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    File 339

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    shekharc

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1324 PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY than a few minstes, and all ee eps are dscibed collectively as a cycle, Bach cele raul in proximately a doubling ofthe numberof target DNA moleuls. Typically more tan 30 eyes are ‘rformed. If each eel is assumed 0 give a doubling i get sequence copies, it can be seen that 30 syeles give over a billion (> 10° dubleseanded DNA copes of the specific sequence Ths, Yetianing with even just a single molecule of DNA, the PCR ean geneete 10 billion copies tna single afternoon, The PCR is the mainstay in forensic science as well, whore it may be used to copy DNA for a lace sample of blood or semen or a hair left at the scene of the crime. [t is als used in cvoluionary biology and anthropology where the DNA of interest may come from a 40,000 year-old wooly mammoth of the tissue of a mummy such as that of an Eeyptin pharaoh. It is also Used Io ‘eatch families with lost relatives, Thee i almost no area with biological significance that does not {in some way have application for use of the PCR reaction. Separation of Proteins and Nuclefe Acids. We may mention here that amino acids which form the bullding blocks of polypeptides and proteins, contain amino and carboxylic acid groups that ean ‘nize or protonate, depending on the pH. Ata cerain pH, the net charge of an amino acid is zero and it exists as a awitterion that exhibits no, eletrophoretc mobility. This pH is called the ‘soeletie point (pl) ofthe amino acid, Electrophoretic methods ae used 10 separate substances (such & charged colloidal particles or macromolecular ions like those of proteins, nucleic acids and Dolysacchardes). There are several kinds of electrophoresis. | pulsed-field eleetrophoFesis, the direction of the eletic field is periodically reversed for a brief time and this repeated reversal causes very Inge DNA fragments to migrate at a rate that

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