comps Support ‘Once the excatation as bec ajused for locaton, shape, viene sion an ize and parts oral of the exeavation ate sl found to be ‘sable, then the oat tage o prevent octal that stabi. “This wil depend on the felowing questions: is he isiabity stractral and raity contol or desi eon te fale of nat oe rock mass materia? is dhe excavation fr cil o mining purposes? (at ae the ascites a hereon the appropriate level of ‘ppert? atthe rata of the identi support andi economlc? (One can daw the broad conduson tha strutrally onto Instabity cam be prevented by coerety installed support but tha Sess contre sab (ook fale) cab only be contained apd entrlod bt nor proveated. Thi sae has sme eating on the Adee equerens wii the cil ad ning es: iit ngacring = structure tend to be permanent and churceied by high opomle rk if nual saat preven suport costs general small cox lament nd pasa is tual de main consult itis probable tha tthe age of a prestbily ascent, dls wih esd in suesses which eveoaded the ock mis ‘oul be found unacceptableMining Engining ~ ining is vormally characterised by two ses of excavate: se ‘ce excavations, such s haulage, whore cox smal compared ‘nibh overall mining cos and whee high ee of sport may Ge asepatier and opine exons tn which the piy ‘action operation takes pce and where instil, or preven tion of isa by support, may have sift emo con considerable stress changes result from mining and serie ‘Semvaons are often stat in svere sex de, The ran ‘onsieration is whee is practic Yo maintain acs, 0d no essary whether its economic 1 do 30. Support methods fl into 8 numberof trod exept rapid or sow axing Gometines tem ative or ras) 6 ssternal suppor (outside the rook surface snd Bt intinate ‘ntaet) rock reinforcement (placed wii the rook and wth inmate on taco the exciton sila. 6 soi suppor where oc nthe fom of pls sein sus ha it can provide suppor. Eterm support ie generally “ow ating’ since the rok mass has ‘o defor sian to kad the suppor. Supporting for tony ‘evel when this deformation has ake lace Comer, rok en oreameat rapid ating snc only the set dofrmaon cases ‘lage escton inthe suppor spon, ‘When considering uppot method, is alo npotat to iffeen- tate between seucturalnsabisy and rock mas fale du 10 Structural Bastabiity the support system i degre to support blacks of ground, ‘bounded by joes or bedang plane, which may fll ole ude the ation of gravity. In this ease spor sboull fe pid acing and be asl Soon after excavation ae pon nthe "he rock mas may progresivdy lowe and the armut of ook which hast be supported wil ines Failure Due to Ovetres =the support it desoned for the ese where the seis around the ‘excavation ae gir than the york mass rent, Nowa tis impracttoprevet flue and te function of tne suppt 16 ‘contain the fad materal,Eflestv continmest enables a sss tobe bull up though the fed and partaly aed materi, This Stes wil incre further fom he exevaion srlace providing Taceaing confinement. Once this confinement reais cal Teel farther are x prevent Ifthe fare res extensive, then the support wile to be eavemey ale to seco ‘oss deformation and retain is suppor potential ‘Within the broad capo of suport types denied above there sremanyvaritions, some of which are spe a ning exeeations, ‘The objet of ths handbook ot nema to provide an cera support dese, but rater en aneppopate suppor pe sad the lee af spor! buen This wil nae the determination of spproximate cons, tems ofthe overall excavation cot ad prac teabityofsoppor insalltion. Therefore we hae sever rece the vanity of support measiresconieed. These are eae for ‘ecte parpoe aoatoe Tye Mo of tity Mig sein ans a oti my tee For these three stuation we have identi the following nid ‘umber of