I Gede Krishna A.

21030117190080
Examination

Q1: Solve the below problem (30 marks)

The possibility of storing acetic acid at temperature 25oC and pressure 1 atm.

1. Please analyse the properties, possibilities, and consideration

2. Determine the type of the vessel, including head type and its material construction.

Answer:

1. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is an organic solvent. Acetic acid also known as ethanoic acid,
it is a colorless liquid that acts as a major precursor for the production of various
chemicals used in textile, rubber and plastic industries among others. It acts as an
intermediary for the formulation of various coatings, sealants, and greases that are widely
used in the construction, electronics, and the packaging industry. Acetic acid market is
projected to show substantial growth during the forecast period. The growing use of
acetic acid in manufacturing of various products such as vinyl acetate monomers (VAM)
and purified terephthalate acid is projected to boost the market size during the assessment
period. Acetic acid is widely used to produce VAM, which is in turn used to manufacture
various resins and polymers for adhesives, films, paints, coatings, textiles and other end-
user products.
• It combusts. Storing acetic acid alongside nitric acid is placing a fuel beside an
oxidizer, which will give a terrible fire if they are broken.
• It dissolves the grease layer around your cells and penetrates very deep, not
hurting much at first. Then it gets to work killing tissue. You may not feel any
urgency to wash it off, but you should wash it immediately and really well or you
will need skin grafts at the very least, and quite possibly plastic surgery.
• Acetic acid can be use to make vinegar
• This material,or concentrated solutions of it, will cause severe skin burns.
• Acetic Acid can be hazardous. Acetic acid can be a hazardous chemical if not
used in a safe and appropriate manner. This liquid is highly corrosive to the skin
and eyes and, because of this, must be handled with extreme care. Acetic acid can
also be damaging to the internal organs if ingested or in the case of
vapor inhalation.

2. Acetic acid should be stored in an approved area away from heat or other sources of
ignition. Keep away from incompatible materials including oxidizing agents, reducing
agents, metals, acids and alkalis. Store acetic acid in a cool, well-ventilated area in a
tightly sealed container. This chemical must be disposed of in accordance with federal,
state, and local environmental regulations. Here’s a great resource for safety compliance
information. Safety is of the utmost importance when handling potentially
 dangerouschemicals such as acetic acid. This corrosive liquid should be used with care,
both in the workplace and in household products. To store acetic acid we use LNG
(Liquefied Natural Gas) tanks. LNG is a cryogen, and is kept in its liquid state at very
low temperatures. The temperature within the tank will remain constant if the pressure is
kept constant by allowing the boil off gas to escape from the tank. This is known as auto-
refrigeration.

Q2: Analyse the below case (40 marks)

The diameter and height of a stirred tank reactor are 6 and 8 ft, respectively. The reactor is used
to conduct irreversible endothermic liquid phase reaction at 150°C and 1 atmospheric pressure.
To maintain the temperature and the reaction phase, the reactor is equipped with a heating jacket.
As an energy source saturated steam is used at 3 atmospheric pressure. Reactants and reaction
products are not corrosive. Calculate roughly its shell and head thickness.

Main dimensions of stirred vessel. T = tank diameter; D = impeller diameter; C =

clearance; W = impeller width; B = baffle width; H = liquid height.

H1 = 6 ft, H2 = 8 ft, T= 150,

Q3: Solve the below problem (30 marks)

Flooding is one of the problems encountered the use of tray tower for separation equipment.
Elaborate the flooding phenomena and what design strategies to minimize it
Answer:
In separation equipment there are many factors which affects the efficiency of the trays or
column.
Those are

1. Liquid entrainment
2. Weeping
3. Foaming
4. Flooding.

Flooding:

• Flooding is nothing but the liquid which is fully filled up in th column, and starts to
came out from the top way of column. When it is starts to came out from the top of the
distillation column its calles as flooding . The top way which is especially dedicated to
collect the high boiling point liquids( easily vapourable components ) like gases.
• When we are going give input to the column in high flow rate it will leads to the
flooding. In other case the weeping in column is also leads to the flooding.
• Otherwise the steam input or steam flow which is from the reboiler is very low, it leads
to the flooding in column. And also it leads to the weeping in column.
• Flooding is the is factor which totally affects the efficiency ot the trays .

Flooding in tray tower of separation equipment can occur or observed in either of the following
ways.

1. Jet Flooding:

• In distillation operation froth of liquid-vapour mixture forms on each tray from which
nearly clear vapour is seperated and rises upward to meet the liquid on the next above
tray. When froth of liquid-vapour mixture touches the next above tray it is called jet
flooding.
2. Downcomer Flooding:

• In distillation column, liquid flows in downward direction by gravitational force but it

flows against the pressure.
• When liquid flows from one tray to next below tray, it flows from lower pressure to
higher pressure. Hence, to compensate that, it elevates certain level inside the
downcomer.
• When the liquid level in downcomer on any tray rises above the weir, it is called
downcomer flooding.
When the liquid hold up on the tray increase to certain or beyond the limit is called flooding.

Reason of Flooding:-

In distillation column vapour goes up and liquid comes down but if any one flow disturb by any
reason other flow disturbed by sure.

1. If perforation of the tray choked by scaling or any reason then liquid flowrate coming
down from the tray decrease and so liquid hold up increase and it cause flooding in
distillation column.
2. If vaporization rate of reboiler is high then liquid partical carryover by the vapour from
below tray to above tray if it is continue then liquid holdup on the above tray increase
and it cause flooding.

How can you identify flooding by observing operating parameters:-

1. Pressure difference (Pressure drop) increase.

2. Bottom pressure increase because of liquid hold up on the tray vapor required more
force to go up and so bottom pressure of separation equipment increase.
3. If bottom pressure increase then bottom temperature also increase.
Action to be taken while flooding:-

1. Reduce reboiler duty on temporary basis so liquid hold up comes down and then again
do it normal.
2. Reduce feed to the distillation column becuase column already flooded with the liquid.
3. If it is continue for long time it means perforation of tray choked so operate column on
minimum capacity for better purity.