A comprehensive catalog of UNBRAKO® socket screws and related products In this catalog you will find complete information about UNBRAKO socket screws and such related products as shoulder screws, dowel pins, pressure plugs and hex keys. Everything you need to select, specify and order these precision products is at your finger tips except actual prices. Furthermore, all data has been organized to let you find the facts you want with the greatest speed and the least effort. Wherever possible, all data for a particular product is presented in a two-page spread for your convenience. Included in this catalog are: = UNBRAKO fastener product descriptions 1 Features and technical data about each product = Technical discussions for application and use For prices of stock items, see current UNBRAKO fastener price lists or call your local UNBRAKO fastener distributor, For non-stock items, consult your UNBRAKO fastener distributor, or contact the UNBRAKO Engineered Fastener Group by phone at 216-581-3000 or by fax on 800-225-5777,0r Internet at http:/www.spstech.com, Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code 71838 IMPORTANT Referenced consensus standards can change over time. UNBRAKO products are manufactured in accordance with revisions valid at time of manufacture. This guide refers to products and sizes that may not be manufactured to stock. Please consult an UNBRAKO distributor or UNBRAKO to determine stock status. The technical discussions represent typical applications only. The use of the information is at the sole discretion of the reader. Because applications vary enormously, UNBRAKO does not warrant the scenarios described are appropriate for any specific application. The reader must consider all variables prior to using this information. Products modified other than by UNBRAKO are not guaranteed and not subject to return. LIMITED WARRANTY AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY ‘SPS Technologies, Inc. through its Unbrako Division warrants that these product conform to industry standards specified herein and will be free from defects in materials and workmanship, THIS WARRANTY IS EXPRESSLY GIVEN IN LIEU OF ANY AND ALL OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MER- CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER OBLIGATION ON THE PART OF SPS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. SPS Technologies, Inc. will atts option, repair or replace free of charge (excluding all ship- ping ell shipping and handling costs) any products which have not been subject to misuse, abuse, or madification and ‘which in its sole determination were not manufactured in compliance with the warranty given above. ‘THE REMEDY PROVIDED FOR HEREIN SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR ANY BREACH OF WARRANTY OR ANY CLAIM ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF THESE PRODUCTS. In no event shall SPS. ‘Technologies, Inc. be liable for consequential, incidental or any other damages of any nature whatsoever except those specifically provided herein for any breach of warranty or any claim arising in any way out of the manufacture, sale, oF Use of these products, No other person is authorized by SPS Technologies, Inc to give any other warranty, written or oral, pertaining to the produets. [ACCREDITED] Copyright 1996, SPS TechnologiesTABLE OF CONTENTS UNBRAKO? Socket Screw Products Page Quick Selector Guide - Inch... 60.0... 506 cece se eeeee eres 2 Socket Head Cap Screws... . Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel. Low Heads - Alloy Steel .. Shoulder Screws +. Alloy Steel - Flat Head Socket Screws ...... Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Button Head Socket Screws ... . Alloy Stee! and Stainless Steel. ‘Square Head Set Screws....... Knurled Cup Point. . Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel. . - Dryseal Pressure Plugs. .... LEVL-SEAL? Pressure Plugs... : PTFE/TEFLON’-coated Levl Seal Pressure Plugs. . Standard and Pull-Out Type... «Short Arm and Long Arm Wrenches. Size Selector Table Socket Set Screws . Pressure Plugs . Dowel Pins Hexagon Keys. . Thread Conversion chart . Metric Table of Contents. . Metric Socket Head Cap Screws . Metric Flat Head Cap Screws. Fee teeter eters Metric Button Head Cap Screws 4 Metric Shoulder Screws . . SE EEEEEEEES 3 Metric Dowel Pins 43 Metric Socket Set Screws 44 Metric Low Head Cap Screws Feet tence AB Metric Hexagon Keys and Size Selector Table 47 Metric Tolerances ... Fee eee terete ee wee AB Metric Conversion Chart 50 Technical Section Table of Contents 51 NOTE: The proper tightening of thesded fasteners can have a significant effect fon their performance Many application problems such as seltloosening and fatigue can be minimized! by adequate tightening The recommended seating torques listed inthe catalog tables serve as guidelines nk. Even when using the recommended seating torques, the induced loads obtained may vary as much as =25% depending upon the uncontrolled variables such as, mating material lubrication, surface finish, hardness, bolyjcint compliance, ete, LEVL-SEAL*, AND UNBRAKO® are registered trademarks of SPS Technologies *Reg. Du Pont TM,PERFORMANCE {See Net 1) Ste Pn bea = Eee eta eco coe eal COUNTERBORED = PROTRUDING ‘100.000 20000 err octet os eee Soci 0 Moree coreencoremataameee | goo | som | swt | em 8p height heads and where cl 170,000 20,000 550°F un Low Head ance is limited en ‘Shoulder shafts, pivots, 550°F 12413 Flot Head heagangie for | 16000 / 96.000 | S60"F Cow hn tersink; also for 116 ing requiring heat treated screws NOTE 1: Performance data listed are for standard production items only. [Non-stock items may vary due to variables in methods of manufactur. Itis suggested thatthe user verify performance on any non-standard parts {orerical applications.INCH QUICK SELECTOR GUIDE PERFORMANCE (See Note 1), oper tomperatures ves [APPLICATIONSYFEATURES, hardness (unplated) | page Fasten collars, sheaves, gears, knobs on shafts, Locate machine ports: Cone hal-dog, lt, evel cup fd seeking eup poinis standard Socket Sot Screws Alloy Ste Lo me cay Uaetare mace Soren. | Re 8 ina wor ” Re as-53 as0rF 1823 Socket Set Use stainless for corrosive, cryo Serows genic or elevated temperatures Stainless Environments Plain cup point stan Rrae aes sore 1823 Steal Gara. Other styles on special order Reseed B50 Foatures common 3/4” and 7/8" 1apers: Dryseal treads for positive 00°F fal without seating compound 24,26 ‘ontlled chamfer for Taster bez a00°F Santina Typical Brass LEVL-SEAL* plug features: con e340 50°F 118" Taper lealled 78" tape in 4” taper hole LEVL-SEAL* Seas plug lve, lus with sura 26-27 Pressure Plug ‘hin 12 pith LEVL-SEAL plug bez 100° Sn UNBRAKO original eel Sree PTFE/TEFLON costed plugs seal st 50% lower seating torques without Prre/ tape or compounds install faster at TEFLON" Coated Stott een bo Reasa0 turcontesy | 2827 power ingtallee: LEVLSEAL plug Formed nds, controled heat vest ‘loc tolbrancec stondord for sie core: ‘work alto usod a boarings, 90908, Re 50-58 Emierom prscision parse. 190,000 | inch imax surtace Dowel Pins (Standard) 28-29 For use in bling holes, Easily “ouah, ductile for high orang torsional sheer Hox Keys severe ate rato for Re «7-87 int. min. | 32-38 igontty * 1210 276.000 Dowel Pins femoved wiout pect svete aire: punout Reusable Save mene. noreedior | “Rego” | ygn.o00 "inch | 20-04 Type finish, securaey and toleraneos 8 (ring (max andard UNBRAKO dowel pine. NOTE 1: Performance data listed are for standard production items only. [Non-stock items may vary due to variables in methods of manuTacture. Icis suggested thatthe user verify performance on any non-standard parts for erical applications.(Oaerelre) SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS. ‘The most important reasons for the increasing use of socket head cap screws in industry are safety, reliability and economy. All three reasons are directly traceable to the superior performance of socket screws vs. other fasteners, and that is due to their superior strength and advanced design. Reliability, higher pressures, stresses and speeds in todays machines and equipment demand stronger, more reliable joints and stronger, more reli- able fasteners to hold them together. = Rising costs make failure and downtime intolerable. Bigger, more complex units break down more frequently despite every effort to prevent it = This is why the reliability of every component has become critical. Components must stay together to function properly, and to keep them together joints must stay tight. = Joint reliability and safety with maximum strength and fatigue resistance, UNBRAKO socket cap screws offer this to a greater degree than any other threaded fastener you can purchase “off-the-self.” = UNBRAKO socket cap screws offer resistance to a greater degree than any other threaded fasteners you can purchase “off-the-shelf.” . Why Socket Screws? Why UNBRAKO? TENSILE STRENGTH "US. standard alloy stee! socket head cap screws are made to strength levels of 180,000 and 170,000 psi to current industry standards, However, UNBRAKO socket cap screws are consis- tently maintained at 190,000 and 180,000 psi (depending on screw diameter) = The higher tensile strength of UNBRAKO socket screws can be translated into savings. Using fewer socket screws of the same size can achieve the same clamping force in the joint. A joint requiring twelve 1-3/8" Grade 5 hex heads would need only 7 UNBRAKO socket head cap screws. Use them size for size and there are fewer holes to drill and tap and fewer screws to buy and handle. Smaller diameter socket head cap screws vs. larger hex screws cost less to drill and tap, take less energy to drive, and there also weight saving, = The size of the component parts can be reduced since the cylindrical heads of socket screws need less space than hex heads and require no additional wrench space, FATIGUE STRENGTH 1 Joints that are subject to external stress loading are susceptible to fatigue failure. UNBRAKO socket screws have distinct advantages that give you an extra bonus of protection against this hazard. = Three major factors account for the greater fatigue resistance of UNBRAKO socket screws - design improvements, mech- anical properties and closely controlled manufacturing processes. AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL ‘STANDARD SERIES UNBRAKO stainless socket screws are made from austenitic stainless steel, UNBRAKO stainless screws offer excellent resistance to rust and corrosion from acids, organic substances, salt solutions and atmospheres. Superior properties attained with stainless steel include retention of a high percentage of tensile strength and good creep resistance up to 800°F. without sealing or oxidation, and good shock and impact resistance to temperatures as low as -300°F non-magnetic - Valuable in certain electrical applications. Maximum. permeability is 1.2 Can be reduced to 1.02 by bright annealing. cleanliness - Corrosion resistant characteristics of UNBRAKO. screws are useful in chemical, food processing, appliance, paper, textile, packaging and pharmaceu- tical industries, as well as labora- tories, hospitals, ote. eye-appeal — Bright, non-tarnishing qualities add to appearance and salability of many products; are valuable assets to designers, Standard processing of UNBRAKO stainless steel socket screws includes a passivation surface treatment which removes any surface contaminations.SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS Why Socket Screws?...Why UNBRAKO m= “Prof ” of Extra Strength PROFILE OF EXTRA STRENGTH Marked for easier identification, hhoad-shank juncture. SHANK Root CONVENTIONAL THREAD RUNOUT - Note sharp angle at root where high stress con: centration soon develops crack which penetrates into body of the screw. thread forms. Deep, accurate socket for high torque wrenching. Knurls for easier handling Head with increased bearing atea for greater loading carrying capacity. Precision forged for symmetrical grain flow, maximum strength Elliptical fillet doubles fatigue life at critical head-shank juncture. “3.R" (radiused-root runout) increases fatigue life in this critical UNBRAKO "3-R" (RADIUSED ROOT RUNOUT) THREAD ~ Controlled radius of runout root provides a smooth form that distributes stress and increases fatigue life of thread run-out as @ much as 300% in certain sizes. Fully formed radiused thread increases fatigue life 10024 over flat root Controlled heat treatment produces maximum strength without brittleness Accurate control of socket depth dives more wrench engagement than other screws, permits full tightening without cracking or reaming the socket, yet provides ample metal in the crucial fillet area for maximum head strength. Controlled head forging, uniform grain flow, unbroken flow lines; makes heads stronger; minimizes failure in vital fillet area; adds to fatigue strength Contaurollowing flow lines provide extra shear strength in theeads, resist stripping and provide high fatigue resistance, ‘The large root radius UNBRAKO socket screw development doubles fatigue life compared to flat root thread forms,(Oaerelre) SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS = 1960 Series = Head markings may vary slightly depending ‘on manufacturing practice, Diamond kni bb —_nrom Li srevoises—f UNBRAKO, and UNB are recognized identifica- mensions = Mechanical Properties = of DIMENSIONS tions for 1/4" diameter and larger. D et 4 F a pam [sss body damoter hoad eight filet dimoter ‘ico _| dia. UNRC | UNRF | max | min | max. | min | min, | min, vain, | nom | max |i | 060 | - | e0 | 96 | 09: | 060 | osee| 020 | 026 | os | os7 | 050 | o74 | os | .s00 | ora | oe | 72 | ine] car | ova | 0695) 025 | 031 | 073 | ‘070 | 062 | 087 | ‘051 | ‘625. #2 | ‘o6 | 56 | 64 | ‘140 | ‘124 | 006 | 0522| 029 | 038 | 096 | ‘ons | 078 | 102 | ‘073 | ‘625 wx | ov | a2 | so | ser | ase | 099 | 0909 oa | or | 099 | 095 | ove | 115 | om | cas ee | na | ao | ee | “tea | fare | car2 | 1075] 038 | 051 | 112 | ‘108 | 094 | 130 | ‘094 | 750 as | ‘x28 | ao |e | ‘205 | “age | “125 | ‘1202| ous | 057 | 125 | ‘121 | oo4 | 45 | ‘107 | 750 ve | sae | a2 | « | 226 | 21 | 228 | 1929 om | ce | 198 | ta | 109 | 58 | aie | 750 we | ‘ea | 32 | 36 | ‘270 | 262 | cree | 1585) 056 | o77 | ie | ct69 | fiat | x08 | ‘saz | 37s. ww | ‘90 | 2¢ | a2 | ‘312| [300 | “190 | ‘re0| 065 | 090 | ‘190 | ‘a5 | 56 | 218 | ‘150 | ‘a75 va | 260 | 20 | 2@ | a75 | a6 | 250 | 2005] 095 | 120 | 250 | 204 | 188 | 270 | 215 | 1.000 sis | 312 | te | 28 | “ss | “esr | 'at2s| 053) 119 | 151 | ‘312 | “306 | 250 | a7 | 278 | 1125, se | 378 | 1 | 24 | ‘562 | ‘560 | 75 | o67e| aa | 1a2 | a7 | 368 | 312 | ats | 390 | 1260 ae | as | ie | 20 | 656 | 6x2 | aa76| zoe 66 | 21a | ar | a0 | ave | ea | ase | 1376 vz | S00 | 13 | 20 | [750 | a5 | ‘soo | ‘saie| ‘90 | 245 | ‘S00 | ‘492 | ‘375 | ‘552 | ‘44s | 11500 ss | ‘562 | 12 | 18 | ‘sas | (e27 | 15625) sae | 214 | 266 | 562 | ssa | 138 | ta5| 1525 | 1.625 se | sa | i | te | 958 | ox | 25 | sts | 258 | 07 | 25 | 16 | soo | a9 | sez | 1750 aa | 750 | 1 | a6 | x12 | r107 | 750 | 7406) 285 | 70 | 750} 740 | 25 | 228 | ‘sax | 2000 we | 575 | 9 | 1 | rsi2 | 1293 | ‘ars | sear | 355 | 432 | 75 | ‘asa | 750 | 963 | 798 | 2260 7 [1000 | @ | 12 | 1800 | 1479 | 1000 | sae6| 220 | 495 | 1.000 | 988 | 760 | x00 | or | 2500 1 | 1900 | = | a | 1800 | 1479 | 1000 | ‘g886 | 380 | 495 | 1000 | 988 | 750 | 1.100 | 914 | 2500 ave fri2s | 7 | 12 | reas | 1585 | ras | vi086 | “ea | sr | vias | ata | a7s | 1235 | 1023 | 2at2 tia [azo [7 [12 | vers | 1as2 | 1250 [12306 | ers | 20 | 1250 | 1236 | a7 | 1370 | ates | 3125 i38 |137s | 6 | 12 | 2082 | 2038 | 1375 | 13665 | 523 | 82 | 1375 | 1.360 | 1.000 | 11505 | 1.256 | 3.437 112 | 1500 | 6 | 12 | 2250 | 2224 | 1500 | vests | ‘570 | 745 | 1800 | 1485 | 1000 | veto | 1381 | 3750 vam [azo | 5 | 12 | 2626 | 2597 | 1750 [17205] 065 | 70 | 1.750 | 1.798 | 1250 | x91 | 1609 | 427s 2 | 2000 | «12 | 12 | a000 | 2970 | 2000 | 19720 760 | 95 | 2000 | 1983 | 1500 | 2.190 | 1242 | 5.000 2va | 2260 | ev | 12 | ars | 3346 | 2.250 |2.220| 255 | 1.120 | 2.260 | 2292 | 1.750 | 2.450 | 2092 | 5.625 2ve | aso | 4 | 1 | a0 | arr7 | 2500 |2.a762| 950 | 1.296 | 2500 | 2407 | 1750 | 2.720 | 2a | 6260 zaa | 2750 | 4 | 1 | 4125 | os | 2750 |27262| r045 | 1370 | 2750 | 2730 | 2000 | 290 | 2574 | ears 3 | 3000 | 4 | 1 | 4500 | 6s | 3000 | 2.9762 | s.140 | 1495 | 3000 | 2.979 | 2.250 | 3.260 | 2.824 | 7.500 Performance data listed a {or standard production items only. Non-stock items may vary due to variables in methods of manufactur. itis suggested tat the user verfy performance an any non-standard pars for erteal applications * 1-148 UNAS (special standard thread formSOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 1960 Series = Dimensions = Mechanical Properties = Application Data NoTEs Material: ASTM S74 - alloy steel ‘ASTM F837 - stainloss stool Dimensions: ANSVASME 18.3. Hardness: Alloy Stee! — Re 38-43, ‘Stainless Steel Ab 80 - Re 33 ‘Typical values for test specimens: Elongation in Reduction of ares hes: Concentricity: Body to head 0.0. - within 2% of body diameter TR. oF 008 TIA. ‘whichever is greater. Body to hex socket ~ (sizes through 1/2") ~ within 3% of body diameter TLR. or .005 TLR. whichever is greater (sizes over 1/2" ~ within 6% of body diameter Tho plane of the bearing surface shall be perpendicular to the axis of the screw within @ maximum deviation of 1, For body and grip lengths see pages 8 and 8. ‘Thread Class: #0 through 1” dia.— 3A; over 1" dia, ~2A, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Alloy Stoel Stainless Stoel 10% min. 10% min. 35% min. 30% min. ‘ALLOY STEEL ‘STAINLESS STEEL tensile strength | tonsite | yield ‘pounds | stongth | strength 10m, 3 onsite | tonsto size | UNRC | UNAF | min | mis strength | strength #0 = | 342 [190,000 | 170,000 96000 | 30000 | 130] - | 13 “ 489 | 528 | 190,000 | 170,000 6000 | 20000 | 190] 20 | 23 2 702 | _749 | 190,000 | 170,000 95000 | 30000 | 260 | 38 4 6 928 | 984 | 190,000 | 170,000 96000 | 20000 | 360 | 5.7 6 #a | 1150 1280 190,000| 170.000) 1,120) 18] 19574] 628 | 95000 | 30,000 | ao | 8.0 9 45 | 1510| 1580 | 190,000| 170000] 1400| 2/25 756 | 769 | 95,000 | 30000 | 550 12 | 14 we | 1730| 1930| 190000] 170000] 1700| «| a5 64 | 964 | 95,000 | 20000 | 670 | 18 | 17 | 2860 21800 | 190,000| 170.000) 2'e00) 59) 60 | 1.330] 1.400 | 95,000 | 30,000 | 50 | 28 | 29 10 | 33330 | 33800 | 190,000| 170,000] 3228 77 911.660 | 1800 | 95,000 | 30,000 | 1.280 | 40 | 45 va | 6050] 6910 |190,000| 170,000 s,600| 200/240 | 3.020 | 3.460 | 95,000 | 30.000 | 2,200 | 95 | 110 56 | 3.360 | 11,000 | 130,000] 170.000) 8,750) 425) 475 4980 | S510 | 85,000 | 20.000 | 350 | 170 | 190 38 | 14700 | 18,700 | 190,000] 170,000 | 12'800| 750| 850 | 7.380 | 8.350 | 95,000 | 30,000 | 470 | 300 | 345 7116 | 20.200 | 22,600 | 190,000 170.000 17,100/ 1,200) 760 | 10,100 | 17.300 | 95,000 | 30,000 | 6760 | aa5 | sas w2__| 27,000 | 30,400 | 190,000 170,000 | 22,350 1.850 2.150 | 13.500 | 15,200 | 95,000 | 30,000 | s'840 | 750 | 850 nté__| 3200 | 363500 | 180,000 | 158,000 28,300 | 2500] 2700 | 17,300 | 19,300 | 95,000 | 30,000 | 11,200 | 920 | 1,050 58 | 49700 | 46,100 | 120,000] 185,000 | 34,850/ 3400/3820 | 21,500 | 24300 | 85,000 | 20.000 | 13,800 | 1.270 | 1.480 va | 60,200 | 67,100 | 180,000 155,000 | 47,700 6,000 6,800 | 31,700 | 36,400 | 96,000 | 30,000 | 19,860 | 2.260 | 2.520 18__ | 83,100 | 91,700 | 180,000| 158,000 ¢.000| 3400] 9,120 | 44,000 | 4s,200 | 95,000 | 30,000 | 27,100 | 3.790 | ¢180 103,000 | 118,000 | 180,000 | 156,000 | 84,200 | 12,800 | 12,200 | 67,600 | 62,000 | 95,000 | 20,000 | 28,300 | 5690 | 6230 = _ | 122,000 | 180,000| 185,000 | r07,00| "= | 13,900 137,000 | 154,000 | 180,000 | 155,000 | 214,000 | 14.800 | 16,600 176,000 | 193,00 | 180,000 | 186,000 | 132,800 | 26,000 | 27,000 ‘¥398 | 208,000 | 237,000 | 180,000 | 15,000 | 180,000 | 33,000 | 35,000, 1-1/2. | 253,000 | 288,000 | 180,000 | 185,000 | 190,500 | 43,500 | 47,000 1-814 | 842,000 | 394,000 | 180,000 | 185,000 | 269,600 | 71,500 | 82,500 2 | 480,000 | 521,000 | 180,000 | 155,000 | 339,000 | 108,000 | 125,000, 2-114 | 585,000 | 884,000 | 180,000 | 155,000 | «29,000 | 155,000 | 188,000 2-172 | 720,000 | 228,000 | 180,000 | 158,000 | 530,000 | 215,000 | 248,000 2.214 | 888,000 |1,006,000| 180,000 | 188,000 | 641,000 | 290,000 | 230,000, 3 |1.074000|1,204000| 180,000 | 155,000 | 763,000 | 375,000 | 30,000, “Seating torques for alloy steel calculated in accordance with VDI 2230, “Systematic Caleulation of High Duty Bolted Joints," to induce approxi ‘rately 120,000 PSI in the serew threads through 0.600-ineh diame ‘and 115,000 PSI over 0 500-nch diameter. Seating torques for stainless Steel are calculated to induce approximetely 40,000 PSI stress. Values are fo plan screws. For cedmium plated screws, multiply recommended ‘Seating torque by 7; for zine plated serews multiply by 140. See note, page See Techniesl Guidelines section for additional information on torques, installation, and hole preparation.(Oaerelre) SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS = 1960 Series = Body and Grip Lengths ry Leno Tonances wear [ete [eae — Fed re | emt $1 a BODY and GRIP LENGTHS over 112 <8 =20 a a length) te | te | tc | te | te | te | te | te | te | te | te | te | to | te | te | te | te | te | to | [| */2/% ia a | er ue a | $3) 52) | 2] 39) 2/38] | Be) ale | eee ik oes staan| | | Sa] Se] Se] S| ae/3 | de as Sa| Be hu 1s 8/12] | Selita ter = zone a : ranhia its ian isola a 2 [ia a 3s se a ‘ ; 7 : : ‘ 8 7 3 3 7 : % p : 3SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 1960 Series = Body and Grip Lengths Lg the maximum gipkngth ands the diane om told length nlusing impart read shal be 1 Boning sara ett copes ees Saktinoe oth oun eg pebhoe canto at 1g he mininum body noth andie the login ofthe SEEM ae tl ees ef he hed eee above ‘Thread length for the sizes up to and including 1" diameter Larger diameters shall be threaded as close to the head as Tale sotated by he orp ngen and Seay lange” Sarge en shown in the table ‘Screws of longer lengths than those tabulated shall have For sizes larger than 1” the minimum complete thread 2 thread length conforming to the formula for sizes larger length shall be equal to the basic thread length, and the than 1" sn6 a8 m6 ww ans 0 3 78 1 te [we [is [te [tc [|e [ie |e fe |e fe |e [te | [| | te 2.128 | 1847 | 2.000 | v687 | 2125 | 1.768 | 1.500 | 1.118 | 1.625 | 1.208 | 1500 | 1925| 1000] .s00| t000| see) 1000) 375 2.628 | 2947 | 2.500 | 2.187 | 2.128 | 1.768 | 2.260 | 1.968 | 1.625 | 1.208 | 1.500 | 1945 1.000] 800] 1.000| 444) 1.000) 375 2.625 | 2347 | 2500 | 2.187 | 2.625 | 2.268 | 2.250 | 1865 | 2375 | 1.958 | 2.250 | 1795| 2000| 1500] 11000] 444) 1.000] 375 3.425 |28a7 | 3000 | 2687 | 2625 | 2.268 | 2.250 | 106s | 2275 | 1958 | 2.250 | 1795| 2000] 1.800] 2000] 1444) 1000] 275 3.128 | 2847 | 3.000 | 2.687 | 3.128 | 2.768 | 3.000 | 2616 | 2.975 | 1.968 | 2.260 | 1.798 | 2.000 | 1.800] 2.000| 1.444) 2.000) 1.375 3525 |3347 | 3500 | 3.187 | 3.128 | 2768 | 3000 | 2615 | 3125 | 2708 | 3000 | 2545 | 2.000| 1.500] 2.000| 1.444) 2.000) 1.375 ‘3625 [3207 | 3500 | 3.17 | 3628 | 3.268 | 3000 | 2616 | 2.125 | 2.708 | 2.000 | 25%5| a000| 2500] 2000] 14e4) 2.000) 1375 44.125 | 3847 | 000 | 3.687 | 3.625 | 3.268 | 3.750 | 3.965 | 3.125 | 2708 | 3.000 | 2545 | 3.000| 2800] s.000| 2-44) 2.000) 1.375 4125 [2247 | 4.000 | 3687 | 4.125 | 3.768 | 2.750 | 226s | 2075 | asa | 2.750 | 2295 | 2000| 2500] 2.000| 2.444) 3.000] 2.375 ‘4628 [4347 | «500 | 4.7 | 4.128 | 3.768 | 3.760 | 266 | 2.075 | 3.468 | 3.760 | 3298 | a.000| 2.500] 2.000] 2.444) 3.000) 2375 4525 | 4347 | 4.500 | 4.187 | 4625 | «268 | 4500 | 4.115 | 3875 | 358 | 3750 | 3295 4000] 3500] s.000| 2424) 3.000) 2.375 8.125 | a7 | 5.000 | 4687 | 4.628 | 4268 | 4.500 | 4.118 | 4.625 | «208 | 4.500 | «04s | «000| 2500] «000| 2.4e4| 3.000) 2.375 ‘5.000 | 3.687 | 5.125 | 4.768 | 3.500 | 4.175 | 4.625 | 4.208 | 4500 | «5 | 4.000 3.500 4.000] a.esa| 000) 3375 5500 | 5.187 | 5.125 | «768 | 5.250 | 465 | «625 | «208 | 500 | «0«5 | 4.000| 3.500| 4.000] 24s! 4.000] 3.375 5.500 | 5.187 | 5.625 | 5.268 | 5.250 | 4865 | 575 | ¢958 | 5.260 | 4.795 | 5.000| 500| 4.000] sess] «000| 3.375 ‘6.000 | 5.687 | 5.625 | 6.268 | 5.250 | 65 | 5375 | «958 [5.260 | «795| 5.000| «500| 5.000] «cael 4000] 47s 6.125 | 5768 | 6.000 | 5.615 | 75 | «958 | 5.250 | 4.795 | 6.000] 4500| 6.000] 444] 5.000] 4375) 6.125 | 5768 | 6.000 | 5.615 | 6.125 | 5.708 | S000 | 5.545 | 5.000 | 4500| 6.000) ¢4ea| 5.000] 4375) ‘6625 | 6268 | 6000 | 5415 | 6.125 | 5708 | 6000 | 545 | e000] 5500| 6.000] «4ea| 5.000] 4376] 11128 | 6.768 | 7.000 | 6.618 | 6.875 | 6.88 | 6.750 | 6.295 | 6,000 | 5.500| 6.000] s.4e4| 5.000] 5.375) 7.625 | 7268 | 7.000 | 6.615 | 6275 | e4se | 6750 | 6295 | 7.000| 6.500| 6.000| s.4e4| 5,000| 5.375) ‘2000 | 7.615 | 7625 | 7.208 | 7.750 | 7.295] 7.000) @500| 7.000| eaea| 7,000] 6376] ‘8.000 | 7.615 | 7.625 | 7208 | 7.750 | 7.295 | 8.000) 7500| 7.000) 6.4e4| 7.000] 6375) 9.125 | 8.708 | 9.260 | 795 | s.000| @500| #000| 7.a4| 8000] 7.375) 10.126] 9.708 |10.250| 9.795 |10.000| 2.000| 9.000] e.ea4| 9.000] 8375! 