PRACTICAL NAVIGATION NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 1 VIJAYA PUBLICATIONSPRACTICAL NAVIGATION NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 1 BY CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM Ena Mase, FRMELS, MRN, NJ, FMML,MLMacTec, LMA. Principal Emeri LBS College of Advanced Marime Sues & Research ‘Mumba Nautical Consultant, tum VIJAYA PUBLICATIONS ‘e-mail nfo@viayabooks com, website: Wjyabooks.com ‘Mop: +91 96671 44701, 401 Narayan Nivas B Wing, Ghatla Road, ‘Chembur, Mumbal 400 071Frat econ: Jun 1978 ‘Secong ein: aug 78 Reprod ‘Sep 80, Mar 82 Mar, Ox 88, Dec 8,191, op 82 Jun “anes i ection: Dec Harry THe eee Mrs Vijaya Ha May 96. Apr 87, Feb 88, May 99, 19° April 26— 11" Jan ‘09. ‘Avg 00, D600, Jan 08 Fourth eon: Feb 2004 Reorntee Dec of, et 08, un os, Jan 07, Aug 07, er 08, ‘Se.08 May 0, tof “hin 2010, 0240 Copyright All rights reserved Dedicated to my mother, Price in India: Rs. 300/- without whose patient and Including ‘Selected pages of constant encouragement, ‘The 1992 Nautical Almanac’. this book would not have ‘been possible. Print & pubished by Mrs Prema Subramaniam for Vijaya Publeations of 101 8 Wing, Narayan Nivas, Ghata Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400074 ‘atthe Book Centre Li, shed 1& 2, Aabeoar Indust Estate, ‘443 Shwram 8, Amutvar Road, Wor Mamba 400 013,INDIAN NATIONAL SHIPOWNERS ASSOCIATION Grams “Hindshis Scindia House, Ballard Estate, Capt J.C. ANAND ‘Bombay 400038 Preside 18th May 1976 FOREWORD Indian Merchant Marine and te other allied lds ofer ‘0 our national talent ample opportunities 10 satisfy the ambitions for selfadvancement and selffufment without having to subordinate personality or the desire for dedication to the national service. Today our maritime teccal personnel are haled everywhere in the world as the best, and form the backbone of our national shipping. We achieved this success because ofthe ready availabilty of trained technical personnel {for efficient manning and operation ofthe shipping incr for which one cannot but thank the silent service effectively bing randered by the LBS Nautical & Engg College, the TS Rajendra (which has replaced the T'S. Dufferin), the Directorate of Marne. Engineering Troining and the ratings training establishments to produce the most competent and dlaciplined ‘lating personnel we have today - navigating and engineering oficers and men- who are a pride ofthe nation. Capt. H. Subramaniam, the author ofthis book, has 10 ‘is evade a biliant ‘Dufferin career and subsequent service ‘withthe Seinia Steam Navigation Company. This Book presents to the students, the deep knowledge of the subject goed by his ong personal experience whilst a ea and while teaching in the ‘Nautical Coleg. 111s the iret text Book in is ‘Nutshell Series {Jor nautical sudents and is intended 1 prepare students for any ‘rade of MOLT. examination from Mate (Home Trade) to First “Mate (Poreign Going). ls special and distinctive feature 1s the faci it effords to the students for study while at sea, 0 that they can uilise their leisure time on board more gainfilly towards self advancement and save on the examination leave The excellent treatment and layout of the subect gives ‘cope for firm grounding inthe science of navigation, which 40 very necessary for the navigator as he has in his care, safe conduct of @ modern sophisticated vestel costing crores of Rupees of capital investment and carrying valuable cargoes orth many more crores, beides the reputation of the owners and safety of several lives on board. He has to operate on the ‘igh seas amidst all nature of currents and swell, shallow or deep water, narrow or wide sea lanes, straight or sharp courses, thin or thick trafic, different conditions of weather and bili, et. Therefore, the need for human expertze, ell and ‘care remain paramour Navigation of modern ships isa science calling for theoretical and practical knowledge of the highest ‘order fo enable the navigator 10 meet ll eventual and femergencies at sea. The responsibility carries with it the need ‘for instantaneous, istnetve and corret reactions f9 meet the situations as they arrive. That is. where the sradent's ‘esponsibility while under training. comes In and Capt. ‘Subramaniam’s Practical Navigation’ offer a useful ald to this fend. It is a pioneering project that is mast commendable and in line withthe noble calling of teaching that he ts pursuing at ‘great monetary sacrifice 1 would ike to ofr Him congratulations from the shiping inducry and my own self, for this most worth effort. Welcoming his frst book ofthe series planned by him. 1 wish this and subsequent publications Briliant success at me Ld. (aC Arind,PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION ‘The overwhelming response, in India and abroad, tothe “Nutsell Series" of books, especially thie fist one - Practical [Navigation ~ has encouraged me to hep thinking of various ways by which improvements could be made with each subsoquent cllition Inthe third edtion,suficint theory war add to make the student understand the subject of Practical Navigation beter ‘than was possible withthe previous eitions. “The use ofa simple, scientific, electronic calculator was illustrated and encouraged throughout, though working with the help of Nautical Tables was retained, Since the subject of “Spherical Trigonometry’ has boon sudauatly cover by ‘Nutshell Serie’ book mamber eight, the desriptions of various steps in the chapters on Great Circe and Composite Cirle Sailing have born suitably reduced. Daring a voyage in command from India to Europe and ‘back in mid 2003, I discovered thatthe combination of sun sights at 100n was not being done efficiently by officers of today. What ‘was routine in the mid sixties now soems to be an awkward rocedare being done to mainly satisfy ISM requirements! Hence {decided to add Chapter 26, "Noon position by Sun to this book. In this fourth edition, the only improvement made to the third edition is the addon of Chapter 26, Mumbai Ist February 2004 Hi. Subramaniam, CONTENTS Recommended tems and abbreviations ‘Terrestrial references Celetint references Figure drawing Preliminary calelations Plane and paral! sailing Exercise I~ Plane & parallel sailing Use of Traverse Tables, Exercise 2 - Use of Traverse Tables ‘The Mercator Chart, Mercator sling Exercise 3~ Mercator Sailing Correction of attudes- theory Correction of atts - practical Days work Chronometer ime Exercise 4~ Chronometer eror “Theory of astronomical positon lines SUN - worked examples and exercises 14. Meridian altitude 142 Azimuth 143 - Amplitude 14.4 - Longitude by chronometer 145 Intercept 14.6 - Exmeridian STARS - worked examples and exercises 15.1 - Meridian atude| 152 - Azimuth 153 - Longitude by chronometer 154 Invercept 15.5 - Exmeniian 103 10s 108 m2 us ue18 9 2 Py 2% PLANETS - worked examples and exercises 16.1 - Mein inde 162 Azimuth 3 - Longin by ctronometer 164 interope 165 -Bemondian MOON - worked examples and exercises V7.1 Amplitide 172 Meridian side 173 Azimuth 174 Longitude by chronometer 175- Ineree 176 Bx-mendian Graphical combination of sighs "A Simultaneous observations B - Staggered observations Correction of simple eosin sights Exercise 28- Eros in sighs Computation of aitades, Exercise 29 ated computation Star identcaion Exercise 30 ar iemifcation Great Circe Salting ‘Exercise 31 - great ccl sang Composite Cirle Sailing Exercise 32- composite circle sting ‘Altitude above and below the pole Siar suitable for observation Exercise 33 utable stare "Noon position by Sun Answers Summary of formulae for wse by calelator 12 [ABBREVIATIONS] RECOMMENDED TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS TERMS: (@) Dead reckoning (or DR) poston is that obtained by allowing for courses and distances ony. (©) Estimated poston (or EP) is that obtained by allowing for courses and distances and also for estimated lecway and current, if any (© Chosen portion (or CP) is that poston, nearest to the beerver, chosen $0 thatthe latitude isan integral degree and the longitude is such that the local hour angle ofthe body at the time ofthe observation is also an integral degre. (@ Sextant alitude i that ead off a sextant (© Observed altitude is the sextant alinde comeced for index evo, ifany ABBREVIATIONS Latitude tat Course © Coratinde Cort Gyro oMean latin at Diff flat tat Longitude dong, Diff of ong ong Meridian mer ‘Meridian passage mer pass ‘Meridial pars MP. Difference of MP DMP. DR position DR Estimated poston EP Geogr. postion GP. Sexantaltinde Sextalt Observed altitude Obs alt Apparent aliude App alt Tre alitude Tat ‘Tabolate altitude tab alt Caleulated 2D cz Sncterminal point TP Chronometer chron Local mean time LMT. Grecewich mean tine GMT Greenwich hour angle GHA Local hour angle LHA Sidreal hoor angle SHA FintPoit of Ancs PanllaxinaltPicinale Voional parilax HP Asmat & Peston ine Pa Anpliude Amp Travene tables TT Nautical almanae NA ‘Norther hemisphere NH Southern hemisphere SH (ABBREVIATIONS) Magnetic on Compass c ‘Te T Deviation Dey Variaion Var Compass eror CE Bearing re Distance dist Nauta milee —M. Kaos Ka ‘Altitude alt Departure ep Days a Hours b Minutes m Seconds 2 Zenith distance —_ZD Tne ZD ™ Intercept Ie Zone tine zr “Hour angle HA Declination dee Polar distance PD: Rational horizon RH Sur * Lover limb ne ‘Upper limb uw Semidameter SD Index eror 1 Refraction eft Height ofeye HE. Corretion” Corr Metres ™ Kilomeares in [1- TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES) TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES GEOGRAPHIC POLES “The two points where the aus of rotation cuts th surface of the carth are elle the geographic poles -the upper one is called the ‘North poe and the lower, the South Pole EQUATOR, “The equator is & great circle which is equidistant ffom, and therefore 90° away fom, the geographic poles. The equator tives the earth int two hemispheres ~ the Northern Hemisphere and the Souther Hemisphere PARALLELS OF LATITUDE, Parallel of latte ae small circles parallel tothe equator, ‘MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE, Meridins are great circle that pass through the geographic poles. Meridians eross the equator and all parallels of latitude at "ph angles.