applicable sapprt types and eaesponding methods of seeing the required level of suppor:Super Tne Se Anca a ‘Growed ke ‘Empien eximation math ‘towed txt tne @ tT Good Ee etn a bat Siew ‘en we pcan ‘Gre ots | Tenpoaey | api in mt ‘Crete tots | Min ‘Ba ak ms na sim | Seni se oa Epa een lig et sinter owe | OPEC | aed pce ‘The above only incur reference to timber support ming extraction openings. In mining theres tila tendency 1 use ibe Support in sevice excavaoas snc chr the mater or lbowr, oF bo, are reively inexpensive. However, ber I not an ease meas of suport since it eq onder rock mate defotation bor it provides sicat restraint By the Hine this retrain as teen provied the zoue of tock mas regi support wll ave inerened considerably. Timbers dequae fr supe ur face inabty only, and unfortunatly i oftes iste for commie pues. However, tnber hi ome special! appictons sh Fn ongwal had reck ming ‘and some cos! mining stations, "Thre sa geocral tend away from pave support to rp acing sopport, and ths is refed in our evton mets The pi: ance of engnering dgement and eeence nig the Jllowing ‘awe canoe be oer emphsed.3.1 Support Estimation 43.441 Civil and Permanent Mine Excavations “The Q system of rock mass casita is decid in Seton ‘Atl The Qvale as ban compar wit he eta appt stale In erer 200 ci excavations and ths comparison has formed the basi fora method of spor estimation, ‘The ypoand lee of suport is dete fom the Qvale of the rock mas andthe modified dimension of the excavation ‘Modified Span __ Actual Span or Wall Height or Wall Hest Hogitetion Factor (MF) Appropriate madfication factor? ar gen ia Table 3. Tle Span Motion Fas fr Doe! Type of Fain ‘ype of Hacavaton Modiition nro whee thers conierable dots rearing the rlabey ‘ofthe data sed to dive the © vale, 1m order to estimate spor requirements forthe wal of 2 large ‘acivation he wall ienson mist be converte oan ean oo? (Gyan) dimension. We are manly conidering structural ins where the during force is gravity and therefore wall will usually ‘ear more table tha aro Ths “ipeoneriat” achieved with ‘he folowing mxifeaions to the value of For Q> 10 ake Qou = 50 01 << 1Omte Gay = 250 Q<0. tke Qa = 0 ‘We can now proceed tothe support design chat in igure 18nd 49, These are siplifcatons ofthe orginal date and ive bl spac ing, sotsrete thickness and teh eure, Sage chamber, water ueaunent lai rior road and rlvay tunel, suze Power houses, major road and allway tunes, el efone chambers, Pastor ME S “Temporary mine oping Sus Cs Permanent mine opening, How pss Tepe water tunel, plot tun, dei ad Sar bere tet reading or ie excavations 16 _| ae ota intsetons 10 ‘Undergionnd mca power sans, ‘ports and pul full, ates os “The above vals forthe mosfation facto ae nly guide ns. ‘Tey provide reat Tor qualifying the ox of reduna rk by Inceaing support. Lower modiicnion Tacors wight ale. be (Ge ean pr bo hae thn 8 ig ed) Sept an ig he QS(ocean) Stott and Wee Met Sup Haan Ui te @ Sp ‘The support testy sven in the design cares approprite primary support fori excavatosa pemanent suppor for mi Ing excavations. Fo long tem sv excavations, the den chart ot ut shoul be moi ms foll To gve permanent ci support ~ sive area pr bl by 2 tp sheet thks by 2 ‘The support eis en onthe din chat ae conservative by siningstadacds and reflect the increased eeonomie consequent Should ingaby esa. Note thatthe very thick epics of st ‘ee indie wll ot be praca, bu he number ae ude oe ompltenss Fr these condone ca coerete arches il be more ‘The ng of roekbolts or cables can be calculated from the elo ing simple formulae wing the modiiation factor MF fom Table 3. Roof — Bots :L = 24 04S BME Scabies 104 wae (o = au) ih Bots k= 24 OS HIM Lin mere wal oh) 3.4.2 Mining