11.000 | 10.500] 10.000| .24a| 10.000] 9.375) 12.000 | 1.500 | 13.000] 10,444 11.000] 10.375) 13.000 | 12.500 | 12.000] 17.244 12.000] 11375! 12.000] :2.¢44| 13,000] 12.375] 14.000] 13.444 14000] 13.375) 16.000] 14.444] 16.000] 14375] 16.000] 15.375 17.000] 16.375(Oaerelre) FEWER HOLES TO DRILL AND TAP @ three serews do the work of five COMPACT SPACING clearance for socket wrench ro wrench clearance necessary old method 5.318.16 scrows @ 120,000 psi tensile £85,000 psi yield = UNBRAKO method 2.378.16 scrows @ 190,000 psi tensile 170,000 psi yiold = old method. 12-9)4-16 hexagon head screws @ 120,000 psi tensile LUNBRAKO method 16-9/4-16 sockot head cep screws @ 180,000 psi grapimon ome: | axmoms ore: | Roleroath = era 587,000 Ibs, 11074200 os, HIGH TENSILE AND YIELD STRENGTH HIGH SHEAR STRENGTH ordinary bolts socket head cap screws ordinary bolts socket head cap scrows old method UNBRAKO method old method. UNBRAKO method 120,000 psi. 1/2.20 bolt 180,000 psi 1/2-20 120,000 psi. 1/2-20 bolt 180,000 psi. 12.20 tensile = 19,200 Ibs. UNBRAKO ‘Shear strengtt UNBRAKO Viold = 13,600 tbs tensile = 20,400 Ibs. 14,100 Ibs. Shear strength = Yield = 27,200 Ibs. 22,400 Ibs. 2 ‘cin Extra UNBRAKO shear Extra UNBRAKO joint ee AS ane strength: tensile ~ 68% increase yield - 100% increase less wrenching space needed 10LOW HEAD CAP SCREWS SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS = Low Head Type ‘Smooth, burrfree sockets, uniformly concentric and usable to full depth for correct wrench engagement. Low head height for thin parts and limited space. Fillet under head increases fatigue life of head-to-shank junction. Class 3A rolled threads with radiused root to increase fatigue life of threads by reducing stress concentrations and avoiding sharp comers where failures start Highest standards of quality, material, manufacture and performance. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Material: ASTM A574 - alloy stool Hardness: Re 38-43, ‘Tensile Strength: 170,000 psi min ‘Yield Strength: 150,000 psi min. High strength, precision fasteners for use in parts too thin for standard height socket cap screw and for applications with limited clearances. LLL Le LENGTH TOLERANCE overt” | over Diametor| tor" | w20z| 212 ai | 03 | 308 | 06 NOTE: Performance data listed are for standard production items only. Non-stock items may vary due to variables in methods of manufactur. Itis suggested that the user verify performance on any non-standard parts for critical applications. “gee tensile strength Ibs, min er Se save cra (calculated hs) Saar ‘te NRE ‘UNRE ‘UNRC UNRF | inch-ibe x @ 2.380 2.500 7480 1570 2 avenon #10 2,980 3.400 41700 2.140 35 TO ua 5.410 6.180 3.080 20 . site 8910 970 4.930 157 38" 13200 | 14,800 7.450 278 ve 24100 | 27,200 | 13,600 667 DIMENSIONS: R sie |_ rads prick a 8 F 4 ‘utetonion | diameter | UNRC | UNRF | max | min | basic | min | max | min | max | min 8 sea | 32 | 26 | 270 | 268 | ores | 060 | 02s | oo | 012 | .oo7 | ova wo | i190 | 24 | 32 | ‘12 | 307 | o1s00| ‘072 | 098 | ‘ox | ors | 009 | ‘0938 var | 250 | 20 | 28 | ‘375 | ‘389 | 0.2500] ‘og | ‘tz7 | ‘121 | ‘ots | ‘009 | “1250 sie | 32 |e | a8 | aay | car | 03125] ‘a0 | 158 | 152 | ow | cor | “t562 se" | 3s | 1s | at | 562 | 556 | oars0| “15 | “1g2 | ‘182 | ‘20 | ors | “1875 we | 500 | 13 | 2 | 750 | 749 | os000| ‘151 | 254 | i204 | 026 | 020 | 2500 Thread Length: On all stock lengths the last complete (full form) thread measured with a thread ring gage extends to within two threads of the head. ‘Threads: Threads are Class 3A UNRC and UNRE. ‘Torque calculated to include approximatsly 50,000 ps tensile stress inthe screw threads (See Note, page 1) u(Oaerelre) SHOULDER SCREWS = ensions_= Mechanical Proper fies. = Seating Torques Precision hex socket for maximum wrenching strength Knurled head for sure finger grip and fast assembly Neck to allow assembly with minimal chamfering Controlled concentricty between head and body for eesier, more accurate assembly Shoulder diameter held to 001 inch tolerance up to 1-1/4" diameter .002 inch tolerance over 1-1/4" diameter Concentricity controlled between body and thread Finished threads close to body for maximum holding power Head sidewall may have straight knurls at mrs. option DIMENSIONS oe a D T 4 4 K per inch unre [max [min | max | min | min | max | min | nom | min | max | min va 190 | 28 375 | 357 | 248 | 206 | ov | 108 | arr | 125 | 227 | am | 133 sis | 0 | 20 | esa | ce19 | “3105 | “a085 | 17 | 29 | 209 | ‘156 | 289 | aga | 182 38 32 | 18 sez | sa | ‘373 | ‘srt | ‘tet | 250 | a0 | tas | 52 | 209 | 257 1 ams | 16 | 760 | 729 | ase | 96 | ass | s12 | soz | 250 | 7 | aoe | 291 58 soo | 13 | 375 | a3 | ‘623 | ‘21 | 23e | ‘375 | 365 | 312 | sor | ae | 397 3a sas | 11 | tooo | 577 | ras | ras | 201 | ‘500 | 290 | 375 | 727 | ser | 502 1 vo | 1 | 132 | 1207 | oo | oo | a7 | 625 | sw | 500 | o77 | sos | 16 se | a5 | 9° | 750 | 1722 | 1248 | v6 | asa | 2750 | 7a5 | ‘a5 | r227 | 750 | 726 sz_| is | 7 | 2125 | 2095 | 1498 | 1496 | 655 | 1.000 | 900 | avs | sara | 964 | 920 wae | 1990 | 7 | 2375 | 2345 | 178 | 176 | 750 | 1125 | 1.105 | 1000 | 172 | 1089 | 1059 2 vs00 | 6 | 2750 | 2720 | 1992 | 1906 | ‘937 | 1250 | 1200 | 1260 | t97e | va07 | 1277 eis suggested thatthe user verlfy performance on any non-standard pars for evtieal applications NOTE: Performance data listed are for standard production items only. Non-stock items may vary due to variables in methods of manufacture. 2SHOULDER SCREWS Dimensions = Mechanical Properties = Seating Torques APPLICATIONS. Cay Lave SS stationary guide Sw moving shaft or pivot pulley shaft uses Shoulder screws have an undercut portion between the thread and Shoulder, allowing a close fit. They're used for a wide range of punch and dio operations, such as the location and retention of stripper plates, and act as a guide in bl king and form- ing presses. Other applications for shoulder screws include: bearing pins for swing atms, links and levers, shafts for eam ralls and other rotating parts, pivots, and stud bolts. Shoulder screws are sometimes referred to as stripper bolts, resulting from their use with stripper plates and springs. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEATING TORQUES ete ]i da lm ores oo ae Material: ANSI/ASME B18.3,ASTM A574 - alloy steel en ee ce fot erent Rockwal © 36< 12020 pl ral stongth von | om | mam | tee Dimentne ANSIAGME B83 083 00 438 4160 “V" block equal to oF I ‘than body length. Pitch diameter te So | tes | ace | 550 | tes Shougr mast n apt eo lef nana" ng 1,000 128 200 1.000 | 47,680 Tensile strength based on minimum neck area “G." Shear strength ie ea ee te ea ‘based on shoulder diameter “D.” fewdconean 1.780 128 286 1.780 | 141,000 ‘Screw point chamfer: The point shall be flat or slightly concave, Seo Not, pape 1 Seahorse ae 13FLAT HEAD SOCKET SCREWS Dimensions Cen Ah a Deep, accurate socket for maximum key engagement Uniform 82° angle under head for maximum contact Fully formed threads for greater strength and precision fit Continuous grain flow throughout the screw for increased strength Heat treated alloy steel for maximum strength without brittleness or docarburization ‘See page 16 for mechanical properties and applications. LENGTH TOLERANCE ori? Jewr2ia™| Dimensions: ANSVASME B18.3 Diameter | wr | w2tz |” we | Thread Class: 34 worower inc [09 | 08 | 06 77161038" incl) “03 | 08 | 08. pro i"ind | 05 | 10 | —14 ht DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA basic | thrvads T He ittons a ela som. | screw |_perinch max. | max. |__Pretusion sire | di, | UNRC | UNRF max | min, | teh | ret | max | min, | mex | nom, wo | 060) - | 20 o7e | 077 | 44 | 500 | 034 | .029 | 008 | 095 aw | 0) 6 | 2 101 | -100 | ‘054 | 750 | 3 | ‘032 | ‘008 | 050 w2_| ‘086 | 56 | 6e 24 | “123 | ‘ose | 750 | ‘oe2 | ‘ose | o10 | 050 we | 009 | as | 56 ow | 148 | a7 | 7a | 760 | oe | 095 | 010 | 0625 wa | fiz) a0 | ae | 258] zie | ctne | ‘tors | ‘055 | fizz | fi71 | 083 | 975 | 987 | 37 | cor2 | 0625 ws | ‘x25 | ao | ae | 261 | “a0 | ‘25 | ‘1202 | 061 | ‘196 | ‘195 | ‘090 | ‘a7s | ‘oes | ‘oa7 | ‘ova | 0781 we | aa | 22 | 40 | aor] 263] 198 | 120 | 066 | .220| 210 | 097 | avs | ox@ | 097 | 1s | over ws | fee) 32 | 36 | a5] ‘ait | ‘164 | ‘1585 | ‘076 | 267 | ‘266 | 112 | 1.000 | ‘051 | 1039 | 015 | ‘0937 wo | ‘90 | 2 | 32 | arr] ‘359 | “190 | ‘sae0 | ‘oer | ‘ara | ‘rz | ‘327 | 1.280 | ‘054 | ‘on | ons | 1250 va | 260 | 20 | 2 | sav] seo | 260 | 20x | air | a2e| 2a | 161 | 1.250 | 059 | 016 | 15 | 1502 sis | 312| 13 | 26 | 858 | s00| 3125 | 053 | 135 | ‘s39 | ‘sa8 | 198 | 1500 | ‘oss | ‘oso | ‘o15 | “1975 ae | 37s | w | 26 | 7a1| -720| "75 | ere | 159 | 653 | -s52 | 234 | 1.750 | 1069 | .058 | ors | 2107 ae | ar | 1 | 20 | ese | 701 |aav5 | azo | 159 | 690 | 089 | 236 | 2000 | oes | .o71 | .o1s | 2500 ve | 00] 19 | 20 | ‘sa7| ‘ar2| "500 | sows | ‘72 | [739 7728 | 251 | 2260 | ‘110 | 006 | ors | 3125 sm | 55 | 11 | 18 | v1a8| 112 | ‘25 | res | 220 | 962 | 961 | 24 | 2500 | “128 | “108 | ‘ois | 3750 ae | 750 | 10 | 16 | 1438| 1355 | 750 | 7408 | 220 | 1166 [1-185 | 296 | s000 | 136 | 121 | 1s | 000 ae | s75| 9 | 1 | 688 | 1605 | ‘ars | ee? | 243 | 1211 | 1.410 | “468 | 2250 | “4s | “14 | ors | 625 1 | ro00 | a | 32 | 1938 | 1125s | x000 | ‘sess | 2o7 | 1.695 | 1604 | ‘seo | 3750 | ‘162 | “14s | ors | 260 * maximum ~to theoretical sharp corners ‘minimum ~ absolute with fat NOTE: Performance data listed are for standard production items ont. Now-stock items may vary due to variables in methods of ‘manufacture. It's suggested that tho user verily performance on ty nowsanded par tor ee! appeaton “BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREWS Dimensions SO Precision hex socket for maximum key engagement Low head height for madern streamline design Fully formed threads rolled under extreme pressure provide grester strength Continuous g ‘of decarburization Seo page 16 for mechanical properties and applications. jn flow makes the whole screw stranger Heat treated alloy steel for maximum strength without brittleness LENGTH TOLERANCE eT [peer] Dimensions: ANSUASME B18.3 3 piano | tock | rinck| Thread Class: 2A =e Torin | —09 | 08 a Oweteor | Mas | M05 “a peo 1 ZF e} : * 2 t HEREAE oreo a wen DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA x 3 a ve |e |_ as. wesydenenr | ™ |_atnegn [ate] § ; soe_| “an onne [ uune [ max [min | max [in| min [mx | in| vet _| moe i w | os | - | 60 | 11 | 104 | 060 | osee | oa | 0x2 | 02 | soo | ow as a | or | es | x | a0 | S20 | ova | coos | ‘oan | ose | 000 | 00 | ‘oro 80 az_| os | se | ou | ‘tee | “tou | 006 | ‘onze | 2m | ous | ose | soo | 10 | oo | tos | ‘oso | om | «@ | se | sa | 76 | ooo | oot | 025 | ose | om | soo | or | 110 | 0 | oes ae [on | a | ee | ars | or | nt2 | tors | os | oso | ost | soo | ors | a5 | a2 | ons ts | fas | co | a | Gan | Jan | as | ‘tooo | ‘oue | ‘tee | os | S00 | avs | ‘ses | hes | ‘oven ws | ase | az | co | 2sz| aso | 100 | raze | om | ora | oma | cas | ors | 50 | ae | ome ae | fase | a2 | 96 | iz | oe | toe | tees | ose | oor | orm | 750 | ors | aos | oe | osar so | 90 | 21 | a2 | amr | er | “too | ‘two | ‘70 | sor | ‘oar | sooo | ‘ozo | ‘aa | 220 | ‘aso va | 250 | 20 | 2 | 4x7 | aio | 250 | 205 | 067 | 102] 122 | x00 | anv | 249 | 200 | 002 se | av | ie | 2a | Ser | ar | otas | “dose | Sos | “see | tse | 1000 | far | oo | sa | ens ae | a | we | 24 | e56 | soe | oars | ‘soe | ‘tzz | ‘s00 | a5 | 1200 | or | ‘ane | ans | 2007 v2 | 00 | 1 | 20 | 075 | ae | sw | aor | 75 | 265] 245 | 2000 | ove | ov | 560 | 125 se | es] i | ta | 000 | ‘ro | as | ‘etea | a0 | aa | 31s | 2000 | ase | ‘Sea | sas | arco 16FLAT HEAD AND BUTTON HEAD SOCKET SCREWS Mechanical Properties NoTEs Material: ASTM F835 - alloy steel ‘ASTM F879 - stainloss Hardness: Re 38-43 for alloy steel Rb 96-Re 23 for stainless steel ‘Tensile Strength: 160,000 PSI min. ultimate tensile strength for alloy steel 80,000 PSI min. ultimate tensile strength for stainless st Heat Treatment: Stainless steel isin cold-worked (CW) condition unless otherwise requested. GENERAL NOTE Flat, countersunk head cap screws and button head cap screws are designed and recommended for moderate fastening applications: machine guards, hinges, covers, ete. They are not suggested for use in critical high strength applications where socket head cap screws should be used. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES STAINLESS STEEL kimate ‘seating tg ‘imate eile ‘seating torque nom. strength os. eee inchs strength bs. Oy inchs sie UNRC | _UNAF [bodytbs.min.| UNRC | UNAF | UNRC | UNRF [bodyibs.min.| _UNRC | _UNRF 0 - 265 an - 18 - 162 3 - 10 om 390 330 ‘402 25 25 237 250 137 7 18 2 555 555 556 45 45 333 355 191 28 30 ° 8 5 739 7 7 138 an 253 a3 26 “ x00 | 1040 346 8 8 Bae 585 225 60 66 6 s260_| 1310 | 1180 2 13 a me 408 ED 93. 6 vaso | 1620 | 1.440 6 7 a8 913 “1 1 2 " 2220 | 2240 | 2030 0 3 v260 | 1327 633 2 a #0 2780 | 3180 | 270 ny 6 asis_| 11300 931 30 36 we sor | 6780 | 4710 | 100 110 262 | 3276 | 1610 7 at ane 350 | 9.250 | 7.360 | 200 220 ame | 5220 | 2620 | 13 138 38 soo | 14000 | 10800 | 350 400 ears | 7800 | 3620 | 218 207 ve | 16300 | 18800 | 14,400 | 560 625, gsro | toss | 4930 | 349 388 ww 22800 | 25,600 | 18.960 | 850 | 1,000 smo | 14390 | 64s | 532 00 gre | 28300 | 32300 | 23300 | 1200 | 1360 e300 | 13300 | sso | 767 856 38 36.000 | 40,800 | 23450 | 1.700 | 1,900 20300 | 23,000 | 10.100 | 1080 | 1200 38 53200 | 59.300 | 42,400 | 3.000 | 3200 sooo | 33600 | 14500 | 1aso | 2100 18 73500 | 81,000 | 57,700 | 5.000 | 5,400 ‘500 | 45800 | 19,700 | 3030 | 3:30 1 6300 | 105.000 | 75,400 | 7200 | 7.800 stsoo | 53700 | 25a00 | 4550 | 5.000 “Torques values liste are for plain screws to induce 65,000 pst stress in alloy steel and 30,000 psi tensile stress in stainless stool screw threads. For cadmium plated screws, mubiply recommended seating torque By 75 for zine plated screw muliply By 1.40, See Note, page 1. 16SQUARE HEAD SET SCREWS Dimensions = Application Data Heet treated alloy steel for VIBRATIONAL HOLDING POWER maximum strength without ‘vs. SEATING TORQUE brittleness or decarburization ‘Sion sy18cioetne" GREATER TIGHTENING TORQUES ‘of UNBRAKO Square Heads, Fully formed threads with continu made of high quality alloy steel us grain flow for greater strength provide 50% more axial holding and precision ft power than ordinary carbon stee! square heads, And, because of the increased torque plus the Knurled Cup Point, UNBRAKO ‘Square Head Set Screws deliver up to 400 percent more Vibrational Holding Power. =] Knurled cup point for positive self-locking and vibration resistance Threads por ANSIB 1.1; we Handbook H-28. ANS! B18.6.2 J | eons le oe \. we = Diameter stursockn xnuateb CUP 200 upto 818" ‘Mitinac on extsua Cun 3/4” and over " NOTES Material: ASTM A574 - alloy stool Hoat treatment: Re 45 min, through heat treated ‘Thread: Class 2A, ‘These torques are appreciably higher than socket set screw torque rest mone values, therefore thread stripping strength of mating material DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA must be considered. (Not recommended in standard collars.) basic | threads | a c D r W R w recom nom. | screw | por torque ‘ize | diameter| inch | min | max | min | max | min | 20 rin | som, | mex [min | inchs, wo | ago | 26 | ave to2 | oe | 127 | 20] ons sae] ie | tes [180 | 100 va zs0 | 20 | ‘sat | ‘132 | tte | 1158 | ‘sas | ‘06s 7a | 58 zo | ‘ar | ate sie | a | te | ais | iva | i166 | 203 | 198 | ove ‘au | 52 | ai | ‘02 | 220 38 ams | 16 | 097 | 21 | 194 | 250 | 241 | sa | 203 | 270 [tse | s75 | 362 | 030 ane | usr | ve | ‘sav | 252 | 2x2 | 297 | 2e7 | coo | ae] ‘316 | 132 | aor | 42a | 1380 2 soo | 13 | ‘e6 | 201 | 270 | 44 | x4] 125 | 309 | ‘ser |i | ‘500 | asa | 2100 one | se | 2 | oa | ax | a0 | 1 | amo | 10 | aa | aor |viaa2| cea | oes | zas0 5m esz | 11 | axa | am | 3a7 | 469 | ase | 156 | 48s | 452 | rsie | 625 | 606 | 4250 aia 750 | 1 | voor | ‘450 | ‘425 | 563 | ‘sa | ‘188 | 582 | ‘saa |i78 | 750 | 729 | 7700 78 a7 | 8 | 1170 | s30 | 502 | 56 | a] ats | sre | cas [zane | 7s | 252 | 12600 1 roo | 8 | rsa | 609 | 579 | 750 | 73 | 1250 | ra | i726 | 212 | 1.000 | 974 | 16:00 rye_| vrs | 7 | 1505 | ‘689 | ‘655 | ‘see | ‘226 | ‘201 | ‘s70 | ‘e17 | 21316) 1.125 | 1.096 | 20800 ria | 1250] 7 | rer | 767 | 793 | ox | 920 | 12 | 966 | 908 [ave | 1.250 | 1210 | 25000 age | 1375 | 6 | see | ‘eae | ‘aoe | soar | vo1r | ‘ae | 1062 | 1.000 | 376 | 1375 | 1242 | 32.000 rv2_| v800 | 6 | 2or0 | 26 | sos | sizs | 105 | 37s | 1.159 | 1091 | aaa | 1500 | 1.464 | 44,000 710 may have head dimensions from 1/4 nominal size furaished at Unbrako option. **See Note, page 1 W(Oaerelre) SOCKET SET SCREWS = Dimen: over 62 | over?” oe ferro A LENGTH TOLERANCE 203 ia ri Fe ea re ° DIMENSIONS basio A c P size | diameter | UNRC | UNRF | max NRC [UWRF | max. ain max ‘in 0 060 - 80 (0600 - ses | 038 027 040 0x7 " 73 6 2 ‘ova | 0692 065 | 040 038 ‘oso us 2 086 56 6 ovo | 0819 owe | ou 039 57 053 8 (098 36 990 | 0985 0049 | ose 085 (066 62 2 0 8 1120 089 so7s | ‘061 0st 075 ‘o70 6 5 40 “ 1250 199) z02_| 067 057 083 O78 6 138 2 © 1380 7320) 1a | 078 68 092 87 ® 166 2 38 1640 1580 x05 | 087 076 109 103 0 180 2 2 1900 1825 se40_| “102 88 127 120 we 250 20 28 2500 | 2419 2s | 1s2 78 756 748 516 312 18 24 3126 | 3038 3083 | 172 156 208 195 38 315 16 2a 3750__| 3658 sera | 212 194 250 2a 76 as7 1% 20 ass | a2 wae | 252 22 27 27 ww 500 13 20 so00 | “4sat aig | 201 207 ee au sre 562 2 18 625 | 5st ssa | 332 ‘309 390 379 28 625 1 18 exo | 6128 ra ae 69 a6 34 750 10 16 ‘7500 | 7371 408 | 50 425 ‘562 549 78 815 3 “i 750_| sett sce7_ | 530 02 56 2 1 1.000 8 2 10000 | 9880 685 | 609 519 750 738 18 1.125 7 2 si2s0 | toss | 11138 | 889 5 ue 226 ar 1280 7 2 2600 | 12308 | 1296 | 767 738 938 920 138 1375 6 2 vs7s0 | 13568 | 1366 | 308 208 yon | 01 nie 11500 6 2 15000 | tasis | tases | 926 286 ais | 1.108 NOTE: Performance data listed ore for standard produetion items only. Non-stock items may vary dus to variables in methods of manufacture. Its suggested that the user verify performance on any non-standard parts for ertical applications. 8SOCKET SET SCREWS Dimensions = Application Data = Seating Torques Radiused socket corners — Rounded corners resist cracking and allow UNBRAKO set screws to withstand high tightening torques Deep socket —Key fits deeply into socket to provide extra wrenching area for tighter tightening without reaming the socket or rounding off corners of key Continuous grain flow ~ Flow lines of rolled threads follow closely the contour of the serew Fully formed threads ~ are rolled, not cut or ground, Metal is compressed, making it extra strong. Threads resist shearing, withstand higher tightening torques Class 3A threads ~ Formed with closest interchangeable fit for maximum cross- section with smooth assembly. Assure better mating of parts Balanced heat treatment - I's customized to individual lots of screws for uniform hardness, assuring maximum strength without brittleness Counterbored knurled cup point — Exclusive UNBRAKO selflocking point provides 5 times greater vibrational holding power than other knurled points Notes Material: ASTM F212 alloy stool 1. When length equals nominal diam ‘ASTM F880 -stainlss stool" otaror ess, Inchided anglais 118 Dimensions: ASME/ANSI 818.3 (#4 VB and ¥8% 36 also have Harde Re 45-53 (all 1 only}, {1B enalel fardness: Re 45-53 (alloy stool onl}, Fe SE 52 ley ste only! 2, When length equals nominal diam- eter or less, included angle is 130°. ‘Thread class: 24, DIMENSIONS RECOMMENDED SEATING TORQUES - INCH-LBS.** A > if A aes max in in om. besie stainless | serew length OW ons 035 028 045 10 4 332 21 O17 03s 025, 055, 18 2 Ve 28 020 035 035 8a 18 2 18 oa om 60 050 ora 5 « 592 030 028 075 050 84 5 ‘ 582 0x 27 07s 0625 094 a 1 592 08 oe 075 0625 708 0 7 ane 080 03 037 075 7st 03 20 16 ane 90 «9 ont 105 0937 ua 26 2 ane 100 067 58 708 75 188 a 70 56 125 oe one 340 "662 2a 185 130 38 156 89 cs 340 1875 281 290 20 76 188 a4 108 90 2187 328 30 340 7 29 130 120 210 250 15 620 500 ane 250 148 136 265 250 22 520 500 58 250 764 08 265 3125 169) 1335 980 aie 312 198 180 330 375 582 2.400 1.700 314 375 227 an 450 500 558 53,500 3,000 EG 500 260 200 550 5825 750 5,000 000 78 582 231 2m 1650 5625 aut 7,200 5.600 1 562 328 308 700 525 338 500 7,700 118 525 288 ae 700 25 Ton 3,600 7,700 11a 625 285 365 750 750 1135 11320 9.100 a8 750, CAUTION: Values shown in column Tare for minimum stock length eup point serews, ‘Scrows shorter than nominal minimum length shown do not have sockets deep enough 10 utilize fll key capabilty which can result in failure of socket, key or mating threads. +See Note, page 1. 19(Oaerelre) SOCKET SET SCREWS ® Point Selection According to Applica Socket sot screws offer three types of holding power: torsional (resistance to rotation); axial (resistance to lateral movement); and vibrational. Size selection is an important factor in holding power. The screw diameter should be roughly 1/2 that of the shaft as a rule-ofthumb, (For more specific size data see pages 18-19.) ‘Additional design considerations appear below. Holding power is almost directly pro- portional to seating torque in a cup, fiat, and oval point screws, Holding power can be increased by increasing seating torque. Greater holding power reduces the number of scrows required and the assembled cost of the application. By its penetration, the set screw point can add as a much as 15% to total holding power. Cone points, with deepest penetration, give the greatest increase; oval points, with minimum penetration, the least, Making 1 the index for cup point, holding power values from tables on pages 22 and 23 can be multiplied by 1,07 for cone point, 0.92 for flat ar dog points, and 0,90 for aval point. Relative hardness between set serow and shat is also a factor. A 10-point differential between the screw's not- ‘mal Rockwell C 50 and shaft should bbe maintained for full halding power. ‘As much as 15% loss in holding power can result fram a lower differ- ential Vibration resistance can be achieved by correct size and proper tightening. The UNBRAKO knutl cup set serew offers additional mechanical locking resistance when required POINT SELECTION ‘According to Application Point solection is normally determined by ated en lin cu the nature of the application ~ materials, their inane cup Blain cup relative hardness, frequency of assembly For quick and permanent —_Use against hardened and re-assombly and other factore. Reviewed location of gears, collars, _shatts, in zine, die castings here are standard point types, their general pulleys or knobs on shafts. and other soft materials features and most frequent areas of application Exclusive counterclockwise where high tightening locking knurls resist screw torques are impractical, of each type. leosening, even in poorly tapped holes. Resists most severe vibration, 20SOCKET SET SCREWS Point Selection According to Application STAINLESS STEEL ADVANTAGES 1 Corrosion resistance, Wide temperature range (-300" F to +800° F), Freedom from scaling or oxidation. 