([1- TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES) [Figure showing axis, poles, equator, parallels of lt, meridians} AXIS OF ROTATION ———— NORTH POLE PARALLEL (OF LATITUDE L.,/ SS Latitude of a place isthe are of meridian, or the angle atthe czntre ofthe earth, measured between the equator and the parallel of latitude passing though that place. Latitude is expressed in ‘degrees and minutes North of South of the equator, The latitude of a place can have any value between O° and 90° N or 8. The latitude of the North Pole is 90°N and that of the South Pole, 0°8, MERIDIAN EQUATOR >| ‘SOUTH POLE LATITUDE (1- TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES} [Figure showing latitude] ‘PARALLEL OF LATITUDE —) PRIME MERIDIAN ‘The meridian which passes through Grecavich sealed the Prime “Meridian and has the value of 0° of longitude. LONGITUDE Longitude ofa place isthe are ofthe equator, or the angle a the ‘eographic pole, contained between the Prime Meridian aod the ‘meridian passing though that place. Longitude is expressed ia degrees and minutes East or West of Greenwich. Longitude of place can have any value between O" and 180", Longitude 180° nd I80°W refer tothe same meridian, 5{1- TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES) [Plan view showing 0° - 180° longitude E & W] 180° WESTERN | EASTERN 30° w ort | POLE 90°E HEMISPHERE | HEMISPHERE 0 POSITION OF OBSERVER “The position of any place or person is indicated by Latitude and Longitude. For example 18° SB.2N 172° 52.7E. DILAT Difference of lttade or dt between two place i the arc of a meridian, or tho angle at the centre of tho earth, containod ‘between the parallels of latitude passing trough those two paces. 6 [1- TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES] [Figure showing dst & tong} DILONG Difference of longitude or dong between two places isthe arc of the equator, oF the angle at the geographic pole, contained ‘between the meridians passing through those two places LAT ‘Mean latitude of milat between two places is that parallel of latitude which Tier midway beoseen the parallels of latitude of those two places([2-CELESTIAL REFERENCES) CELESTIAL REFERENCES ‘THE CELESTIAL SPHERE, For the purposes of astronomical navigation, the arth is assumed to be surounded by a concentric sphere, of infinite radius, called the Celestial Sphere. All astronomical bodies such as the Sun, Moon, stars and planes are assumed to Hi on the surface ofthe celestial sphere. Since all calculations ae based on angular measurements, the radius of the celestial sphere is inetevan. The earth is assumed to be stationary while the crlesial bodies are astumed to move on the eurfce of the celestial sphere, Ifthe earth were to be transparent, and a source of ight were tobe installed at its centre, the projections of the various reference points on the earth would ave equivalent ;oinslnes a the surface ofthe clestl sphere, For example: EARTH (CELESTIAL SPHERE Geographic poles Celestial poles Equator Equinoetial Meridians (Celestial meridiane Parallel of at Deslination circles Position of observer Zenith of observer (2.CELESTIAL REFERENCES} CELESTIAL POLES ‘The two points where the axis of rotation of the carth cuts the surface ofthe ccestial sphere are called the celestial poles EQUINOCTIAL “The equinotal isa great circle which is equidistant from, and therefore 90° away from, the celestial poles The equinoctal is also referred to asthe celestial equator, DECLINATION CIRCLES Decination circles are small circles, on the eesti sphere, parallel tothe equnocil (CELESTIAL MERIDIANS: Celestial meridians are great circles that pass through the celestial poles. Celestial meridians eros the equinoctial and all declination ‘irl at right angles. DECLINATION Destination ofa celestial body is the arc ofa celestial meridian, or ‘the angle atthe centre of the celestial sphere, measured between tho eguinoctial and the declination cre passing trough that body. Declination is expressed in degrees and minutes North or South ofthe equinoctial. The declination of aexestial body must ‘havea valve between 0° and 90° oS GHA Greenwich Hour Angle or GHA of a exestial body isthe are of the equinocial, or the angle at the celestial pole, measured °[2-CELESTIAL REFERENCES) westerly from the exlestil meridian of Greenwich t the celestial ‘meridian passing through that body. GHA is expressed in degrees tnd minutes from O° to 360°, GHA of a celestial body would increase steadily from 0° to 360°. GHA would be 0° when the body is nthe Greenwich Meridian, increase steadily until iti ‘360° (.. 0° when it would again be on the Greenwich meridian, POSITION OF A CELESTIAL BODY ‘At any instant, the position ofa celestial body is indicated by its LAT SOUTHDEC> LAT|(.FIGURE DRAWING] In figure C, NZ=PQ (each = 90°) ButNZ PZ+2Q SoNP+ PZ: Subtracting PZ from both sides, [NP=20 (and each = latitude). In igure C, we notice that Z (on the surface ofthe globe) is equdistaot from all parts of the circle NESW. Z is hence the ple of the great circle NESW. If the globe now represeats the ‘eesti sphere, and Z, the observer's zenith, NESW ie elle the Rational Horizon ofthe observer. Figure C can now be explained as under [NESW - rational horizon or RH P= celestial pole Zenith of observer PZS_- part of observers meridian NP ~ _partof observer's inferior meridian NP- latofobsonver= 2 WZE ~~ prime vertical circle NZS - principal vertical circle NOTE: Any great circle on the cletl sphere, passing through the Zenith of the observer, is called a vertical cree. The N-S vertical circle is called the principal vertical circle and the E-W one, he prime vera ete 1, the paral! of latitude ofthe observer, was necessary forthe explanation of the Sgure but may now be omited [2 FIGURE DRAWING] Tn case the observer is inthe southern hemisphere, the lobe would be tied with the north end going away ffom us, as shown in figures G, Hand 1 ‘The position of a celestial body cam be inserted in the figure owing its declination and LHA, ‘The declination circle of the body can be drawn knowing that it would be a circ, around the pole, with 2 radius equal to its polar distance (PD). If ths observer's lat was N, we would be considering the north pole. Ifdee was N, PD = 90” dec, Iedee was S, PD = 90 + des If the observers lat was $, we would be considering the south pole. If doe was S, PD = 90 = dec, If ee was N, PD = 90+ de. NOTE: The Polar Distance of the equinoctial is 90°, Having drawn the declination circle, the poston of the body can be inserad knowing its LH at that ime, When rising, the celestial body would be on the rational horizon east of Z. ‘When seting, it would be on the RH west of Z. When at ‘maximum altitude, the body would be on the meridian (PZQS in figure C) Various possibilities of attude and declination are shown ln figures D, E,F, G, Hand I, wherein the suffix indicates the point of rising, M indicates the point of meridian pastage and Sufix S, he point of sting, 19(4-PRELIM CALCULATIONS) PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS 4.1 To obtain lat between two given latitudes: If the latitudes are of the SAME name, SUBTRACT, as ilusrated below. Jf the latitudes are of DIFFERENT names, ADD, as ‘lystrated below, @ » o. © From 21°18N 3648’ 43°27N 32°09, To 43°10N 1027S 129308 30° 0N Dist 2S2N 2617N 3557S BION ‘The mame ofthe dat is obtained by comparing the departure and asval positions ~ 1 going from N lt to more N lt lat, ‘OR fiom $ lat to less at at N, OR from $ ato N la dat, going from Slat to more §lat= dat S (OR from N lat to es N lat dat S. OR from Nlatto§ lat= dat, 20 (PRELIM CALCULATIONS} 42.7 obtain the mat between tw places: If the latitudes are of the SAME name, add, divide by two tnd reain the name, Ifthe latitudes are of DIFFERENT names, subtract, divide by two and retain the name of the larger one, as lstrated below = @ ® © ® LatA 10°26N 4652520 ION 3784's IB 30°30N 3010S 40°29 §3°36N Mit 20°38N 3831S 10F09S OT SEN 43To obtain dong between two longitudes: If the longitudes are of the SAME name, SUBTRACT, as iustrate below. 1 the longitudes are of DIFFERENT names, ADD, as ilustated below. @ » © @ From 15°10 24° T1W 13068 175°30E To SORE 13614 533 170"20W Ding 06 02W 12 CSW LEPS9W 345"S0We ie, 1 10B ‘The name of the dlong is obtsined by comparing. the departure and arrival position - [going from E long o more E long ong E. OR frou W long oles W long dong E. OR fiom W lng oF long’ ong E. going from W long to more W long dong W. OR from E log to less E long long W. ‘OR from E long to W long’ long W. a(PRELIM CALCULATIONS] ‘Where it is necessary to add and the dong so obtained is greater than 180, fst put down the value of dong ati is fod same it as above. Then subtract it fom 360° and (CHANGE THE NAME, This is because dlong can never be sreaterthan 180°, 4.4 Coaneetion between GHA, LHA and log: Where any two of the above are known, th third can be fund by the slogan Longitude EAST, GHA LEAST Longitude WEST, GHA BEST. jie, GHA+Elong = LHA and GHA W long = LHA. Example A: Given GHA & long, t find LNA: © wo oO « GHA Oss LL O97 14a 343" 187 O12" 13.7 Long 36° 10.08 20°40.0W _36°20.0F 48° 56.0W. THA O8S"21.6 Grera48 7038.7" F1778, ie, 019° 38.7 * Since LHA cannot be greater than 360°, subtract 360° and ‘the balance i the answer (@ Where direct subtraction isnot posible, add 360° to GHA and then subtract. ‘Example B: Given LHA & long, to find GHA: ® ) ©. @ LUA e182 BPITS aI 338 OF 176 Long _30° LLOE _50°49.0W 63° J0.0W 48° 0408 GHA M6072 77069 40 8.8" 325°135@ ie oe * Since GHA cannot be greater than 360°, subtract 360° and the balance i the anewer. 2 (4-PRELIM CALCULATIONS} @ Where direct subtraction i nt possible ad 360° to LHA sd then subtract. Example C: Given GHA 4 LHA, to find longi Subtract the smaller oe from the larger one and name the Tongitue according to the slogan longitude East GHA least, longieude west GHA bes. In NO case must GHA and LHA beaded, @ ) © @ GHA os 114 320°472" O18" UTR LHA L10°19.7 200" 473° 341° 525° 040" 32 Long 23°08.3E 30° 29.9W 329°34.28 246745 5W ie, 30°258W 073° 14.5E ‘Where the longitude obtained by dret subtraction ie greater than 180", put it dow as ite and name it. Then subtract it from 360° and CHANGE THE NAME. This is because longitude can never be greater than 180". 445 Connection between GMT, LMT & LIT: ‘When any two ofthe above are known, the third can be found by applying the slogan - Long Rast GMT least, Long west GMT bet ie, GMT +E long = LMT "aad GMT -W long = LMT find LMT: ‘Bxample A: Given GMT & long, o C) o @ @hms dhms dhms dhms GMT 18041006 05234004 30200819 120618 12, LIT E061836 050056 Wosos4z Wos1236 mr 42 0604 4100 30115837 11 220536 2(A-PRELIM CALCULATIONS} Example B: Given LMT & long, (o find GMT: @ © © © dhms dims dhms dhms LMT 21162210 14061219 30050950 19 1646 10, LIT E101216 E0809 12 Wosoeig wo73604 GMT 21060954 1320307 30101406 20002014 Example C: Given GMT & LMT, to fnd lon ‘Subirac the smaller one from the larger one and name it as per slogan, In NO eate should GMT and LMT be added. o ® © @ ahms dhms dhms dhms GMT 18161030 28041026 06082712 19205716, LMT 18100730 27182740 06111306 20080408, LIT 060240 04246 0247S4 LL 0652 Tong 90° 4W MSPALSW AIP S8S'E 166° 435 AG SHA of tars: Find the GHA and dec of SIRIUS at 1th 24m 1 on Jan 20 92. ‘Referring to page of 20h Jan in Almanac: GHA y 204 188 ors Ince 24m 10s eos GHA y for OMT SHA x SIRIUS GHA x SIRIUS for GMT 294° 13. Dee # SIRIUS for20d 6° 42.48 00" 4 (S-PLANE & PARALLEL SAILING] 5 PLANE AND PARALLEL SAILING ‘THE PLANE SAILING TRIANGLE: Small portions of the earth may be considered tobe a fet. or plane surface without appreciable error, Where the distance between two places is less than 600 miles or so, plane ‘trigonometry can be used to = (2) comput the course the distance between two positions (©) caloulate the postion arived given the starting position, course and distance steamed. To fciate cay cleaton, rey sins of sgt angled angles are valine fon of Trove Table, he sie of Traves Table ated n haper of h k In order to obtain a plane sailing triangle, the course is first converte from thee figure notation ito quadrant notation (NE, SE, SW and NW). The actual distance between two places ‘split up into its N-S component and its E-W component, at ilusrated below. In each case, the plane sling triangle wil be similar o one of the four ranges shown below, depending on the ‘quadrant course - NE, SE, SW or NW.