Service and Extraction Development — Severe Stress and Operating Conditions ‘The extensive eration of orebodies wil, unavoidably, res i ccaeme changes to the stress wound thee excavations. Mining is Sten chiractrsed by combi stm fare and eallpse ad ‘thse zones of dies can be setenv around the ore etacon one that ey inside the service and extraction development. The ‘Ssieation sem se sa rock malo n Soston AL, ‘wer spesfially veloped to ace condos in mining environ ‘ent This cslieaton system bas recently been extended to quan- ‘if support ronment ina severe ses ernment 1 rely ‘acon poson sr oppoved to docamcned experience bal that cexprence none the Tes, ry wie ‘The design ts shown in Figures 20 and 2t ten! fo be more opal othe det eration development or rape where ‘ot ony sre changer bu lo considerable secondary bsg ake ‘ace, Crom deformation of mining development i often yf ‘cepa a long as aces is minted In ths svaton tee m0 ‘eed to use the bens of spor suggested inthe dein cas Figues 20 snd 21 anda SO reduction appropiate, tn oneal ‘olution can be made by not ncdng th eof sort an cables ‘where these ae rsomimended in the chars. We hive taen S08 ‘debe ber itrpcing a sping the oil chad fuppot method, and fel justia ia dag so, sce the am st ‘ste suport ype and ites for feast purposes, aber dan (orreach define dein ‘The dein charts are based on the following teri f¢ maximum induced se rein in tres faure where the DRMS (design rook mass ‘Seng es than the ining esviroment ses nina duced est leds to peng of ins, consoquent edition of confine ‘ad fot shar sent, an lial fling out af MocksSoro Me ns ig Mata So de ‘The sresss a and o canbe identified tothe ses sibution dagrams (Scion ALG), Cae mite tk to deine the foal induced sre 0 “ o ‘alate the insu stress Seton AL3) determin the induced stress round the toying exsaaton (Gestion AE) lac extraction development inches nde ro wich now Feprsent a pseudo it srs fel ‘eerie the inde res eound the development wing this ‘sed in sity sues ld (Seon ALA sei), SuPORT eSTOMATION 1 et St Mie ait Eig Lig ‘Once the stress environment an the DRMS have be scat ‘hen thse ales ea be ene the hata the propriate sop ot ene The apport types se inthe chats igus 29nd are“Type | Destinion 1 [Grout bts with « nominal Tm spacing and 8m tenth ‘Type 1 + meh or sas) ‘Type 2 + ster at es 25mm tick ‘Type 2 + rope lacing between the bls 4 | Yidling sts are ti sheet an aerate n rampotis whee moving oe and snd sing woul! damage the lay pe sirpor) 5) | Type 3 or Typed + cable to provide eral reste (Gale nth = 25 r+ Im veri the vada of the exertion) Shot ob at east Oem thick 6 | Type $+ tor surport or bracing between the eas ofthe ah poor 3 Dynamic Load Dynami evens sch as earthquakes, roctburss or heavy blasts lnpossaditonl fora om support canons. The moving force ‘hs stuaion ithe generated ground voy = This impart inc ray to the “ose? mas of rook o Fock beck Belng supported inthe aa ane. This eee is tlanced approximate by the sup ot force i the support element ante eteion da he support ‘ements. An apronete energy balance equation Let = it rom thst follows thatthe grater the extension posible inthe supper, the ls the apport fore need be, for dai losin, fnppet with codeatle exenon "capablcy" i require AAppropeate suppor types inde growed exd-anchoved smooth Safed ols, routed cables, wie mesh, shot and rope Icing. Fig suppor wah le exenion capa, such ar fly exowed rebar should ae be we 3.2 Pillars ‘Sti eatin, a dese in Chater 2, may have shown dat particular sani ely o be estab A solaton to thi problem [stove the excavation into two or mere sale excavations. This Imps that plas could be formed between the exevatins In ing environment th lary ae asl ore ano