1 Non-magnetic, a valuable property in certain electrical and electronic applica tions. (Maximum permeability is 1.2 and can be reduced to 1.02 by bright annealing.) Corrosion-resistance useful where cleanliness is important. = Standard processing of these socket set screws includes a passivation treat ment which neutralizes surface contamination, flat oval half dog Use where parts must be Use for frequent adjust- For permanent location of _Used for permanent loca- frequently re-set, as it ment without deformation _ parts. Deep penetration tion of one part to another. causes little or no damage _of pertit bears against, dives highest axial and Point is spotted in hole to part it bears against also for seating against holding power. In material drilled in shaft or against Can be used against hard- an angular surface. lover Rockwell C15 point is flat (milled). Often replaces ened shafts (usually with Circular U-grooves or spotted to half its length dowel pins. Works well ground flat for better con- axial V-grooves sometimes to develop shear strength _—_against hardened members, tact) and as adjusting put in shaft to permit across point. Used for co hollow tubing. screw. Preferred for thin rotational or longitudinal __pivots and fine adjustment, ‘wall thickness and on soft adjustment. plugs. a(Oaerelre) SOCKET SET SCREWS = Tor SIZE SELECTION OF SOCKET SET SCREWS ‘Tho usor of a set-screw-fastened assombly is primarily buying static holding power. The ata in this chart offers a simplified means for selecting diameter and seating torque of a set screw on a given diameter shaft. Torsional holding power in inch-pounds and axial holding power in pounds are tabu- lated for various cup point socket screws, seated at recommended installation torques. Shafting used was hardened to Rockwell C15, ‘Test involved Class 2A screw threads in Clase 28 tapped holes, Data was determined experi- ‘mentally ina long series of tests in which holding power was defined as the minimum. load to produce 0.010 inch relative movement of shaft and collar “OLDIVG POWERipercert of aga este stb wo 720 70 From this basic chart, values can be mod Fi. ANGLEBETWEEN SCREWS, alg) ified by percentage factors to yield suitable design data for almost any standard set screw application, Notes ‘Tabulated axial and torsional holding powers are typical strengths and should be used accordingly, with specif safety factors appropriate te the gven application and load conditions. Good results have been obtained witha factor of 15-20 under static load conditions (Le. ‘whore a collar is supporting a vertical load on a post) and of 4.08.0 for various dynamic situations screw sizes on the basis that screw diameter should be roughly one-half shaft Values in bold type in the chart indicate recommended s TORSIONAL and AXIAL HOLDING POWER (Based on Recommended Seating Torques — Inch-Lbs.) ‘xt sta net hordnes et 35) . win |e wi [mm | we | we | [me | w | me a a ” so | 15 w]e] S & | 20 ei | ta | at | 100 a s | 2s so | a3 | me | 32 | 10 we] 3 | am | a2] se) ts | sa pis | iso | 50 | var | as | es | 5 | i 33 | wa | ws | iso | ms | 200 | 2s | 500 | a0 | soo ss | 10 | a0 tes | tee | ter | ate | ao | i | srs | a7 | soo | see we | 10 | 280 3 | [a pa ss | [ss > @ | 7 fs | 2 | oes wx fe |e | je |m |e | | we fo | 36 | 500 fs | os | oe [aor fam | ass | ase vm | 7] taco ves [ise | ier fzte aso | at sis | ses | tao pe [20 [ser | ars | at aa | 250 | 2000 srs [acy | soo | a2 ane | «30 | 2800 was | 62s | 702 ta. | s20 | 3000 mo | as ane |_e20_| 3200 ee ws | 132s | 4000 au | 2000 | S000 ie | S000 | S200 1° | S000 | atoSOCKET SET SCREWS Torsional and Axial Holding Power Ifyou know set serews, you know that the tighter you ean tighten them, the better they hold and the more they resist loosening from vibration. But there's a limit to how much you can tighten the average socket set screw. If you're not careful, you can ream or crack the socket, and in some cases, even stip the threads. So ‘you're never quite sure whether or ot it will actually stay tight With UNBRAKO set screws it's @ different story. A unique combination fof design and carefully controlled ‘manufacturing and heat treating dives these screws extra strength that permits you to tighten them approcia- bly tighter than ordinary sorews with ‘minimal fear of reaming or eracking ‘the socket. this extra strength repre: sents a substantial bonus of extra holding power and the additional safety and reliability that goes with it Design - Deeper UNBRAKO sock- ets give more key engagement to let you seat the screws tighter. Corners are radiused to safeguard against reaming or cracking the socket when the extra tightening torque is applied. ‘The sharp corners of other set screws create high stress concentrations and UNBRAKO SOCKET SET SCREWS - UNRC or UNRF Thr can cause cracking, even at lower tightening torques. By eliminating the corners, the radii distribute tightening stresses to reduce the chance of split- ting to @ minimum. Controlled Manufacturing - The {ully-formed threads of UNBRAKO set screws are rolled under extreme pres- sure to minimize stripping and handle the higher tightening torques, Also, with rolled threads, tolerances can be more closely maintained. UNBRAKO set screws have Class 3A threads, Closest interchangeable fit, giving maximum cross-section with smooth assembly. The thread form itself has the radiused root that increases the strength of the threads and resistance to shear. Controlled Heat Treatment - This ig the third element of the cambina- tion, Too little carbon in the furnace atmosphere (decarburization) makes screws soft, causing reamed sockets, stripped threads and sheared points ‘when screws are tightened. Too much carbon (carburization) makes screws brittle and liable to crack or fracture. ‘The heat treatment is erally tailored to each “heat” of UNBRAKO screws, ‘maintaining the necessary controlled 1d ~ Seated Against Steel Shaft Re 45-53 hardness for maximum strength Finally, point style affects holding power. As much as 15% more can be ‘contributed, depending on the depth of penetration, The cone point (when Used without a spotting hole in the shaft) gives greatest increase because of its greater penetration. The oval point, with the least contact area, affords the least. The cup point lies in between, but is by far the most commonly used, because of the wide range of applications to which its, adaptable. However, there is one cup point that gan give you both a maximum of holding power and of resistance to vibration. Itis the exclusive UNBRAKO knurled cup point, whose locking knurls bite into the shaft and resist the tendency of the screw to back out of the tapped hole. The chart on this page shows clearly how much better, the UNBRAKO set screws resist vibration in comparison with plain cup point set screws. UNBRAKO knurled cup point seittocking set screws give you excellent perfor- mance under conditions of extreme vibration, ‘ait al onsteraathordnss Re 151 Re 35) soning on, | sti = [« | m[ 1 [wfpiwml[m|? [mls [owls seein eres wo | 10f 0 n 13] 6s 2 ta] as «| s | ue | 8 | io | | 20] @ we | wo | 20) 6 | 0 | vo we | 2 | be | vz | see | tee | soe wo_| 36 | 510 | v6 | zor | 26 | 20 | ae ve | ar | sooo | ave | as | «a7 | soo | eas | 700 sis | 15 | 1500 | aos | 62 | 56 | 250 | 957 | 1126 | 910 | 100 se | 20 | 2000 | 62s | 150 | 075 | so00 | 1250 | 1500 | i750 | 2000 me | 30 | 2500 | 760 | sar | 1095 | r2e0 | 1560 | x57 | 2210 | 2600 | aus 12 | 620 | 3000 | sar | m2 | 1910 | 1500 | 7s | 2250 | 2600 | 3000 | 750 | 4500 sne_| 20 | 3500 | toso | ts10 | tsa0 | treo | 2150 | 2020 | soso | seo | caro | caso | orzo se | 1326 | 4000 | 1250 | 1600 | 1750 | 2000 | 2500 | sooo | s7so | 4000 | sooo | sooo | 7000 | e000 ae | 2400 | S000 revs | 2190 | 2500 | 3125 | s1s0 | aso0 | sooo | 250 | 2500 | 5750 | 10000 7a | 3600 | S00 220 | 000 | s1s0 | 1sc0 | s2e0 | sooo | 7500 | 000 | ras00 | 12000 1 | 000 | 6500 ssoo_| aa7s_| 5260 | 120 | ooo | 7s0_| rosoo | 12250 | W000 23PRESSURE PLUGS DRYSEAL TYPE with 3/ Procision hex socket with maximum depth for positive wrenching at higher seating torques Dryseal-thread form achieves a seal without need for compound Heat treated alloy steel for strength Roundness-closely controlled for better sealing Uniform taper of 3/4 inch per foot Controlled chamfer for faster starting Threads NPTF per ANSI 81.203 See Notes on page 25 See Application Data on page 26 DIMENSIONS a 6 L w rh in, | 2010 | nom. ose |r aie | 052 wo | 312 186 oo | are | zene | 160 ws | 77 an | ‘082 vo | 32 188 oos | 36351 | “37360 | “1615 260 | 18 548 | 073 218 wat | 250 os | 7739 | “eores | 2278 a8 ae | ie sae | 08s 250 so | aia os | 1201 | 62701 | 240 we so | 4 a7 | “095, 312 se | 375 coos | aga | “77ea | “320 aia 50 | | ter | 25 a2 525 562 oor | s67es | ‘seee7 | 339 7 ro00 | tv | 1333 | 125 375 750 | 625 ‘oor | 121363 | 123863 | 400 tvs | tz50 | ny | ter | 126 ar | (2 | 750 cow | 15572 | 188908 | 420 ii | 1500 | i112 | toe | “158 ast | 812 | ro00% | ‘ow | 179609 | ta223¢ | “420 2 2000 | v2 | 2395 | 156 ar | 375 | 1000 oi | 226902 | 229627 | 496 "780 for LEVLSEAL mPRESSURE PLUGS LEVL SEAL® TYPE Dryseal Thread Form with 7/8-inch per foot Precision hex socket with maximum depth for positive wrenching at higher seating torques Heat treated allay steel for strength Roundness closely controlled for better sealing High pressure is developed through a deliberate difference of taper between the plug and the tapped hole having standard 3/4” taper Flush seating is achieved through closer control of thread forms, sizes and taper-improves safety and appearance, Fully formed PTF dryseal threads for better sealing without the use of a compound Controlled chamfer for faster ‘See Application Data on page 27 oenTiricatiON 7 SROOVE NET & ROOT IsoTH ENDS) DIMENSIONS* a ores ff | ok | ABE | ot | SRS nr ants st in ww | ca | gor | om | se | 250 | arom | 2 Bare gamete, cote oa dts of | ato | Seo | ome | ee | tos_| cores | prPaiteten ois erent, ae fae | eer | om | tee [aoe | aaron | BEN i et LP rou va 500 830 067 329 531 77843, L1- length of hand-tight engagement. ! 7.000 1.302 me 200 886 1.23863 | flush with face of standard NPTF ring gages within one toe | 498 | 48 | | S| SS | LESS | Ray age stance 1a | dase | tee | ee] Se | ss | Lane | BRE endear cre Sara aire eT ndoreatincckt at ma oon *Dinenson efor conn for STFTEHLON cose LEVLSEAL Oe ere ez eae SRB 25(Oaerelre) PRESSURE PLUGS = Appl Pressure plugs are not pipe plugs. Pipe plugs (plumbers fittings) are limited to pressures of 600 psi, are sealed with a compound, and are ‘made of cast iron with cut threads and protruding square drive, Pressure plugs are made to closer tolerances, are generally of higher quality, and almost all have ‘taper threads. Properly made and sed, they will seal at pressures to 5000 psi and without a sealing com- pound (pressure tests are usually at 20,000 psi.) they are often used in hydraulic and pneumatic designs. Performance Requirements Pressure plugs used in industrial applications should: 1 not leak at pressures to 5000 psi ‘need no sealing compounds be reusable without seizure give a good seal when reused 1 seal low viscosity fluids ' require minimum seating torque 1 require minimum re-tooling or special tools. For a satisfactory seal, the threads of the plug and those in the mating hole ‘must not gall or seize up to maximum APPLICATION DATA - DRYSEAL TYPE ation Data possible tightening torque. Galling {and seizure are caused by metal pickup on the mating surfaces and are directly related to force on the surface, material hardness, lubrica- tion used, and thread finish, How Pressure Plugs Seal Sealing is achieved by crushing the rest of one thread against the root, of the mating thread. if too much ‘of compressive force is required to torque the plug, it will tend to gall in the hole, Too litle force will not deform the crest of threads enough to produce a seal. Increasing the hardness of the material will reduce galling but will also inerease the required sealing force. Generally a hardness range of Re 30 to 40 will meet most requirements. The tighten- ing force must be low enough to cause no galling in this range. Cost Considerations Dryseal plugs are more frequently sed, especially where reuse is fre- quent. Reason: more threads are engaged and they therefore resist leakage better. They are also pre- ferred in soft metals to reduce of over-torquing, ‘TYPES OF PRESSURE PLUG THREADS ‘Three thread forms are commonly used for pipe plugs and pressure plugs: NPT: National Pipe thread, Tapered. ‘This is the thread form commonly used for commercial pipe and fittings for low pressure applications. A lubri- cant and sealer are generally used. ANPT: Aeronautical National Pipe thread, Tapered. Covered by MIL-S- 7108, this thread form was developed for aircraft use, Itis basically the. ‘same ag the NPT throad except that tolerances have been reduced about 50 percent. Plugs made with this thread should be used with lubricants and sealers. They are not to be used for hydraulic applications, NPTF: National Pipe thread, Tapered Fuel, This is the standard thread for pressure plugs. They make pressure- tight joints without a sealant. Tolerances are about 1/4 those for NPT threads, The standard which applies is ANSI B1.20.3. Applicable for fluid power applications. Unbrako recommends using a tapered reamer with corresponding *Recommended torques for alloy steel only. Multiply by .85 for PTF fully formed Dryseal threads achieve seal in tapped holes iets | oe =a Sie tap dil ove page 2, ae “With use of reamer taper thread) we | oa | 2tee | Without use of tapered reamer, Le we |e pane Stainless toe! and 0 for brass, iw | ow [inne a4 4 57164 without need for sealing compounds. 7 Tia paw tae | ttt |arsmm | 2 | Shoo tie | tie |esmm | = | so00 2” | tiie [aw | =| seo 8PRESSURE PLUGS PTFE/TEFLON-Coated LEVL-SEAL Type Dryseal Thread Form with 7/8-inch Taper per Foot Deliberate difference in taper between the plug and the tapped hole. Ideal {or use in assemblies where clearance is limited and in hydraulic lines near High pressure seal - Achioved through metal-to-metal contact at the large end of the plug. High load placed on the few mating threads near the top of the hole, PTFE/TEFLON Coated LEVL-SEAL Type ‘Typical thickness is 0.0005-inch LEVL-SEAL precision coated with tough, corrasion-resistant PTFE/TEFLON. Installation of the new plugs is faster with the coating of PTFE/TEFLON ‘which acts as a lubricant as well as seal. Power equipment can be used 10 install the smaller sizes instead of ‘the manual wrenching required by higher torques of uncoated plugs. Suited for in assembly line production. Higher hydraulic and pneumatic ‘working pressures can be effectively sealed, Seal is effective without use ‘moving parts. Designed for use in hard materials and in thick-walled sections as well as for normal plug applications, Flush seating - Design of LEVL-SEAL. plug permits seating within half a pitch in a normally tapped hole. Conventional plugs have the greater tolerance of a full pitch and usually protrude above the surface, of tapes or sealing compounds, even with liquids of very low viscosity. SPS Laboratories have tested these plugs with surges up to 13,500 psi 8 times in 5 minutes, then held poak pressure for 6 full hours without trace of leakage. Flush seating improves appear- ance and adds safety. LEVL-SEAL plugs seat flush because of a combi- ration of (1) gaging procedures, and (2) deliberate difference in taper between the plug and a normally tapped NPTF hole. (The taper of the plug is 7/8" per foot , while that of the hole is 3/4" per foot} PTFE/TEFLON was selected for the costing material because of its APPLICATION DATA ~ LEVL-SEAL and LEVL-SEAL with PTFE/TEFLON “Seomal est here INTERNAL THREADS HOLE) ena rot be Pw “nena cet hee PTF fully formed Dryseal threads designed to achieve seal in tapped holes without need for sealing com- pounds. ‘combination of extra hardness and abrasion resistance which permit reuse up to 5 times without appreci bie lose of seal ‘The coating is serviceable to 4450°F without deterioration, ‘Temperatures lower than ~100°F require the use of stainless stee! plugs. ‘Those are available in the same range of sizes as the alloy steel plugs. With no tape or sealing compound involved, there is no danger of foreign matter entering and contaminating the system or equipment. The coating reduces any tendency of the plug to “freeze” in the hole because of rust recommended hole diameter coms 00, theoads threads ‘apt di torque ines te perinch ma a x allowable sie allo stool" wie 2 2378 2336 378 250 4 5168 160 ve 2 Sn 271 375 250 4 206 250 ua 18 249 209 521 337 4 21/68 600 38 18 3655 5615 516 392 4 one 1200) we “ ‘5905 5365 at 517 4 wie 1800 aie “ 3938 896 527 503 4 57/68 3000 1 m2 11280 1280 ™ 586 4 118 "4200 ave nie 14796 1arse 780 592 4 375mm 400 12 nie 1785 a6 793 505 4 425mm, 6200 2 mz 2.1808 28165 781 573 4 zane 500 ‘comment on page 26. *For taper thread (using tapered resmer). For tap ail size (without using tapered ream) see table and corresponding ‘Maximum for PTFE/TEFLON-coated but can be reduced as ‘mich a8 60% in most applications 2DOWEL PINS = Dimensions = Application Data Formed ends resist chipping ‘Surface hardness: Rockwell “C 60 minimum Surface finish: 8 microinch maximum Core hardness: Rockwell "C” 50-58 Case depth: .020-inch minimum ‘Shear strength: 160,000 ps! (calculated based on conversion from hardness) Heat treated alloy steel for strength and toughness Held to precise tolerance by automatic gaging and electronic feed-back equipment Materiel, Heat Treatment, Dimensions: ASME 818.8.2 (0002 - inch oversize typically used for first instalation. (0010 ~ inch oversize typically used after hole enlarges. Installation Warning ~ Do not strike. Use safety shield or glasses when pressing chamfered end in first. Single shear load calculated as 180,000 psi x x (nom. AI? = & DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA A . D R ‘ecommended f____.|._* | hole size 902 over nom 201 over nom, 0002 over nom) 116 sxe | 0626 ose | 0034 058 06 ‘008 oss | 0620 3132 ose: | 939 oss | 0947 089 08 or oss? | ‘092 ve x53 | 1261 1261 1259 120 22 16 x50] 1248 552 1565 | 1563 ass | 1877 150 022 020 1562 | 1957 a6 sss | 1876 ress | “tase 180 023 73 x75 | 1870 va 2503 | 2501 2sr1_| 12509 240 ‘031 ox 2500 | 2495 56 se | 3126 sis | 3138 302 038 ry as | 3120 ae ams | 3751 ‘3761 789 265 028 ‘our aro | ars m6 asre_| 4376 06 | see 28 ‘oar 055, ass | 4970 12 soos | 5007 som 5008 086 ow 68 000 | 4995 aie 5628 | 5626 5636 | 534 548 047 ‘70 5625 | 5620 ES e253 | 6251 261 259 ert 007 O78 250 | ‘6215, aia 703 | 7501 711 7508) 735 058 94 700 | 7495 os e753 | 8751 are1 | e759 360 1059 “109 3750 | 845 1 too0s_| 1.9001 | +0011_| 10009 ‘980 059 8 10000 | ‘9995 28DOWEL PINS Dimensions = Application Data Continuous grain flow resists chip- ping of ends. Precision heat treated {or greater strength and surface hardness. fend provides easier hole, Surface finish to ‘APPLICATIONS Widely used as plug gages in various, production operations, and as guide pins, stops, wrist pins, hinges and shafts. Also used as position locators fn indexing machines, for aligning parts, as feeler gages in assembly ‘work, as valves and valve plungers fon hydraulic equipment, as fasteners {or laminated sections and machine parts, and as roller bearings in casters and truck wheels 29(Oaerelre) PULL-OUT DOWEL PINS = jensions = Application Data Tapped hole for easy pull-out (ANSI 81.1) Exclusive spiral grooves afford uniform relief for insertion and removal, reduce chances of hole-scoring ‘Surface hardness-Rockwell C60 minimum ‘Surface finish-8 microinch maximum Core hardness-Rockwell C 50-58 ‘Shear strength: 160,000 psi (calculated based on conversion from hardness) Heat treated alloy steel for strength and toughness. Held to precise tolerance ~ .0002-inch on diameter and roundness to 60 millionths of an inch (TLR) Formed ends resist chipping Material and Heat Treatment: ASME B18.8.2 Single shear load caleulated as 180,000 psi x x (nom. Al? = GROOVE WITH 5 PITCH X-006 MIN. DEEP J MIN. bo. FULL THO. ! . THREADS PER ANSI 81.1 LenorH 010 — +} DIMENSIONS and APPLICATION DATA 8 a o P 1 x sive thread ote 1 tom, ie max [max | rin, | ‘max. rote2 | (pounds) | max | min va | #632 UNC-26 2x1 | 2503 | 2501 | 031 | 500 me | 7310 | 2500 | 2496 sé | wt0szunr-28 | ‘302 | “sia | ‘3125 | ‘ose | 25 wz | iso} ‘3125 | ‘3120 se | moszunr2a | 365 | 3753 | 3751 | 038 | 925 siie_|_ 16580 | 3750 | 745 mis | mos2unr2s | az | «978 | 076 | oa? | 625 | 2639 | stm | 22580) 315 | 4370 v2 | wezounc28 | 4s | ‘s00s | ‘soot | ‘a7 | 750 | ‘315 | ae | 29460) sooo | 1995 s_| vezouncas | ‘11 | 6253 | 6251 | 047 | 750 | ‘35 | a4 | 46020] 250 | 6245 aa | sneteuncas | 735 | 7603 | 7501 | 059 | a7 | 90 | ‘aie | e6270| 7500 | 7095 ve | sewunczs | 60 | 3753 | 751 | 059 | 75 | 290 | rane | so190| e750 | sras 1 seisunc28 | ‘980 | 10003 | rooor | ‘oss | s75 | ‘300 | tae | 117810 | 10000 | ‘9995 ‘NOTES 1 Lengths equal to or shorter than “PY max. values may be dled __2, Point angle (approx) 5° on point for lengths equal to or through. longer than X. For shorter lengths, use 15" angle 30PULL-OUT DOWEL PINS ensions = Application Data 5 WAYS TO SAVE UNBRAKO Pull-Out Dowel Pins are ‘easier, more accurate and more economical than “do-tsyourself” ‘modifications of standard dowels. ‘They save you money FIVE ways: 1. YOU SAVE COST OF SEPARATE KNOCK-OUT HOLES IN BLIND HOLES WHERE PINS MUST BE REMOVED. LUNBRAKO pull-out pins are easy to install in blind holes, easy to remove. Exclusive spiral grooves release trapped air for insertion or removal without danger of hole-scoring. 2. YOU MUST SAVE COST OF NEW PINS EACH TIME DIE 1S SERVICED OR DISMANTLED. UNBRAKO pull-out dowel pins are reusable. The hole ‘tapped in one end for @ removal screw or threaded “puller” makes it easy and fast to remove the pin without damage to pin or hole, permits repeated re-use. 3. YOU SAVE MONEY IN REDUCED DOWNTIME AND LOSS OF PRODUCTION UNBRAKO pull-out dowel pins speed up die servicing and reworking. You can remove them without turning the dia lover, and you can take out individual sections of the die for, rework or service withaut removing entire die assembly from the press. 4, YOU SAVE MODIFICATIONS COSTS, YOU AVOID HEADACHES AND YOU SAVE YOUR SKILLED PEOPLE FOR PROFITABLE WORK, UNBRAKO pull-out dowel pins have tapped holes and relief grooves built in. Time-consuming “da-ityourset” ‘modification of standard pin eliminated. No need for ‘annealing (to make pins soft enough to drill and tap), and re-hardening, which can result in damage to finish, ‘and in inaceuracies and distortion 5. YOU SAVE TIME AND MONEY BECAUSE OF THIS ‘QUALITY “REPEATABILITY.” NO SPECIAL PREPARATION OF INDIVIDUAL HOLES NEEDED-YOU CAN BE SURE OF ACCURATE FIT EVERY TIME. UNBRAKO pull-out dowel pins are identical and inter- changeable with standard UNBRAKO dowels, They have the same physical, finish, accuracy and tolerances. And they are consistently uniform. Their exclusive spiral relict {grooves provide more uniform relief than other types of removable pins, assuring more uniform pull-out values. You don't need any special tools to remove UNBRAKO pull-out dowels-just an ordinary die hook and a socket heed cap or button head socket screw. 