[PLANE & PARALLEL SAILING] ‘The N-S component is the dat between the two places and the E-W component, th departure (8p). All he three sides = ds, at ane dep = are expressed in M (natal mils). One +— DEP——+ + DEP—-+ ‘THE PARALLEL SAILING FORMULA: ‘To convert the dep into dong, or vice versa, the parallel sling foraula is used Dep_ = Cos tat Diong, [S-PLANE & PARALLEL SAILING] "Note: Technically speaking, the right side of the above formola should read mid lat instead of mean lat. The application ofa very ‘small correction to mean lat would conver it nto mid at. This i because the earth i an oblate spheroid and not a perfect sphere. In practical navigation, for th sake of eoavenicnce, mean lat is ‘sed instead of mid lat asthe resultant ror is insignificant. ‘1 To find the postion arrived, given the starting position, course and distance: Worked example Given the starting position to be 20° IN 72° S2W, course (032°C) and distance 238 M, ad the poston arrived. 032°C) =NI2E, Dist =238 M, lat = dst. Cos 29 = 238.Cos 32° Log 238 2.37658 lati 20° 110N og Coe 32° -140.92842 dit 2L8N oe iN ase 2.37688 “102421 2.10079, 26.12°E long ~dep Sec mat = 126.12 See 21°52" ‘Log 126.12 2.10079 Log Sec 21°52 0103283 Log dong 213322(S-PLANE & PARALLEL SAILING) along = 13895 = 02° 1595 Tong lee. u long arf 70° 36.1 Pos arrived: 23°32.8'N 70° 36.1'W Answer. ‘82 To ind the course and distance between two posto Worked example Find Co & Dist fom 20° ON 179° 40W to 13° 40N 178° 10 From: a1 20° LON tong. 179° 0W ‘To : at 13°40N long 128° 08 iat 6308 dong 357° 50E ie, 2” 10W long = 130°W, and iat 16°55" dep = oog . Cos mat Tan Co= dep = 124.38 = 130..Cos 16°55) eis 390 Log 130 2.11398 Tag 2438 2.09873 Log Cos 16°55 -14098079 Log 390 2.59108 Log ep 2.09473 Logan Co -140,30367 ep 124388 Course $ 17° 41W Answer (. dist = dlat. See Co = 390 . See 17°41 Leg390 2.50106 ‘Log See 17° 41" 0.02102 Logdist 2.61208 Distance = 409.34 M Anewer (i) (S-PLANE & PARALLEL SAILING) 'S3To find the set and drift of current: Set and drift of current i the course and distance FROM the DR position TO the fx. Def is expressed in miles. Wheve required, the rate of eureat canbe abtned in knots by dividing the dif by the number of hours during which the drift ocurred ‘The working is similar to that explained earlier in 52. Hence no worked example i showm here separately. »[S-PLANE & PARALLEL SAILING] EXERCISE 1 (Plane & parallel sailing) In the following cases, ind the position arrived: ‘STARTING POSITION Latitude Longitude === 45°, ener TT fram below. Teftlat 36° 18.0 long 178° 46.0W CoN6sW 177M. lat 1° ION dlong 3° 19.NW dep= 161.7 Amdiat 35° 06.0 long 182° 05.1W nila =35.7°S ie 5498 "Note: Since the long arsived exceeds 180°, subtract from 360" and change its name, as explained in Chapter 4[6- TRAVERSE TABLES} ‘Worked example 3 From a position 00° 1ON 178° S7E, a course of 156° 18'(T) and a distance of 321.3 M were made good. Find the poston arrived, Co 156° 18'= §23° 42E = 823.75 FromTT; CoS23E dist 3213" lat 295.8 dep 125.55. CoSWE dist 3213 dlat 293.58 dep 130.7E Interpolting between Co 23° & Co24®for 23.7, dlat = 294.2 Ierpolaing between Co 23° & Co 24” for 23.7%, dep= 129.1. ‘Method of showing written work: Left lat 00° 10.0N long 178° S7.0E $23.7 313M lat 08° $4258 dong 992° 092 dep = 129.1°E ‘Arrd Int 04° 4462'S long. 181° O62 mila 23°S ie, 178° S38 62 To find the course & tance between two given positions (2) Write down the two given positions and obtain the dat and ‘Tong between them. Name tem FROM the position et TO the position asved. (2) Calculate the mat othe nearest decimal of degree. (@) Boter TT sing the wat & long and obtain the dp. the mat is Tess than 45°, enter TT from the top and tse the column headings fom the top of the page as shown herein italies= the m'lat i more than 45°, enter TT from below and use the cohumn headings fom bottom ofthe page a5 shown et in tale (6 TRAVERSE TABLES) 32° foros eT) / vst | pat | per | i | ) | | | Poy oy Jeo] poof | | pst {oe | oar ‘ wtonG| | pep | 58° (Compare the da an ep flows (@) If dtat & dep are equal, course = 45°. So if they are neatly ‘equal, course must be near about 45°F they differ by a large ‘amount, course willbe far away fom 45° (loser to 0 or 90") (©) Weta is more thin dep, Co. AF dep is more than fat, Co + must be less than 45° (as must be: more than 43" (as ‘lustrated below) 50 enter iutrated below) so eater TT TT from above using capital from bel tow using capital leer eter beading headings, oe[6 TRAVERSE TABLES] (6) Bearing ia mind the foregoing poins, enter TT using the capital eter columns shown inthe figure and locate the page having the values of dlat and dep closest to the required values, Inerpolate for the Co and dist as shown in the following worked example~ Worked example Find the course & distance fiom 20° ION 179° 40W to AON 178° 10E. From lat 20° LON ong 179° 40W To lat 13 40N long 108° 10E iat 06° 30S dlong 357° SOE. ie, 2 10W lat = 3905 long = 130W sila = 16 9°N From TT, mlat 169° and dlong 130W, dep = 124.4°W Bearing in mind the poins mentioned in 6:2 (8): Step number I~ Sep suber 2 “To obtain Co fom TT ‘Togeedit fom TT: Co tat dep Con lat dist 2 mis i300 7 is 3900 1267 ust 3900 4101 we_3900 92 3009 4074 changes 75 changes 23 eee 29 rs 07 17 3900 tae 117 3900 9.4 Course = S17 42'W Disance = 4094M (6 - TRAVERSE TABLES) 63 To ealelate these and df of current: Set and dit of currents the course and distance FROM the DR position TO the Fix. The working i sila to that explained in 62 but the interpolation may be simpler, because of the small distance involved, a illustrate below:- Worked example ‘At 0800 hours the DR. position of a ship being 10° 12.'S 47° 42W, a fix was obtained and found to be 10° 04.38 47" 56.6. Find the stand drift of current. DR lat 10° 12.58 long 47" 42.0W iat 10.1°S Fix lat 10° 043 long 47° 56.6W Dit O82 dieng—_14.6W lat ong dep . or as NOTE: By using 146 inszad of 14.6 to cater TT, interpolation i much faster, The decimal point inthe cep 20 obisind can be inserted ater, milat long dep 10° Me as ue Ms 143 ole 4s. wr 146 1464 So dlat=8.2N and dep = 14.4W Step number I= ‘Step number 2 ‘To obtain Co fom TT: ‘To at dit from TT: Co dep eat Co dep it n wa 82 oor M4(6 TRAVERSE TABLES} NOTE: By using 144 & #2 instead of 144 & 82 to entor TT, interpolation is much faster, The decimal points can be inserted ier imerpolation. —— — 1g ean eg a era $2 & & te oi 8 Seg so 4 gone oon aa eer cme) = MOY i168 Note: The above inerpolation has boon wtten elaborately in frder to explain the method. to the student. The actual Interpolation can be dove mentally very quickly and the answer ‘writen down, co: Pn (6 TRAVERSE TABLES} EXERCISE 2 (Use of Traverse Tables) Using ONLY Traverse Tables, find the position arrived: ‘STARTING POSITION Latitude Longitude Course —_istance 1 10°20N 06020 55° 300M 2 Wis 120 LW 260° 458M 3 og" 108 i 4w 340" 510M 4 Gr 112N 120° IRE 250° 314M Ss 3014s ler WIZ 258M. Using ONLY Traverse Tables, find the course and distance: FROM To Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude 6 20°300N 119°360E 16" 180N 178 32.0W 7 Os 120N Oo4 113 O2"304S 02" 10.0W 8 561253 O46? 1ZSW SOLS 044° 14.8. 9 361LIN O7S°126E 40° 186N O80" LLSE 10 GOP1LEN 76°44. 55°103N 080° 16 8 Using ONLY Traverse Tables find the set & drift of current: DR PK Latitude Longinde Latitude Longitude 11 46"443NO16363E AT O0GN O76" 104E 12 30°168S 0ST 493E 31° 007 0S8" 2048 13 OF116N 179"502W 004033178" 40.1E 14 60°2068 176° 1I84W GOPOLTS —175°54.9W. 15 50°163N 000123 49" 504N 000"20.1'W(7 MERCATOR CHART] THE MERCATOR CHART ‘The thre dimensional, curved surface ofthe eath has to bi represented on a two dimensional lat surface of achat forthe sake of convenience in naviatioe, Mercator soled this problom by using the cylindrical projection. Inmagine that the cath is a raneparent globe with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude drawn on it, Imagine that a cylinder, having the same radius as that ofthe globe, i placed enclosing the globe, tangential tothe equator. Imagine that a source of ight is placed a the centre ofthe globe and the projections of the parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude 00 the insie_of the cylinder get marked permanently Fhe cylinder is now cut along its length, opencd out land placed on a flat table, it would represeat a Mercator Chart ‘wheein the following characteristics will be appareat- 0 (MERCATOR CHART] (On the Mercator Chart }<——— atinnde a <———— Latinode B I}<——— Latitude. }<—— LatimdeD (@) The equator appears a a straight ine, (©) All meridians appear as straight lines parallel to, and equidistant ffom, cach otber and cross the equator at right sale (© Parallels of atid would appear as straight lines paralle! to cock er but the dance between cessive pares would increase a latte increases, (@ Polar regions do nt appear. 4a(7 MERCATOR CHART] (© One mints of dtong is the same size in all parts of the chart (4s mentioned in (0) above). (0 One minute of dat increases in size steadily as we go away ‘om te equator (as mentioned in (above) Distances On Mercator chart the distance, in any direction, measured in minutes oflattde isthe distance in Nautical Mies Note: Since the sizeof one minute of latte on a Mercator chart increases as latte increases, the dividers should be ved against the latitude in which the distance lis. For example, if place Aisin Intide 24°N, and place B is in latiude 26°N, one leg of the dividers shouldbe plac on A, the oer on B and that represents the distance AB on that chart, To read off the value of the distance, the dividers should be placed N-S along the laitude ‘markings on the chart such that the centre ofthe divides is on Tntitude 25°N and then the dat contained betwen the legs read off in mines, Suppose the dat so obtained is 180, te distance AB i 180 Nautical Miles, Dep snd dong, (On a Mercator chart, the E-W distance between 160 places, measured along the latitude scale (a minutes of atid), is the departure between them in Nautical Miles but, if measured along the lngitide eal (a minutes of longitude), itis the dlong ‘bemcen them. Ditet and DMP (On a Mercator chart, the N-S distance between ‘60 places, measured along the latitude scale, isthe lat betwoen them (minutes or Nautical Miles) but, if measured along the longitude 2 7-MERCATOR CHART} sale (ia minites of LONGITUDE), it is called the DMP (Giference of meridional parts) betwoen them, MERIDIONAL PARTS Meridional Parts for any latitude is the are of the meridian, or the angle at the centre ofthe earth, contained betwen ‘the equator and that parallel of latitude, expressed in