minimise as of rvenve a a result of “Trae” oe fs, evry effort mst be made to minimise dese ofthe pillars they ae to be pane ey are to be exratd at later date tho care mist be tke 0 enue that they arin candtion conduve ofr exeation a this ater stag. They shoul be lare enough not to be i sewed ‘or they should have es ds of paral, consequent rl {ng the srs, whit mina i nes, Pits can cherefoce be designed to yield a long a tis das ot Jead i an unstable condion and ihe pai of encenrlle ilar calle This depends, oa certain extent onthe rat of pare ark {o dep below surtace. A further consideration ete consequence of ilar ale and this wl depen 0 © the te ofthe excavation will men be working inthe excavations supper by ilar? the purpose of the pillar ‘iia brie ilar to act san abutment round a mining ae, (Fa reponal suppor pir, water barr ele? thee or opie isc permanent or tenpoary (0 be exec later or perhaps the excavation i 10 be bck? Fil is eonventonallyacepted that once a plas bas a with o eis aio (WH) of T0'1 ican be clea 10 be Indtucii. However, the load it wl o en, ace wil depend ‘on he strength ofthe floor ard roof male If foundation alae ‘xcs then the ilar ight ffl ines, with te consequence thatthe pillar geometry becomes ss avourate andthe il seth reduce.“The above arp are conser under the following headings © pila sent foundation strength pie ses © sling pillars © Fator of salty. 3.2.1 Pillar Strength Pillar strength wil pend on: (9 the rock mass sengh of the pillar mati © the shape and sie ofthe pillar defined by its width and hgh © ross structural features such cay bands, unavouraly oven {ate faults ad joins ‘There ae numerous empirical pir design metbods although most. ‘of them relate only to coal. However, there are oa to mathods hich have ben tet sain suit fl data tobe satay Fela The two retonshipe are piven below me 1 Sslmon: Pilar strength (R) = 72 ered for sare coal pillars in South Afi. (© Hediey: Pillar Strength (F,) = 133 aa aived for extremly comgetet strong rook i plas in the Eliot Lake area of Canad. In the above formule W = pillar within mates HU = pla eight i tes 2, pillar rng ia MPa ‘Wha is remarkabl about these wo rations the inlay of the ape factor (4/0) eventhough thy efor ety teen ‘mates In ation the recommendations eptng appa fac tors of sft fr room and pl mining ae very snr, 1.6 fom Salmon and 15 trom Hedy. The values of 7.2 MPa and 139 MPa ae wall Below the Intact stent of the two rock hyper and can be "eae to the design ook assure, DMS, deserted n Seton AIG which takes ito account the rock mass qual, wavourable Joint eestatios and the excavation metho. Pillars can have many feet shapes andthe relationship above are spec fr square an oa i pillars expects. A sess ‘mato fr eaimating an eerie pla wits base on he ye ra be Wg = 4A Where ste plan aren ofthe lar and is he pms, ‘Tis i lola since Woy them appraches 2x. IY for very long pis where the majriy f the mail inthe par i affected by ‘nly 2 pillar walls, whereas in 2 aquare pla iff by 4 iat ‘A fre austment mst be considered for very lel the ppt of the two pillar desig relationships above has bon Tied toa lav snl range of WH ratios, Tex elton slo inde a doressing rate af srengthincrewe for greater WE fatos ad do not tke imo account Lk stensheineeffst of Ince eonfaaent with increas 1 io. Thi litt hs bec recognised, and fom model il tts with over to funded samples of sandstone using W=11 ratio varying rom I: Yo 8, the following relationship as tee sugested Yor eto greater ha ‘that at which te incase in strength tars f9 acserates mR} whee Ry = Wap ratio at which the increase in strength sans 0 R= Wg: Hai peter than Ryan a = 1 = a and ¥ = ptr vote ‘As the pila volume is a measure of the