31Accurately sized across flats and corners to insure snug fit and full wall contact, Heat treated alloy stesl-key is hard, tough and ductile clear through for longer life and retention of dimensional accuracy : ‘Size stamped for easy identification - 5/64"-1" across flats square cut end engages the socket full depth for better tightening of screw GGG-K-275. ANSI 8183 DIMENSIONS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ey size c w length of ong arm saa torsional vield mix in ax ‘in ra rnin, | 6 Fong arm inches, in, 028 oars | 1312 vas | 2688 | 2.500 - 2 (035 ous | 1312 vis | 2766 | 2578 : 20 050 49 1750 sez | 2938 | 2.750 : 56. 116 oss | tase tess | sose | 2808 ~ 705 64 om | 1968 izer | 281 | 309% | 6.000 2 3132 osz7_| 2098 90s | 34a | 3281 | 6.000 35 “ie sos | 2218 zor | sess | 346s | 6000 60 18 v3 | 2.386 25s | aaa | 3656 | 6.000 85, sia ast | 269 221 | 4os1 | 3aae | 8000 291 708 us 5 52 as | 2598 2405 | «21@ | 40o1 | 6000 938 750 195 165 a6 vaso | 2a8¢ | 2656 | 459¢ | 440s | 6000 | 1081 Bae 3 295 12. 2u2_| 094 2906 | «969 | 47e1 | 6.00 | 1.125 938 535 460 va 2aes | aa4e ass | sass | 6156 | 6000 | i219 | 1031 780 670 5116 so | ase 3556 | soa | ss0s | sooo | ia4e | 1138 | 1600 | 1370 38 ams | ease | 4156 | 6eae | 6656 | 6000 | s469 | 1261 | 2630 | 21260 76 ass | 4aae | 4656 | 7504 | 7.408 - vse | 1406 | 4500 | 3.870 we vrs | 5248 515 | ast | aise - ums | 1ss1 | 6300 | 5.420 si 600 | sase | 5556 | 909 | 3906 - rece | 1556 | 8900 | 7,880 5m e225 | saa | 6156 | ona | 9856 ~ v96o | 1781 | 12,200 | 10,500 aia waa | 7344 mass | nae | 1156 - 2213 | 2031 | 19500 | 16800 18 720 | ase iss | was | 12856 - 24eo_| 2281 | 29,000 | 24900 7 se70 | 9248 sie | wane | 14156 ~ 2ms | 2531 | «3800 | 37,400 aya | 1283 | 11500. | 11.000 : 3250 | 2.70 | 71900 | 62.500 anz_| tess | 13500 | 13000 - 270 | 3250 | 12000 _| 108,000 134 | 1743 | 15800 | 16.000 - 4280 | 3780 [198000 | 172.000 2 1993 | 17500 | 17.000 - 4750 | £250 | 276000 | 240,000HEXAGON KEYS Why UNBRAKO keys tighten socket screws tighter, safely ‘An UNBRAKO key is not an ordinary hexagon key — its a precision inter- nal wrenching tool of great strength ‘and ductility. With an UNBRAKO key, ‘far more tightening torque than is needed can be applied without dam- aging the screw or the key, and it can bbe done safely, This is an important feature, especially true of the smaller Photographs of a destruction test show what we mean. Under exces- sive torque a 5/64” UNBRAKO key twists but does not shear until a torque has been reached that is approximately 20% greater than can be applied with an ordinary key. At his point it shears off clean, flush with the top of the socket, leaving Still the UNBRAKO serew has not been harmed. The broken piece of the key is not wedged into the socket. Itcan be lifted out with @ small ‘magnet, convincing proof that the socket has not been reamed or otherwise damaged. NOTE: The use of an extension in these illustrations is for demonstration purposes only, The manufacturer does hot recommend the use of extensions sizes (5/32" and under) which are ‘normally held in the hand, no jagged edge to gash a hand, with any hex key product under normal conditions. ‘A 5/64” UNBRAKO key will twist up to 180° without weakening ‘The socket hasn't been reamed or damaged. Broken section can be lifted out with a magnet, ‘Twisted to about 270", the key shears off clean. Note the extension bar ilus- trated for test purposes only. ‘SCREW SIZE SELECTOR TABLE 1860 Soros low bonds NOTES socket | button | fat and rocket Material: ANSI B18.3, GGG-K.275, he he shoulder | set | pressuret | alloy stocl ceapscrews | _scrows ‘orewe | crows Wt | Heat treat: Re 47-57 "1-4/2 LEVL-SEAL has 3/4 socket, * “o He 1-1/2 DRYSEAL has 1” socket 40 waa_| wae 18.48 1 waa | 43.80 5.98 #248 was | 4546 8 85 8 te #0 16 «0 | #10 we | te #10 we | ve se [se wis va sis | sre se | 38 18 3a | ae m6 56 m6 we [te ve 38 wi | azene | se | we 38 mene | se | sis [aie i 976 5B aa 7.1 | 78 778 we | aie ae 1 Tie [tye tae | 784 112 18, 1. 18,1 v4 a2 138, 142 Tae 22, 1318 2 2 28,212 24a 33THREAD CONVERSION CHARTS DIAMETER/THREAD PITCH COMPARISON TCH SERIES METRIC Shee Dia. (tn) Ti Size Dian) Pitch (nm) PI iRppron) 0 0.06 0 mie (0.088 035 7 “ oor om M2 0.079 0 ee 2 0.09) 58 Mae 0.088 045 56 « 010 @ “ on «0 M3 ote 05 5 * 078 o e oat 2 wa 0.187 07 36 e 0.16 2 #0 019 2 M5 0.196 08 2 M6 0.296 1.00 28 va 025: 20 6 ost @ we 0316 125 2 38 038 6 M0 0.388 18 w 76 oe 14 Mia oar 175 15 we 050, 3 wa 0851 2 8 58. 08s 1 m6 088 2 25 a 075 70 M20 0787 28 10 8 088 3 2a 0.985 3 85 7 700 @ Mar 1.088 a asTABLE OF CONTENTS UNBRAKO® Socket Screw Products (Metr Page Metric Standards. ..... +36 Socket Head Cap Screws... - Standards - Alloy Steel . . --38 Low Heads - Alloy Steel .. wo M6 Flat Head Socket Screws ...... Alloy Steel = 40 Button Head Socket Screws ... . Alloy Stee! cell Shoulder Screws - Alloy Steel = 42 Dowel Pins Standards - Alloy Steel... we AB Socket Set Screws . see Alloy Ste€l eee Ab Low Head Cap Screws......... Low Heads - Alloy Steel ...... = 46 Hex Keys... 0.00.0 Alloy Steel......0ccceee 47 ISO Tolerances... 0.0... ceeeee ees eee eee e eset eee eee 48 Conversion Chart............ -50 35(Oaerelre) UNBRAKO Metric Fasteners UNBRAKO Metric Fasteners are the strongest off-the-shelf thread ed fasteners you can buy. Their exclusive design features and closely controlled manufacturing processes insure the dimensional accuracy, strength and fatigue resistance needed for reliability in todays advanced technology. ‘They are manufactured with the same methods and features as their inch-series counterpart. Strength UNBRAKO metric socket head cap screws are made into property class 12.9 with a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 1300 or 1250 MPa depending on screw diame- ter, Precision in manufacturing and careful control in stress areas insure strength in such critical areas as heads, sockets, threads, fillets, and bearing areas. When you purchase UNBRAKO metric socket screw products, you can be sure that they meet or exceed the strength levels of all current standards, including the three most common-ANSI, ISO and DIN, Unbrako is represented on several ASME, ANSI, ASTM and ISO committees. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) documents are published by ASME (The ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers) and are familiar to almost all users of socket screw products in the U.S.A. ASTM (American Society for ‘Testing and Materials). Many ANSI documents list dimen- sional information but refer to ASTM specifications for materials, mechanical proper- ties, and test criteria, SO (International Standards Organization) is a standards group comprising 70 member nations. Its objective is to provide standards that will be completely universal and ‘common to all countries subscribing. DIN (Deutsche Industries Normen) is the German standards group. NOTE: The proper tightening of threaded fasteners can have a significant effect on their performance. 36A WARNING TO METRIC FASTENER USERS. Metric socket cap screws are NOT sold in a single strength level like U.S. inch socket screws. General Material Strength Level, UTS min. MPa (KSI) International Standards Organization, ISO Property Class 8.8 Carbon Stee! 800 (116) < M16 £830 (120) > M16 Property Class 10.9 | Alloy Stee! 1040 (151) Property Class 12.9 | Alloy Stee! 1220 (177) USA Standards ASTM AS74M Alloy Steel 1220 (177) Unbrako Standards ASTM AS74M Alloy Steel 1300 (189) < M16 1250 (181) > M16 STANDARDS The use of metric fasteners in the worldwide market has led to the creation of many standards. These standards specify the fastener requirements: dimensions, material, strength levels, inspection, etc. Different standards are the responsibility of various organizations and are not always identical, Unbrako supplies metric fasteners for maximum interchangeability with all standards. This Engineering Guide was published with the ‘most current values, which are however subject to change by any standards organization at any time. a7METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS Dimensions Threads: ANSI 81.13M, ISO 261, ISO 262 (coarse series 4 nly) Property Class: 12.9-IS0 898/1 NoTEs 1, Material: ASTM A574M, DING12-alloy steel 2. Hardness: Re 38-43 2. Tensile Stress: 1300 MPa thru M16 size. 1250 MPa over M16 size. 4. Vield Stress: 1170 MPa thru M16 size. 1128 MPa aver M16 size. 5. Thread Class: 4g 69 L 21 LENGTH TOLERANCE ‘nominal serow diamater mis mz thre thre over ‘nominal wa Ma 2 sereu tongth Tolerance on lth, mm Up to 16 mm, inch (Over 16 1.50 mm, incl Over 80 to 120 mm, inc, (Over 120 ta 200 mm, inc 2 (Over 200 mm APPLICATION DIMENSIONS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DATA ‘encile recommended "> strength | strength body | "seating torque ee a] in i, ‘nish pitch | max | max | max | mom | min | Ce os | 30 | 16 | 16 | 15 | ose] ogo] 1200 | 105/ a70| 157] 2525] 029/ 26 oso | 38 | 20 | 20 | 15 | ose| 10 | 1200 | 269/ 605] 245| 650) 60) 52 ows | 45 | 25 | 25 | 20 | 08s | 125] 1900 | 441| o90| 380 60) 121] 11 os [55 | 30 | so | 25 | 102] 16 | 1900 | 650 1470) 55 | i240) 20 | 19 oz | 70 | «o | «0 | 30 | 452] 20 | 1200 | v4] 2560) 98 | 2205) 46 | 4 os | as | so | so | so | 190| 25 | 1300 | 185 | 4160) 153 | 345] 95 | a5 me | 10 | woo | 60 | 60 | 50 | 228/ 30 | 1900 | 261 | saro| 2205| «960| 16 | 140 ms | 125 | 30 | 80 | so | so | 32 | 40 | 1300 | «| 10700| 292 | sa00| 39 | 60 mio | 15 | to | 100 | 100 | a0 | 40 | 50 | 1900 | 75% | 17.000] 61 | 13750) 7 | 80 m2 | 17s | wo | 120 | 120 | 100 | a8 | 60 | 1300 | 110 | 24700| o8 | ioaso| 135 | 1200 sina | 20 | 210 | 140 | 140 | 120 | 56 | 70 | 1300 | 150 | 32700] 120 | 27.000] 215 | 1900 mis | 20 | 260 | 60 | 180 | to | 64 | a0 | 1300 | 20e | a5000| 157 | 5250| 330 | 2900 mao | 25 | 300 | 200 | 200 | 170 | 80 | 100 | 1250 | 206 | osaoo| 2355 | ss000| os0 | 5760 mza | 30 | 360 | 240 | 240 | 190 | 96 | 120 | 1260 | 441 | 99,100/ 339 | 76500] 1100 | 9,700 swa0 | 35 | wo | 300 | 300 | 220 | 120 | 10 | 1250 | 701 | 158000] 530 | 119.000|2250 | 19,300 vwae | 40 | seo | 260 | 260 | 270 | 144 | 10 | 1250 [1020 | 229000] 756 | 171800| 2850 [24,100 sme | a5 | 630 | azo | ao | a20 | x68 | 210 | 1260 | 1400 | 215,000|1000 | 232,500| 6270 55/580 swas | so | 720 | 480 | a30 | 250 | 132 | 240 | 1250 | 1840 | 4130001355 |205,000] 560 [75.200 All dimensions in milimeters Sizes in brackets not preferred for new designs. "*Non-stock diameter ‘Torque calculated in accordance with VOI 2230, “Systematic Cleulaton of High Dury Bolted Joins,” to induce approximately 800 MPa sess in serew threads. Torque values Isted are for plan screws. (See Note, page 1.) 38Unbrako| Lig is the maximum grip length and is the distance from the bearing surface to the first complete thread, Lig is the minimum bady length and is the length of the unthreaded cylindrical portion of the shank. SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS = Metric = Body and Grip Lengths ro] ee — BODY and GRIP LENGTHS BODY AND GRIP LENGTH DIMENSIONS FOR METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS Soe" | me | ne | mes | ma | me | ots | mts | ate | mtro | oma | ome | ams | mao | me im | te| to | to || to| to | to| to |te| te |to| te |te| to | te) to| to| te|te|te| te | to| te te | to be te | be SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS METRIC SERIES) PER ASMEIANSI 818:.1W-1996METRIC SOCKET FLAT HEAD CAP SCREWS Dimensions ‘Threads: ANSI 81.13M, ISO 262 (coarse series only) Applicable or Similar Specification: DIN 9427 General Note: Flat, countersunk head cap screws and button head cap screws are designed and recommend. ted for moderate fastening applications: machine guards, hinges, covers, etc. They are not suggested for use in critical high strength applications where socket head cap serows should be used. NoTEs Material: ASTM F835M Dimensions: 818.3.5M Property Class: 12.9 Hardness: Re 28-43 (alloy steel) Tensile Stress: 1040MPa Shear Stress: 630 MPa Yield Stress: 945 MPa 8, Sizes: For sizes up to and including M20, head angle shell be 92°/90°. For larger sizes head angle shall be 62760", 9, Thread Class: 4g 63 TR ; s wee ip : |. ad Ag So Nt BEE LENGTH TOLERANCE ‘nominal serow diamater 1 M3 hw M28 serew Length Tolerance on lth, wr Up to 16 mm, incl 303 Over 16 to 60 mm, incl 205 Over 60 mm 208 DIMENSIONS ‘APPLICATION DATA, recommended A D 4 1 s 4 ssetenemn® plain pith max. max el oo ret in om. Wa | Weibe 05 672 3 17 vio | 050 18 2 12 1 07 296 4 23 ass | 070 20 25 28 2% 08 1120 5 28 205 | 070 22 3 55. 50 we 70 Tae 6 Fry 225 | 085 2 + 35 as me 1.8 1792 8 rvs 3.20 120 28 5 24 210 mo x50 | 2240 0 55. 380 150 2 6 a n6 m2 as | 2688 2 65 438 788 38 a 2 75 Mis 200 | 3360 6 15 439 185 a 10 205 1800 M20 250 | 422 20 as 545 185 52 2 ‘00 3550 oe 300 | 40.42 24 140. rors | 220 60 4 640 5650 All dimensons in milimeters “Nonstack Diameter “Torque values are for plain screws. (See Not 40METRIC SOCKET BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREWS Dimensions Threads: ANSI B1.13M, ISO 262(coarse series only) ‘Similar Specifications: DIN 9427, ISO 7380 General Note: Flat, countersunk head cap screws and button head cap screws are designed and recommend- €ed for moderate fastening applications: machine guards, hinges, covers, etc. They are not suggested for use in critical high strength applications where socket head cap screws should be used NOTES 1, Material: ASTM F835M 2, Dimensions: ANS! 818.3.4M 3. Property Class: 12.9 4, Hardness: Re 38-43 5, Tensile Stress: 1060 MPa 6. Shear Stress: 620 MPa 7. Yield Stress: 945 MPa 8. Bearing surface of head square with body within 2° 9. Thread Class: 49 69 , ‘ 7h APPROX 48 LsnrH ToLERaNce ca Pry omensions ArPcatON Data ee ee | wwe} 39] ses] a2] a J ee] ae fee] Al dimensions in millimeters, “Non-stack Diameter ‘Torque calculated to induce 420 MPa inthe scrow threads. “Torque values are for lain screws. (See Note, page 11) aMETRIC SOCKET HEAD SHOULDER SCREWS ‘Threads: ANSI B 1.13 M, ISO 262 Similar Specifications: ANSI 818.3.3M, 180 7373, DIN $841 NoTEs 1. Material: ASTM AS74M alloy steel 2. Hardness: Re 36-43, 3, Tensile Stress: 1100 MPa based on minimum thread neck area (J min). 4. Shear Stress: 660 MPa 5. Concentricity: Body to head 0.0, within 0.18 TIR when checked in a “V’ block Body to thread pitch diameter within 0.1 TIR when checked at a distance of 5.0 C from the shoulder at the threaded end, Squareness, concentricty, parallelism, and bow of body to thread pitch diameter shall be within 0.05 TIR per centimeter of body length with a max- imum of 05 when seated against the shoulder in a threaded bushing and checked on the body at a distance of 2.5 “B” from the underside of the head, 6. Squareness: The bearing surface of the head shall be perpendicular to the axis of the body within a maximum deviation of 2° 7. Thread Class: 49 69 ‘Shoulder diameter tolerance he (ISO R 286) LENT e 7 7 too “ie l | i [APPLICATION DIMENSIONS DaTA alr o wk |u| 6 FJ | eee shood if sees | teh | max | min, ox [min | min. | mex | min, | mex | moe, | moe. | nom | Nm | i @ | ws | o# | oo] 24 | eo | soe) sa] «50 | see | 25 | 200 | or | 3 | 7 | 60 @ |e | xo | s20] a3 | eo | rare) 742] 550 | sao] 28 | 260 | ra5| « | 12 | 105 ro | we | tas | teo0| 42 | 10 | aare| o42| roo | cos | as | 2a0 | 132s | 5 | 2 | 25s 12 | mio | 15 | ss00] 49 | 120 | tiara] 1140] 800 | 769 | 25 | 200 | ao] © | 7 | 600 a6 | wiz | 175 | 2400] 66 | 160 |tsa7a| 1542] 1000 | 995 | 25 | oo | reao| 8 | 100 | aos zo | wie | 20 | soon) ga | 200 | taser] ioaz | 1400 | 298 | 28 | exo | 2240 | v0 | 20 | 212s 2 | w20 | 25 | aso0| roo | 240 | 2a967| 2242 | re00 | 1620 | 20 | sso | 2740 | 12 | 470 | «60 ‘Al dimensions in minimeters **See Not, page 1 2METRIC DOWEL PINS Hardened and Ground = Dimensions Applicable or Similar Specifications: ANSI B18.8.5M, ISO 8734 oF DIN 6325. Installation warning: Dowel pins should not be installed by striking or hammering. Wear safety glasses or shield when pressing chamfered point end first. NOTES 1. Material: ANSI B18.85-alloy stee! 2. Hardness: Rockwell C60 minimum (surface) Rockwell C 50-58 (core) 3. Shear Stress: Calculated values based on 1050 MPa, 4, Surface Finish: 0.2 micrometer maximum TZ I | ' DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA x A cael sgl al onion! |__? met oes shou Bases [ee eee a a | sae | ao | 2s | 26 | os : ra] sero | 2q00 | 2007 «| ates | foe | 23 | ss | os | oe | a2 | dees | tow | Seer s | Ste | Soe | ts | ts | to | ot | te | dees | Som | caer | ear | coo [sa | sa 11] 0a] 207] e050) sono | — 57 s | so | soe | 72 | ra | ta | os | as | ates | sow | Teer wo | score | roo | os | os | ia | os | sos | tase | sooo | oser v2] wots | aor | ia] ra] 18] 08 | tio 26700] 2000 | rraes we | seo | teoor | see | tea | ie | os | ato | Sato | team | taaes 20 | aoe | zoe | isa | ts | 20 | os | awo | tooo | 2000 | tase a | sore | doe | xe | xa | is | to | seo | ooo | sow | aca All dimensions in milimeters.(Oaerelre) METRIC SOCKET SET SCREWS = Knurled Cup Point and Plain Cup Point = Dimensions ‘Threads: ANSI 8 1.13M, ISO 261, ISO 262 (coarse series only) Grade: 45H Applicable or Similar Specifications: ANSI B 18.3.6M, 180 4029, DIN 916, DIN 915, DIN 914, DIN 913 ASTM F912M. 2. Hardness: Rockwell C45-53 3. Angle: The cup angle is 135 maximum for screw lengths equal to or smaller than screw diameter. For longer lengths, the cup angle will be 124 maximum 4, Thread Class: 49 69 " == t t \ ee FP Lo - be fp - Le mage I jpee [esse Li J po" KNURLED CUP POINT PLAIN cUP POINT LENGTH TOLERANCE aaa sonia Mpa wae Se) Teese on th Upto 12 mine! 03 Over 120 89 mm, nck Over 80mm DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA nom, . Smax x ay w recoameas sea ten sie | otek Touredeup | max _|phincap | knwtedcap]| nom TEROSZE— Pin Cup Oy we | 0a | 10 oo | 20 av | 0a | oe wm | oa | tx | So | > : 2 : as | ox | te wes | oa | ims | tas | : ao : ts | os | 50 ‘STANDARD SLE ~ Kou op Pot Sopp Unless Pan up Pit Spied ws 0s] 210 | ts | 140 | 208 | 30 30 | 18 | om | 80 me | a7 | 2 | 200 | am | 2% | 30 ao | 20 | 22 | wo ms | 03 | sm | 250 | 250 | a0 | 40 to | 2s | 4 | aso we | 19 | «a5 | s00 | 30 | ate | 40 so | ao | 72 | 6 me | ta | eo0 | so | so | se | $0 co | 40 | ma | too mio | ts | co | coo | coo | 72 | 60 so | so | so | 20 wiz | 178 | 260 | coo | so | ese | so | too | so | sao | wo mie | 20 | ass | tooo | woo | ite | wo | vo | so | ase | atoo zo | 28 | too | 1400 | too | ves | eo | veo | oo | 207 | 2t00 wzt_| 30 | tase | tooo | tooo | trav | 200 | 200 | 0 | ao | 2000 {ll gimensions in milimeters. “Not applicable to screws with a length equal to or less than the diameter. See Note, page “METRIC SOCKET SET SCREW Flat Point, Cone Point, Dog Point Styles = Dimensions ty | a + | L4 t a UW i po Sx jae CONE PONT fe t yo 0G pont DIMENSIONS. ae pe al ° J L J L v son | pten | max | moe | pores | max _| peered es me | ta | ao | ss | $5 | 30 | eo | 20 | ao | ao | Ss ma | a8 | tego | too | io | co | tao | so | ro | doo | tooo 5METRIC LOW HEAD CAP SCREWS ‘Threads: ANSI B 1.13M, ISO 262 NoTES (coarse series only) 1, Material: ASTM A574M-alloy steel Preperty Class: 10.9 2, Hardness: Re 33-39 Similar Specifications: DIN 7984, rensile Stress: ‘2 Similar 3, Tensile Stress: 1040 MP: 4. Yield Stress: 940 MPa 5, Thread Class: 49 69 r-| APPROK 45" 7 | BR) 3 | rT v0 " i ur DIMENSIONS APPLICATION DATA A ° ‘ 7 4 4 4 eae thread pa soe | oto | moe | mae | on | min, | me | im | nom | em | we a | 7 + | we | se | 28 | 20 3 ro tis ce | es s | is | te | as | 2 ‘ es | i wie to | 6 | ts | 20 | te | s | ous | 1 a | 2 | 28 | so | 2 «| a0 mmo | is | w | 20 | a | es | & & | 3 Pa we | is | | se | as | so | wo | wo | 1080 wie | 20 | 28 te [an | are | woo | a4 | a0 | 2680 tao | as | 0 wo | si | cor | us | se te | be | Stoo All dimensions in mitimeters *Torgue calculated to induce 620 MPa in the screw threads. “Torque values are for plain screws. (See Note, page 1.) 48METRIC HEXAGON KEYS Dimensions = Mechanical Properties = Socket Applications ‘These UNBRAKO keys are made to higher requirements than ISO or DIN keys, which may not properly torque Class 129 cap serews. The strength, ‘and dimensional requirements are Necessary to properly install the °. products in this catalog. Material: ANS! B18.3,2.M alloy steel 8 Dimensions: ANSI 818,3.2.M ‘Similar Specifications: DIN 911, ISO 2936 METRIC KEY APPLICATION CHART socket cap screws tatnead | baton sizo |“atdihoad | Jom | sochotcap | socket cap | shoulder | sockot sot Ww ight’ | head | “serews" | “screws” | ‘serews' | “screws oF Mis 03 M2 3 M25. 15 | Migna Ms 20 | “was hs wa ma 25. Na Me me Ms 30 Me me MS MS Me Me £0 Ns Ms Me Ms. Ms. Me 50 Ne. Me. Me Ms. Mio_|_Mro 60 Me we. mmo | wo | M2 | wna 80 nid mmo | mz | Mz | wie | Me 100 Mi m2_| mie | Mie | wo | M20 120 wie we | M20 Mza | M2e io Mi Mazo | Mad 170 M20 Me 190 ze 20, M30 ar M38 320 Maa 360. Mas DIMENSIONS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES c c torsional shoat pers ce nomi strength inimam ‘max ‘i, shotam | long arm Nm ort 0.698 55 at “9 02 0.888 bere 8 a n 026 4270 aus 135 2 ws O78 1.500 1470 1% ra 78 119 2000 1370 18 50 8 23 25500 2470 18 58 20 5a “3.000 2.960 20 6 100 93 @ 7 00 3.960 2 70 108 22 18 165 5.000 2.360 28 % 18 aa 38 368 26 ‘6.000 5.960 32 90 140 7 55 ee 566 2.000 7.950 38 109 180 183 1820 158 1400 10.000 9.950 rd m2 170 345 3.050 236 2520 12.000 71.950 6 125 22 538 5510 546 “4.8530 14.000 13930 55 0 238 545 8.360 813 1/200, 37.000 36.930 60 160 250, 1890 16,000 1880 125800 19.000 18.930 70 780 280, 2,360 720300 2030 18,000, 22.000, 21930, 80 200 1335 3.670 32.500, 3.160 28,000 24.000, 233830, 50 228 +375 an40 36.600, 3.360 31/500 27.000 725820 100 7250 7500 | 5870 51900 3.050 24,700 32000, 31820 cy 213 +830, 8.320 731600, 7.180 63/300 36.000, 35820, 40 7385 *r0 11/300 104.000 10.200, 30/300 {Al dimensions in mitimeter, Non-stock sizes a7(Oaerelre) ISO TOLERANCES FOR METRIC FASTENERS. tolerance zone in mm external measurements} tolerance zene ina ‘over|_ to | me | he | woo] wiv | rs | woo | wos | tne | ive | gots | ioé | ist? | oe | wy | we | Ho | wn | waa | te ef: fofofofafo [oan | ao |rooore| soms| sa0so | va14 -0906| -0018| 0040] -oo6o} -01¢ sane} 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | o t}a fio} o fo | o | o | o | 0 | 0 |sors) .020| 2030) 050 a002]so010| aors| +0025] -2050| -a14 | +025, -0a06| -0014]-00%0] -o9s0} -016 | -225 | -a40| -o90 same] 0 | o | 0 | o | 0 | a a] s}o [0 | o | o | o | a | o | o | sors] soze|.0a7s| .210| 200] ,o0r2| soare| soso] 0075] sa | s030 0206 | -o010|-o0%8| -o97s} -ae rao} o | o | o | o | o | o e{wfofofofolo +018 | 1028 [04s | =075| 0006 oor a022 | son26| -aoa0| -022 | 026 -0a0e| -o022|~0058| 0080} -a22 foonis) 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 wel ofalololo 0218] +995 | 2088 | -030 0007 | aor vogzr |soana| 0210] 027 | saa -oart| -a021|-on7a) -a110} -a27 sao} 0 | o | 0 | o | 0 | a w}olo}olo|o}o +2026] 1082 2088 | <1 ,a.00 | so0zt | voasa| s00s2 0.20] «239 | 052 -0aso| 0033-026] a0} a3 aor} o | o | o | o | o |o alo 0 zom | 2050 | sono | 225 azn | 082 139 0 | a «| o 0 som | .a90 | x09 | 120 06 | 607% 8 o | a a | wo 0 2040s} <070 | 10 | 2175 056 | 087 158 ola ‘20 | 180 1050 | soa0 | «125 | 200 120 | 250 2057] -0905| 2145 | 2220 a0 | 15 2085 | +105 | +140 | +260 ms | 00 070 | v1as [ata | 2205 ‘wo | 00 sais} +125 | +200 | 315, ISO TOLERANCES FOR SOCKET SCREWS ‘ominal 1 pa tolerance zone in mm ow | ce | ce bo | oo | on | om | ew | em | mm | wo o 3 som | von | soo | oom | oa | 1012 | oom | oom | +o1m 0 woos _| vo0e | sa07 | oom | some | sao | sooo | woos | soo | soos | -o0as 3 6 won | vot | +oo% | voor | ons | 01s | some | oom | av ° wom | voor | soso | vom | somo | soos | soos | oom | sore | zoos | -oom 6 0 sor | vais | soo [ons | vor ° somo | sam} sone | soos | soos | 00 0096 w ry a2 same | 02 1.05 vos _| soos © » 0s 40065 0 ry 038 1.98 =” o 10 1010 References Notes ISO R 286 ANSI standards allow slightly wider tolerances for 180 47580 screw lengths than ISO and DIN. ISO 4759 Iso 4758 The table is intended to assist in the design with metric fasteners. For tolerances nat listed here refer to the, complete standards.ISO TOLERANCES Tolerances for Metric Fasteners The tolerances in the tables below are derived from ISO. standard: ISO 4759 The tables show tolerances on the most common metric