206 28 ZILOG 28 The Z8, developed by Zilog, is perhaps the most sophisticated of the S-bit single-chip microcomputers currently available. It is fabricated using the nMOS process, Although most of the other manufacturers have based the design of their single-chip microcomputers on that of one of the other microprocessors in their product, range, Zilog chose a completely new design for both internal architecture and instruction set for their Z8. ‘Thus the Z8 is different from both the Z80 and the larger 16-bit 28000. However, it ends to adopt a similar basic design philosophy to the 28000, with a large bank of general purpose registers in the CPU section and a simple, yet very flexible, instruction set ‘AS with other 8-bit microcomputer devices the 28 has ‘mask programmed ROM and asmall amount of RAM on the chip, as well asa counter/timer and various input ‘output ports. Since the ROM is mask programmed the ZB is ideally suited to those dedicated applications ‘where complex processing is required, with a medium to high volume production. There is, however, a version of the Z8 which carries a piggyback socket for use with a 2716 type UV erascable PROM. It is useful for system development or for small production runs. ‘When compared with other types of 8-bit micro- computer the 28 has some similarities to the 1804 with its register file, but does provide much more flexibility The possibility of selecting many different ban! registers within the on-chip RAM is similar to the scheme adopted by the Texas 9980, although the latter is basically a 16-bit microprocessor. A feature of the 78 not found in some other single-chip microcomputers is that it can readily be expanded to use large external ‘memories for both program and data storage. Prime manufacturer Zilog Ine Devices available 78600 2k ROM, 144 byte RAM Z96CO0_ CMOS 8600 Z8601_ 2k ROM, 144 byte RAM Z86CO8 2k ROM, Id] byte RAM, CMOS Z86C10_ 4k ROM, 144 byte RAM, CMOS Z86C11 4k ROM, 144 byte RAM, CMOS 296C20_8k ROM, 256 byte RAM, CMOS Z86C21 8k ROM, 256 byte RAM, CMOS ‘Z86E21 8621 with OTP PROM 78671 BASIC and debug in ROM Z8681_— ROMiess version Z8601 ROMless version Z96C91_ CMOS version of 8691 ‘Z86E21_ 4k EPROM version of 8621 Alternative source devices SGS~Thompson 8600 Zs001 Za610 Zs611 79620 106 2k ROM, 144 bytes RAM 2k ROM, 144 bytes RAM 4k ROM, 144 bytes RAM 4k ROM, 144 bytes RAM 8k ROM, 256 bytes RAM Z8621 8k ROM, 256 bytes RAM 28671 BASIC and debug in ROM Z8681_— ROMless version ZS6R91_ ROMless version Z86EI1_ 4k EPROM version of 8611 ‘Z86E21 4k EPROM version of 8621 Architecture As will be seen from fig. 3.18 a central feature of the Z8 isa bank of 124 general purpose registers which may be used in groups of 16 at a time as the CPU registers. A ‘workspace pointer register (WP) is used to select a par- ticular bank of 16 registers from the 124 for use by the CPU. This scheme is similar to that used in the Texas ‘9980, although the Z8 does use a separate stack pointer register in the CPU itself, Any of the l6sclected working, registers may be used as an accumulator or index register as well as for general data storage. The 124-register bank ‘may include a stack area. Registers within the selected. ‘group of 16 may be addressed directly, whereas others are simply treated as RAM. A 16-bit program counter register (PC) permits access to up to 65 kbyte of memory, of which 2k is on-chip ROM and 63k may be external ROM. When external memory is used the ROM address is fed out via ports 0 and 1, whilst the data come out on port [ multiplexed with part of the address signal, The Z8 uses separate program and data memory spaces which may use the same address code but are identified by output control lines. Thus the Z8 can also address up to 65 kbyte of data memory as well as 65 kbyte of program space. ‘There are 128 bytes of RAM on the Z8 chip. Of these the first four bytes are used for input-output port registers, and the remainder are general purpose registers or data storage locations. External RAM is addressed via ports 0 and 1, with data multiplexed via port Pete er LL» [ cle | RAM rene TIMERS gee ait jie oe a] yr t tt Fig. 3.18Two fully programmable 8-bit counter/timers. are provided on the 28 chip. Each of them has a fully programmable 6-bit prescaler counter. Four input-output ports are provided and these may be programmed in various ways to give byte, nibble and single-bit outputs or inputs, A full duplex asynchronous serial channel is also provided for input-output. The Z8 chip has an on-chip clock generator and also has internally generated timing circuits forthe serial /O channel Package Z8600 Z8601 Z8610 28-pin DIL Z8611 40-pin DIL or 44-pin PLCC 28620 28-pin DIL 28621 40-pin DIL or 44-pin PLCC Zs671 40-pin DIL Z8681 40-pin DIL or 44-pin PLCC 78691 40-pin DIL or 44-pin PLOC Pin connections Z8601 Basic MCU 1 Vee 21 PLO 2 XTAL2 2 PL 3 XTALI 3 PLD 4 P37 2 PLS 5 P30 25 PI 6 RESET 26 PLS 7 RW 27 PL6 8 DS 28 PIT 9 aS 29 PR 10 PRS 30 P33 I Ve 31 P20 12 P32 3 PR 13 POO 33 P22 14 PO 3 P23 15 POD 35 Pod 16 P03 36 PRS 17 POt 37 P26 18 POS 38 P27 19 P06 39 PBL 20 PO-7 40 PE Pin functions AO-ALL Address outputs to external ROM 0-7 Data inputs from external ROM PO.0t0POT — Port 01/0 PLOtoPIT — Port 11/0. P2.0t0P27 Port 