confinement it is spproprite ose Kar = Weg x Inthe mode ster asf that te wanton Wf a UR) wae sppoinatty 0 (oS and e was 45. Inthe absence of els ate We bale that there Is sufi jsifeation for ming the tlass ‘dived fom the model es fora east astm A mre con Sewatve io sgt by Wagner and Maer” whe 28 ond ‘Re oual to 5. Out focanmende spied desi sppoach i Par Streneth = at a For WH rao greater than 4 rae sat 2, = 25; far [() a where =n H vo Wet = DRMS Becton A16) in MPa Wey = 4x tila aca pir peimetr an whet all dimensions ae in mares ‘The above rebtionshps are represent apical ia Figure 22 Its important ono the we of Ha Wai the above elton ship. The us of Wy where WP pene on 4 pis thatthe Strength ofa pil incase a afar rae than ath 9 sabre pl Th fully tobe te cte isa th pls et ry te Adieeace inthe sng ofthe ple materi contin na aguare pil anda ri pil, wil dacas. mus be eal that thee, {8 yet no eis or set justeaton for assum te vali) fase dase proclure fr pls ofl shapes, ses and material at‘types However, forthe purposes of easy study we alee there ‘Ssufiet ines justicaon as long asthe wer ress the ita tion in tes of exracy. ‘The above relationships assume an average rock mass for pir and donot conde major srr fetes sh at clay band ‘Group pla or ery weak mater ate comact between fot abd oor. Thee i ey lite pled data onthe effet oF le ta tural weshnescr on ple sree ad we have therefore ected ‘howtealanalses abd expaence” to Jv he seth oducts sown in Figure 2, PuaRs 9 ‘The imate strength of very ae lars maybe lees in eer =f ts allure a the was ofa pillar i uch that ts spor is Impact and waveting ays cannot be manne, fn te case of tour or regional llr, foundation ‘ature ‘ofthe rotor hoe materi! re. 3.22 Foundation Strength ‘Once he seagth ofthe pillars has ben dma i essary to comside the stenth ofthe rof and ora thee frm the pit foundations (Figure 24).Coss foundation design is commoaly the province of soi mecha spe if rosk i volved there is uly very ite probe: th foundation strength. However wih song pills this ot ecesailythe case and in co mining oor heve, which rs ‘of foundation fare, canbe vey Serious problen ‘eczagh'smetod isthe mos widely used for dtrningbewing «capaci. Referring lo Figure 24, the foundation stent ga os Ge ENE ENG + 1bNy where © =colesion = 0.16 x DRMS design rock mas strength) (Gestion Ato) in MPa 4g = 38 shown in Figure 24 wil array be sro ules the Tare ey tte place na weak bed soe distance below of abore the floor or oot contact, MPa ‘y= specie weiht ofthe mats, MN/m* 3 ate paar with Nos Ny and Ny te tearing capac factor which dopa on the ‘nal of friction of the materi. Approximate vals of thee factors an be read off the raph in Fgue 28, There are difeences betwen 5 i ‘cere I ts, square and ule footings which are taken into ascot in Fiure 25, The above rationtip can te simplified for assesment of the ‘nmedite contat rata where te mater modatey ton Foundation seni (MPs) = 13 x DMS + par width RMS is obinc from Seton ANG aod the pile width iin 1 te pla and fountain cost of the se mati hes one pila reac W:4 ai of approximately 71 foundation fare Father han pla fre ean be expected, 3.23 Pillar Stress ‘The standard approach fo the cleuation of pillar tres from tsutry art theory. For heise seat Pit Stes = <8 7 where: = vera fed see 2° entation ratio (10D isthe percentage extraction) For inined pir the above relationship becomes where (= the dlp angle In dees = boiz eld sess When the mining re is sical sal tan the dee bow surface the above rationship gies conservative value ice i does ‘ot take ico account the stress ccd by the abutments. Therefore tebuary are theoy ives he upper of pl tes. 1 en wll ‘be working inthe tawny IIs advabl wie Libary ark hry a