minutes of LONGITUDE. In other word, the N-S distance fiom the equator to any paral! of latitude, expressed in migutes of LONGITUDE, scaled the Meridional Parts (MP) for that latitude. MP for each latitude is given in Nautical Tables, DM Difference of Meridonal Parts or DMP between any two Parallels of latitude isthe are of the meridian, or the angle atthe ‘zn of the earth, contained between those ‘wo parallels of latitude, expressed in minutes of LONGITUDE, In ether words, {he NS distance between the two parallels of latitude, expressed in| ‘minutes of LONGITUDE, is called the DMP between them. DMP between position A and potion B isthe diference between the MP for latitude A and that for laude B, both of which are extracted ftom Nautical Tables, The rule, whethet to fd or subtracy,is similar to tat for obtaining dlat between two places - same names subtract, diffrent names ad [RHUMB LINE ‘A thumb line is ooe that cus all medians at the same angle It would appear asa straight ine on a Mercator chart but, ‘on the surface of the earth, arhumb line would be curved. This is ‘because, on a Mercator Chart, meridians appear parallel to each other whereas, on the surface ofthe earth, they are not. 8[MERCATOR SAILING] MERCATOR SAILING Where the distance exoeds 600 M, itis recommended tat the calculation be done by Mercator Sang inorder to get more sccarate results than by plane and parallel sling methods Mercator Sailing Formula: Ditong = Tan Co DMP <— pions — For the sake of convenience, the above formula can be superimposed on the plane salling tangle, as shown ber. Worked example 1 DLar —> Find the dumb line course and distance fom starting postion P 02128 160°18W to final postion Q 10P19N 140°40W, —— pe -——> [6-MERCATOR SAILING) From Tables a 0212S long P 160° SW) MPofP 131.18. atQ 10°19N Tong Q 140°40W MP oF Q 618.2N iat 1231N dong 19°38 DMP 7493 ie, 751N ie, 178E Note: To get DMP, apply same rule as for dat ~ same names subtract, different names ad, ‘Tan Com dlong = 17H Log i738 307115 DMP 149.3 Log 49.3 2.87466 Course = NST" 32'E Anewer (i). Log Tan Co 0.19649) ‘To get distance, use the plane sling formula: ist= dlat. See Co Log dlat_ 2.87564 #751 See 57 32 Log Sec Co 0.27018 isiance- 399.0M Answer Gi). Lagat. «3.14582 ‘Worked Example 2 Find by Mereators Principle, ‘he position arived if a ship salle a course of 301° (1) for sow dist. Cos Co = 1408 , Cos 59° Log 408 3.14860 ‘Log Cos 59° -1+0 71184 Logat 286046 dla = 725.16 = 12° 052[e-MERCATOR SAILING} latlen 00° 04.08 MPforlatien 408 dit 12°05.2N MP fort aréd 22,7 latar’d 12°012N DMP st long = Tan Co or long = DMP. Tan Co DMP ong = 752.7. Tan 59° Log 725.7 2.86076 Log Tan 59° 922123, ong = 1207.86 Log long 308199 longleft 178° 20.06 long 20° 07.8 longarrd 198° 27.8W ie, 1613228 Pos arrived lat 12°01. N long 161° 3228 Answer. [MERCATOR SAILING] EXERCISE 3 (Mereator Salting) Find, by Mercator Sailing, the course and distance:- FROM, 10 Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude 2 ON OM ISW A6OON 05345 os oN 079° 00 179 0, 4018 100°20W GRFC 40" 10 10 20N O1022WS2SON OOP ASE 3229S 06H OOE ASUS OOS LSE Find, by Mereator's Principle, the poston arived:- Late "Tonginde | Coune Distance Jean onssew IST rus werarw ona aso Seis sw ne BS6M AUN or20w ose mam Wen omszg ass T6M(ALTITUDES. THEORY CORRECTION OF ALTITUDES - THEORY C isthe centre of the earth & also that of the elestal sphere, Bisa celestial body onthe clot sphere, © isthe poston ofthe observer onthe earth's surfce. E_ isthe eye ofthe observer. ‘OF isthe height ofthe observer's eye above the sea surface, It includes his own height and that ofthe bridge deck above the VV isthe visible horizon of the cbserver ES isthe seasible horizon, 2. isthe observers zenith, RET isthe rational horizon of observer. It isa grea circle, ofthe calestal sphere, of which Z isthe pole BEV is the observed altinde of the body above the visible Dorizon, ‘SBV is the angle ofp. It depends on the height of the observer’ ‘ye above the sea surface. (ALTITUDES. THEORY] BES isthe apparent alitude ofthe body, I is obvious from the figure that BES = BEV-SEV ia, App alt= Obs alt- dip. EBC is the angle of parallax, or paralactic angle, which isthe angle subtended atthe body by the radius ofthe earth, OF is ‘negligible compared to CB, CE & EB and is hence 90 042 _2' > 03 B49 2837 aa 2782 CoMG=N61° O2W and ds 118 M Answer (i). ‘The EP nest noon is obtained by TT as explained in Chapter 6.1. WN pos 14th at 40° 12.0 long 76°46.0W mlat _41.3° Resultant Tat 02° 16.9N dong $°24.6W dep 20.7W NINEP 1Sthlat 42°269'N long 82° 10.6W dong 324.6W ‘Anewer (i) Worked example 2 On 16th Jan a ship in position 00 10 course a fllows:= 5° OO set Time Co(C) Dey Var Liway Wind Log 120 26 YE EOF SW afe 1200 149" 35 2 NEB 9 fe 2300 210" PW 3 SE 168 ale 0700. 240" 2°W Nl W290 ‘fe 1290 270" Nil ON 368 ‘A current sot the vesel 183°C) at 1.5 knots throughout Find the EP next noon andthe course and distance made good[Day's woRK] NOTES 1; This is called the tabular form or Log extract form of presentation. I further difes from example in that leeway is Tacluded. Sine course actualy stored i given, iti necessary to apply leeway and obtain the effective course (course made ‘good with wind ony) fr each eg of run. 2: I the wind is coming from the starboard side of the sip, the ship would be blown offcourse to port, So the effective course ‘wil be less than the true course steered when expressed inthe three figure notation), and vice versa» that i, if the wind is coming from the port side of he ship, the ship would be blown fff-couse to starboard. So the effecdive course wil be more than the tre ours steered (in the three igure notation). 3: The distance steamed on cach course is obtained by the Aiference of lg readings take at the beginning and at the ed ofeach course. ‘The alleration ofcourse to 270° shown against 1200 hours on ‘ith Jan would be effective from 1200 onwards and is hence ‘otto be inchided in the working from 1200 on 16th Jan to 1200 on 17th Jan, The log reading at that time is, however, necessary t compute the distance run ftom 0700 10 1200 on the 17 1200 1800 2300 ~ » ___ 1800 _2300_ 700 Comps Co ES UFO MO Devision EE Magnetic Co 128°(M) 152°) 205%) Variation se SE True Co mc) 214%) Leeway te Nil feed Co 129°(1) 158%) 217) 243%) 183°CT) SME SUE SOW SEW sosW Distance «9M 79M—«12M TEM 36M [DAY'S WORK] “The rest of the working is similar to that of example I Efetve Dist dat ep MN Ew 351 9 $60 692 S2"E ~ n2 296 STW mm 4 Ba serw 7% 384 es sow __35 360 _oue Toad 2980 98k 448 00 8 Remutant 298.0 460 From TT, CoMG-= $08° 47°W, dist MG=301.5 M Answer (), [NIN pos I6th lat 00° 10.0N Jong 68° 09.08 ilat 023°. Resultant dat 458.08 dong 0° 46.0W dep 46.0W NINEP 17th lat 04°48.05 long 67° 23,08 long 46.0W ‘Ancwer (i). "Note: Sine lat is only 2.3, TT shows dep =<'ong = 46", Worked example 3 On 6th March a ship in postion 46° 36 175° 348 steamod the following courss- Time Co(C) Dev Livy Wind Spocd 1200 150° SE 3° SWRW 8Ka 1600 40 ES SW 200 120° =3E NI SW 7S 2400 120° 3B Ni 65 (0400 100° 1B Ni 8 0800 095° NN 3 1200 095" Nil_N 8 oeee aebay work} ‘Var 10% throughout Fad the DR position at noon on 7th March and, ifthe observed postion then was 48° 14.3'S 178” 065, find the stand deft of cure Note 1: The DR next noon should be worked out as shown in examples | and 2, Since Co and dist MG are not asked, thy nerd ‘ot be calculated I is impli thatthe alteration of course, in each ‘as, is at the hour mentioned alongside. For example: 140°(C) ‘was set at 1600 hours. 120°(C) was stat 2000 hours, and so on. Note 2: There is no alteration of course at 2400 hours but the sped has altered. So from 2000 to 2400, the distance will be 30M Ad from 2400 to 0400 it willbe 26M. Flence from 2000 t 0400, the distance will be 56 M on a course of 120°(C), 1200 1600-2000 0400-0800 w ® & 1600___2000_0490_o800_1200 Compass Co 150%) 140°C) 120°¢C) 00") 085%) Deviation SEE 3 Nil Magaatic Co 135%M) 144°(M) 123%) 1O1°QM) 095°C) Varaton 0B IVE 10 EOE Tre Co 165%) iS4CT) 133°C) LPC i0s*eT) Leoway = 8S? LN Effective Co 162° (1) 149°CT) 133") 11IecT)—105°%CT) SIRE SSE SUPE S6FE SUSE Disance 2M 32M SEM 3M 32M Eihaive Dist lat ep M Sire 32 304 099 S35 2 24 165 SATE, 36 382 410, S6o"E 32 us 299 1S 32 309 ‘Totland slit Tis 1282, peparsworky [NIN pos Oéth at 46° 36.0'$ tong 175°34.0% mila 475° Resultant dat O1* S588 long 03° 10.0E dep 128.2 NINDROTh at 48°31.858 long 178° 4405 dong 190.0E DRNIN O7th iat 48°31.8'S long. 178° 44.0°E Using TT = FicNIN O7th lat 48° 14.3°S long 178° 065°E mat 484° S Gat WISNdlcag375°W dep 249° W Set = NSS®00'W and drift = 30.5M, Worked example 4 [At noon on Léth Dec a light house in lat 05° S6NN 80° 36'E bore 000°C), emtor 4°W, distance 10M. Course was then et to 220%(0), Dev I°E, Var 2°W, log 0. At 2000, engines broke down and the log, showing 82, was hauled in. At 2200, engines ‘were repaired and course was rest to 200%(C) Dev nil, Var 2°W, log 0. Ship maintained this course til 2000 next day when log showed 140, A curent was estimated to set 350°) at 2 knot ‘throughout Find the EP at nooa oa 15th Dee Nores 1: Thee are two diffrence in this question fom thos illustrated ‘atle. Firty, the noon postion on starting is not given dle and secondly, an engine stoppages given 2: Sine the current was constant, even during engine stoppage, it isallowed as couse and distance for the whole day a3 usta. First bain the noon position on 4th Deo as follows: Being fo fom stip: 00" (©)mni-pay's work} 3: Sometimes the bearing of the ship from the light house is sven In that case do not reverse the bearing, but use the tiven bearing asthe course, a ustrated below: Pos of Lt Ho lat OS°56.0N long 80°36.0E mat 5.9°N SOP°E-10M dt 10.08 long _O7E dep 0.7. "Noon pos 14th lat 05°46.0'N long 80°36.7E 1200 2000-2200 te _—______2000_2200__1200-_cumsat Compass Co 20"(@) 200%) Deviation AE Nil MagaeticCo 221) 200°) Vanation aw zw Te Co usm se 250° 078 susew NOW Distance mM 14M 48M The working of the ret of the problem is similar to those ilastrated easier. The student may work it out on his own. Answer: EP 15th noon Jat 03° 16.5°N long 78° 53.0°E. ‘Worked example S ‘At aon on 20th July, Pago Point (32° 48°N 17° 16°W) bore 080° (C) 10 M off while steaming 219° (C), Dev 3° E Var 18° W, Ship maintained this course ata steady spesd of 15 knots til noon nextday. Clocks were retarded 12 minutes at 0200 hours Find the DR at 1200 hours on 21st uly Ifthe fix then was 27° I2'N 20° OS'W, find the set and drift of cure. "Note: This question is diffrent frm the previous ones only in one sapect- alteration of clocks. The steaming tims from 1200 on 2085 July to 1200 on 21st Tuly bocomes 24h 2mm because clocks were [pars worky retarded 12 minutes. If clocks were advanced, the steaming time would be reduced accordingly Distance at 15 knots, for 24h 12m steaming s 363M, The rest of the working is similar that of example 3. Answer:- DR-27°12.2°N 20° 17.0 - Set 091° (1), drift LI M. Worked example 6 A ship steams the following courses by Gyro compass, ero nil = 19th Jan 1200 - Co 236° (G) speed 15.0 knots le 1700-Co 284° (G) speed 160 knots fe 2000 ~ Co 262° (G) sped 15.0 knots ath fe 0400 ~ Co 198° () speed 185 knots and continued this ill noon, 14th Jan ‘At 1800 on 13th Jan, alight house in 48°28.5°N 67° 05°E bore 4 points onthe starboard bow and at 184 it was abeam. Fad the "4th noon DR, the couse and distance made good noon 01000. Note: This is very simple if approached systomatcally, First the ‘course and distance made good noon to nooa can be go! as usual Since the courses are true, with no leeway, working is smplifed. Course Dist dat ep @ MN s_Ew 1200-1700 ssew 15 419622 1100-2000 NTEW 4816 465 2000-0400 SW 120 sone 400-1200 SisW 16 4338 Toal ie 1690 aes Ls Resultant isra 6pepays work] rom Traverse Tables: dat dep Co Co dist 1574 2620 59° 59° 3056 1374 226 soe nde 106-60" 6 > 92 aoe 12 S74 363.4 > 59° 08" —> 305.8 ‘Answer (9: Course MG = $59° 08°W Dist MG = 306.8 M. “To caeuate the pos of the ship at 1845 brs:- coven itanies = 2 Streit = tenia etctemay = Seep NGtancteenge = eG) oye tinge ‘tHe ‘angle on the bow, distance oethon ms nes au Sf \ Reet ait Hs 1845 on a bearing of S14°W 1800 from the light Bouse. PosofLtHo lat 48°28.9N long 67° 05.08 mat 48.4°N SI@W-12M dist 16S di JW dep 29 1845 postion lat 48°16.9N long 67° 00.7E NOTES 1: From 1845 tothe next feat 2000 Co = 284°(T) & dist = 20M, 2: Dit and dep forthe run on each leg afer 2000 canbe copied from te ealer able made forthe aon to noon Co and dist. (MIDAS WORK] Coune Dist dat M o Ns 8 w 1845-2000 NIBW 20. 