21/0 P3.010P37 Port 31/0 XTALI, XTAL2_ Clock timing pins for external crystal RESET Reset input (active low) RW Read-write output (write low) Ds Data strobe output (active low) AS ‘Address strobe output (active ow) Ves Vos Power supply inputs TACK’ Interrupt acknowledge output SYNC Sync. output (active low) SCLK Serial 1/0 clock output 21L0G z= Power requirements Voc $5. VES% Va OV ‘emperature range OC to +70°C Input-output ‘The Z8 provides a total of 32 input-output lines grouped into 4 ports. All signals to and from the Z8 chip are compatible with TTL, and outputs will enerally drive ‘one TTL load. Each of the ports is programmable and three of them may be used in different modes to carry address or control information when not being used as an input-output data channel Port 0 is an §-bit bidirectional port which may be set up as two 4-bit ports or asa single 8-bit port. When the AS output is active this port carries 8 bits of address for selection of external ROM expansion or for external data RAM. Port 1 isan &-bit bidirectional port which can be set up for either input oF output of data in bytes. This port is algo used to carry § bits of the address output when the AS strobe output is active. When the DS strobe is active the port becomes a data bus for input or output of data to the external ROM or RAM. Port 2 consists of 8 separate individually programmed lines which may be set up for either input or output as desired. This port may be set up for nibble or byte wide data or as separate signal ines. Ithas no other functions Port3 consists of a4-line input port and ad-line output port and is not programmable. It carries the full duplex Serial input-output data and its associated handshake signals. The 4 input lines may alternatively be used for interrupt inputs. There is also provision for using the output lines to carry status information. The Z8 maintains separate address spaces for program and data (ROM and RAM) and one of the output lines of port 3 may be used to indicate to the external expansion ‘memory whether the address being output is a program address or a data memory address. The timer input ‘output signals also pass through port 3. Although the input-output port functions are flexible not all ofthese functions can be used simultaneously Interrupt facilities Four external interrupt lines are provided through port 3, and there are also interrupts for both the counter/ timer and the asynchronous serial input-output channel. Al interrupts are vectored to their individual service routines and a priority system is built into the ZS. Instruction set At first glance the instruction set of the Z8 seems deceptively simple, since there are only some 40 basic instructions. However, each of these is very flexible ‘giving a wide range of operations. In practice the structions are similar to those provided on the more modern 16-bit microprocessors which also have relatively simple looking instruction sets 10721L0G 28 Arithmetic and logic The Z8 provides both addition and subtraction, either ith or without a carry. A decimal adjust facility is included for use with binary coded numbers. Logical operations provided in the 78 are AND, OR and EXCLUSIVE-OR. There are also instructions for left and right shift or rotate operations. Data in the registers may also be incremented, decremented, com- plemented and compared. Allarithmetic and logic operations may be carried out ‘on any of the 16 general purpose registers selected by the workspace register pointer. Data transfers ‘A very wide range of data manipulation instructions be used with the workspace registers and with other registers in the on-chip RAM area. Data transfers to external memory are not so versatile, since data have to be transferred through the use of the input-output ports acting as address and data buses. Data can be manipulated as bytes, nibbles or in- dividual bits as desired. Nibbles within registers may be swapped and there are facilities for moving blocks of data, Stacks can be set up within the 124-register array ‘on the chip, and may be used for either data or address and status storage for subroutines and interrupts. ‘Any of the on-chip registers may be used for indexing and there are facilities for auto-incremented indexing. Branch and jump There are several conditional branch operations available in the Z8, as well as unconditional jumps. ‘There is also a call instruction for subroutines. Addressing modes The Z8 provides immediate, direct, indexed, relative, register direct and register indirect modes of addressing, Ti ing ‘The Z8 contains an on-chip clock generator which may use a crystal, RC network or LC network for timing. Alternatively an external clock signal may be used. The maximum frequency for the clock is 8 MHz, but the internal clock rate for the CPU is 4 MHz. Using an 8 MHz crystal the typical execution time for instructions is some 1.5-2.5 ys. The serial input-output channel can operate at up to 62500 b.p.s. and timing is derived internally. ‘Support chips Normally the Z8 will operate as a stand alone computer, but various types of peripheral chip such as those for the Z80 may be employed if desired. In fact some of the peripheral devices for use with the Z80 are versions of the Z8.