fasteners. However, occasionally some slight modifications are made, Rem DIN Rem DiN 913 . sn = ote Sona sone ae 915 7991 = 38 Notes Product grade A applies to sizes up to M24 and length not exceeding 10x diameter or 160 mm, whatever is shorter, Product grade B applies to the sizes above M24 and all sizes with lengths, ‘greater than 10 x diameter or 150 mm, whichever is shorter. Fee “Tolerance zones for socket set Hexagon Sock Tolerance serews . + * "Tolerance zones for socket head a oe Not: or $0710 13 te acu ote: For $0.7 t0 1.3 the actual o8 cs os s3 allowance in the product standards has been slightly modified for tech- 15 be bio nical reasons. aE Ss Z 31 4 25 Dio f 3 Dit pnt : Se G : — 8 en et z 2 zCONVERSION CHART '/UNITS & CONVERSIONS FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL FASTENERS nit symbol Tom we meter ™ inch mm contimetar em inch em miimeter mm fot mm mass Kilogram rn once @ 289 = 10% ‘gram ¢ pouna kg 2b, = 36 0. tonne fragagram) i 07 (2000 1) is Zabol consi segram par koi? pounds per cu ft aim “ekgim = 1 te® temperature deg, Celsius c ea. ve | oF a2ix58 oc ae sore Her area square meter me sain mm? 6452 EAS? = in? square milimeter mm? fa ft im 099 times 11? volume ‘bie metar mt eu om 16207 “ei00mm? = in? cube contimoter em cut me oss euble millimeter mm ey me 7648 force newton N ‘ounce (Fore N 278 N= 3.6 of kilonewion kN pound (Force) aN aes aN 1 Bt meganewion aN ip MN (aes skis 225 ot sss ‘egapescal MPa Pound? psi Me 0068 | TMP9 = 148 psi svewionsac.m Nine Kin tt MPa 85 hPa = 1 a8 Torque newton-meter Nem inch-ounce Nem (0706 Nem = 140in.o7 ineh-pound Nem 13 “Nm =n la footpound Nem 386 Nem = 75 ees 1H. 50TABLE OF CONTENTS Technical Section ‘Screw Fastener Theory and Application . Joint Diagrams ....... The Torque-Tension Relationship... Stripping Strength of Tapped Holes figh-Temperature Joints .. Corrosion In Threaded Fasteners . Impact Performance . Product Engineering Bulleti Metric Threads. ... Through-Hole Preparation . Drill and Counterbore Hardness-Tensile Conversion Chart . Thread Stress Area Optional Part Numbering System. izes Page = 52 = 56 62 64 68 n wT 79 -80 82 +83 = 84 woe BS 86 thru 89 IMPORTANT The technical discussions represent typical applications only. The use of the information is at the sole discretion of the reader. Because applications vary enormously, UNBRAKO does not warrant the scenarios described are appropriate for any specific application. The reader must consider all variables prior to using th 51(Oaerelre) INSTALLATION CONTROL Several factors should be considered in designing a joint or selecting a fastener for a particular application. JOINT DESIGN AND FASTENER SELECTION. Joint Length ‘The longer the joint length, the greater the total slonga- ‘ion will occur in the bolt to produce the desired clamp load or preload. In design, ifthe joint length is increased, the potential loss of preload is decreased. Joint Material Ifthe joint material is relatively stiff compared to the bolt ‘material, it will compress less and therefore provide a less sensitive joint, less sensitive to loss of preload as a result of brinelling, relaxation and even loosening ‘Thread Stripping Strength Considering the material in which the threads will be ‘tapped or the nut used, there must be sufficient engage- ‘ment length to carry the load. Ideally, the length of thread engagement should be sufficiont to break the fastener in tension. When a nut is used, the wall thick ness of the nut as well as its length must be considered, ‘An estimate, a calculation or joint evaluation will be required to determine the tension loads to which the bolt and joint will be exposed. The size bolt and the number necessary to carry the load expected, along with the safety factor, must also be selected. The safety factor selected will have to take into con- sideration the consequence of failure as well as the addi tional holes and fasteners. Safety factors, therefore, have to be determined by the designer. SHEAR APPLICATIONS Shear Strength of Material Not all applications apply a tensile load to the fastener. In ‘many cases, the load is perpendicular to the fastener in shear. Shear loading may be single, double or mukiple loading. There is a relationship between the tensile strength of a material and its shear strength. For alloy steel, the shear strength is 60% ofits tensile strength. Corrosion resistant stools (e.g. 200-Series stainless stools) have a lower tensile/shear relationship and it is usually 50-55: Single/Double Shear Single shear strength is exactly one-half the double shear value. Shear strength listed in pounds per square inch (psi) is the shear load in pounds divided by the cross sectional area in square inches. Single Shear pL Lt TT —Lt +r 7 Tor! OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Application Temperature For elevated temperature, standard alloy steels are useful to about 550°F-600"F. However, if plating is used, the ‘maximum temperature may be less (eg. cadmium should nat be used over 450°F, Austenitic stainless stools (300 Series) may be useful to 800°F. They can maintain strength above 800°F but will begin to oxidize on the surface. Double Shear Corrosion Environment A plating may be selected for mild atmospheres or salts If plating is unsatisfactory, @ corrosion resistant fastener may be specified. The proper selection will be based upon the severity of the corrosive environment FATIGUE STRENGTH SIN Curve Most comparative fatigue testing and specification fatigue test requirements are plotted on an S/N curve. In this curve, the test stress is shown on the ordinate (y-axis) and the number of cycles is shown on the abscissa (x-axis) in a lograthmic scale, On this type curve, the high load to low load ratio must be shown, ‘This is usually R =.1, which means the low load in ell tests will be 10% of the high load. ephemera SPS Fo Effect of Preload Increasing the R to 2, 3 or higher will change the curve shape, At some paint in this curve, the number of eycles ‘will each 10 million cycles. This is considered the 82SCREW FASTENER THEORY & APPLICATIONS ‘endurance limit or the stress at which infinite Ife might be expected. Modified Goodman Haigh Soderberg Curve The SIN curve and the information it supplies will not provide the information needed to determine how an individual fastener will perform in an actual application. In application, the preload should be higher than any of the preloads on the S/N curve. Therefore, for application information, the modified Goodman Diagram andor the Haigh Soderberg Curve fare more useful. These curves will show what fatigue performance can be expected when the parts are properly preloaded. peceneny SPs Toa METHODS OF PRELOADING Elongation The modulus for steel of 30,000,000 (thirty million) psi means that a fastener will elongate .001 infin of lengtin for every 20,000 psi in applied stress. Therefore, if $0,000 psi is the desired preload, the bolt must be stretched .003, inches for every inch of length in the joint. This method of preloading is very accurate but it requires that the ends of the bolts be properly prepared land also that all measurements be very carefully made. In addition, dicect measurements are anly possible where both ends of the fastener aro availablo for measurement after installation. Other methods of measuring lengths changes are ultrasonic, strain gages and turn of the nut, Torque By far, the most popular method of preloading is by torque, Fastener manufacturers usually have recom- mended seating torques for each size and material fastener. The only requirement is the proper size torque wrench, a conscientious operator and the proper torque requirement, Strain Since stress/strain is a constant relationship for any given material, we can use that relationship just as the elongation change measurements were used previously Now, however, the strain can be detected from strain gages applied directly to the outside surface of the bolt fr by having a hole drilled in the center of the bolt and the strain gage installed internally. The output from these ‘gages need instrumentation to convert the gage electrical measurement method, ti, however, an expensive method and not always practical. Turn of the Nut ‘The nut turn method also utilizes change in bolt length. In theory, one bolt revolution (360° rotation) should increase the bolt length by the thread pitch. There are at least two variables, however, which influence this relationship. First, until a snug joint is obtained, no bolt ‘elongation can be measured, The snugging produces a large variation in preload. Second, joint compression is also taking place so the relative stiffnesses of the joint and bolt influences the load obtained. VARIABLES IN TORQUE Coefficient of Friction Since the torque applied to a fastener must overcome all friction before any loading takes place, the amount of friction present is important. Ina standard unlubricated assembly, the friction to be overcome is the head bearing area and the thread-to- thread friction, Approximately 50% of the torque applied will be used to overcome this head-bearing friction and approximately 35% to overcome the thread frition. So '85% of the torque is overcoming friction and only 15% is available to produce bok load. If these interfaces are lubricated (cadmium plate, molybdenum disulfide, anti-seize compounds, etc), the fiction is reduced and thus greater preload is produced with the same torque, The change in the coefficient of friction for different conditions can have a very significant effect on the slope of the torque tension curve. If this is not taken into consideration, the proper torque specified for a plain unlubricated bolt may be sufficient to yield or break a lubricated fastener, Thread Pitch ‘The thread pitch must be considered when a given stress is to be applied, since the cross-sectional area used for stress calculations is the thread tensile stress area and is different for coarse and fine threads. The torque recom- mendations, therefore, are slightly higher for fine threads than for coarse threads to achieve the same stress. Differences between coarse and fine threads. Coarse Threads are. "= more reacily available in industrial fasteners. easier to assemble because of larger helix angle. "= require fewer turns and reduce cross threading, ‘= higher thread stripping strength per given length. 1 lass critical of tap drill sizo, ‘not as easily damaged in handling, 53(Oaerelre) ‘Their disadvantages are. slower tensile strength 1 reduced vibrational resistance. coarse adjustment. Fine Threads provide. higher tensile strength. ' greater vibrational resistance. "finer adjustment. ‘Their disadvantages ar. 1 easier cross threaded, '= threads damaged more easily by handling. "tap dril size slightly more critical «slightly lower thread stripping strength Other Design Guidelines In adgition to the joint design factors discussed, the following considerations are important to the proper use of high-strength fasteners. ' Adequate thread engagement should be guaranteed by use of the proper mating nut height for the system. Minimum length of engagement recommended in a ‘tapped hole depends on the strength of the material, but in all cases should be adequate to prevent stripping. 1 Specify nut of proper strength level. The bolt and nut should be selected as a system, 1 Specify compatible mating female threads, 28 tapped holes ar 38 nuts are possibilities, "Corrosion, in general, is a problem of the joint, and not just of the bolt alone, This can be a matter of galvanic action between dissimilar metals, Corrosion of the fastener material surrounding the bolt head or nut ean be critical with high-strength bolting. Care must be exercised in the compatibility of joint materials and/or coatings to protect dissimilar metas, PROCESSING CONTROL ‘The quality of the raw material and the processing control will largely affect the mechanical properties of the finished parts, MATERIAL SELECTION ‘The selection of the type of material will depend on its tend use. However, the control of the analysis and quality is 8 critical factor in fastener performance. The material ‘must yiold reliable parts with few hidden defects such as cracks, seams, decarburization and internal flaws. FABRICATION METHOD 8 two general methods of making bolt heads, forging and machining. The economy and grain flow resulting from forging make it the preferred method, The temperature of forging can vary from room ‘temperature to 2000°F, By far, the greatest number of parts are cold upset on forging machines known as headers or boltmakers. For materials that do not have enough formabilty for cold forging, hat forging is used Hot forging is also used for bolts too large for cold upset- ting due to machine capacity. The largest cold forging machines can make bolts up to 1-1/2 inch diameter. For large quantities of bolts, hot forging is more expensive then cold forging, ‘Some materials, such as stainless steel, are warm forged at temperatures up to 1000°F. The heating results in two benefits, lower forging pressures due to lower Yield strength and reduced work hardening rates. Machining is the oldest method and is used for very large diameters o small production runs. ‘The disadvantage is that machining cuts the metal train flow, thus creating planes of weakness at the critical head-to-shank fillet area, This can reduce tension fatigue performance by providing fracture planes. Fillets ‘The head-to-shank transition (fillet) represents a sizable change in cross section at a critical area of bolt perfor- ‘mance. Its important that this notch effect be mini mized. A generous radius in the filet reduces the notch effect. However, a compromise is necessary because too large @ radius will reduce load-bearing area under the head. Composite radii such as elliptical filets, maximize curvature on the shank side ofthe fillet and minimize it fan the head side to reduce loss of bearing area on the load-bearing surface. Critical Fastener Features Head-Shankillt: This aree on the bolt must not be restricted or bound by the joint hole. A sufficient chamfer or radius on the edge of the hole will prevent interfer- tence that could seriously reduce fatigue life. Also, if the bolt should seat on an unchamfered edge, there might be serious loss of preload ifthe edge breaks under load. Threads ‘Threads can be produced by grinding, cutting or roling, Ina rolled thread, the material is caused to flow into the thread die contour, which is ground into the surface during the manufacture of the die. Machines with two or three circular dies or two flat dies are most common ‘Thread cutting requires the least tooling costs and is, by far the most popular for producing internal threads. It is the most practical methad for producing thin wall parts and the only technique available for producing large diameter parts (over 3 inches in diameter) Thread grinding yields high dimensional precision and affords good control of form and finish. Itis the only practical method for producing thread plug gages. Both machining and grinding have the disadvantage of cutting material fibers at the most ertical paint of performance. ‘The shape or contour of the thread has a great effect fon the resulting fatigue life. The thread root should be large and well rounded without sharp corners or stress risers. Threads with larger roots should always be used for harder materials, In addition to the benefits of grain flow and con- trolled shape in thread rolling, added fatigue life can result when the rolling is performed after heat treatment. 58SCREW FASTENER THEORY & APPLICATIONS This is the accepted practice for high fatigue perfor- mance bolts such as those used in aircraft and space applications, EVALUATING PERFORMANCE Mechanical Testing In the fastener industy, a system of tests and examina tions has evolved which yields reliable parts with proven performance, ‘Some tests are conducted on the raw material; some con the finished product, There always seems to be some confusion regarding mechanical versus metallurgical properties. Mechanical properties are those associated with elastic or inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the rela- tionship between stress and strain. Tensile testing stress- {8 the fastener in the axial direction, The force at which the fastener breaks is called the breaking load or ultimate tensile strength. Load is designated in pounds, stress in pounds per square inch and strain in inches per inch, When # smooth tensile specimen is tested, the chart ‘obtained is called a Stress-Strain Curve. From this curve, \Wwo can obtain other useful data such as yield strength ‘The method of determining yield is known as the offset method and consists of drawing a straight line parallel to the stress strain curve but offset from the zero point by @ specified amount, This value is usually 0.2% on the strain ‘ordinate. The yield point is the intersection of the stress- strain curve and the straight line. This method is not, applicable to fasteners because of the variables intro- duced by their geomety. When a fastener tensile testis plotted, a load! elongation curve can be obtained. From this curve, a yield determination known as Johnson's 2/3 approximate method for determination of yield strength is used to establish fastener yield, which will be acceptable for design purposes. lis not recommended for quality control or specification requirements. Torque-tonsion testing is conducted to correlate the required torque necessary to induce a given load in 8 mechanically fastened joint. Itcan be performed by hand. ‘or machine, The load may be measured by a tensile machine, a load cell, a hydraulic tensile indicator or by a strain gage Fatigue tests on threaded fasteners are usually alter- nating tension-tension loading. Most testing is done at more severe strain than its designed service load but ususally below the material yield strength, Shear testing, as previously mentioned, consists of loading a festener perpendicular to ts axis. All shear testing should be accomplished on the unthreaded portion of the fastener. Checking hardness of parts is an indirect method for testing tensile strength. Over the years, a correlation of tensile strength to hardness has been obtained for most materials. See page 83 for more detailed information. Since hardness is a relatively easy and inexpensive test, it makes a good inspection check. In hardness checking, itis very important that the specimen be properly pre- pared and the proper test applied. Strese durability i used to test parts which have been subjected to any processing which may have an ‘embritling effect. It requires loading the parts to a value higher than the expected service load and maintaining that load for a specified time after which the load is. removed and the fastener examined for the presence of cracks. Impact testing has been useful in determining the ductile brittle transformation point for many materials. However, because the impact loading direction is transverse to a fastener’s normal longitude loading, its usefulness for fastener testing is minimal. It has been shown that many fastener tension impact strengths do not follow the same pattern or relationship of Charpy (or Izod impact strength. Motallurgical Testing Metallurgical testing includes chemical composition, microstructure, grain size, carburization and decarbur- ization, and heat treat response. The chemical composition is established when the material is melted. Nothing subsequent to that process Will influence the basic composition. ‘The microstructure and grain size can be influenced by heat treatment. Carburization is the addition of carbon to the surface which increases hardness. It can occur if heat treat furnace atmospheres are not adequately con- trolled, Decarburization is the loss of carbon from the surface, making it softer. Partial decarburization is prefer able to carburization, and most industrial standards allow it within lit. In summary, in order to prevent service failures, many things must be considered: The Application Requirements Strength Needed - Safety Factors "= Tension/Shear/Fatigue ‘= Temperature Corrosion Proper Preload The Fastener Requirements = Material '= Fabrication Controls "= Performance Evaluations 55(Oaerelre) AN EXPLANATION OF JOINT DIAGRAMS ‘When bolted joints are subjected to external tensile loads, what forces and elastic deformation really exist? ‘The majority of engineers in both the fastener manufac turing and user industries stil are uncertain. Several papers, articles, and books, reflecting various stages of research into the problem have been published and the volume of this material is ane reason for confusion. ‘The purpose of this article is to clarity the various explanations that have been offered and to state the fundamental concepts which apply to forces and elastic deformations in concentrically loaded joints. The article concludes with general design formulae that take into account variations in tightening, preload loss during service, and the relation between preloads, external loads and bolt loads. ‘The Joint Diagram Forces less than proof load cause elastic strains, Conversely, changes in elastic strains produce force variations. For bolted joints this concept is usually demonstrated by joint diagrams. ‘The most important deformations within a joint aro clastic bolt elongation and elastic joint compression in the axial direction. f the bolted joint in Fig. 1 is subjected to the preload F; the bolt elongates as shown by the line 8 in Fig, 2A and the joint compresses as shown by the line Od. These two lines, representing the spring characteristics of the bolt and joint, are combined into fone diagram in Fig. 2B to show total elastic deformation. If concentric external load F. is applied under the bolt head and nut in Fig. 1, the bolt elongates an addi- tional amount while the compressed joint members partially relax. These changes in deformation with external loading are the key to the interaction of forces in bolted joints. In Fig. 3A the external load F, is added to the joint diagram Fe is located on the diagram by applying the Upper end to an extension of OB and moving it in until the lower end contacts OJ. Since the total amount of elastic deformation (bolt plus joint) remains constant for a given preload, the external load changes the total bolt ‘elongation to Aly+ i and the total joint compression to Ab. In Fig. 38 the external load F, is divided into an addi- tional bolt load Fys and the joint load F,,, which unloads the compressed joint members. The maximum bolt load isthe sum of the load preload and the additional bolt load: Farm = Fi Foe Ifthe external load Fe is an alternating load, Fao is that part of F. working as an alternating bolt load, as shown in Fig. 38. This joint diagram also illustrates that the joint absorbs more of the external load than the bolt subjected to an alternating external load. ‘The importance of adequete preload is shown in Fig. 3C. Comparing Fig. 3B and Fig. 3G, it can be seen that Fes ‘will remain relatively small as long as the preload Fis greater than Far. Fig. 3C represents a joint with insufficient preload. Under this condition, the amount of external Joad that the joint can absorb is limited, and the excess load must then be applied to the bolt. f the external load is alternating, the increased stress levels on the bok pro: duce a greatly shortened fatigue life. When seating requires a certain minimum force or ‘when transverse loads are to be transformed by friction, the minimum clamping load Fic is important. Fumie = Famae—Fe oa bat Songon as Fig. 1 {abovel Joint ‘components ony Fig, 2 Joint diagram is obtained by combining load vs. deformation diagrams of bolt and joints. Fig.3 The complete simple joint diagrams show external load F, added (A), ‘and external load divided into an additional bolt load Fis and reduction in joint compression F,, (8) Joint diagram (C) shows hhow insufficient preload F, causes excessive additional bolt load Fes 56JOINT DIAGRAMS Spring Constants ‘To construct a joint diagram, itis necessary to determine the spring rates of both bolt and joint. In general, spring rate is defined as: ket aI From Hooks law ale EA Therefore: KasA To calculate the spring rate of bolts with different cross sections, the reciprocal spring rates, or compli- ances, of each section are added: t.t,4, +4 KK & Ky ‘Thus, for the bolt shown in Fig. A= 1(odd hy hy bh , Odd Ke EVA, AD A Ay” Ay where 4 =the minor thread diameter and ‘Ag = the area ofthe minor thread diameter This formula considers the elastic deformation of the head and the engaged thread with a length of .4d each, Calculation of the spring rate ofthe compressed joint members is more difficult because itis not always ‘obvious which parts ofthe joint are deformed and which fare not.In general, the spring rate ofa clamped partis ky= EAs b where A, s the area ofa substitute cylinder to be determined 4— II Fig. 4 Analysis of bolt lengths. + eantributing to the bolt spring rate. When the outside diameter of the joint is smaller than or ‘equal to the bolt head diameter, 'e,as in a thin bushing, the normal eross sectioned area is computed: A= E 02-0 where D.