Chapter 6

Modified function projective

synchronization in hyperchaotic
systems through OPCL coupling

6.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we propose a scheme for realizing the MFPS of hyperchaotic systems
through OPCL coupling. We design controllers to obtain MFPS of two identical
hyperchaotic Rössler systems[122] and mismatched hyperchaotic Lü systems[119].
A secure communication scheme based on MFPS is also investigated.

6.2 MFPS through OPCL coupling

MFPS is an extension of FPS where drive and response systems are synchro-
nized upto a desired scaling function matrix m(t) = diag[m1 (t), m2 (t), ....., mn (t)]T .
The new goal dynamics g̃(t) is given by g̃(t) = [g1 (t), g2 (t), g3 (t), g4 (t)]T =
[m1 (t)y1 (t), m2 (t)y2 (t), m3 (t)y3 (t), m4 (t)y4 (t)]T for the four dimensional case.

The response system after coupling becomes

ẋ = f (x) + D(x, g̃), (6.1)

 Modified function projective synchronization in hyperchaotic systems
68 through OPCL coupling

where the coupling function is defined by

   
m1 (t)ẏ1 (t) ṁ1 (t)y1 (t)
   
 m2 (t)ẏ2 (t)   ṁ2 (t)y2 (t) 
D(x, ge) = 
 m (t)ẏ (t)
+ 
  ṁ (t)y (t)  − f (g̃)
 3 3   3 3 
m4 (t)ẏ4 (t) ṁ4 (t)y4 (t)
 
x1 (t) − m1 (t)y1 (t)
 
∂f (g̃)  x2 (t) − m 2 (t)y 2 (t) 
+(H − )  (6.2)
∂g̃  x3 (t) − m3 (t)y3 (t) 


x4 (t) − m4 (t)y4 (t)

Now as in chapter 4, we define the errors e = (e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 )T = (x1 (t) −

m1 (t)y1 (t), x2 (t) − m2 (t)y2 (t), x3 (t) − m3 (t)y3 (t), x4 (t) − m4 (t)y4 (t))T . If e −→ 0
asymptotically we obtain MFPS.

6.3 MFPS of two identical Rössler hyperchaotic sys-

tems

Hyperchaotic Rössler system [122]is described by the following nonlinear differential

equations

ẏ1 = −y2 − y3 (6.3)

ẏ2 = y1 + ay2 + y4
ẏ3 = b + y1 y3
ẏ4 = −cy3 + dy4

The system exhibits hyperchaotic behaviour when a = 0.25, b = 3, c = 0.5 and

d = 0.05.

The response system after coupling ,choosing the arbitrary Hurwitz matrix H =
6.3 MFPS of two identical Rössler hyperchaotic systems 69

y1 50

−50
0 10 20 30 40 50
20
y2

−20
0 10 20 30 40 50
20
y3

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
20
y4

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.1: Time evolution of the drive system(6.3) states.

−I4 is given by

ẋ1 = −x2 − x3 + (m2 − m1 )y2 + (m3 − m1 )y3 + ṁ1 y1 (6.4)

−e1 + e2 + e3
ẋ2 = x1 + ax2 + x4 + (m2 − m1 )y1 + (m2 − m4 )y4 + ṁ2 y2
+e1 − (a + 1)e2 − e4
ẋ3 = b + x1 x3 + (m3 − 1)b + (1 − m1 )m3 y1 y3 + ṁ3 y3
−m3 y3 e1 − (1 + m1 y1 )e2
ẋ4 = −cx3 + dx4 + (m3 − m4 )cy3 + ṁ4 y4
+ce3 − (1 + d)e4 (6.5)

For numerical simulations, we choose the arbitrary scaling function matrix el-
ements as m1 (t) = 0.05 + 0.03sin(t), m2 (t) = 0.04 + 0.02cos(2πt), m3 (t) = 0.03 +
0.015sin(2πt/20+50) and m4 (t) = 0. The results of numerical simulations are shown
in figures (6.1)-(6.3). Figure 6.1 shows the time evolution of the state variables of
the drive and figure 6.2 that of the response system under coupling. Fig 6.3 displays
the evolution of errors tending to zero asymptotically indicating MFPS.
 Modified function projective synchronization in hyperchaotic systems
70 through OPCL coupling

2
x1

−2
0 10 20 30 40 50
1
x2

−1
0 10 20 30 40 50
1
x3

−1
0 10 20 30 40 50
1
x4

−1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.2: Time evolution of the response system(6.4) states.

