COOPERATIVE UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIA

CIVIL ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
PROPOSAL LOGIC

DOC. SORZA ALVAREZ ELKIN GIOVANI

STUDENT:
ID 300010 JUAN SEBASTIAN BENAVIDEZ

VILLAVICENCIO-META
202

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 CONTENT

I. Introduction
II. What is a proposition?
III. What requirements must a linguistic expression meet to be considered
a proposition?
IV. What linguistic expressions do not constitute examples of
propositions?
V. Why are interrogative, imperative or exhortative, desiderative,
admiring or exclamatory sentences and doubting sentences not
examples of propositions?
VI. What similarities and differences are there between pseudo-
propositions and propositional functions?
VII. What is a defined description?
VIII. Are philosophical or philosophical statements or examples of
propositions? Why?
IX. Is the law an example of a proposition? Why?
X. What kinds of propositions are there and what are the differences
between them?
XI. How are atomic propositions classified?
XII. What difference is there between a predicative proposition and a
relational proposition?
XIII. How are molecular propositions classified?
XIV. What is a conjunctive proposition?
XV. What is a conjunctive pseudo-proposition?
XVI. What is a disjunctive proposition?
XVII. What kinds of disjunctive propositions are there and what does each
consist of?
XVIII. What is a conditional statement?
XIX. What difference is there between a conditional proposition and an
implicative proposition?
XX. What is a biconditional proposition?
XXI. What is a negative proposition?

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 INTRODUCTION

Propositional logic is the most elementary part of modern or mathematical logic. In

this first part of the logic, inferences are constructed without taking into account the
internal structure of the propositions. Only the logical relationships existing between
propositions considered as a whole are examined, and only their property of being
true or false is taken into account. For this reason it uses only propositional
variables.

Proposal logic studies formal extra-propositional relationships, that is, those

relationships between propositions and not those that occur within them. It is also
called the logic of unanalyzed propositions. It has means of formal analysis of
inferences (symbolic language and specific methods), and their validity is
determined by the relationships between propositions considered as a whole,
without penetrating their internal structure.

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 1. WHAT IS A PROPOSITION?

Language, strictly speaking, is a conventional system of signs, that is, a set of

meaningful sounds and letters, subject to a certain internal articulation. It serves to
affirm or deny (assertive or declarative sentences); express wishes (wishful
sentences); ask questions (interrogative sentences); express surprise or admiration
(exclamatory or admiring sentences) and indicate exhortation, command or
prohibition (exhortative or imperative sentences).

2. WHAT REQUIREMENTS MUST A LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION MEET TO BE

CONSIDERED A PROPOSITION?

All propositions are sentences, but not all sentences are propositions. Indeed, the
interrogative sentences, the exhortative or imperative sentences, the desiderative
sentences and the exclamatory or admiring sentences are not propositions because
neither of them affirms or denies something and, therefore, they are neither true nor
false.

3. WHAT LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS DO NOT CONSTITUTE EXAMPLES

OF PROPOSALS?

a. The quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon.

b. What is logic?
c. We must honor our heroes.
d. Be in good time.
e. By Jupiter! I almost got the lottery!
f. SAW. Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
g. Valentine is good.

4. WHY DO INTERROGATIVE, IMPERATIVE OR EXHORTATIVE,

DESIDERATIVE, ADMIRATIVE, OR EXCLUSIVE SENTENCES AND
DOUBTING DO NOT CONSTITUTE EXAMPLES OF PROPOSALS?

I. It is a proposition because it is a true assertive sentence

II. It is not a proposition because it is an interrogative sentence
III. It is not a proposition because it is an imperative or exhortative sentence
IV. Nor is it a proposition because it is a wishful prayer
V. It is not a proposition because it is an exclamatory or admiring sentence
VI. It is not a proposition because it is a doubtful sentence, and finally
VII. It is not a proposition because it constitutes a value judgment.

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 5. WHAT SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES EXIST BETWEEN THE
PSEUDO-PROPOSITIONS AND THE PROPOSITIONAL FUNCTIONS?

• They are pseudo-propositions, that is, false propositions.

• They are also examples of assertive sentences, but not propositions; they are
neither true nor false because they contain one or more uninterpreted letters,
SIMILARITIES they are examples of propositional functions.

• they are not propositions; they are definite descriptions, that is, special phrases
that can be replaced by proper names.
• They are linguistic expressions that have the appearance of propositions, but
that really are not because it makes no sense to say that they are true or false.
DIFFERENCES
• They are examples of assertive sentences, but not propositions.

6. WHAT IS A DEFINED DESCRIPTION?

Defined descriptions, that is, special phrases that can be replaced by proper
names.

7. PHILOSOPHEMS OR PHILOSOPHICAL STATEMENTS, ARE THEY OR

NOT EXAMPLES OF PROPOSITIONS? WHY?

Philosophies, that is, philosophical statements. None of them can be described as

true or false. Its truth or falsehood cannot be established logically or empirically. In
philosophy there are no truths, since philosophical statements or philosophies only
express rationally founded opinions.