the fet stagetn suations where sun ae emote from the excvaions cern ‘open stoping tho) ibatay area they wl be too conserva Ithis cme ome allowance ne be taken 0 pir geld and afer ‘of ses othe abutments However, witout the use of sopisiated “nay tectnigus if ocleule ler tes, partially its sling sytem is desined Thin prem canbe paral ov cor by using rete art theory rich he rock eat la ‘Ssumed co have a maximun dance over wich it can ah and transfer rss othe abutments as shown in Figure 2. It has Been ‘ggeed hal twce ths menu transer dae canbe wed as {limi o thes of panel in which sling llr mht be se ‘sf. Theres ery ite theory ar mpl dato suppor this and What ei a thre eames st fr coal mies sed is Toeaed soft roks. Although the peste ac concept snplsic ie bale iis appropriate 1o a preeasbity assent, tabling “Mentiention of stuns in which ncn prs may be fesse ra of oe ak (uel str Reo 39 ‘The tess in abutment prs separating extraction acs shold be ‘auld from tributary aren thoy aed the had cared by the >ilding pl shoul be ined, 3.24 Vielding Piles [Asli ilar simply a pila whose peak stenath as een exceed andthe follwing astumptions are mae in terms of das tha late cowie i umvodable tha he clastic sure aos the mining ate wl ake the pills pt ther sina sen (but that she plas wi tala aera degre tery and kt resdalstreagth to prvet gros inact, bed separ tion and losing af the rock mat inthe haninewal. ‘The mos important citron i thatthe pills remain stale and this will depend’ on tha sz, tape, else proper, rock miss ‘ually and the amount of deformation. It wll depend 0 he pro Pte ofthe ot and floor rocks and se ratio pan of the ising Zone to depth blow surface. These cotsderaions determine the if es of the landing ste ‘Sle the pillar walls ar ery igh he considerable ai oud ‘ake place bao the ile of failed terial rund te par tarts to exe a cotilng ses tthe pla oe, ‘Shape: The wider the pil the moe ly tht a confined core can be crete, Even i I of fled materia wil have sgn Strength. 7: shoul be alae 21 in stong rook (erste ha 100 MP and at Test 41 a weak Fock (let thn 50 MP). late Properties SULT song socks wil scant ks deformation before flue than weak rocks They Wil ao show more ins of stress abbing fale Rock Mass Quality: Whoa fils of pillar tas place aona fractures afeeested and movement takes pce on exiting os seducing the shear stengihof the joint face, Inet, the rok ‘mas uly and DRS (sign rock mass Seah ae rebed efrmation: The grater the deformation, the weer the seu tion in rock mass gut of the ple materi and DRM.1 the absence of numeral analystechnigues ti ful 10 ds eng pillars with any ait ad at x prea stage fee 32.5 Pilar Design Factor of Safety “The factor of safe the strength divided by the tres. Sac there Is usually constable unceraty regarding both the singh end the sires thee a ist that the extinsted strength may be Below the stro. If the probity of eter Hing coro is ett tho the "Sk ssoafed with a dsjn canbe quae. Hower, hs has ‘besa patcalaryacepable to the wer since t imple an acceptance ‘of fnerent risk whist he se of "actor of safety” imps the ‘pponie: The conseraton fs tended to ret expel elation: sips to actor of safety terminology with ferent factors of saety being applied deening on the erent fila and the ons ‘quences of fare 4¢ men working in the excwvations factor of satay grate than 1 (where the pila: may, ‘imately, be extracted the factor of safety shoul be greater {than 20 otha an five abutnent ean be fore) (© men remote from the excavations factor of safety eater than 11 ling stems propsed ‘or pir fare is neesary for frre extraction of the pars “sine facil then the ator of sry should tees than 05 having regard forthe commen in Secon 3.2.3) (barter