20
e1

−20
0 10 20 30 40 50
20
e2

−20
0 10 20 30 40 50
5
e3

−5
0 10 20 30 40 50
20
e4

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.3: The time evolution of MFPS errors between drive(6.3) and response
system(6.4).
6.4 MFPS of two mismatched Lü hyperchaotic systems 71

6.4 MFPS of two mismatched Lü hyperchaotic systems

To study MFPS in mismatched oscillators,we choose Lü hyperchaotic system[119].
The Lü hyperchaotic system with mismatch considered as the driver is given by

ẏ1 = a(y2 − y1 ) + y4 (6.6)

ẏ2 = −y1 y3 + cy2
ẏ3 = y1 y2 − by3
ẏ4 = y1 y3 + dy4 + ∆dy4

where ∆d is the parameter mismatch. The system exhibits hyperchaotic behaviour

when a = 36, b = 3, c = 20 and −0.35 < d ≤ 1.30.
The response system after coupling is obtained as

ẋ1 = a(x2 − x1 ) + x4 + (m1 − m2 )ay2 + (m1 − m4 )y4 + ṁ1 y1 (6.7)

−(1 − a)e1 − ae2 − e4
ẋ2 = −x1 x3 + cx2 + (m1 m3 − m2 )y1 y3 + ṁ2 y2
+m3 y3 e1 − (1 + c)e2 + m1 y1 e3
ẋ3 = x1 x2 − bx3 + (m3 − m1 m2 )y1 y2 + ṁ3 y3
−m2 y2 e1 − m1 y1 e2 + (b − 1)e3
ẋ4 = x1 x3 + dx4 + (m4 − m1 m3 )y1 y3 + m4 ∆dy4 + ṁ4 y4
−m3 y3 e1 − m1 y1 e3 − (1 + d)e4

Numerical simulations are performed by choosing the arbitrary scaling

function matrix elements as m1 (t) = 0.03 + 0.02sin(2πt/10 + 20), m2 (t) =
0.02 + 0.01cos(2πt/10), m3 (t) = 0.05 + 0.025sin(2πt/20) and m4 (t) = 0.03 +
0.015sin(2πt/10 + 15). The parameters of the drive and response systems are se-
lected as a = 36, b = 3, c = 20 and d = 1 and the parameter mismatch ∆d is chosen
as −0.5.Figure 6.4 and 6.5 display respectively, time response of the states of the
drive and response systems under OPCL coupling for MFPS. The synchronization
errors asymptotically tending to zero is depicted in figure 6.6.

6.5 Application of MFPS in secure communication

MFPS with the unpredictability of the scaling function matrix can provide enhanced
security in secure communication. In this section, a scheme for secure communica-
tion based on MFPS is investigated in theory. Fig. 6.7 shows a block diagram of the
 Modified function projective synchronization in hyperchaotic systems
72 through OPCL coupling

50
y1

−50
0 10 20 30 40 50
50
y2

−50
0 10 20 30 40 50
50
y3

−50
0 10 20 30 40 50
200
y4

−200
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.4: Time evolution of the drive system(6.6) states.

2
x1

−2
0 10 20 30 40 50
2
x2

−2
0 10 20 30 40 50
5
x3

−5
0 10 20 30 40 50
10
x4

−10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.5: Time evolution of the response system(6.7) states.

6.5 Application of MFPS in secure communication 73

e1 0.1

−0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.2
e2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
1
e3

−1
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.5
e4

−0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.6: The time evolution of MFPS errors between drive(6.6) and response
system(6.7).

communication scheme in which L1 and L2 are hyperchaotic Lü systems which are
used as the transmitter and receiver, respectively. ms (t) is the information signal
that has to be send through the communication channel securely. The information
signal is added to the dynamics of the chaotic system by changing y2 → y2 + ms (t).
Thus the chaotic driver is obtained as

ẏ1 = a((y2 + ms (t)) − y1 ) + y4 (6.8)

ẏ2 = −y1 y3 + c(y2 + ms (t))
ẏ3 = y1 (y2 + ms (t)) − by3
ẏ4 = y1 y3 + dy4 + ∆dy4

Under the application of the control signal D to the receiver, MFPS of driver
and receiver is achieved and the information signal recovered at the receiving end
mr (t) is obtained as mr (t) = (x2 − m2 (t)y2 )/m2 (t). The time evolution of the in-
formation signal ms (t) and the recovered signal mr (t) displayed in fig.6.8 show that
the information signal ms (t) is recovered after a short transient.
 Modified function projective synchronization in hyperchaotic systems
74 through OPCL coupling
Figure 6.7: Communication scheme based on MFPS.
6.6 Conclusion 75

0.1
ms
0.08 mr

0.06

0.04

0.02
ms,mr

−0.02

−0.04

−0.06

−0.08

−0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time

Figure 6.8: The time evolution of information signal ms (t) and the recovered signal
mr (t)

6.6 Conclusion
This work investigated the MFPS of two identical and mismatched hyperchaotic
systems. Based on unidirectional OPCL coupling, we design controllers to realize
MFPS of two hyperchaotic systems. A scheme for secure communication based on
MFPS is also presented. All the theoretical results are verified by numerical simu-
lations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synchronization schemes.