04 2000-0400 $#2°;W 120 sks 0400-1200 Sis-W 116 1103 358 Total oa 1271 1740 088 iy Resuhant ina 1740 1845 pos of ship 48° 16.9% long 067° 00.56 mit 47.25°N Resultant dist 02° 02.8 dlong 04° 163W dep 174.0W NINDR lth at 46° 14 6N long 062° 44.4 dlong 256.3 “Answer Gi) Note: Owing tothe large mumber of worked examples included here on Day’s Work, no separate exercise i given inthis chapter. Stadents desiring to practice Day's Work can work out the same tot without copying the working shown here and compare the 6[12-CHRONOMETER TIME} 12 CHRONOMETER TIME 2A: THE AMBIGUITY OF CHRONOMETER TIME, Most chrooomters are graduated lke ordinary clocks ie, fom 0 to 12 houts only. So if chronometer shows 4h, it could be (fh or 16h, creating a twelve hour ambiguity. So. whenever chronometer time is given in a navigation problem, it should be chosked before commencing the calculation. If GMT is givea, no 12h ambiguity exits as GMT is ‘expressd inthe 24 hour notation ~ h means O48 NOT 16, Remember: GMT hours -seeept. Chron hours - suspect (On modem ships, GMT for eslostial observations is taken from the navigation satelite receive instead of the chronometer. In such cases, the date and exact GMT inthe 24-hour notation would beinown direct without any ambiguity ‘The reason why the ambiguity in chronometer time is sill retained inthe examination system i that the student is constantly reminded that he should check the input data before plunging into Calculations. GMT is also called UTC-Univrsal Tie Coordinate 6 (12-CHRONOMETER THE} ‘The date given in a problem usually refers to the date on the ship NOT the GMT date or chronometer dats. Hence this as to be checked asthe GMT date may possibly be one day less ot ‘more thn the date kept on th ship. Ths illustrated below= On 24th June at 0500 IST in Bombay, GMT would be (05h 30m less ie, 234 23h 30m. Yet, one hour later, at 0600 1ST ‘0 24th, GMT would be 244 00h 30m. ‘In E long, GMT may be same date as ship or one day behind. In Wong, GMT may be same date as ship or one day aad ‘The procedure for solving the ambiguity is as follows: (1) Write down the two possibilities of chronomer time (©) Apply LIT (longitude in tine) to each and obtain both the possibilities of LMT hours. () An indication whether iti ALM or P.M on the ship would be siverinown. Insert the date on the sip alongsie appropriate LUMI and, working backward, insert the date of GMT. ‘Brample: On 13th Sept, PM at ship in DR 27° 16°N 75° 00°W, ‘the chron showed 03h 18m 12s, eror 02m 958 fast. Find GMT. hms home Chron 1812 or 15 18 12 Error (2.02 05 Qo os GMT (14)* 03-16-07 15 16 07 UT) 95 90 00.4 © 95.00 00 IMT 3)" 22-16-07 1016-07 GMT: 144 03h 16m 075 Application of eros describe in 128, * taser lat. ‘A lf direct subtraction not posible, 24h tobe added °([12.CHRONOMETER TIME} In problems in practical navigation, AM of PM at ship, or the approximate ship's time, MUST be given. However, asa point of interest, possible to resolve the 12 hour ambiguity by other tmeans which have fondly been called navigational gymnastic:- (2) For szimuth log by chron and intercept "The coret LMT must be ae sunrise and before sunst, both cf which are obtained fom tat day's page inthe nautical Simase. (0) For ex-meridian sit - SUN:- The comect LMT mut be very ‘near 1200 hrs (between 1030 and 1330 or 50). (© For asimuth- STARS AND PLANETS:- The corect LMT mart bea ight afr suc and before sunrise (bth obtained fom tht day's page of the naa Blmanae) as they ae no ible during aime. (0 For sextant observations STARS & PLANETS: "rom ta a page ofthe nate almanac, exact the civil and nautical wig timings ad table tem ths = The comect LMT willbe aM PM teowon Gil and auel rym Osa 1908 lg of eter AM or FM NAUT 0510 1830 Tf In one chance in a nition, AM and PM are boch possible, the question would invlve“niperoraavigaona prmstc.” (© For exmerdian at - STAR:- (Calculate te approx, LMT me pags star a foe LMT mer pass 'y: 03h 17.6m (From the corresponding | SHA * intime -) Q@h163m [page ofthe Alan) LMTmer pass 1thOL 3m ‘he comect LMT must Be very close to the time alata ‘ove. The tne 3 called wil ve only an approxima ide of the LMT meridian passage Of the tar and caoot be ted for any oer purpose eer ant sort oxt ambiguity of chronometer ine, 7 (12.cHRONOMETER TE} (f For ex-mer alt- PLANETS AND MOON: The approx LMT of me pas it given in that day's page of the Nautical Almanac and the cortect LMT must be nar tht @ For azimuth, long by chron aad intercept - MOON:- CCorrct LMT must be betwen approx. LMT of moonrise and moonset, both of which aze given in that days page of the NNavtical Almanac (0) For exrmer alt - MOON: “Approx. LMT mer pass moon i given in that day's page ofthe [Nautical Almanae, Correct LMT mst be clogs to his 12 B: FROBLEMS INVOLVING DAILY RATE OF CHRON ‘The diference between chronometer time and GMT, at ‘any insta, i called the ehron error. Chron eror is sai to be FAST ifthe chron time ie ahead of GMT. Fat error i, therefore, to be subtracted from chron time to obtain GMT. Choa error it said to be SLOW if the chron time is behind GMT. Slow ero is, therefore, tobe added 1 chron tine obtain GMT. ‘The words FAST and SLOW oaly indicate whether the chronometer ig ahead of GMT or behind it, They do NOT indicate the speed ofthe chronometer, The words GAINING or LOSING are used to indicate the speed ofthe chronometer, ‘A ehronometer is ssid to be GAINING ia the following cases: (€) Hf the chron is comect on GMT one day and is fast nextday. (Q) eit is Fast one day and more fst the nextday {@) Itt is slow one day and less slow next day. (@) Iii show one day and fast nextday ‘A chronometer ie sad tobe LOSING in the following cases: (2) Ifthe chron is correct on GMT one day and is slow nextday. (Q)Ifiis slow one day and more slo the nextday (0) Its fast one day and les fast nextday (@) If iis fast one day and slow next day. n[12-CHRONOMETER TIME} The daily rate of the chronometer is the umber of seconds gained of lost by it in ove day. It is usualy taken as an Average over a number of days to overcome observational errors ad thereby obtain an accurate result A good, elsble tonometer may not keep perfect time but will have a constant tail rate by which GMT ean be computed at any rogue instant (Over period of time, the change of chron eror (caused by daily ate) i ealed the aecamulated rate, Accumulate rate is obtained by mulilying the daly rate by the interval between the fine ofthe last time signal and the required date and time as ‘lustratd inthe following worked examples. the daily rate is gaining, the accumulate rate would be callod fast and ifthe daily rate is losing, aceurulated rate would be called slow, Accumlted rate, applicd to the old chron eror, ‘would give the chron eror a the required instant ‘Worked Example 1 [At 1200 GMT on 23rd June 1992, a chronometer was 6m 20s fat. Find the ehvon cre at 0700 GMT on 4th August ifthe aly rate was 3s losing, 23d June 1200 GMT to 30h June 1200GMT: 07d 00h 30th June 1200 GMT to 31st July 1200 GMT: 31d_——OOh Sst July 1200 GMT to 04th Avg 0700 GMT. 034_19h 25rd June 1200 GMT to04th Aug 0700 GMT. 41d 19h Interval 41.80" Accumulated ate = daly rato x interval=3.x41.8 = 1255 + Squaring off to one decimal ofa day would sfc. {Squaring off to nearest second would suffice. n (12-CHRONOMETER TIME} Accumulated rate = 02m 055 (Stow) (ld chronometer error = 06m 205 (Fa) Error at GMT Aug O44 07H 00m = Ofm 15s (Fast) ‘The interval canbe calculated in an easier way by using page 5 of | ‘he Nautical Almanac as follows (4th Aug_0700 GMT 217th day of 1992. 0700. GMT 2rd Jun 1200GMT = 175th day of 1992 1200 GMT Imerval == days 9houre = 4L8 days In problems in practical navigation, i is essential to Grst obtain the correct GMT date and hours of the astronomical observation (as shove earlier inthis chapter) so thatthe cocrot interval is obtained in days and hours. It would be considered an error in principle if this was not done first. This is lustrated in trot enatple 2 Worked example 2 (n 25th Nov, AM at ship in DR 26° 27'N 130° 27°W, an astronomical observation was made when the cron showed Oh 446m 20s. If at 0600 GMT on Oct Lith the chron was OOm 10s fast, and is daly rate was 4s losing, find the comect GMT ofthe ‘obserition, ah ms ahims Chron 05 46 20 OR 17 46 20 Eror Not yet calelated ApproxGMT 05 46 20 2917 46 20 LITow) Gos 41 a8 © Oba ae Lt 21 oF 32 29:09 08 32 Correct GMT d & bh: 29d 17h B[12-CHRONOMETER TIME} 29h Nov 1746 GMT th Oct 0600 GMT Tncerval 3340h day of 192. 1786 GMT ‘BERR day of 1992 9600 GMT. 46 days Ub dém. 96.5 days ‘Accumulated rte = daily rat x interval = 4 x 46.5 = 1862 SLOW Accumulated rate = 03m 065 (Stow) (id chronometer error 00m 105 (Fast) [Ero at GMT Noy 294 17h 46m = 02m 56s (Slow) CChion time of observation 29.17 46 20 Chron error (Siow) 19.0 56 Correct GMT of observation 29 1749.16 EXERCISE 4 (Accumulated rate of chronometer) 1 0n th March 1992, AM at ship in DR SO* 12°N 176" 18°E, the cron showed Osh Ol 10s. Fat 1200 GMT on 20th Feb cron fror was 3m 12s fst and its daily rate was Ss gaining, find the ‘correct GMT of the observation 2 At bout 1820 at ship in DR 20° 18'S 120" L1"W on 18th April 1992, find the corect GMT when chron showed 02h 21m O6s Chron eror on 30% March at 0600 GMT was 00m 40s slow and its daily rate was 2s gaining. 