Therefore, they are not examples of propositions:

 Interrogative, imperative or exhortatory, desiderative, exclamatory or

admiring sentences and doubting ones.
 Value judgments.
 Pseudo-propositions.
 The propositional functions.
 Defined descriptions, and
 Philosophems.

8. IS THE LAW AN EXAMPLE OF A PROPOSITION? WHY?

It is necessary to distinguish a proposition (conceptual object or construct) from the

sentences (linguistic objects) that designate, express or formulate it, just as it is
necessary to distinguish a sentence from its various oral, written, or gestural

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statements (psycho-physical act). Indeed, when I enunciate, or listen, or write, or
read a sentence, for example, "Three is greater than two," I execute a
psychophysical act.

9. WHAT KINDS OF PROPOSALS ARE THERE AND WHAT ARE THE

DIFFERENCES THAT BETWEEN THEM?

Proposal classes:

 These can be of two kinds: atomic and molecular.

Atomic propositions (simple or elementary) lack typical or connective

grammatical conjunctions (‘and’, ‘or’, ‘if ... then’, ‘if and only if’) or the adverb of
negation ‘no’.

 Molecular propositions (compound or colligative) with have some typical or

connective grammatical conjunction or the negative adverb 'no'.

10. HOW ARE ATOMIC PROPOSALS CLASSIFIED?

Logic is different from mathematics.

Atomic propositions according to their constituent elements can be classified into
predicative and relational.
Predicative propositions consist of subject and predicate.

Examples:

a. Number 2 is even.
b. Space is relative.

11. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREACHING PROPOSITION

AND RELATIONAL PROPOSITION?

 Atomic propositions according to their constituent elements can be

classified into predicative and relational.
 The propositions relacionales they consist of two or more linked subjects.
 Predicative propositions consist of subject and predicate.
 Logic and mathematics are formal sciences. Time is absolute or relative.
 If two adjacent angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
 This number is even if and only if it is divisible by two.

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 12. HOW ARE MOLECULAR PROPOSITIONS CLASSIFIED?

• Classification of molecular propositions

The molecular propositions, according to the type of conjunction they carry, are
classified into conjunctive, disjunctive, conditional and biconditional; if they carry the
adverb of negation 'no' they are called negatives.
Conjunctive propositions carry the copulative conjunction 'y', or their equivalent
expressions such as 'e', 'but', 'although', 'even when', 'as much ... as ...', 'but',
'neither ... nor', 'however', 'in addition', etc.

13. . WHAT IS A JOINT PROPOSITION?

In conjunctive propositions it is not necessary that their component propositions be

related in content; the presence of the conjunction ‘and’ is sufficient.
A conjunctive proposition is commutative, that is, the order of its component
propositions can be permuted without altering the conjunction.

14. . WHAT IS A CONJUNCTIVE PSEUDOPROPOSITION?

Conjunctive pseudo-propositions are propositions that are presented as if they were

conjunctive propositions, but are actually relational atomic propositions. The ‘and’,
of the examples, has the character of a relational term and not properly a copulative
or connective conjunction.

15. WHAT IS A DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION?

Disjunctive propositions carry the disjunctive conjunction 'o', or their equivalent

expressions such as' u ',' now ... now ',' well ... well ',' ora ... ora ',' sea ... sea ',' and /
or ', etc.
In Spanish the disjunction 'o' has two senses: one inclusive or weak and the other
exclusive or strong.

16. WHAT KINDS OF DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITIONS ARE THERE AND

WHAT DOES EACH OF THEM CONSIST OF?

The inclusive disjunctive proposition admits that the two alternatives occur together.
The exclusive disjunctive proposition does not admit that the two alternatives occur
together.
In Spanish there is no special sign for the inclusive disjunction and another for the
exclusive one, that is, in both cases the same particle ‘or’ is used; while in logic
there are special signs to distinguish them, as we will see later.

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 17. WHAT IS A CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION?

Every conditional proposition consists of two elements: antecedent and consequent.

The proposition that follows the word ‘if’ is called antecedent and the one that
follows the word ‘then’ is called consequential.

18. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CONDITIONAL

PROPOSITION AND THE IMPLICATIVE PROPOSITION?

 Every conditional proposition has two elements: antecedent and

consequet. The proposition that follows the word ‘if’ is called
antecedent and the one thatfollows the word ‘then’ is called
consequential.
 Every implicative statement is conditional, but not every conditional
statement is implicative. Indeed, only conditional statements that are
tautologies are implicative.

19. WHAT IS A BICONDITIONAL PROPOSITION?

Biconditional statements carry the compound conjunction ‘... yes and only if ...’, or
their equivalent expressions like como when and only when ’,‘ if ..., then and only
then ... ’, etc.

20. WHAT IS A NEGATIVE PROPOSITION?

Negative propositions carry the adverb of negation 'no', or their equivalent

expressions like 'never', 'never', 'neither', 'it is not true that', 'it is not true that', 'it is
false that', ' lacks', 'lacks',' without ', etc.