abuinent pis factor of safety greater than 2.5 (anes the barr i roe termining ares from collapse, ia whch cane ually ened toe "idole wth WH peter than 103) 3.3 Shaft Pillars A shat pilar may be required ina numberof mining situations to ensure stably and sensoabiity ofthe sal: 1 wre the orebody is comparatively Mt, thin and very extensive And wher the at equ at he cee of he opine and rus therfore pss rough the erebody 1 here the shat mained i the plane of te rebody a a Inne shat ele inthe ae or Just beneath the ore 1 where te oebody sega, coins oe erp and he shaft {sven and wel oie the osbody. ‘Thee stations are iustated in igre 7. Shas wil requ pro- teton frm © subsidence effets om the fly extracted ore zones © ses fees — when mining depths are considerable it {uneconomic to desi a shaft parm the bass of subsidence ren ‘san rashes: 1) coment 2 sng Tsar Orbody4 Ae ry ay one cfteas. A small pillar may be highly stesed making iil {fo mintin sale serie excavation within the shaft par end ‘Susingunacepabi rie and deformations of te shaft {© reaaton ees — once the orebody has ben exacted acct {oa sha, the loosening of the rock mass between the shaft and ‘otcboy a rest a movement on unfavourable geologic rac: ‘ures. Cave most be taken ease ha the supprtng plat does ‘otros ithe ranaion of very hgh seme. ‘33.1 Subsidence Protection ‘A fs approsimaio forthe deen of sat pillar would be co ‘use the sobsence mit andl, shown an Figure 27), Wiha ale oss 13.3.2 Stress Protection ‘As the depth increases the lage strain eects of the sbsdence ‘become ss pronounced ad the at ineasigy able 10 aecom- ‘modate the Fedo Sains. In aiton the sat pic wil become ‘heeonomicly Large ii is to pote the shaft tly from sab Sees. tn this case the she of the pil can be assesed fom ‘numerical modeling, by applying mtn strain and st ei. A easomable ema, forfeit) purposs, ean ao be made font ‘he eationships Figure 28. bough approximate, this awe is lable fr oth shafts inthe plane ofthe obo (iar width) a vertical shalt (ilr rds). fhe oebody is ince relative {he major pnp re, ten Gn sha ilar canbe reduced in sie, ‘The pl se aval fom Fgure 28 can be rluced ss Kosar uncon of the ange bcnee the o diction and the plane ofthe eco 10 pac minimus Bt, casespondig othe ald of phan the ale 50" Te wl be found ha when then sts majo etal stress exceeds bout one third ofthe intact ock compres stag o> o/3) the pilav tobe made unasrpaiy lage Ins exes exracton of {he cred nthe sal region tan ery age of ing enatig shat pl, should he comierdI fay t= | \ Soa Pe Sig ded ae Wane) ‘Where the shat within the fotval ot wal owe ha pills the satis lately lose to the eration aa Whih ould eu in high tress big induced inthe shat excavation. In {hs ese, however, che most praczl approach o eure thal the Shalt over ean the extraction schedule Sot igh sreses ‘nnot be transmitted. Suppor within the shaft excavations should ‘hn be designed cate for reaely rp change see a ome loosing 3.4 Passive Support Pasive ber support, in the form of props (ck) and pocks (eo, was idenafed In previouduson as having place $8 Tengwall extraction methods and whe le spans are formed in 3 Bode doo Tn bth thee nitsntons the mh anton ofthe Uber sto reste bed separation fs the rot and mail co tiouous beam as show in Figure 29. Should Blocks of rock comps ing the bea be allowed to dspace signin, the inteity ofthe team wl be sdnced or lt entre, aoe moa Levy sc sen em so a Sapte SapThe tier support must accel the converence, oF cose, ‘between roo" and Moe without losing support stegth. The Ferences baween the prop and he pack ae © props are sif and therefore asp itl closure, fe than 2%, rere fang. They can be laced hil again the 00" a there ca xe a support