3.0n Jen 4th 1992, PM at ship in DR 16° ON 84° 00, an sstonomical obseruation war made when chron showed OIh 15m 10s. If chron ertoe at 1800 GMT on 20th Dec 1991 was 10m 16s slow, and its daily rate wa 6s gaining, fod the comect GMT. (Note: Page 5 ofthe 1992 almanac cannot be used hee), ™ 113 -ASTRO PL. THEORY) 13 THEORY OF ASTRONOMICAL POSITION LINES ‘An astronomical position line is really a pat ofa large circle drawm on the surface of the earth, with its centre atthe Geographical Position (GP) ofthe body and having a radius equal to the Zenith Distance. (GP and. 2D have boon desribed in Chapters 2 & 3) All observers onthe circumference ofthis circle wil observe that the body has the same ZD atthe same time. Since this circle has a large radius, any small part of the circumference ofthis position circle may be considered to be & Straight fine and called a position line (PL) ole of position (LOP), The azimuth (true bearing) of the celestial body, from the observer, represents the direction of the radius, Since the ‘ircamference of a circle and its radias most at right angles, we sy thatthe celestial PL (or LOP) is at right angles to the azimuth ‘The azimuth ofthe body is easly caleulated with the help (of ABC tables using the DR position. The direction ofthe celestial PL (or LOP) is obtained by adding and subtracting 90° to the 7113 -ASTRO PL THEORY) azimuth - og, if azimuth was calulated to be 040°, the direction ofthe PL (or LOP) would be 130° - 310°. (One astronomical observation ean oaly give one PL (or LLOP) and a postion through which to draw it. Another PL (or LLOP) is necessary to intersect the first PL (or LOP) in order to obtain a "Fix. There are five common methods of obtaining the poston through which to daw the astronomical PL (or LOP)- (1) Tatitude by meridian alitude, 2) Longitude by chronometer, (3) Intercept, (4) Exmeridian and (5) Alitude of Polaris. Each of these i briefly deseribedhere= % (13- ASTRO PL.-THEORY) (1) Latitude by meridian altitude: Here the atte ofa celestial body is taken when the body is on the observer's meridian, Its azimuth at that time would be either 000° or ‘The PL (or LOP) will, in both eases, be 090" <> 270°, (ie, 000° + 90° = 090° «3 270° and 180° + 90° = 090° «> 270%), Since the PL (or LOP) runs E -W, i will coincide with a parallel of atiude. The actual value ofthat latitude is obtained by simple calculation. Such an observation will give a definite value ofthe ship's latitude, irespective of any eror in the ship’s DR position, ‘The actual calculations ae shown and explained in the worked examples under th appropriate heading in subsequent chapter (2) Longitude by chronometer: Using the Haversine formula, we calculate the Observed Longitude (longitude where the position cirle cuts the DR latitude). The azimuth is calculated by use of| ‘ABC tables and the direction ofthe PL (or LOP) is obtained by adding and subtracting 90° to it. This PL. (or LOP) is drawn through the DR latiuds and Observed longitude, The DR longitude is of mo consequence in this calculation. Actual calculation by this method is shown under the appropriate heading in subeoquent chapters IR n DR iat113 -ASTRO PL - THEORY] (2) Intercept or Mareq St. Hilsire method: The angular CZD, we will be going away fiom the GP (Ge, with a coutse equa t azimuth + 180° and with the intercept ts distance. This ie ilustatd in the following figures, ‘The solution ofthe intercept method of work should state the DR latitude, DR longiads, True Azimuth, the value of the inercept in minutes of are, whether intercept is towards or away and finally the direton ofthe PL (or LOP). A rough figure (not fccessrly to scale) should also be drawn as shown in the {allowing examples I and 2 ‘The Intercept Terminal Point (TP) is that poat on the PL (¢ LOP) viich is closest tothe DR position, Calculation of the ‘ctal ltd and longitude ofthe ITP isnot normally necessary nd is done only if specifically asked to so n 9 (13-ASTRO PL - THEORY)(13 - ASTRO PL.- THEORY] Example 1 inde: 36° 18'N login: 77° 56°W Intercept 3.8" AWAY & Azo#r ct) PL3i2*- I" DR porn £ 5 Example? DR position latitude: 16°37 longitude: 142° 11°5 Innerept 4.5° TOW ‘Az 130° (1) PL 220°- 040" ‘Both methods - Long by ehron and Intercept - give equally accurate results and take the same time for working, In the examination, the choice of method is often let tothe student but hh should be thoroughly familiar with both these mathods. The intercept method is much simpler and faster if several Simultaneous observations are to be calculated and ploted to obtain a Fi ‘The ncet fgure illustrates the similarity of result of working by Long by chron and by Inereept. Using DR. position ‘Obs long "Band PL were obtained and plotted on a chart. If the same astronomical observation was worked by the intercept ‘method, an intecapt of DP would be obtained by caleulaton an, inthe cave iustrated it would be Away’ 0 ([13- ASTRO PI, - THEORY As the celestial body iso faraway, a fw miles diffrence in the position of the observer would not appreciably aft the szimuth, So whether the azimuth was worked using the DR ong or the Obs long, the answer would be the same and hence the Airection ofthe PL (or LOP) ofboth, Log by chron and Intercept ‘methods, would be the same. When the PL’s (or LOP’s) of bath the methods ae plotted oo a chart, it wil be observed that they coincide as shown in the foregoing figure, Actual working by the Inmerept method is shown under the appropriate beading in subsequeat chapters a(13 ASTRO PI.~ THEORY) (@ Ex-meridian method: Sometimes, it may not be possible to obtain the meridian altude of a celestial body (especialy the sun) ‘owing to clouds, hazy horizon, rai or other causes. In such eases, it may be possible, under certain conditions (given below), t0 dbserve the body “near the meridian’ and, by use of Nautical “Tables, calculate the latitude where the PL (or LOP) cuts the DR longitude (Observed latitude or Obs lat). The obs lat is not secesarily the latitude of the ship. The direction ofthe PL: (or TLOP) is obtained in the usual manner ~ ealevlating azimuth by [ABC Tables ad applying = 90° tit ‘The circamstances under which a sight may be worked by the ex-meridian method is governed bythe values and names ofthe latitude and the decination, The valve of the ex-eridian limit EML) is obtained from Nautical Tables. Inthe case of Burton's “Tables, BML is obtained by entering Ex-meridian Table TV. In the case of Nore's Tables, we have to consult Ex-meridian Tables 1 & 1Vto obtain EML. Excmetdian Table [sin two parts ~ ne for lat & dee having same name and the other for lat & dec having ‘opposite ames. “The EML 90 obtained will be in minutes of time, Ifthe [EML is found tobe 16 minutes, it means that an ex-merdin sight may be taken upto 16 minites on either side of the time of| ‘metdian passage, a illustrated below:- Ship's time of meridian passage 1206 [EML (from nautica ables) £18 xemer sights may bo taken between ship's tine:- 1150 and 1222 ‘A rough thumb rules available to obtain the approximate valve of EML without Navtial Tables: calculate the L-D (Lat tnd Dec same names subtract and opposite ames ad), square of | to the nearest whole numberof degrees and just cal tht value the [EML in minutes of time. 2 (13 - ASTRO PL -THEORY Example: DR lat 20°16°N dee 20°30°S. Approximate EML = ? L-D=41 whole degrees. Approximate EML = 41 mines of tine For examination purposes, whon a body is said to be "Near the meridian’, itis expected to be worked by the exmerdian ‘method. The solution to an ex-meridan problem should state the Obs lat, the DR long and the diretion of the PL (LOP). Actual ‘working ofan ex-meridian problem is shown under the appropiate adn in subsoquent chapter (5) Polaris-is a star of very high doctnation (around $9° 09° and Ihece its azimuth is very nearly North at all imes, resting in a PL very early E-W. By applying special corectins (given in the [Nautical Almanac) tothe tre altitude, dhe Obs lt (latitude where the PL cuts the DR longitude) is obtained, The true azimuth also is obtained from the same page of the Nautical Almanac. The rection of the PL is obtained as usual, by applying 90° to the azimuth, The solution to an altude of Polaris should specify the Obs lat, the DR long and the direction ofthe PL, simalar tothe solution of an ex-meridian sight, Note: The Obs lt obtained by an observation of Polaris isnot ‘eoessrily the latitude ofthe vessel asthe PL is nearly E-W not necessarily exactly E-W. Polaris cannot be seen from the Souther Hemisphere or ‘rom very lv latitudes inthe Northem Hemisphere, Inthe former case itll be below the horizon and inthe later case, it willbe above but oo clos othe horizon for observation by a sextant. ‘The actual working of an altitude of Polais is shown ‘under the appropriate heading ater on in this book. 2114-SUN] 14 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES - SUN 14.1 Latitude by meridian altende - Sun On 231d Sept 1992, in DR 25° 40N 161°S6'E, the sextant meridian alinde ofthe Sun's lower limb was 66° 10.6. If TE was 2.3” onthe ac and HE was 105m, find the nitude and the PL. Prom Almanae Sex Ait 66° 106” LMT mer pass 23d Lh $2m 00s 1 (co) (Qos UTE) 10 47 44 Obsat 66° O83" GMT merpass 234 0h 04m 16s Dip (105m) (OST Dee 00° 06.1" Appalt 66° 026 (LO) oor TotcormLL (15S Dee 00"06.2" s Tat 66° IBLES > (Named same as azimuth) Mz 23° 4L9°N. > (Naried opposite oT alt) Doe 00" 062° > (See nate I blow). Latitude = 2338 PL E-W oa Notes (1) MZD ana de are of same name so add and retain ame. If of ‘opposite names, subtract te smaller one fram the larger ne and rain the name ofthe larger one (2) Corrections to set alt are explained in Chapters 9 and 10. (@) Im the above example, DR lat is 23° 40°N while dee is Practically nil. Hence the sun’s Az at mer pass must be § and $0 the true altude is mamed § and MZD is named N, This ‘naming system is quick and sure method of finding out whether MZD and dec are tobe added orto be subtracted to ‘obtain the latitude without the necessity of drawing a figure to reason this ou, (4) Whether MZD and dec are to added or subtracted can, in many cases, be decided by knowing that the answer must be very close to the DR lat. However, if either MZD or dec is very small, both addition and subuaction would give results reasonably close to DR lat, as in the foregeing worked ‘example, andthe unwary student would be puzzled as fo wist {0 do. A'mistake ofthis sort is considered 8 “Principle Error’ in the examination, resulting in heavy loss of marks, The set therfore advised 0 gud to the nang syste (5) In some cases, DR lat isnot given at all bu then an indication of the Az at mer pass would be given. By using the above ‘naming system, the answer is obtained easily and quickly. (© Wheter ‘a? correction is to be added or subtracted is known by inspecting the dec forthe required hour andthe next hour in ‘the almanac. If deo is increasing, d correction is adv and 8s[16-80] EXERCISE -5 (Latitude by meridian altitude SUN) () On 21st Jan 1992, in DR 24° 36°S 110° 20°W, tbe sextant slktade ofthe Sun's LL on the meridian was 85° 05,5" If IE was 16° off the are and HE was 10m, find the latiude and ‘ate the dreton ofthe PL (LOP). (@) On Ist Sept 1992, DR equator 50° 27, the sextant meridian stead ofthe Sun's UL was 82° 10.1". IFTE was 2.4” on the arc and HE was 17m, required the latitude andthe PL (LOP). (@) On Ist May 1992, in DR longitude 179° 58°, the observed