FUNDAMENTALSOFSURVEYI
NG
LABEXERCI
SENO.07
PROBLEM : RECI
PROCALLEVELI
NG
OBJECTI
VES : Todet
erminethedi
fferencei
nel
evat
ionbet
weentwopoint
s
onopposi
tesidesofani
maginar
ydeeprav
ineorwider
iver
.
LABEXERCI
SEOUTLI
NE
A.I
NSTRUMENTS&ACCESSORI
ES:
1.Engi
neer
’sLev
elorAut
omat
icLev
el
2.RangePol
es
3.HubsorPegs
4.Lev
eli
ngRod
5.Chal
korMar
kingCr
ayons
B.PROCEDURE
1.Settwohubsont heground(ormar koffpoi
ntsonpav ementwi t
hchal k)about
150to200met er
sapartandcalltheseBM-1andBM- 2.Theelevati
onofBM- 2is
tobedeter
minedwhiletheel
evationofBM-isknownorassumed.Al so,imagine
thatt
her
eisaninter
veni
ngdeepr avi
neorwideri
verbetweenthesetwopoi nts.
2.Setupandl
evel
ver
ycar
eful
l
ythei
nst
rumentatapoi
nt(
A)nearBM-
1.
3.Takeandrecor
daser i
esofthreeconsecut
ivebacksi
ghtr
odr
eadi
ngsonBM-
1
andsi
xconsecuti
vef
oresi
ghtrodreadi
ngsonBM- 2
4.Mov et
heinst
rumentt
opointB(ontheopposi
tesi
deoft
hei
magi
nar
yrav
ineand
nearBM-2)
,setup,
andlev
elthei
nst
rumentcar
eful
l
y.
5.Fr
om thenewsetup, t
akeandrecor
dt hr
eeconsecut
ivef
oresi
ghtr
odr
eadi
ngson
BM-2andsixconsecuti
vebacksi
ghtrodreadi
ngsonBM-1.
6.Tabul
ateobser
vedandcomputedval
uesaccor
dingl
y.Ref
ert
otheaccompany
ing
sampl
ef or
matfort
hetabul
ati
onoffi
elddat
a.
I
NSTRUMENTSETUPNEARBM-
-1 I
NSTRUMENTSETUPNEARBM-
2
STATI
ON BS FS STATI
ON BBS FS
BM BM
(
a) (
b)
BM BM
(
b) (
d)
SUM SUM
MEAN MEAN
C.COMPUTATI
ONS
1.Deter
miningDiff
erenceinEl
evat
ion.
Forthefi
rstsetupatA,t
hediffer
encei
nelevat
ionbet
weenBM-
1andBM-2is
computedbysubt r
acti
ngthemeanoft hef
oresi
ghtfr
om t
hemeanoft
heback
si
ghtsor
DEA = ±(
am -
bm)
Where:
DEA =di
ff
erenceinelev
ati
onbetweenBM 1andBM 2
am =meanofthethreeconsecut
iver
odr eadingsonBM-1
bm =meanoft hesi
xconsecuti
verodreadingsonBM- 2
Si
mil
arl
y,f
ort
hesecondsetupatB
aIm -
DEB = ±( bIm)
Where:
DEB =di
ff
erencei
nel
evat
ionbet
weenBM 1andBM 2
aIm =meanoft
hesi
xconsecut
iver
odr
eadi
ngsonBM-
1
bIm =meanoft
het
hreeconsecut
iver
odr
eadi
ngsonBM-
2
2.Det
ermi
ningTr
ueDif
fer
enceinEl
evat
ion
Themeanofthetwodif
fer
encesi
nelev
ati
on(
DEA andDEB)i
stakenast
he
t
ruedi
ff
erencei
nel
evat
ionbet
weenBM-
1andBM-
2or
TDE=±(
DEA+DEB)
2
3.Det
ermi
ningtheElev
ati
onofBM-2
Theelevat
ionofBM-2i
sthendet
ermi
nedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion
El
eveofBM 2=El
evofBM 1±TDE
D. REMARKS,
HINTS&PRECAUTI
ONS:
1.Reci
procall
evel
i
ngi
sut
il
izedwheni
tisdi
ff
icul
tori
mpossi
blet
okeepbacksi
ght
andf oresightdi st ancesshor tandequal .Suchacondi tionusual lyexi stswhen
survey sar emadeacr ossr i
vers, l
akesdeepcany ons.
2.Thel ocat ionchosenf ort hewor kmustbewher et hel i
nesofsi ghtwi llbehi gh
enoughabov et hegr oundt oav oidanyl argeandi rregul arr ef ract ionef fect sthat
mayexi stneart hegr ound.
3.Sever alr eadingsar et akenf orav eraging.Thi sisdonebyr eadi ng,t ur ningt he
l
ev eli
ngscr ewst ot hrowt heinst rumentoutofl evel,relev eling, andr eadi ngagai n.
Thepr ocessi sr epeat edt woormor eti
mes.Thent hei nst r
umenti smov edclose
totheot herpoi ntandt hesamepr ocedur ef oll
owed.
4.Thet wodi fferencesi nel evationbet weent het wopoi ntssi ghted, det er mi nedwi th
ani nst r
umentatbot hsetups,nor mal l
ywi llnotagr eebecauseofr ef ract
ion,
curvat ure and i nst rument alas wel las per sonaler ror s.I ft he di fference i n
elevat i
on,det ermi ned i n each setup i s av eraged,t he l ar ge er ror s shoul d
theoret i
callyber emov ed.
5.Changesi nat mospher i
cdensi tyandt emper atureaf fectt her efract i
onofal i
neof
sight.Thechanceofanat mospher icchangeandav ariationi nt her efraction
valuewi l
lbegr eat eri fthet imeI nter v
albet weenr ecipr ocall ongsi ght edi slonger .
Itisf orthisr easont hatt het i
meel apsebet weent hel ongsi ght sshoul dbekept
aspossi ble.
6.Senset emper atur eandat mospher ev ari
at i
onsmayappr eci ablyaf fectt her esult s
oft heobser vationsmade,t hei nst rumentshoul dbeshadedf rom t hesunand
correct i
onsf orcur vatur eandr efract i
onappl i
ed.
7.Inr eciprocall ev eling,t hebubbl emustbecheckedbef oreeachr eadi ngand
center edcar efully.I fiti sof fcent erbyasl i
ghtamount .t hepr ocedur emustbe
repeat ed.
8.Thepr ecisionoft hewor kcanbei mpr ov edi ftwol ev el i
ngr edsar eusedsot hat
noappr eciabl etimeel apsesbet weenbacksi ghtandf oresi ghtr eadi ngs.
9.Twol evelsmayal sobeused, andt heobser vati
onsmadesi mul taneousl ysot hat
thecondi ti
onsofr efl
ect ionwi llbet hesamef orobser vationsi nbot hdi rections.A
secondsetofobser vat i
onsshoul dmadewi tht heinst rument si nt erchangedand
ther esultsav eragedt oel iminat et heer rorsofi nstrumentadj ust ment .Themean
oft hedi f.di ffer encesi n elevat i
on i st aken ast hebestest imat eofact ual
diff
er encei nel ev at i
on.