= OD of oylinder or bushing and D, = hole diameter When the outside diameter of the joints larger than head of washer diameter D,, the stross distribution is in the shape of a barrel, Fig 5. A series of investigations proved that the areas of the following substitute cylinders are close approximations for calculating the spring con tents of concentrically loaded joints. When the joint diameter 0, is greeter than Dy, but less than 2Dyi Fig. 5 Linos of equal axial stresses in a bolted joint ‘obtained by the axisymmetric finite element method are shown for a 9/16-18 bolt preloaded to 100 KSI. Positive numbers are tensile stresses in KSI; negative numbers are compressive stresses in KSI 37(Oaerelre) Ap= © (0-0, a i E(B _ 1) (24, #) 8 (DH 5 700) ‘When the joint diameter D, is equal to or greater than 30), Ac= E109 + 0.1 1 —DyA E((0y + 0.1 bF-D') Those formulate have been verified in laboratories by finite element method and by experiments. Fig. 6 shows joint diagrams for springy bolt and stiff joint and for a stiff bolt and springy joint. These diagrams demonstrate the desirability of designing with springy bolt and a stiff joint to obtain a low additional bolt load Fay and thus a low alternating stross. The Force Ratio Due to the geometry of the joint diagram, Fig. 7, Fy = Kok =k ks Defining o= Ke 8° Fag = Fe and Fea For complete derivation of ©, see Fig. 7. ‘To assure adequate fatigue strength of the selected fastener the fatigue stress amplitude of the bolt resulting from an external load F. is computed as follows: © called the Force Ratio, = Effect of Loading Planes ‘The joint diagram in Fig 3, 6 and 7 is applicable only ‘when the external load Fy is applied at the same loading planes as the preloaded F,, under the bolt head and the hut, However, this is a rare case, because the external load usually affects the joint somewhere between the center of the joint and the head and the nut When a preloaded joint is subjected to an external load F, at loading planes 2 and 3 in Fig. 8, F, relieves the compression load of the joint parts between planes 2 and 3. The remainder of the system, the bolt and the joint parts between planes 1-2 and 3-4, feel additional load due to F, applied planes 2 and 3, the joint material between planes 2 and 3's the clamped part and all other joint members, fastener and remaining joint material, are clamping parts. Because of the location of the load: ing planes, the joint diagram changes from black line to the blue line, Consequently, both the additional bott load Fs mex decrease significantly when the loading planes of Fy shift from under the bolt head and nut toward the joint center. Determination of the length of the clamped parts is, however, not that simple. First, itis assumed that the external load is applied at a plane perpendicular to the bolt axis. Second, the distance of the loading planes from each other has to be estimated. This distance may be expressed as the ratio of the length of clamped parts, to the total joint length. Fig. 9 shows the effect of two different loading planes on the bolt load, both joints having the same preload F and the same external load F,, The lengths of the clamped parts are estimated to be'0.75}; for joint A, and 0.261, for joint B In general, the external bolt load is somewhere between Fay = 10F, for loading planes under head and fut and F,5 = ODF, = 0 when loading planes are in the joint center, as shown in Fig. 10. To consider the loading planes in calculation, the formule: int diagram of a springy bolt ina stiff j int (A), is compared to a diagram of a stiff bolt in a springy joint (Bl Proload F; and external load F are the same but diagrams show that alternating bolt stresses are significantly lower ‘with @ spring bolt in @ stiff joint 58JOINT DIAGRAMS Fig. 7 Analysis of external load F, and derivation of Force Ratio ®. fi ton ae Fa Fr Ke and tan B. anf Fass itan Band Fa Since F Fae Fas Fig han B suoaiing ford produces: Feo tan B FonFaas Fe Multiplying both sides by tana: Fetan a= Fe (tan a + tan) and . tan Tan aten ‘Substituting Ks for tan and K, for tan B ' Fe eK kK Denna @= A and it becomes obvious why © iscalled force ratio. Fig. 8 Joint diagram shows effect of loading planes of F, ‘on bolt loads Fas and Fe msx- Black diagram shows Fas ‘and Fo ma, Fosulting from Fy applied in planes 1 and 4, (Orange diagram shows reduced bolt loads when Fe is applied in planes 2 and 3. A Estimated: :_ file n~075 n~025 fe WE a Fig. 9 When external load is applied relatively near bolt head, joint diegram shows resulting alternating stress cs. (A). When same value external load is applied relatively, near joint conter, lower alternating stress results (B). 59n=05 n=0 Fe ELONGATION Fig. 10 Force diagrams show the effect of the loading planes of the external load on the bolt load. Fig, 11 Modified joint di shows nonlinear compression of joint at low preloads.JOINT DIAGRAMS Fag = F, must be modified to Fg =n @Fy Where n equals the ratio of the length of the clamped parts due to F, to the joint length f, The value of n can range from 1, when Fis applied under the head and nut, to 0, when F, is applies at the joint center. Consequently the stress amplitude: becomes: General Design Formulae Hitherto, construction of the joint diagram has assumed linear resilience of both bolt and joint members. However, recent investigations have shown that this assumption is not quite true for compressed parts. Taking these investigations into account, the joint diagram is modified to Fig. 11. The lower portion of the joint spring rate is nonlinear, and the length of the linear portion depends on the preload level F, The higher F, the longer the linear portion. By choosing a sufficiently high minimum load, Fris22F., the non-linear range of the joint spring rate is avoided and a linear relationship between Fag and F, is maintained. Also from Fig. 11 this formula is derived in = Fuoin + (1-0) Fy + AF, where AF; Is the amount of preload loss to be expected. For a properly designed joint, a preload loss AF, =— (0.005 to 0.10) F, should be expected. ‘The fluctuation in bolt load that results from tighten- ing is expressed by the ratio Fane Fre Where @ varies between 1.25 and 2.0 depending on the tightening method. Considering a the general design formulae are: Foam ® Fumin = (1-0) Fe [Fimin + (1 =) Fp + AFT 2 [Fini #(1-@) Fy + AR 1+ OF Fina Fare Conclusion ‘The three requirements of concentrically loaded joints that must be met for an integral bolted joint are: 1. The maximum bolt load FB max must be less than the bolt yield strength 2. Ifthe external load is alternating, the alternating stress must be less than the bolt endurance limit to avoid fatigue failures. 3. The joint will not lose any preload due to perm: ‘nent set or vibration greater than the value assumed for AF ‘SYMBOLS A Area (in) ‘Am Area of minor thread diameter (in?) A, Area of substitute eyliner (in. A, Area of bolt part 1, (in) Diam 3 of minor thread {in.) D, Outside diameter of bushing (eylind Dy Diameter of Bolt head (in. Dy Diameter of hole (in.) D, Diameter of Joint Modulus of Elasticity (psi) F Load (lb) F. External load (Ib.) Fig Additinal Bott Load due to external load (lb) Fay Reduced Joint load due to external load (lb) F,_Preload on Bolt and Joint (lb) AF, Preload loss (-Ib) Fini Minimum preload (Ib) Fimax Maximum preload (lb) F ram Nominal preload (Ib) Fm Maximum Bolt load (Ib) Fumie Minimum Joint load (Ib) K Spring rate (Ibjin.) Ke Spring rate of Bolt (ibjin.) K. Spring rate of Joint tbyin.) K. Spring rate of Bolt part I, (byin.) 1 Length fina I Change in length (in) a Length of Bott (in) ‘Sle Bolt elongation due to Fin.) LLength of Joint tin. Al Joint compression to F; (in) |. Length of Bolt part x (in) Length of clamped parts “Total Joint Length @ Tightening fector © Force ratio 2 Bolt and Joint elongation due to F, (in.) op Bolt stress amplitude (= psi) 6(Oaerelre) TIGHTENING TORQUES AND THE TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Al ofthe analysis and design work done in advance will have little meaning ifthe proper preload is not achieved Several discussions in this technical section stress the importance of preload to maintaining joint integrity ‘There are many methods for measuring preload (see ‘Table 12). However, one of the least expensive tech~ niques that provides a reasonable level of accuracy versus cost is by measuring torque. The fundamental characteristic required is to know the relationship between torque and tension for any particular bolted joint, Once the desired design preload must be identified and specified first, then the torque required to induce ‘that preload is determined Within the elastic range, before permanent stretch is induced, the relationship between torque and tension is essentially linear (see figure 13). Some studies have found up to'75 variables have an effect on this relation- ship: materials, temperature, rate of installation, thread helix angle, coefficients of friction, etc, One way that has been daveloped to reduce the complexity is to depend ‘on empirical test results, That s, to perform experiments under the application conditions by measuring the induced torque and recording the resulting tension. This can be done with relatively simple, calibrated hydraulic pressure sensors, electric strain gages, or piezoelectric Toad cells. Once the data is gathered and plotted on a chert the slope of the curve can be used to calculate @ correiation factor. This technique has created an accepted formula for relating torque to tension, TeKxDxP T= torque, Ibf D = fastener nominal diameter, inches P = preload, lb. K="nut factor,” “tightening factor,” or “kvalue” If the preload and fastener diameter are selected in the design process, and the K-value for the application conditions is known, then the necessary torque can be calculated. It is noted that even with a specified torque, actual conditions at the time of installation can result in variations in the actual preload achieved (see Table 12) One of the most eritical criteria is the selection of the K-valus. Accepted nominal values for many industrial applications are: K = 0.20 for as-received steel bolts into stee! holes K =0.15 steel bolts with cadmium plating, which acts ike 8 lubricant, K =0.28 steo! bolts with zinc plating, The K-value is not the coefficient of the friction (x); itis an empirically derived correlation factor. It is readily apparent that ifthe torque intended for @ zine plated fastener is used for cadmium plated fastener, ‘the preload will be almost two times that intended; it ‘may actually cause the bolt to break, Another influence is where friction occurs. For steel bolts holes, approximately 50% of the installation torque is consumed by friction under the head, 35% by thread friction, and only the remaining 15% inducing preload tension. Therefore, if lubricant is applied just on the ‘fastener underhead, full fiction reduction will not be achioved. Similarly, if the material against which the fastener is bearing, eg. aluminum, is different than the internal thread material, e.g. cast iron, the effective friction may be difficult to predict, These examples illustrate the importance and the value of identifying the torque-tension relationship. itis a recommend practice too contact the lubricant manufacturer for Kevalue information if lubricant will be used. ‘The recommended seating torques for Unbrako headed socket screws are based an inducing preloads reasonably expected in practice for each type. The values for Unbrako metric fasteners are calculated using VDI2230, a complex method utilized extensively in Europe. All values assume use in the received con- dition in steel holes. It is understandable the designer ‘may need preloads higher than those listed. The following discussion is presented for those cases. TORSION-TENSION YIELD AND TENSION CAPABILITY AFTER TORQUING Once a headed fastener has been seated against a bear- ing surface, the inducement of torque will be translated into both torsion and tension stresses. These stresses combine to induce twist. f torque continues to be induced, the stress along the angle of twist will be the largest stress while the boft is being torqued. Consequently, the stress along the bolt axis (axial tension} will be something less. This is why a bolt can fall at a lower tensile stress during installation than when itis pulled in straight tension alone, eg. a tensile test. Research has indicated the axial tension can range from 135,000 to 145,000 PSI for industry socket head cap screws at torsion-tension yield, depend ing on diameter. Including the preload variation that can ‘occur with various installation techniques, eg, up to 25%, itcan be understood why some recommended torques. induce preload reasonably lower than the yield point. Figure 18 also illustrates the effect of straight tension applied after installation has stopped. Immediately after stopping the installation procedure there will be some relaxation, and the torsion component will drop toward zero, This leaves only the axial tension, which keeps the joint clamped together. Once the torsion is relieved, the axial tension yield value and ultimate value for the fastener will be appropriate. Table 12 Industrial Fasteners Institute's Torque-Measuring Method Proloed Measuring Accuracy | Relative Met Poreont Feel (operators judgement) | +95 Torque wrench 225 Turn ofthe nut 5 Loadindicating washers 10 Fastener elongation t08 Strain gages aTHE TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP LAstECO RESTS Seew | SPS 2 2 Fig. 13 Torque/Tension Relationship poe tension a Straight tension after torquing Torque-induced tension Fig. 15 Recommended Seating Torques (Inch-Lb.) for Application in Various Materials UNBRAKO pHd (1960 Series) Socket Head Cap Screws Elongation (in.) sildsoel Rb a7 Roz castiron AbD nate Y une UNF UNC UNF UNF sin in plain plain = "24 = wt 38 sa Be sa "83. 1688. 183. "88, 738 03 736 Tos F038 “ m8 ae mas a8 8 s 20 2 20 a2 ot 6 "5 8 5 "8 78 e 6 ue “8 8 ve 0 "6 78 "8 18 "6 4 Tiss "780 138 738 T3 ais 1338 "380 28 238 430 38 560 835 6 ‘a6 337 m6 *330 1980 80 80 570 ‘ue a0 “190 1230 1230 1030 ane 52080 2.260 11890 sie90 wa10 3B 72.820, 3120 2380 2300 7950 3 75000 S300 ‘00 ‘000 33t0 a8 "8060 8370 6280 6.280 5230 7 712,100 72.800 ‘3.800 9.600 3,000 1g "13300, 515400 13700 13700, 11400 vt "13200, “2800 133900 18300 15800, Te "25200 723.800 24200 22.200 20,100 12 +331600 £38,100 32/300 32/300 27400 ‘Notes: 1 Torques based on 80000 psi bearing stress under head of scrow. 2 Torques based on 60,000 psi bearing stress under head of serew. 53. Torques based on 50,000 ps bearing stress under head of scrow. "Denotes torques based on 100,000 ps tensile tess in screw threads up 1 1 da, and 80,000 pst for sizes * 118 da. and larger. To convert ineh-pounds ta iner-2unces ~ mutiply by 16 To convert ineh-pounds ta foot pounds ~ divide by 12. 63(Oaerelre) STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES Charts and sample problems for obtaining minimum thread engagement based on applied load, material, type of thread and bolt diameter. Knowledge of the thread stripping strength of tapped holes is necessary to develop ful tensile strength of tho bolt or, for that matter, the minimum engagement needed for any lesser load. Conversaly, if only limited length of engagement is available, the data help determine the maximum load that can be safely applied without stripping the threads of the tapped hole. ‘Attempts to compute lengths of engagement and related factors by formula have not been entirely satis- factory-mainly because of subtle differences between various materials. Therefore, strength data has been empirically developed from a series of tensile tests of ‘tapped specimens for seven commonly used metals including steel, aluminum, brass and cast iron. ‘The design data is summarized in the six accom- panying charts, (Charts E504-E509), and covers a range ff screw thread sizes from #0 to one inch in diameter for both coarse and fine threads. Though developed {from tests of Unbrako socket head cap screws having minimum ultimate tensile strengths (depending on the diameter) from 190,000 to 180,000 psi, these stripping strength values are valid forall other screws or bolts of equal or lower strength having a standard thread form. Data are based on static leading only. In the test program, bolts threaded into tapped spec- mens of the metal under study were stressed in tension until the threads stripped. Load at which stripping ‘occurred and the length of engagement of the specimen ‘were noted. Conditions of the tests, all of which are met jn-a majority of industrial bolt applications, were: "= Tapped holes had a basic thread depth within the range (of 68 to 80 per cont. Threads of tapped holes were Class 28 fit or better, = Minimum amount of metal surrounding the tapped hole was 2 1/2 times the major diameter. "= Test loads were applied slowly in tension to screws having standard Class 3A threads. (Data, though, will be equally applicable to Class 2A external threads as well) ' Study of the test results revealed certain factors that {greatly simplified the compilation of thread stripping strength deta: ®= Stripping strengths are almost identical for loads applied either by pure tension or by screw torsion. Thus data are equally valid for either condition of application, ®= Stripping strength values vary with diameter of screw. For a given load and material, larger diameter bolts. required greater engagement, = Minimum length of engagement (as a percent of screw diameter) isa straight line function of load. ‘This permits easy interpolation of test data for any intermediate load condition, "= When engagement is plotted as a percentage of bolt diameter, itis apparent that stripping strengths for a ‘wide range of screw sizes are close enough to be grouped in a single curva. Thus , in the accompanying charts, data for sizes #0 through #12 have been repre- sented by a single set of curves. With these curves, it becomes a simple matter to determine stripping strengths and lengths of engage- ‘ment for any condition of application. A few examples are given below: Example 1. Calculate length of thread engagement necessary to develop the minimum ultimate tensile strength (190,000 psi} of a 1/2-13 (National Coarse) Unbrako cap screw in cast iron having an ultimate shear strength of 30,000 psi. E505 is for screw sizes from #0 through #10; E506 and E507 for sizes from 1/4 in. through 5/8 in.; E50B and E509 for sizes from 4/4 in. through 1 in. Using £506 a value 1.400 is obtained. Multiplying nomi- ral bolt diameter (0.500 in.) by 1.40 gives a minimum, length of engagement of 0.700 in, Example 2. Calculate the length of engagement for the above conditions if only 140,000 psi is to be applied. (This is the same as using a bolt with a maximum tensile strength of 140,000psi) From E506 obtain value of 1.060 Minimum length of engagement = (0.500) (1.06) = 0.530. Example 3. Suppose in Example 1 that minimum length af engagement to develop full tensile strength ‘was not available because the thickness of metal allowed a tapped hole of only 0.600 in. Hole depth in terms of bolt dia, = 0.600,0.500 = 1.200. By working backwards in Fig. 2, maximum load that ean be carried is approximately 159,000 psi Example 4. Suppose that the hole in Example 1 is. to be tapped in stee! having an ultimate shear strength 15,000 psi. There is no curve for this steel in £506 but a design value can be obtained by taking a point midway between curves for the 80,000 psi and 50,000 psi stools ‘that are listed. Under the conditions of the example, @ length of engagement of 0.826D or 0.413 in. will be obtained.STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES & TE TET TRE TTT TTT [STRESS IN MEAN THREAD AREA = 1000 25 STREES IN MEAN THREAD AREA - 1000 PSI TTT “THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS SIZES #0 THROUGH #10 COARSE AND FINE THREADS. TYPICAL MULTIPLE OF BODY DIAMETER papper ‘THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 13 SIZES 1/4” THRU 6(8" DIAMETER COARSE THREADS. TYPICAL 100 ye c F thytulsh lub aslslpualasigl gulaal ts H MULTIPLE OF BODY OIAMETERa ‘STRESS In MEAN THREAD AREA — 1900 PSI STRESS IN MEAN THREAD AREA - 1,000 PSI B repr ‘THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS SIZES 1/4" THAU 58" DIAMETER FINE THREADS TYPICAL Luss} pep ‘THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS SIZES 3/4" THRU 1* DIAMETER COARSE THREADS TYPICAL Unonano Enomennine ‘cher No) ESA ee so Ze IZ £5 uu gpl) lll suits tiil 60 hz “0STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES [STRESS IN MEAN THREAD AREA - 1000 P51 preee preety E rhea spon srexcra Sps IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FoR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEADCAP SCREWS | Uenane Emcee szesaurTHRU r oaMerenrINe THREADS — -aooeae TYPICAL E < an E < Je so fF ss [=| AT wooed pelioal ysl psolsslygulssag goal MULTIPLE OF BODY THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP Senews SUESOVER 1 Tyereat TT . E | et | a «ttt 4 ? 