altitude ofthe Sun's LL. on the meridian was 64° 35.9" South ofthe observer. IFHE was 15m, ind the latitude ad the PL, (4) On 14th Sept 1992, in DR longitude 116° 27°W, the sextant rerdianaltude of the Sun's UL Nort ofthe observer was 70° 29.8 IETE was 32° off the ae and HE was 12m, fnd the ‘atte and state the direction ofthe PL (LOP) (6) On let Dec 1992, in DR 06° 35°N 64° L8°W, owing toa hazy ‘horizon tothe South, aback angle observation ofthe Sun’s LL ‘on the meridian was made andthe sextant altitude was found to be 118° 11.8". LFHE was 14m, and IE was 24” on the are, required the Ititade andthe direction of the PL (Note: Back angle altitude hasbeen explained in Chapter 10) 86 (16-SUN} 142 Aximuth - Sen: On 13th Sept 1992, in DR 23° 21'S 47° 18°W, the observed azimuth ofthe Sun was 046° (C) when the chron showed 0th 08m 10s. Ifchron error was O2m 12s slow and Var (variation) ‘was 3°W, find the Dev (deviation) ofthe compass, a@home dams Cron 108 10 13 08 10 Eror (02 12 (1.0219 out o1 102 B13 102 Imm anon O09 2 mr 2 01 10 100110 (GMT 134.138 10m 225 GHA osroa? dec 03345 keer ngtasst 40.9 002" GHA O13 deo 0393438 Longe) © 087 18.0" ke 2108 ua 31209" From Nastia! Tables TAs 0498°() ‘A079 CAS 0860710) B OLN Ero 38° E 6 oN Var _30° W Dw “68 E Noes (1) The a.iual procedure of entering ABC Tables is not explained here ahs is done inthe Nautical Tables themselves, (@) Whilst using Nove’s Tables: ‘A’ is normally named opposite (o late, wea LHL is between 270° & 090" and same as tat in unusual cases (Le, when LHA is between 090° & 270%) 'B is named the same as declination, For naming "C's IFA & BB are of same name, add and rein name, if of contrary ‘ames, subtract and feinin name of lager one. The Az is samed as fllows: The prefix N ot § is the name of °C ”(14-SUN} whereas the suffix E or W is depends on the value of LA. If LLHLA is between O° and 180°, the body isto the West and if itis beeween 180" and 360°, the body ies to the East, (@) When the latitude is 00° 00.0, it may be named N or S (@) Th calculation of deviation is a matter of elementary chart ‘work and is not explained hoe. However, many students get ‘Stumped as to whether variation isto beaded or subtracted to ‘compass err to obtain deviation, A simple solution = Taz 0498°(D, Var 30° W Maz O52.8° 0) Caz 01600) Dey 68 E CCaleulaton of Azimuth by ssientifcealulat BeTande Tan Ar=__1__ SinP © Got It LHA < 180°, P = LHA. IFLHA > 180°, P = (60 - LHA) [Naming of A, B and Azimuth is as stated before. When P > 90°, the minus sign obtained for the value ofA is tobe ignored as itis taken care of by changing name of A (See freging not 2). Tamla = Tan23°21,0° = 07901031 N TenP Tan 28°30.1° B= Tandec=Tan.03°343" =0.1301780N SinP Sin2#°39.10 ———-— © = 09202811 Tan Az 1 =11ssss6sAr=NGO8E (Cos 22) ie, 049.8°(1) (4-suNy EXERCISE 6 (Asimuth - SUN) (2) On 29th Noy 1992, AM at ship ia DR 26° 27°N 130° 27°W, the azimuth of the Sun was 130°(C) when chron showed OSh 49m 205. If chron error was Olin 31s fart and variation was 3°, find the deviation forthe ships ead (2) On 22nd Sept 1992, PM at sip in DR 18° 20°N 85° 40"E, the azimuth ofthe Sun was 265%(C) when chron showed 10h 03m 20s. If chron eror was O6m 18s slow and variation was 22, caleulate the deviation ofthe compass, (9) On Jan 19th 1992, in DR 40° 16°S 175° 31°, the aximuth of| ‘the Sun was 267°C) at 1618 ships time, If the ship's time diffrence was 11h 30m from GMT and variation was 2.3°E, ‘nd the deviation forthe ships ead, (4) On 301h April 1992, in DR 00* 00.0" 60° 12°W, the Sun bore (080°(C) when cron showed 10h S7m 43s, If chroa error wae (73m 09s slow and variation was I°W, find the deviation of the compass. (5) On 31st Aug 1992, in DR 10° 1S 000° 00", the aximath of| the Sun was 282°(C) when chron showed OSh 10m 25s, If chron err was 00m O58 fst and variation was 3°E, find the deviation forthe ship's ead 14.3 Amplitude - SUN: On Sth March 1992, in DR 32° 12°N 178° 16°, the rising Sun bore 100%(C), If variation was 3°E, nd the deviation of the compass. 9(14-SUN) From Alminac dh ms doc 06 08'S LMT Sunrise 05 06 22 4.0) Q_o0s" ure C11 $3 04 dee 05" 0735'S GMT Sunrise 04 18-28 56 lt 32" 20N From Nautical Tables, Trucamplinde = E7.2°S Trueazimuh — = 097291) Compass aximuth = 1000°(C) Comasseror = 28° W Variation = 308 Deviation = Loew Notes (1) LMT of sunsise or sunset from the almanac nests only be ‘interpolated and taken in whole minute of time (2) When entering Nautical Tables for tve amplinde, great care must be taken during interpolation to ensure accurate result (@) The prefix of true amplitude is B ifthe body is ising and W if the body setting Is sufix isthe same as that of declination (4 Amp E20 means: Sun's bearing is 20° N of E- 070°C) Similarly, True amplitude E10°S. = ‘True bearing of 100° WISN = True bearing of 285° W9.5°S = ‘True bearing f 260.5" (6) Sometimes the time of observation of the amplitude is given in ‘the problem. Then given ime shouldbe used fr calculation. It js, however, necessary to remove any ambiguity of chron time ‘as explained in Chapter 12. (6 the iatiade is 00° 00, the valu of the amplitude i equal to the valu ofthe declination. Naming ofthe ampisae is done 8 sual, For example: If at is 00°00" and de is 05° 11'S, the rising amplitude = E5.2°S ie, 095.2%) and the setting ampltade = W5.2°S ic, 268.8°0). (7 Amplitde can also be worked out by the formula:~ Sin amp = (Sin dec. See lt), 90 116-SUN) EXERCISE 7 (Amplitude - SUN) (1) Om 2nd Sept 1992, in DR 40° 28°N 64° 20°E, the rising San ‘ore 090°(C). If variation was S°W, find the devition ofthe compass. (@) On Ist May 1992, in DR 30° 06°N 179° 45°W, the setting Sun ‘bore 285°(C). If variation was 2°W, find the deviation forthe ship's head 9) Jan 200h 1992, in DR S4° 20'S 46° 27°W, the Sunset bearing 254°(C). If varstion was 3°W, find the deviation of the ‘compass, (Nov 30th 1992, the Sun rose bearing 110%(C) in DR 49° 18°N 110° 12°E at 00h 10m 00 ehron time. If chron eror was Sm 10s slow and variation was 10°E, find the deviation of the compass (6) Sept 23rd 1992, the Sun rose bearing 094°(C) ia DR. 00° 00° 120° 27°W when chron showed 01h Sm, Ifchron error ws (3m 12s fat and variation was 2.7°W, fad the deviation for ‘the ship's hea, 144 Longitude by chronometer - SU ‘On 29h Nov 1992 in DR 26° 27°N 130° 27°, the sextant altiude of the Sun's UL, East of the meridian was 28° 11.0" when chron (error Olm 318 fast) showed OSh 49m 20s, If HE was 10m and IE was 2.3" ofthe ae, calculate the direction of the PL and a postion through which it passes. o(u4-SUN) ahme ohms tron 05 49200 or 17 4 20 Error fs 019 ont 05 47-49 2 7479 LITW) 08 41 48 08 4148 LMT 21-06 01 29-09 06 01 (GMT 204 1M AT 495 Solution by Nautical Tables: Hay LHA™ Sec L. See D [Hav 2D - Hav (L~D)] GHA or sa Seat 28° 110" Inex our 73" TE) (4) 023" GHA case age Obeat 28° 133" tee 21° 36.5, Dip (10m) (05.6: 404) Appalt 28° 01.7 de Tot Corm UL (178° bat «-p) NatHavZD 0.26656 NatHav(L~D) 9.16580 NatHay dit 0,100 (Gee note | below to obtain LHA)-> Log Hav LHA_ 9.08295 WHA 319" 168" A 0588 GHA go 49.4" B oss Obstng 130° 326° c 19s DRist — 26°27.0'N Az 136.7°AT}-Ax8.433° PL ow. -226.7 through DR lat and Obs long, Answer: 2 (u4-SuN) Notes (1) Before meridian passage, LHA vil be betwoon 180° and 360° obtain LHA fiom the bottom ofthe Haversne Table. Aer ‘meridian passage, LHA will be between 000° and 180° = obtain LHA from the top ofthe Haversine Table (2) Comeetion of akitudes hasbeen explained in Chapters 9 & 10, G) To obtain (L~D), same names subtract, opposite names ad (4) The answer must clearly state the direction ofthe PL and that it isto be drawa through DR lat and Obs long, Solution by sientife ealelator: CosP= Sin Talt Sin lat. Sindee ‘Cos lat. Cos dee Note: If Lat and dec are same name (2), contrary names (+) “Hence inthe forma, (has been put above the (4), Take 279499" tat= 26°270°N deo =21°364'S in 27° 49,9\2)Sin 26° 27.0. Sin 916 365.4 Cos 26°27.0", Coe 21° 36.4" Coe P 357907 10° 43.2". Before mer pass so LHA = 360°-P =319°16 8" GHA = 089494" bs lng = 130532.6°W AxTanlat Tan doc Tan Az Tn SinP © Cos at If LHA < 180", P = LHA. If LHA > 180", P = (360 - LHA). [Naming of A, B and Azimuth is a stated before. When P > 90°, ‘the minus sign obtained forthe vale of A isto be ignored a itis taken cae of by changing name ofA (ste note 2, Chap. 14.2). 2[14 -SUN) A= Tamlat =Tan26°270" = 0.57798018 TanP Tengo 432° B= Tansee “Tan 21°36." = 0.607199 8 SinP Sin 40°432" © = 118510008 TanAr=___1_ = 0940646 Ar=S.433°E Ticon28 27) ie, 1367°0) PL 046.7°- 226.7 through the DR lt andthe Obs long. Answer. EXERCISE 8 (Longitude by chron - SUN) (0) On 3st Aug 1992, PM at ship in DR 10° 11°S 00°00", he ‘extant altitude ofthe Sun's LL was 39° 15° wheo the chron (Grrr Olt 30s fast) showed O3h Lm 20s, CTE was 2.5° on the are and HE was 17m, find the diecion of the PL and a position trough which to draw it. (@) On 30% April 1992, in DR 00" 20°N 60° 12°W, the sextant de ofthe Sun's UL East of the meridian was 44° 13.4" ‘when chron (eror 03m 058 slow) showed 00h 7m 435. 1 IE (yas 3.1 off the are and HE war 20m, Gad the direction ofthe PL and the longitude where it eosss the DR lt. (@) On 19th Jan 1992, at about 1530 at ship in DR 40° 16°S 175° ‘3°, the sextant alknde of the Sun's LL was 43° 274 when ‘he chron (eror 02m 12s fast) showed 03h SOm 12s, 1 HE * [14-SuN) ‘was 22m and IE was 15" on the arc, required the direction of, ‘he PL and a postion through which it passes (4) On 22nd Sept 1992, PM at ship in DR 48° 20°N 85° 40°E, ‘the Sextant altitude ofthe Sun's UL was 20° 14.8" when the con error Oe 18s slow) showed 10h 03m 20s. 1° TE was 22° onthe arc and HE was 25m, find the direction ofthe PL and a poston through which it pases. (6) On Sth March 1952, AM at ship in DR 38° 11'S 151° 10°E, the sextant aide of the Sun's LL was 35° 59.1” when the chron showed 10h S4m 54s, The chron was Olm 208 slow at 12h GMT on 25th Feb 1992 and gaining 4s daily. IF IE was 1.3" off the are and HE was 30m, find the direction of the PL. and a postion through which it passes. 145 Intercept - SUN: 0 29th Nov 1992 in DR 26° 27°N 130° 27°W, the sextant akisode ofthe Sun's UL East ofthe meridian was 28° 11’ ‘when the chron (eror Olm 31s fast) showed OSh 45m 20s. If HE ‘was 10m and TE was 2.3” off the arc, calculate the direction ofthe PL and a postion through which i pases, ahms ahms Chron 05.4920 or 1749 20 Error 01 31 A om 05 47 49 29 Tao umm 4 (2 08 41. 45 IMT 21-06 01 2909 06 01 GMT 29417 47m 458 9s[14 -S0N) Solution by Nantes! Tables: Hav CZD = (Hav LHA . Cos L. Cos D) + Hav (L~D) on oma Seas 28° 110" fer alle S73 rey as GAO ae Oosak 28° Long W 130° 27.0" Dip (10m) ©)_05.6" ‘LHA ‘se 22.4" ‘App alt 28° O17" doc 21°36.1°S. ‘Tot Corm UL(-)_17.8" dom oo Tae ae os = 360s mm aie ie e270 Log Hav LEA 938104 Ge») eae LapConL Ssion Lace Sse Upavam 300138 Natty Sum_ 1002 Nand. D)OESHD Natty C20. 026612 BX cD eee vm gor DB nt (AWAY) 03,4" + DRiat 26¢270N ? DRioag 190-270 DOSS AeSG3E z Basis ic 13670) C1188 Lowe. 22027 Notes (A rough shatch (aot necessarily to scale) shoold be drawn to ‘how thatthe stdent knows where the PL sw be drawo, (@) Calculation of the Intnde and longitude ofthe TTP (terept ‘ermal point) is not necessary in such a problem. 