oad early inthe Hea he excavation © packs tend tobe soft ad wl take almost united converses, fue fo thet method of construct, shape and laetent stably, whit maintaining 4 sapport pressure agaist the Toot. Com Serableconvergsce hs to ake place before the pack rode Sieiiant suppor resistance ‘The fst deco In choosing timber suppor 10 Kenly the eae of posible and accepable closure. In Yoom an pillar workings {he sew vr sal and therefore pro spar is ts In Tongwall oa xraction methods the ove maybe ttl Athi ‘sue pack ar indetd. Often a mixta of support eld if ‘ropa the face where cls sal and pete fre back where {he corres gree, ahi stuaton the prope a onthe pac tae ‘over the support dis. Props can be modified to asep eter tosure (50) by tapering the ens (profile props) and by ets ‘ham a el (pe pops. “The choice of timber see and frequency of suport unit can be 1 the ase of curses in Figures 4 to 7 (Rook Bos Soon 2.2.2) 10 ‘inate he thick fa able ea, Tis thks of Beam can ‘be ahen ata miaimum dead weight load whic the props us be tbl ocarry with no distress, wih te object reversing any bed Separation witha this Bee 1 she fequeey ofthe suport unis must so be suit 0 ensure ‘hat backs of rock do nfl out betwen the suppor. Figure 18 an be used to estimate the unt spain ithe Q ales known, Fora vale of <1 headboards wl be roqurad o gie heed support coverae ‘Typed lo-dtormation tehivlour for vavows type of props (sick) and packs (sib) revert in Fie 30, 1c sony in welled deposits tha timber support ean be wd fetes (tsawn ar Ware)3.5 Backfill ‘The we of Hoc is the most comprshenve sata contol method. No collapse ci ake pace although conta ose ean nue unit the beck suffilely compressed. 1. acept fppredable load. Back canbe wed if the ested excavation (ope hs) unstable snd comvenonal support metho or the we of as te eer impracteal or uneconome, Cera ming tthe, sch 4 subleve and block caving, Have been developed to avoid the ‘sey for il bt tse metho ca el high dition als (foe Insc, thew of hackles the af of exposed ok Sure at any stage the exenvation proces ‘The assessment ofa suitable ack depends on: 1 there bog asia sours of material: usually fli the prods fof a conciation proess, but in etn cumstances may be ‘quired sand or rock © sete a feestanding backfl wal sto be creed in which ese Backs only used for mining puposs and in most eases a con- ‘ctator wil be relatively close tothe mining operations. Recent ‘advances inthe use of hydaui il at very gh Pulp densities has ‘ualeduneeloned ln tllgs to be wed, a sondern of gain Sz and polation rates ino ial Hee or the purposes of & Feasibility assessment ican be asumed ta I there i a eoneet ate ‘hen a sabe fi exis, "he roguied strength of the fl wl depend on the sie of the exposed face andthe aunt of closure that wil ake plac aces tbe ‘xpond face before the excavation i ls, An approximate ein tion of he regu srg of te lca be aed tom he alow Ing veaoasip* at asa oy fi male seth, Ma Scent, MN 1h Shei or ‘The amount of exment necessary to achieve the reed stenth an te email fom Figure 31. A considerable rane i senshi Shown, The range depends onthe quay ofthe fil in terms of mst eos. This in torn depends on the rang ofthe, a wel waded ‘i navin he ht proporion of fine ad coarse mae oz ‘done afl spore Ke should so be placed ss hgh a pulp est a posite. These requirements may conc wth he fle a ‘which ihe fil wi ein and coset, though exert ih pulp ens does at conan any tee Wate I agzeaate aded 10 the arate il then proportionally es lis required. hese Fa tors mak it extremely if to Mel the erect portion ofthe raph in Fpure 31 to se, and we eommend that You ee on the con Serva fora fest analyse. ‘ho tatate eth fe Compan Suet Poet ofc “Bae gh er)