1 E A wT [4 “—E y T 4 . i EB t a i 4 ul Jugal m Lula, OIAMETER(Oaerelre) HIGH-TEMPERATURE JOINTS. Bolted joints subjected to cyclic loading perform best if an initial preload is applied. The induced stress mini= izes the external load sensed by the bolt, and reduces the chance of fatigue failure. At high temperature, the induced load will change, and this can adeversely affect the fastener performance. Itis therefore necessary to compensate for high-temperature conditions when assembling the joint at room temperature, This article describes the factors which must be considered and illus- trates how a high-temperature bolted joint is designed. In high-temperature joints, adequate clamping force oF preload must be maintained in spite of temperature- induced dimensional changes of the fstener relative to the joint members. the change in preload at any given ‘temperature for a given time can be calculated, and the affect compensated for by proper fastener selection and initial preload, Thrve principal factors tend to alter the initial clamping force in a joint at elevated temperatures, provided that the fastener material retains requisite strength at the elevated temperature, These factors are: Modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, ‘and relaxation. Modulus OF Elasticity: As temperature increases, less stress or load is needed to impart a given amount of elongation or strain to a material than at lower tom. peratures. This means that a fastener stretched a certain amount at room temperature to develop a given preload ‘will exert a lower clamping force at higher temperature if there is no change in bolt elongation. Coefficient of Expansion: With most materials, the size of the part increases as the temperature increases. Ina joint, both the structure and the fastener grow with an increase in temperature, and this can result depend- ing on the materials, in an increase or decrease in the clamping force. Thus, matching of materials in joint design can assure sufficient clamping force at both room and elevated temperatures. Table 16 lists mean coefficient of thermal expansion of certain fastener alloys at several temperatures, Relaxation: At clovated temperatures, a material subjected to constant stress below its yield strength will flow plastically and permanently change size. This phe- nomenon is called creep. In a joint at elevated tempera ture, a fastener with a fixed distance between the bearing surface of the head and nut will produce less and less clamping force with time. This characteristic is called relaxation. It differs from creep in that stress changes, ‘while elongation or strain remains constant. Such elements as material, temperature, intial stress, manufacturing method, and design affect the rate of relaxation. Relaxation is the most important of the three factors. Itis also the most ertcal consideration in design of levated-temperature fasteners. A bolted joint at 1200°F can lose as much as 35 per cent of preload. Failure to compensate for this could lead to fatigue failure through 2 loose joint even though the bolt was properly tightened initially. Itthe coefficient of expansion of the bolt is greater than that of the joined material, @ predictable amount of clamping force will be lost as temperature increases. Conversely, if the coefficient of the joined material is greater, the bolt may be stressed beyond its yield or even fracture strength. Or, cyclic thermal stressing may lead to thermal fatigue failure. Changes in the modulus of elasticity of metals with increasing temperature must be anticipated, calculated, and compensated for in joint design. Unlike the coetfi- cient of expansion, the effect of change in modulus is to reduce clamping force whether or nat bolt and structure are the same material, and is strictly a function of the bolt metal. Since the temperature environment and the mate- rials of the structure are normally "fixed," the design objective isto select a bolt material that will give the desired clamping force at all critical points in the oper- ating range of the joint. To do this, tis necessary to balance out the three factors-relaxation, thermal expan- sion, and modulus-with a fourth, the amount of initial tightening or clamping force. In actual joint design the determination of clamping force must be considered with other design factars such as ultimate tensile, shear, and fatigue strength of the fas- tener at elevated temperature. As temperature increases the inherent strength of the material decreases. Therefore, itis important to select a fastener material ‘which has sufficient strength at maximum service temperature. Example ‘The design approach to the problem of maintaining sat isfectory elevated-temperature clamping force in a joint can be illustrated by an example. The example chosen is complex but typical. A cut-and-try process is used to select the right bolk material and size for a given design load under a fixed set of operating loads and environ- ‘mental conditions, Fig.17 The first step is to determine the change in thick- ness, At of the structure from room to maximum, operating temperature For the AISI 4240 material At = H(Te~ To ‘At = (0.08800 70) (7.4 x 10%) At» 0.002701 in. For the AMS 6304 material ‘Ab = (0.754800 - 707.6 x 10) ‘At = 0.004161 in, ‘The total increase in thickness for the joint members is 0.00686 in ‘The total effective bolt length equals the total joint thickness plus one-third of the threads engaged by the ‘ut. Ii is assumed that tho smallest diameter bolt should be used for weight saving, then a 1/t-in. bolt should be tried. Thread engagement is approximately fone diameter, and the effective bol length is:HIGH-TEMPERATURE JOINTS ‘At 4940 t = 080 in } a Uy d =Bolt diam, in E = Modulus of elasticity, psi Ty = Room temperatures 70°F Tz = Maximum operstng temperature for 4000 hr=800°F f= Panel thickness, i, = Coefficient of thermal ‘expansion Fi = Bolt preload, Ib Fe =Clamping force, Ib (reo) Fy = Working load=1500 Ib static + 100 8b eyelc = Effective Bo lenath, ine. Fig. 17 ~ Parameters for joint operating at 800°F Loh+b+(d) 1 =050 +0.75 41/8 x 0.25) L= 1.333 in. The ideal coefficient of thermal expansion of the bolt material is found by dividing the total change in joint thickness by the bolt length times the change in temperature. at OT Xm 00885 = ya OBBE ay = 7.05 X 104 indinddog. F The material, with the nearest coefficient of expan sion is with a value of 9,600,000 at 800° To determine ifthe bolt material has sufficient strength and resistance to fatigue, itis necessary to eal= culate the stress in the fastener at maximum and mini- mum load. The bolt load plus the cyclic load divided by the tensile stress of the threads will give the maximum stress. For a 1/4-28 bolt, tensile stress area from thread handbook H 28, is 0.03637 sq, in. The maximum stress is Smg= _Boltload = 1500+ 100 m= Stress ares 0.03637 Spar 44,000 pas and the minimum bokt stress is 41,200 psi H-11 has a yield strength of 175,000 psi at 800°F, ‘Table 3, and therefore should be adequate for the work- ing loads. ‘A Goodman diagram, Fig. 18, shows the extremes cof stress within which the H-11 fastener will not fail by fatigue. At the maximum calculated load of 44,000 psi, the fastener will withstand a minimum cyclic loading at .800°F of about 21,000 psi without fatigue failure, 200) “44,000 |pai 121,000 psi 30 700 750200 Mean Stress (1000 psi) Fig. 18 - Goodman diagram of maximum and minimum ‘operating limits for H-11 fastener at 800°F. Bolts stressed within these limits will give infinite fatigue life. Because of relaxation, its necessary to determine the initial preload required to insure 1500-15. clamping force in the joint after 1000 hr at 800°F. When relaxation is considered, itis necessary to caloulate the maximum stress to which the fastener is Subjected, Because this stress is not constant in dynamic joints, the resultant values tend to be conservative. Therefore, a maximum stress of 44,000 psi should be considered although the necessary strese at 800°F need be only 41,200 psi. Relaxation at 44,000 psi can be inter- polated from the figure, although an actual curve could be constructed from tests made on the fastener at the specific conditions. ‘The initial stress required to insure a clamping stress ‘of 44,000 psi after 1000 hr at 800°F can be calculated by interpolation. 61,000 ~ 44,000 = 17,000 Y= 61,000 38,000 = 27,000 B= 80,000 - 60,000 = 30,000, A= 80,000-C A. 17,000 = 90,000-¢ B 77,000 30,000 61,100 psi ‘The bolt elongation required at this temperature is calculated by dividing the stress by the modulus at tem perature and multiplying by the effective length of the bolt, That is: (61,000 > 1.333246 x 10° = 0.0033 Since the joint must be constructed at room tem- perature, itis necessary to determine the stresses at this state. Because the modulus of the fastener material changes with temperature, the clamping force at room temperature will not be the same as at 800°F. To deter- 69(Oaerelre) ‘mine the clamping stress at assembly conditions, the slongation should be multiplied by the modulus of elasticity at room temperature. 10083 X 30.6 x 10° = 101,145 psi The assembly conditions will be affected by the difference between th ideal and actual coefficients of expansion of the joint. The ideal coeffienct for the fas: ‘ener material was calculated to be 7.05 but the closest ‘material -H-11— has a coefficient of 7.1. Since this material has a greater expansion than calculated, there will be a reduction in clamping force resulting from the increase in temperature, This amount equals the differ snce between the ideal and the actual coefficients lied by the change in temperature, the length of the fastener, and the modulus of elasticity at 70°. 1 = 7.05) x 10-1800 ~ 70111.333] 490 psi ‘The result must be added to the intial calculated stresses to establish the minimum required clamping stress needed for assembling the joint at room temperature. 101,145 + 1,490 = 102,635 psi Finally, the method of determining the clamping {oree oF preload will affect the final stress in the joint at operating conditions. For example, if a torque wrench is Table 16 Used to apply preload (the most common and simplest ‘method available), « plus oF minus 25 per cont variation in induced load can result. Therefore, the maximum load which could be expected inthis case would be 1.5 times the minimum, of (1.51102,635) = 159,950 ps This value does not exceed the room-temperature Yield strength for He11 given in Table 19 Since there is a decrease inthe clamping foree with an increase in temperature and since the stress at operat ing tomperature can be higher than originally calculated because of variations in induced load itis necessary to ascortainif yield strength at 800°F will be exceeded (max stress et 70°F + change in stess) x € at 800" Eat 10 {153,950 + (-1490)] x 24.6 x 108 = 122,565 30.6 x 10° This value is less than the yield strongth for H-11 at 800°F, Table 19, Therefore, a 1/4-28 H-11 bok stressed between 102,635 psi and 183,950 psi at room tempera- ture will maintain 0 clamping load 1500 Ib ot 800°F after 1000 hr of operation. A cycle loading of 100 Ib, whieh results in a Bok loading between 1500 and 1600 Ib will Rot cause fatigue failure atthe operating conditions PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED TO MANUFACTURE ALLOY STEEL SHCS’S Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, jim/m/°K! “Table 19 -Yield Strength at Various Temperatures wow ww | 20 | 20 | wo | sm | oo aa ertte m_| iz | sm | mm | ae | tm ior peverteee ma | soo | 1000 | 1200 Materia Stainless Steels 137M, “Type 302 35,000 | 35,000] 34,000] 30,000 s1B37MF -_| re | ta | a9 | 4s | 4s | | typeaoa 148,000 | 110,000] 95,000] 38,000, “aa na be be base bas TS PHts7 Mo | 220,000] 143,000] 101,000 | © ~ High Strength Kron-Base Stainless Alloys a0? vs [vat | - | 7 | - | 148 | | “nae '95,000 | 95,000} 90.000 | 85,000 ‘ams'se1s | 113,000 0,000 | 60,000| 40,000 £340" =| ee | - | 36 | = | 48 | | Unitemp 212 | 150,000 | 140,000 | 135,000 | 130,000, e738 v7 [2 [we [as | - | 141 | iin strength ron-Base Aloye ena vis | 22 | we [vas | - | v1 | | Alien 200,000 "130,000 75,000) = H.a1 (aMs 649s) | 215,000 | 175,000 185,000 | = AMS 6340 | 160,000] 100,000 | 75,000 | Modulus of Elongation (Young's Modulus) Nickel Base Atovs| 'getion (Youngs Teonel 115,000 38,000 E = 30,000,000 PSvinin Waspatoy 115,000 106,000 100,000 Notes: 1. Developed from ASM, Metals HDBK, 9th Edition, Vol 1 (°C = °K for values listed) 2, ASME SAS74 3.alsI 4. Multiply values in table by .856 for pinyin" 70CORROSION IN THREADED FASTENERS All fastened joints are, to some extent, subjected to cor- rosion of some form during normal service life. Design (of a joint to prevent premature failure due to corrosion must include considerations of the environment, condi- tions of loading , and the various methods of protecting the fastener and joint from corrosion. Three ways to protect against corrosion are: 1, Select corrosion-resistant material for the fastener, 2. Specify protective coatings for fastener, joint inter- faces, or both. 3. Design the joint to minimize corrosion, The solution to a specific corrosion problem may require using one or all of these methods. Economics often necessitate a compromise solution. Fastener Material The use of a suitably corrosion-resistant material is ‘often the first line of defense against corrosion. In fastener design, however, material choice may be only one of Several important considerations. For example, the most corrosion-resistant material for a particular environment may just not make a suitable fastener. Basic factors affecting the choice of corrosion resis tant threaded fasteners are "= Tensile and fatigue strength, 1 Position on the galvanic series scale of the fastener and materials to be joined 1 Special design considerations: Need for minimum, ‘weight or the tendency for some materials to gall 1 Susceptibility of the fastener material to other types ‘of less obvious corrosion, Far example, a selected material may minimize direct attack of a corrosive environment only to be vulnerable to fretting or stress ‘Some of the more widely used corrosion-resistant materials, along with approximate fastener tensile strength ratings at room temperature and other pertinent Properties, are listed in Table 1. Sometimes the nature of corrosion properties provided by these fastener materials is subject to change with application and other condi- tions. For example, stainless steel and aluminum resist corrosion only so long as their protective oxide film remains unbroken. Alloy steel is almost never used, even under mildly corrosive conditions, without some sort of protective coating. Of course, the presence of a specific corrosive medium requires a specific corrosion-resistant fastener material, provided that design factors such as tensile and fatigue strength can be satisfied, Protective Coating ‘A number of factors influence the choice of a corrosion- resistant coating for a threaded fastener. Frequently, the corrosion resistance af the coating is not a principal consideration. At times itis a caso of economics. Often, less-costly fastener material will perform satisfactorily in ‘a corrosive environment if given the proper protective coating, Factors which affect coating choice are ‘Corrosion resistance ‘= Temperature limitations = Embrittlement of base metal 1 Effect on fatigue life 1 Effect on locking torque = Compatibility with adjacent material = Dimensional changes ‘= Thickness and distribution = Adhesion characteristics Conversion Coatings: Where cost is a factor and cor- rosion is not severe, certain conversion-type coatings are effective. These include a black-oxide finish for alloy-stee! screws and various phosphate base coatings for carbon and alloy-stee! fasteners. Frequently, a rust preventing cil is applied over a conversion coating Paint: Because of its thickness, paint is normally not considered for protective coatings for mating threaded fasteners, However, it is sometimes applied as @ supple- mental treatment at installation. In spacial cases, a fas- tener may be painted and installed wet, or the entire joint may be sealed with a coat of paint after installation. ‘TABLE 1- TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CORROSION RESISTANT FASTENER MATERIALS. Tensile | Yield Stength | Maximum | Moan Coofficiont eston Motorists Strength | at 02% offset | Service | of Thermal Expan,| Density | Base Cost | on Galvanic Stainless Stools (1000 (nooo psi) | TompiF) | (infinddegF) | Ubscuin) | Indox Seale 303, passive 80 40 800 102 0286 | Meaium 8 303, passive, cold worked | 125 80 800 103 (0206 | Mecium 9 410, passive 170 no 400 58 0278 Low 6 31, passive 180 140 400 87 0220 | Mecium 6 4 PH 200 180 600 63 0282 | Medium n a PH 200 185 600 87 0276 | Mecium u AM 350 200 182 800 72 0282 | Meaium, 3 187 Mo 200 155 600 - 0277 | Mecium 2 A286 180 8 1200 er 0208 | Medium 6 A286, cold worked 220 170 120 = 0.288 igh 7 n(Oaerelre) Electroplating: Two broad classes of protective lectroplating are: 1. The barrier type-such as chrome plating-which sets up an impervious layer or film that is ‘more noble and therefore more corrosion resistant than the base metal. 2. The sacrificial type, zinc for example, ‘where the metal of the coating is less noble than the base metal of the fastener. This kind of plating corrodes sacrificially and protects the fastener, Noble-metal coatings are generally not suitable for threaded fasteners-especially where a close-tolerance fit is involved. To be effective, a noble-metal coating must be at least 0.001 in, thick, Because of screw-thread geom- etry, however, such plating thickness will usually exceed the tolerance allowances on many classes of fit for Because of dimensional necessity, threaded fastener coatings, since they operate on a different principle, are effective in layers as thin as 0.0001 to 0.0002 in. ‘The most widely used sacrificial platings for threaded fasteners are cadmium, zinc, and tin, Frequently, the cadmium and zinc are rendered even more corrosion resistant by a posting-plating chromate-type conversion treatment. Cadmium plating can be used at temperatures 10 450°F, Above this limit, @ nickel cadmium or nickel-zine alloy plating is recommended. This consists of alternate deposits of the two metals which are heat-diffused into 0 uniform alloy coating that can be used for applications to 00°F. The alloy may also be deposited directly from the plating bath: Fastener materials for use in the 900 to 1200°F range (stainless steel, A-286), and in the 1200" to 1800°F range (high-nickel-base super alloys) are highly corrosion resistant and normally do not require protective coatings, except under special environment conditions. Silver plating is frequently used in the higher tem- perature ranges for lubrication to prevent galling and seizing, particularly on stainless steel. This plating can cause a galvanic corrosion problem, however, because of the high nobility of the silver, Hydrogen Embrittlement: A serious problem, known 1s hydrogen embrittlement, can develop in plated alloy steol fasteners. Hydrogen generated during plating can diffuse into the steel and embrittle the bolt. The result is often a delayed and total mechanical failure, at tensile levels far below the theoretical strength, high-hardness structural parts are particularly susceptible to this cond- tion, The problem can be controlled by careful selection of plating formulation, proper plating procedure, and sufficient baking to drive off any residual hydrogen Another form of hydrogen embrittlement, which is more difficult to control, may occur after instalation, Since electealytic cell action liberates hydrogen at the cathode, itis possible for either galvanic or concentra- tion-cell corrosion to lead to embrrttling of the bolt material Joint Design Certain precautions and design procedures can be followed to prevent, or atleast minimize, each of the various types of corrosion likely to attack a threaded joint. The most important of these are: For Direct Attack: Choose the right corrosion: resistant material. Usually a material can be found that will provide the needed corrosion resistance without sactifice of other important design requirements. Be sure that the fastener material is compatible with the ‘materials being joined. Corrosion resistance can be increased by using @ conversion coating such as black oxide or a phosphate- base treatment. Alternatively, a sacrificial coating such as zinc plating is effective, For an inexpensive protective coating, lacquer or paint can be used where conditions perm, For Galvanic Corrosion: I the condition is severe, electrically insulate the bolt and joint from each other. The fastener may be painted with zinc chromate primer prior to installation, or the entire joint can be coated with lacquer or paint Another protective measure is to use a bolt that is cathodic to the joint material and close to itn the galvanic series. When the joint material is anodic, corrosion will spread over the greater area of the fastened materials. Conversely, if the balt is anodic, galvanic action is most Stool Insulation washer Insutetion ‘gasket Compe FIG. 1.1 A method of electrically insulating a bolted joint to prevent galvanic corrosion. For Concentration-Cell Corrosion: Keep surfaces smooth and minimize or eliminate lap joints, erevices, ‘and seams. Surfaces should be clean and free of organic ‘material and dirt. Air trapped under a speck of dirt on the surface of the metal may form an oxygen concentration cell and start pitting For maximum protection, bolts and nuts should have smooth surfaces, especially in the seating areas. Flush- head bolts should be used where possible. Further, joints can be sealed with paint or other sealant material For Fretting Corrosion: Apply a lubricant (usually ofl), to mating surfaces. Where fretting corrosion is likely to ‘occur: 1. Specify materials of maximum practicable hard: hess. 2. Use fasteners that have residual compressive stresses on the surfaces that may be under attack. 3 Specify maximum preload in the joint. A higher clamping force results in a more rigid joint with less relative move- ‘ment possible between mating services, nCORROSION IN THREADED FASTENERS For Stress Corrosion: Choose a fastener material that rosists stress corrosion in the service environment. Reduce fastener hardness (if reduced strength can be tolerated), since this seems to be a factor in stress Minimize crevices and stress risers in the bolted joint and compensate for thermal stresses. Residual stresses resulting from sudden changes in temperature accelerate stress corrosion, If possible, induce residual compressive stresses into the surface of the fastener by shot-peening or pressure rolling For Corrosion Fatigue: In general, design the joint for high fetigue life, since the principal effect of this form of corrosion is reduced fatigue performance. Factors extending fatigue performance are: 1. Application and maintenance of a high preload. 