Relational Expressions Relational Expressions

• Relational expressions are Boolean • Can be assigned to a variable

4.2 The if Statement

How the if Statement Works if Statement Flow of Control

• If (condition) is true, then the

Example if Statements if Statement Notes

if (score >= 60) • if is a keyword. It must be lowercase

if Statement Style Recommendations What is true and false?

• Place each statement; on a separate • An expression whose value is 0 is

Flag Flag Example

4.3 The if/else Statement

How the if/else Works if/else Flow of Control

• If (condition) is true, statement

• If (condition) is false, statement statement statement

Example if/else Statements Comparisons with floating-point numbers

if (score >= 60)

Using a Trailing else Example if/else if with Trailing else

4.5 Menu-Driven Program Menu-driven Program Organization

4.6 Nested if Statements Notes on Coding Nested ifs

4.7 Logical Operators Logical Operator Examples

Used to create relational expressions from int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;

Logical Precedence More on Precedence

Highest ! Highest arithmetic operators

is true because AND is evaluated before OR

Checking Numeric Ranges with 4.8 Validating User Input

• Scope of a variable is the block in which it

4.10 More About Characters and Strings Testing Characters

Character Testing 4.11 The Conditional Operator

4.12 The switch Statement switch Statement Format

switch Statement Requirements

The break Statement Example switch Statement

• Used to stop execution in the current block switch (gender)

Using switch with a Menu 4.13 Enumerated Data Types

Enumerated Data Type Variables Enumerated Data Type Values

Enumerated Data Type Notes Chapter 4: Making Decisions

• Enumerated data types improve the Starting Out with C++

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