2. Proper alignment to avoid bending stresses, Ifthe environment is severe, periodic inspection is recommended so that partial feilures may be detected before the structure is endangered. ‘As with stress and fretting corrosion, compressive stresses induced on the fastener surfaces by thread rolling, fille rolling, or shot pening will reduce corrosion fatigue. Further protection is provided by surface coating, ‘TYPES OF CORROSION Direct Attack... most common form of corrosion affecting all metals and structural forms. Itis a direct and general chemical reaction of the metal with a corrosive medium- Tiquid, gas, of even a solid, Galvanie Corrosion...occurs with dissimilar metals contact. Presence of an electrolyte, which may be nothing more than an individual atmosphere, causes corrosive action in the galvanic couple. The anodic, or less noble material, is the sacrificial element. Hence, in a joint of stainloss steel and titanium, the stainless steel corrodes, One of the worst galvanic joints would consist of magnesium {and titanium in contact, Concentration Cell Corrosion...takes place with metals in close proximity and, unlike galvanic corrosion, does not require dissimilar metals. When two or more areas on the surface of a metal are exposed to different concentra~ tions of the same solution, a difference in electrical potential results, and corrosion takes place. Ifthe solution consists of salts of the metal itself, a metal- ion cell is formed, and corrosion takes place on the sur- faces in close contact. The corrosive solution between the two surfaces is relatively more stagnant (and thus has a higher concentration of metal ions in solution) than the corrosive solution immediately outside the crevice. A variation of the concentration cell is the oxygen cell in Which a corrosive medium, such as moist ait, contains Jifferent amounts of dissolved oxygen at different points. Accelerated corrosion takes place between hidden surfaces (either under the bolt head or nut, or between bolted materials) and is likely to advance without detection, Fretting...corrosive attack or deterioration occurring between containing, highly-loaded metal surfaces sub- jected to very slight (vibratory) motion. Although the ‘mechanism is not completely understood, its probably 2 highly accelerated form of oxidetion under heat and stress. In threaded joints, freting can occur between, mating threads, at the bearing surfaces under the head Of the screw, or under the nut. It is most likely to occur in high tensile, high-frequency, dynamic-load applications. There need be no special environment to induce this form of corrosion..merely the presence of air plus vibra- tory rubbing. Itcan even occur when only one of the ‘materials in contact is meta Stress Corrosion Cracking...occurs over a period of time in high-stressed, high-strength joints. Although not fully Understood, stress corrosion cracking is believed to be ‘caused by the combined and mutually accelerating effects of static tensile stress and corrosive environment. Initial pitting somehow tales place which, in tur, further increases stress build-up. The effect is cumulative and, in a highly stressed joint, can result in sudden failure. Corrosion Fatigue...accelerated fatigue failure occurring in the presence of corrosive medium. lt differs from stress corrosion cracking in that dynamic alternating stress, rather than static tensile stress, is the contributing agent, Corrosion fatigue affects the normal endurance limit of the bolt. The conventional fatigue curve of a normal bolt joint levels off at its endurance limit, or maximum dynamic load that can be sustained indefinitely without fatigue failure. Under conditions of corrosion fatigue, however, the curve does not level off but continues. downward to a point of failure ata finite number of stress cycles, 3GALVANIC CORROSION i MMMM MMMM ZILILLLILILELILL LS wn ne een none nw vo DIES Chromium Plate, Tungsten, Molybdenum I = VELLA! ee ace a aaa FIG. 19 ~ Metals compatibility chartIMPACT PERFORMANCE ‘THE IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF THREADED FASTENERS Much has been written regarding the significance of the notched bar impact testing of steels and other metallic ‘materials. The Charpy and Izod type test relate notch ‘behavior (brittleness versus ductility) by applying a single overload of stress, The results of these tests provide ‘quantitive comparisons but are not convertible to eneray values useful for engineering design calculations. The Fesults of an individual test are related to that particular specimen size, notch geometry and testing conditions and cannot be generalized to other sizes of specimens ‘and conditions. ‘Tho results of these tests are useful in determining the susceptibility of a material to brittle behavior when the applied stress is perpendicular to the major stress. In externally threaded fasteners, however, the loading usually is applied in a longitudinal direction. The impact, test, therefore, which should be applicable would be one where the applied impact stress supplements the major stress, Only in shear loading on fasteners is the major stress in the transverse direction. Considerable testing has been conducted in an effort to determine if a relationship exists between the Charpy Vrnotch properties of a material and the tension proper- ties of an externally threaded fastener manufactured from the same material ‘Some conclusions which ean be drawn from the extensive impact testing are as follows: 1. The tension impact properties of externally threaded fasteners do not follow the Charpy V notch impact pat- tern, 2. Some of the variables which effect the tension impact properties are: ‘A. The number of exposed threads B. The length of the fastener C. The relationship of the fastener shank diameter to the thread area. D, The hardness or fastener ultimate tensile strength Following are charts showing tension impact versus Charpy impact properties, the effect of strength and diameter on tension impact properties and the effect of test temperature. Please note from figure 21 that while the Charpy impact strength of socket head cap screw materials ere decreasing at sub-zero temperatures, the tension impact strength of the same screws is increasing, This compares favorable with the effect of eryagenic temperatures on the tensile strength of the screws. Note the similar increase in tensile strength shown in figure 22. Itis recommended, therefore, that less importance be attached to Charpy impact properties of materials which are intended to be given to impact properties for threaded fasteners. If any consideration is to be given to impact properties of bolts or screws, itis advisable to investigate the tension impact properties of fullsize fasteners since this more closely approximates the actual application. 75(Oaerelre) TABLE 20 LOW-TEMPERATURE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ALLOY STEELS eat emperatr® Iinpet oa [roston composition % oe ‘ene. eee) tenpetnn ee ‘mp | ump. | Harden | ‘wie sing |e | ome [| ow | c | ome | ee | Se (MR | oor | aor | ore | oF | wre | or aso | 038 | 077 | 165 | 093 | o21 | 150 | soo | s | 1 | | 2 | a | a | - ooo | «@ | wo | mw | | |] ww] oo} a | 9 | 3s | we | a | a | soo | x | 1 | w | 2 | a6 | 36 | 20 ro | 30 | 15 | 28 | os | ss | 65 | -1a5 waco | os7 | oa7 | 162 | 102 | oz | 75 | ao| | 5) 6) 0 | ui} ul - roo} 4 | 9 | 0 | i | w] 2 | -0 vo | 9 | 2 | is | | 2] | a0 ‘ase | 076 | 091 | t67 | 111 | 021 | 1450 | soo | | «| 5 s/| 9|{ w| - so} | e| es | w| 2] 1] o vo | a | 5 | | w | a | a | 60 ‘sz0 | 020 | 067 | 105 | 020 | one | 1050 | 200] a | | 20 | 2 | a | a | - oo} se | om | te | a | 55 | oe | woo} 2 | w | a | ss | me] me] = so | 19 | 7 | ae | 3 | 5 | ow | = ‘ase | 04a | oes | a7@ | 029 | ozo | 50 | a0 | 2 | w | 7 | 2 | a | a | - roo | 37 | 7 | 2 | 35 | a9 | 69 | 190 so | 20 | 7 | 2 | os | 97 | o7 | -100 ‘ase | o74 | o77 | vax | 030 | o2r | 1450 | oo | «@ | 5 | 8 | 3 | | wl - wo} a | n | 2 | iw] w] 2] = wo! | nis |v | wo] eo] - 620 | 020 | 089 | 060 | ose | ozo | ve50| a0| 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a5 | as | - soo} 36 | 8 | 13 | 2 | 35 | a | 0 roo | 29 | 25 | 33 | 65 | 76 | 76 | 150 seo | 21_| wo | es | sor | v5 | 7 | -195 a6s0 | 034 | o77 | 06s | 062 | 022 | 75 | a0 | « | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 | a | o soo | a | 1 | 2 | «| sa] 54 | -55 so | 27 | we | 22 | m4 | ao | a2 | -65 ‘esto | o4s | o7a | 06s | os: | ozo | ws50| ooo] «@ | 5 | | | 2 | a | - roo | a | 1 | | a | 4] a0 | a0 reo | 30 | w | 2 | «9 | 63 | 66 | wo eco | ose | o@1 | 070 | ose | os | w7s| ao| 7 | « |) 6) 0 | | «| - wo} 4 | w | 2 | | 2] a0] -0 vo | 30 | w | w | | 5¢ | 60 | 90 6IMPACT PERFORMANCE 180 160 TENSION IMPACT LBF.-FT. FIG. 21 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 TYPICAL TENSION IMPACT AND CHARPY IMPACT STANDARD UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS TENSION + 3/8" SIZE SCREWS TESTED FULL SIZE sps UNBRAKO ENGINEERING Chart No. Date: EE reer aero reper ere Te TENSION IMPACT FASTENER 4—_| CHARP V NOTEH ‘SPECIMEN IS Wht hbhb lub lobulb ude +300 +200 +100 0 100 200 TEMPERATURE, F 7(Oaerelre) 180 160 140 120 100 TENSION IMPACT LBF-FT. 80 60 40 20 FIG. 22 TYPICAL TENSION IMPACT STRENGTH, EFFECT OF FASTENER STRENGTH AND DIAMETER ROOM TEMPERATURE sps UNBRAKO ENGINEERING Chart No. Date: A A TTT 5/16 ee V4 Eunuboliobolssbnltisb fobs uld 120° «140 «7160S 180200220 FASTENER RATED ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH - KSI 8PRODUCT ENGINEERING BULLETIN UNBRAKO PRODUCT ENGINEERING BULLETIN Standard Inch Socket Head Cap Screws Are Not Grade 8 Fasteners There is a common, yet reasonable, misconception that standard, inch, alloy steel socket head cap screws are "Grade 8”. This is not true. The miscon- ception is reasonable because “Grade 8" is a term generally associated with “high strength” fasteners. A person desiring a “high strength” SHCS may request a “Grade 8 SHCS”, This is technically incorrect for standard SHCSs. The term Grade 8 defines specific fastener characteristics which must be met to be called "Grade 8". Three of the most important characteristics are not consistent with requirements for industry standard SHCSs: ten: strength, hardness, and head marking. Some basic differences between several fastener classifications are listed below. The list is not comprehensive but intended to provide a general understanding. ‘SHCSs can be manufactured to meet Grade 8 requirements on a special order basis. Fastener Trusty Unbrako Designation Grade 2 Grades Grades SHCS SHES ‘Applicable ‘SAE SAE SAE “ASTM ASTM Standard seas 29 a9 A578 AST SPS-B-271 Strength Te 120 150 120 190 Level, UTS ves) 4-0 (4-12) sv2) 1 KSI min 60 105 170 180 (78-112 (18-112 era or Hardness, 880-8100 c2s-c34 c33.c39 39-065 39-043 Rockwell 1870-8100 crs.ca0 c37-C45 30-643 Generat Low or Medium — | Medium ‘Medium Medium ‘Medium Material Type Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Carbon Alloy Carbon Alloy Carbon Alloy Stoo! Stee! Stee! Tdontification None Three Radial ‘Six Radial Shes Mies Requirement Lines Lines Configuration Bots Screws Bolts Screws Bots Screws Socket Head Socket Head ‘Studs HexHeads | Studs Hex Hesds | Studs Hex Heads | Cap Screws Cop Sereves 79(Oaerelre) THREADS IN BOTH SYSTEMS ‘Thread forms and designations have been the subject of many long and arduous battles through the years. Standardization in the inch series has come through many channels, but the present unified thread form could be considered to be the standard for many threaded products, particularly high strength ones such as socket head cap screws, ete. In common usage in US.A. Canada and United Kingdom are the Unified National Radius Coarse series, designated UNRC, Unified National Radius Fine series, designated UNRF, and several special series of various types, designated UNS. This thread, UNRC or UNRE, is designated by specifying the diameter and threads per inch along with the suffix indicating the thread series, such as 1/4 28 UNRF. For threads in Metric units, a similar approach is used, but with some slight variations. A diameter and pitch are used to designate the series, as in the Inch system, with modifications as follows: For coarse threads, only the prefix M and the diameter are necessary, but for fine threads, the pitch is shown as a suffix. For example, M16 is a coarse thread designation representing a diameter of 16 mm with a pitch of 2 mm understood. A similar fine thread part ‘would be M16 x 15 or 16 mm diameter with a pitch of 15 mm. COMPLETE DESIGNATIONS For someone who has been using the Inch system, there are a couple of differences that can be a little confusing, In the Inch series, while we refer to threads per inch as pitch; actually the number of threads is 1/pitch. Fine threads are referenced by a larger number than coarse threads because they “fit” more threads per inch, In Metric series, the diameters are in millimeters, but the pitch is really the pitch, Consequently the coarse thread has the large number. The most common metric thread is the coarse thread and fells generelly between the inch ‘coarse and fine series for a comparable diameter. ‘Also to be considered in defining threads is the tolerance and class of fit to which they are made. The International Standards Organization (ISO) metric system provides: for this designation by adding letters and numbers in @ certain sequence to the callout. For instance, a thread designated as MS x 0.8 4g8q would define a thread of 5 mm diameter, 0.8 mm pitch, with a pitch diameter tolerance grade 6 and allowance "q”. These tolerances and fields are defined as shown below, similar to the. Federal Standard H28 handbook, which defines all of the dimensions and tolerances for a thread in the inch series. ‘The callout above is similar to a designation class 3A fit, and has a like connotation, Metric Thread Designation Nominal Size Pitch _ [Taran Cass Designation M5 X 0.8 - 4969 | lrance Peston (Allowance) ) Crest Diameter Tolerance Symbol Tolerance Grade) Tolerance Position (Allowance) ) Pitch Diameter Tolerance Symbol Tolerance Grade)METRIC THREADS Example of thread tolerance positions and magnitudes. Comparision 5/16 UNC snd MB, Medium tolerance grades ~ Pitch diameter um] DEVIATIONS NUT THREAD +200| extemal 5/16 UNC Me +180 h H none ° 6 small +100] e large oH +50] | ‘Allowance | -s0| 2a] 69 6h 100] 160) After 5/16 UNC Pia pleting -200) um BOLT THREAD lors = external threads Capital letters = imernal threads a1THROUGH-HOLE PREPARATION {Close Fit: Normally limited to holes for those lengths of screws threaded {0 the head in assemblies in which: (1) only one screw is used: or (2) two or more screws are Used and the mating holes are produced at assembly or by matched and coordinated tooling. Normal Fit: Intended for: (1) screws of relatively long length; or (2) assemblies that involve two or more screws and where the mating holes are produced by conven- tional tolerancing methads. It provides for the maximum allowable eccentricty of the longest standard screws and {or certain deviations in the parts being fastened, such as deviations in hole straightness; angularity between the axis of the tapped hole and that of the hole for the shank; differneces in center distances of the mating holes and other deviations Chamfering: Itis considered good practice to chamfer or break the edges of holes that are smaller than “F" maxi- ‘mum in parts in which hardness approaches, equals or exceeds the screw hardness. if holes are not chamfered, the heads may not seat properly or the sharp edges may deform the fillets on the screws, making them suscept ble to fatigue in applications that involve dynamic load- ing. The chamfers, however, should not be larger than heeded to ensure that the heads seat properly or that the fillet on the screw is not deformed. Normally, the cham- {ers do not need to exceed "F” maximum. Chamfors exceeding these values reduce the effective bearing area and introduce the possibility of indentation when th parts fastened are softer than screws, or the possiblity of brinnelling of the heads of the screws when the parts are harder than the screws, (See "F” page 6) x t tole dimensions ‘ap dil size ‘counter. tore ameter |Max +2iMax)/ UNRC | UNAF sie © | os600 | si | aos | a9 | oor0 | ve 0.076 - | aee 18 1 | 00730 | 4g | costo | 43» | 00890 | sz | 0087 | 15mm | 953 552 2 | coaso | sz | ooss7 | 36 | oross | ais | 0102 | aso | #50 318 3 | 00s | a6 | 01065 | si» | 01200 | a2 | onie | war | was 732 & | orto | ye | orzo | 2 | ors | 72 | ors | fas | gaz 32 5 | oras0 | see | oros | 23 | oreo | 4 os | #3 | 38 vt @ | ora | za | orseo | se | ores | a2 | orse | vas | as | a3 | ome 3 | oreo | ts | 0180 | 10 | o1sas | sie | ore | gas | #3 | ais | sie to | 01900 | 5° | oz055 | 2 | o2210 | a8 oz | as | a1 | ms | 3 ve | 02500 | vie | 02666 | ana | ozs | ame | oa | a7 | #3 | tee | a6 sis | o3ts | zvee | osze1 | riz | o3es7 | 172 | 0306 F 1 | zyee | t72 38 | 00375 | as6« | 050 | 132 | over | 5m oats | ste | 0 | 2568 | se mie | o4a76 | 204 | o#sa1 | tem2 | o4ee7 | mame | 0489 U| 2564 | 29168 | zaR2 v2 | oso | saee | ostss | ts2 | asai2 | tate | ossz | arise | rsa | saree | tan8 s@__| osz0 | tyes | osios | zia2 | ose | 1 oso | a5e¢ | 125mm) aves | 1 ‘ae | 07800 | aaee | o7es6 | 25a2 | o7ei2 | vane | oss | 2ue2 | te | ses | rane we | ostso | sree | oasos | 292 | 03062 | 1-93 | 0363 | agi | 205mm) sree | 138 1 | 0000 | ree | ross | ive | ros: | sme | 1100 | 7m | same | vee | 158 wie | 12800 | v9a2 | rze2 | ree | rams | 2 vavo | area | vase | 92 | 2 tz | v5000 | s17s2 | tss2 | rane | 15825 | 238 | tea | stmm | 38mm | 11762 | 238 + Break edge of body drill hole to clear screw fillet.DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES FOR METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS (Note (1H Note (10) A x Y ‘Nominal Brit Size Nominal Size Countersink ‘or Basic Close Fit Normal Fit | Counterbore | Diameter Seren TNote (31) Diamater [Note (1) 1.80 1.96 3.50 20 220 2.40 440 26 2.70 3.00 50 3a 3.40 370 650 36 40 430 2825 a7 Ms 5.40 5.20 975 57 Me 6.40 6.80 1125 68 Me 8.40 8.20 1425 92 Mio 1050 1080 175 na ia 1250 12.80 1925 142 ne 1450 1475 2225 162 Nis 1650 1675 2550 182 M20 2050 2078 2150 224 2a 2450 2478 3750 264 ao 2078 2078 4750 a4 M36 37.00 3750 56.50 3984 Maa 4300 440 6600 456 as 49.00 50.00 7500 526 83HARDNESS - TENSILE CONVERSION INCH ROCKWELL - BRINELL - TENSILE CONVERSION twasile twasile Rockwall tensile Rockwell | Brinell | stongth Reckwol strength Brinol! | strongth “cr | hardness | approx cc ‘pprex. co | a | hardness | approx seale | number | 1000p scale 100 pst scale |soale| number | 1000p 0 se 36 a "200 26 259 7 59 ee 328 2 94 25 253 120 se 615 219 a 188 2a 2a ne 37 595 310 “0 a7 181 2 2a 1s 56 577 201 3 367 v6 22 | 10} 235 12 5s 560 22 8 287 70 ai | se | 20 v0 a 53 288 a 37 165 20 | 98 | 226 107 53 Bat 218 38 337 160 (1) 220 104 82 B12 265 35 327 155, (a) | 7 | 215 08 St 500 257 38 318 150 a 210 102 50 43, 29 33 308 147 (6) | 96 | 208 100 9 06 281 2 301 102 (5) 201 9 @ ry 238 at 238 139 ay | 95 [197 7 7 453 28 30 285 136 (a) | se | 183 6 6 wu 219 2 29 132 (2) | 93 | 190 33 6 0 22 e m2 128 ma 188 3 4 a3 206 2 265 126 io) | se | 163 0 METRIC ROCKWELL - BRINELL - TENSILE CONVERSION Rockwell Reckwet Reckwet Brint! cd ccd ce | or | hardnoes seale scale scale | soale| number 0 a 26 259 ae 59 2 25 253 er 5a a 2 27 a 57 598 “0 23 2a 793 56 577 39 22 | 100 | 235 ™m 55 560 x a | ee | 20 188 56 5a a 20 | 8 | 225 738 53 528 38 (13) 220 nm 52 512 35 ts) | 97 | 215 no St 500 38 «7 210 703 50 438 33 1s) | 96 | 208 80 4“ 6 2 5) 201 683 @ “68 at 298 958 ia) | 95 | 197 69 47 “53, 30 285 938 3) | 9 | 193. 62 co ua 2 23 310 (a) | ss | 190 eat 6 0 B m2 89 m 188 er ae a9 2 265 869 io) | so | ves, onTHREAD STRESS AREAS Inch and Metric ‘STRESS AREAS FOR THREADED FASTENERS - INCH rn ‘Square Inches ‘Tensile Stross Area Por H-28 Diameter (mm) | UNRC ‘UNRF NRE UNRF | Nominal Shank 0 0.06 152 - 20 - ‘0.00180 0.002827 a“ 007 185 6 2 .0023 | 0.00278 004185 2 0.08 218 56 64 o.0370 | _o.00a9 2.005808 « 010 281 4 66 ‘ooowe7 | 0.00823 0.007688 ” on 2at 0 4 cones | o.0se: 0.009852 6 013 3.18 40 “4 o.076 | 0.00890 oor2272 6 ona 351 2 40 00909 | ooi015 0.014957 * 016 a7 2 26 oro i474 oozr124 #0 019 433 2 2 00175 0.0200, 0.026363 a 025 635 20 8 00316 0366 0.089087 sie oat 736 18 2 0.0524 ‘0.9520 076689 38 038 953 16 2 00775 0.9878 0.11045 76 oa m1 1% 2 0.1088) one? ‘15088 va 050 1270 3 20 0.1819 0.1599 0.19695, ane 056 1429 2 ‘8 182 6203 025 58 063 15.88 1 18 0.228 0.256 oat 34 078 19.05 10 16 0.336 0373 0.40179 78 os 22 8 “ 0462 0509 o.go132 1 100 25.40 8 2 0.606 0.669 079 118 13 2858 7 2 0783 0.856 og9402 a4 125, 3178 7 2 0.368 1073 12272 1308 138 3489 6 2 1185 1318 14889 ve 150 3810 6 2 1408 1581 761 1318 175. 4605 5 2 190 2219 2.4058 2 2.00 50.80 2 2 7250 289 1416 aia 225 5715 aie 2 325 2.69 39761 22 250 63.50 4 2 4.00 50. 4.9088 aie 275 ea.85 @ 2 498 559 759396 3 3.00 7620 4 2 597 6.59 7.0686 STRESS AREAS FOR THREADED FASTENERS ~ METRIC minal Dia, Throad | Tread Tensile Nominal ‘Nomina Dia. Thosd | Throsd Tensile Nominal ‘nd Pick ‘Stress Area Shank Area ‘andi ‘Stress Area shank Area (co ‘wm ‘im (co ic iim 18x 0.35 127 207 1x25 192 256 20x08 207 a4 20x28 245, bie 25x 0.45 339 431 2228 303 380 30x05 502 707 axa 353 452 40x07 878 128 2x3 259 573 50x08 142 198 30x38 561 700 0x1 201 282 axas eae 255 80x 1.25 358 503 3ex4 B17 1018 rox1s 5800 785 x45 m0 1385 Bx175 a3 113 sexe v0 te10 x2 nS 156 1ex2 157 201 85(OTE ENGINEERING PART NUMBERS - INCH Unbrako provides a stock number for every standard, stocked item in its price list. However, there may be particul sizes or optional features the user may desire. The following part numbering system allows the engineer or designer to record a particular description for ordering. FINISH a ‘cai Stel | umn | tue | tate B—Chemical Black Oxide —_$ ~ Silver Plate C= Cadmium Plato - Silver U ~Zine Plate ~ Silver zon | es | 4 c | © B= Cadmium Plate - Yellow 2 ~ Zine Plate - Yellow NNo letter indicates standard black finish (Thermal Oxide) {or alloy stee! and passivation for stainless steel. LENGTH in 16ths THREAD TYPE C- coarse, F- fine DIAMETER “lela ws [ao] ve [ene] ae | re] 12 [ae EE wlafelslelrlele mp Ts EEE EME EXE mu fi [ele] s|olale OPTIONAL FEATURES Cross Drilled Heads: Self-Locking: Hi = 1 Hole Thru E -LOC-WEL to MikF18240 H2- 2 Hole2 Thru L_ =LOC-WEL (Commercial) H3- 3 Holes Thru P_—Nylon Plug Te - TRU-FLEX K_ = Nylon Plug to MilF-18240 BASE NUMBER 20087 ~ socket head cap screw —alloy stee! 20098 - socket head cap screw — stainless steel 72531 — low head cap screw 12708 ~ shoulder serew 116990 — flat head cap screw ~ alloy stee! 16991 flat head cap screw - stainless steel 38030 — button head cap screw - alloy 38031 — button head cap screw - stainless stee! (05455 — square head cap screw - knurled cup 05456 — square head cap screw ~ half dog Set Serews Alloy Stainless Stesl Stee! 28700 28707 ~—flat point 28701 28708 ~— cup point 28704 28703 knurled cup point 28702 28710 ~—_cone point. 2870328711 oval point 28708 -28713——_—zhalf dog pointOPTIONAL PART NUMBERING SYSTEM ENGINEERING PART NUMBERS ~ METRIC FINISH Drilled Threed Stee!_| Head’) Pitch B-Chemical Black Oxide —_‘S ~ Silver Plate C ~Cadmium Plate - Silver U ~ Zine Plate - Silver 2e000 | 3 7 1B Cadmium Plate - Yellow 7 ~ Zinc Plate - Yellow [No letter indicates standard black finish (Thermal Oxide) {for alloy stee! and passivation for stainless steel. LENGTH in mm ‘THREAD TYPE STATE THREAD PITCH DIAMETER Lu mm OPTIONAL FEATURES Cross Drilled Heads: Self-Locking: HI 1 Hole Thru E —LOC-WEL to Mi-F18240 H2 2 Hole2 Thru L -LOC-WEL (Commercial) H3 3 Holes Thru P_—Nylon Plug ‘Tr -TRU-FLEX K —Nylon Plug to Mi-F-18240 BASE NUMBER 78000 ~ metric socket head cap screw - alloy steel 176001 ~ metric socket head cap screw - stainless stee! 76002 - metric low head cap screw - alloy 76032 ~ metric low head cap screw - stainless steel ‘76005 ~ metric flat head cap screw - alloy steel 76006 ~ metric flat head cap screw - stainless stee! 76003 — metric button head cap serew - alloy 76004 ~ metric button head cap screw - stainless steel 176007 — metric shoulder screw - alloy Matric Set Screws Alloy Stainless Steel Steel 76010 78016 -—flat point 76011 76017 ~—cup point 76012-76018 +~—_—knurled cup point 76013 76019 ~—_cone paint. 76014 76020 eval point 7601576021 half dog point 87(Oaerelre) PRESSURE PLUG PART NUMBERS Basic Part No. ia" 23466 x [Material Finish cc + Standard stock walle nate anes ste, a alloy oly 4 c LT A NOMINAL SIZE IN t6ths D oprro;aL FEATURES: + Standard stock avalbl nate stanes tee, rat, and alloy only B~ Chemical Black Oxide © —Cadium Plate Silver 1D ~ Cadmium Plate-Yellow Silver Plate U- Zine Plate 2 Zine Plate ~ Yellow aa Silver Austenitic Stainless Aluminum E- Brass Noletter alloy tel BASIC PART NUMBER | 29466 ~ diy sal 138194 — LEVEL-SEAL }+#69188 — PTFETEFLON costed DOWEL PINS PART NUMBERS 114" |.001 ovrez 250 5 dowel pin 28420 112" = oversize: a-son, 2-001, {______pramerer in thousanatns bast PART NUMBER ‘The Part number consists of (1) basie part number deseribing the item; (2) a dash number and lotr designating diameter and oversize dimension; (3) 2 dash number designating length, LENGTH in 16ths 002 (see below) 228420 ~ Standard Dowel Pins (69382 — Pull-Out Dowel Pins HEX KEYS PART NUMBERS 11a" a long arm 05854 ‘The Pat number consists of (1) basic part number deseribing the item; (2) a dash number designating size and a letter denoting finish FINISH Standard Black Finish (Thermal Oxide) {5 dash numer in dimension table bast PART NUMBER 05853 sss 78950. shoet acm wrench Jong arm wench Tong arm wrench 88‘The Part number consists of (1) abasic part amber desribing HEX KEYS PART NUMBERS (METRIC) the item; (2) a dash number designating size and letter denoting finish, long arm m5 76025 S FINISH Standard Black Finish (Thermal Oxide) 76022 ~shor arma wrench 76023 —long arm wrench “The Partnumber consists of (1) abasic pat number deserbing DOWEL PINS PART NUMBERS (METRIC) the item; (2) a dash number and eter designating diameter and oversize dimension; (3) a dash number designating length dowel pin 4114" |.001 owe] 1/2" 28420 250 B 8 ENGTH in mm oversize oss, oars DIAMETER in BASIC PART NUMBER | 76024 ~Standaré Dowel Pins 76035 — Pull-Out Dowel Pins 89