96 16-SUN) Solution by scientific ealeulator (Cos CZD = Cos P Cos lat. Cos deo Sin at Sin dee Note: If Lat and dec are same name (+), contrary names (2, “Hence inthe formula, the (+) has been pat above the () ‘The sign ae apposite to that fo long by chron formula TELHA les betwoon 0° and 180°, P = LHA IFLHLA is betwoen 180° & 360°, P= 360- LHA, lat= 26°27.0'Ndeo=21° 36.48 (Cos 40° 37.6. Cos 26° 2.0". Cos 21° 36.4" (Sin 26° 27.0". Sin 21°36.4° = o4sr7s7s CzD= 62" 06.7" Tap =@ 01 Int (AWAY) = 3.4" A=Tanlat B= Zande TanAz=__1 Tan SinP Coser ‘Am Tanlat =Tan26°270" = 0.57988908 TaP Tana0°37.6 B= Tandeo=Tan.21° 364" = 0.6082719 Sin? Sing037.6 © = Lississ9s Tan Ae 19400374 AR= $43.29 B C(Cos2627") ie, 1368") ‘DR iat 26°27.0°N DR long 130°27.0°W Intrcept 3.4" AWAY ‘Azimuth 136.8°(T) PL 0468° 2268" Answer, 7[14 -SUN) EXERCISE 9 (lntercept - SUN) (1) On Sth March 1992, AM at ship ia DR 38° 11'S 151° 10, the sextant altnude of the Sun's LL was 35° 59.1” when the chron showed 10h S4m 54s, The chron was Olm 20s slow at 12h GMT on 25th Feb 1992 and gaining 4s daly. IF TE was 1.3" off the are and HE was 30m, find the direction ofthe PL nd 4 piston through which it passes. (2) On 22nd Sept 1992, PM at ship in DR 48°20°N 85° 40°F, the Sextant alitude of the Sun's UL was 20° 148° when the ‘hron (error Om 18s slow) showed 10h 03m 20s, IFTE was 22° on the are and HE was 25m, find the dzetion ofthe PL. ‘and a positon through which it pases, (@) On 19th Jan 1992, at about 1530 at sip in DR 40° 16°S 175° IE, the sextant alitude ofthe Sun's LL was 43° 27.4" when ‘the chron (eror 02m 12s fst) showed 03h SOm 12s. If HE was 22m and TE was 1.5" on the ar, required the direction of the PL and a poston through which it passes, (4) On 30th April 1992, in DR 00" 20°N 60° 12°W, the sestant alte ofthe Sun's UL East of the meridian was 44° 13.4° ‘when chron (eror 03m 0S slow) showed 00h 57m 43, FTE ‘was 31° ofthe arc and HE vas 20m, fnd the intercept and the direction ofthe PL (6) On 31st Aug 1992, PM at ship in DR 10° 11'S 000° 00, the sextant akitude ofthe Sun's LL was 39° 15° when the chron (error Olm 30s fast) showed 03h Lm 208, IFTE was 25° on the are and HE was 17m, find the direction of the PL and a positon through which to draw it. [14 -SUN] 14.6 Exmeridian- SUN (On 4th March 1992, DR 27° 18°N 168° 11°W, the sextant altitude of the Sun's LL near the meridian was S6° 19.8" when the chron showed 11h [3m 24s. If chron eror was Om 20s slow, HE was 12m and IE was 2.” onthe are, find the direction ofthe PL snd a poston through which it passes. Note: Near the meridian means that working is tobe by the ex-merdian method. ahms ahme Choa 1% or 213 24 Error (4) 01 20 0120 ont na of Bd at unw = 12 4 Qi 4 iu 00-2 00 04 12-02 00 GMT 044 23h 14m 44s Solution by Nautial Tables: GHA 162" 06. Serta 56° 198° Ince 03" 41.0" E@) © wy GHA 16s 474° Obsat 56° 170" Long W 168° JO" Dip (12m) 05) LA saa Appalt 56° 109" dee 06" 032° Tot Corm LL (2)_15.6° 40. 002 Tat 56° 265'S ee 06° 03.05 TD 33°335'N Reduction (049 i ‘12408 _MZD 33° 28.6°N 5 BO2S3S dec 062 03,0°S, ‘Sul 14938 Obs lat 27° 25.6'N AzS43°E DRlong 168° 11.0°W ile, 178-7°(T) PL 085.7°-265.7 9114-SUN) * Working steps to obtain Reduction from Nautical Tables: From Table! value F Burton's) or value A (Nore) = 3.20 Notes: () i his problon, no it af hip tie is given but itis nied the posnbildes of LMT are 00h or 12h. Since mer pas of ‘Sun mus be closet 1h aly, 0b is impossible (2) By catering cx-meridian table T with lat and do, we get A (Weorie's Table) or F (Burton's Table). There ae separa table fr lat & deo having same mame and contr nae (©) By entering ex-meridan able I with LHA and (or F), we ‘the Fist Corecton which sin minuts of ar. (4 By cxtringexcmersan Table I ith at corection and tue al wept the Second Coreton (©) Second Comesion i always sobaced from Fist Coretion {0 pet the Redaction (or Wn minutes of are (6) The vale of Risto be sobvacied from TZD to get MZD. (7 Some books say Ad reduction to ue alitode to get meridian st Then subtract 90° 10 get MZD'. Though this is rathematicaly corect, this matbed cant be. practically ‘easonal and celained to te student Reduction should rece someting, not increase. Also, the student can easly ‘omember that, except for Plas, sextant ate shouldbe Converted into T2D in al problans ia Pratl Navigon. (8) Bremen tble TV is not actually wed ia working the probien. Te used only to asomain the cemerian mis {EML) as expindin Cape 13 (6) (©) Whether MZD and ev ao o beaded or subtracted, wo obtain ‘Obs lat, it decided by naming the tue ait and MZD as expand ener inthis Chapter under Lat by mer alt ~Sun (10) MZD canals be cued bythe Havre formula "Hav MZD = Hav TZD- (av LHA. Cos Cos. 114 -SUN} Solution by scientific ealculator:- Cos MZD = Cos TZD + [(1-Cos P). Cos DR lat .Cos dec) Note: T2D 33° 33.57, P2°23.67, DR lat 27° 18°N, dec 06° 03'S = Cos 33°35" + (1+ Cos 223.61. Cos 27°18", Cos 06°03'] 1340942, Hence MZD, by cient calculator, ~33°28.7° Mz> = 33°28.7° A=Tanlat = 1234903405 deo = osrg3.0'S. TwaP Obst = 27°25: N B= Tandos = 02.5380303 § DRloog = 168° 11" W Sap ——— C= 148706408 TanAz= __1_. = 0.075592 Az $043°E =175.7" (0) €or at PL= 085.7" 265.7 oo 101[14-SUN] Exercise 10 (Ex-meridian altude -SUN) (2) On ist Sept 1992, in DR 23° 18'N 165° 02°E, the sextant sikinude ofthe Sun's UL near the meriian was 75° 01.7" when chron (ror Om 21s slow) showed 00h 45m Sis. IF IE was 132° off the ac and HE was 20m, ind th direction ofthe PL and a positon through which it passes. (2) On 2nd May 1982, in DR 15° 36'S 080° 11°W, the sextant, slkitude of he Sun's LL near the meriian was 58° 25.6" when chron (error 02m 185 fast) showed OSh 40m O6s. Tf TE was 1.6" on the are and HE was 15m, find the direction of the PL sand the lat where it cuts the DR long. (G) On 6th March 1992, in EP 52° 12°N 110° 40°, the sextant luce of he Sun's UL near the meridian was 31° $9.8" when thon (error Ole 50s fast) showed Oth 29m 20s, If IE was 23" onthe are and HE was 40m, find the direction of the PL, ‘and a position through which to draw it ( On 21st Jan 1992, in DR OO" 00" 97° 48°W, the sextant altitude ofthe Sun's LL nea he merisian was 69° 28.7 when chron (error 12m OSs slow) showed 06h 13m 27s. IFTE was 220" off the arc and HE was 12m, find the direction of the PL. and position trough which it passes. (6) On 234d Sept 1992, in EP 48° 20'S 158° 46°E, the sextant altitude ofthe Sun’s LL near the meridian was 41° 36.7" at 1M 1m 16s chron time. If chron error was 11m O4s fast, TE was 34 onthe arc and HE was 17m, ind the direction of the PL and the lat where tts the DR long 102 [15 STARS} 15 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES - STARS 15,1 Latcude by meridian altitude -STAR:- On Ist Deo 1992, AM at ship in DR 45° 20'S 75°00°5, the sextant meridian abitude of the star PROCYON was 39° 28.8, JFTE was 1.5" off the are and HE was 25m, find the latitude and the PL. Sea Ak 39° 288° om = os Obsae 39° 303° Dip@im) a8." Appa 39° 2157 Totcorm = ()_ 01 Tat 395 203°N > (Named same as azimuth) Mz 50° 39.7°S > (Named opposite T alt) 16.6°N > (Contrary names subtract) Laine = 4S 25.8 PL B-W 103(U5 - STARS) Sometimes, the question alo says ‘State the GMT of meridian passage’ In uch a case, proceed a fllows- GHA. + (or W) long = LHA [Note GHA # = GHA y+ SHA x, Atmer pass #, LEAH = 360° SHA 4 is obtained from that day’s page inthe almanac. ince at mer pass %, GHA y + SHA + +B (or -W) long = 360° GHA y + 245° 155° +758 00"=360° or GHAy=039%445" From almanac, for GMT December 014 21h GHA 1 = 0259579" ‘S4m 37s-€ Increment + 013°46.5 "Note: In refering tothe almanac, it has be assumed that the date of GMT would be the same as that of ship i, Iet December. However, it may be possible that the dats of GMT may be one day ari or later than that assumed. I is therefore necessary to check up by applying LIT to. the ‘assumed GMT, af shown below, and alterations made, if ‘eoessary, to the GMT date and time. GMT mer pass: Dec Old 2h Sim S73 LIT @) (#)_ 05 _00_00 LMT 0202 54 57 Butrogd dateis It Dee (2356 04 (oe siderea dy)® Correct LMT OL 02 5853 LIT) (05 0000 Correct GMT Noy 30” 21 58 53 Answer. * The time interval between any two successive meridian passages of 7 is one sidereal day which is equal to 23h Sém 04s. Hence cone sideeal day may be added or subtracted as appropriate to ensure thatthe meridian passage is core for ship's date 108 (US- STARS] EXERCISE - 11 (Latitude by meridian shitude - STARS) (2) On 4th March 1992, in DR 45° 10°N 120° 30°W, the sextant ‘meridian alin of the star ANTARES was 18°62" If TE ‘was 3.7 off the are and HE was 10m, find the latinde and ‘tate the direction ofthe PL (LOP), @) On 12th Sept 1992, DR 43° 05'S 72° 20'E, the sextant ‘meridian akitude ofthe star ALDEBARAN wat 30° 402°. If TE was nil and HE was 18m, roguired the latte and PL (CoP) and state the GMT of meridian passage. ) On 22nd Sept 1992, in DR longinade 90° 06°E, the observed alttade ofthe star RIGEL on the meridian was 73° 242° [North of the observer. If HE was 15m, fnd the latitude and the PL. State the GMT of meridian passage. 4) On 200h Ja 1992, in DR $7° 31°N 164° 20°W, the sextant ‘meridian altitude of the star DIPHDA was 14°°23.7. 16 TE ‘was 0.6" onthe arc and HE was 14.5m, find the latte and the dretion of the PL. State the GMT of meridian passage, (©) On Ist May 1992, in DR 30° 18°N 135° O2'W, a back angle ‘extant meridian ‘sltitude of the star REGULUS was 108° 163". WHE was L4m, and TE was 24° onthe arc, required the GMT of mer pass, the latitude and the direction ofthe PL. 15.2 Asimuth - STAR:- On 21st Sept 1992, PM at ship in DR 43° 18°S 140" LEW, the star CANOPUS bore 150" (C) at 0TH 28m 52s ehron time (ror 02m 12s slow). If Var was 3°E, find dev of compass. 10s(05- STARS) ahme ahme Chron 72852 19 28 32 Error wo 2 woz GMT 2. 07 31-04 1931 05 LUT) — 09 20.44 tas IME 21-22 10-20 10-1020 GMT 224 07h 31m O46 GHAy —106°23.7" From Nautical Tales A OskS B 13ss C 2138 Altmative TAs 1472°(1) TAs 1472°(2) CAs 1500" (C) Var 30° B LHA% — 238°03.1" Ewor 28° W MAzI442° M dee 52°412°S Var 30° B GAz 1500"(C) lat 43°180°S Dev 58° W Dey 58° W Note: Working is very similar to that of azimuth - Sun except that GHA y and SHA have boon usod (soe Chapters 2 & 4.6) “When looking up GHA 7 and its increment care must be taken to consult they ealumns and not thse ofthe Sun. (Calculation of Azimuth by seientifc ealelator: A=Tanlat ‘Tan.doc a TanP SinP Costar IELHA < 140", P = LHA, If LHA > 180", P = (360 - LHA) [Naning ofA, B and Azimuth is a¢ stated under Az Sun (Chapter 142). When P> 90°, the minus sign obtained for the value of A isto be ignored a it is taken cae of by changing name of A (se2 note 2 under Chapter 18.2) 106 [15 - STARS} ‘Tanlat = Tan 43° 18.0" =0.5876661 8 TanP Tan 121° 565° ‘Tandeo= Tan $2° 4,2" =1.5462752 8 SinP Sin 21°69" =21339413 8 TnAr= 1 =0.6439049 An=8325°E (Cos 43° 187) ie, 1472") EXERCISE 12 (Asximath- STARS) (1) On 6th March 1992, AM at ship in DR 24° 12°S 83° 46°8, the azimuth of the star ALTATR was 078°(C) at 10h 38m 40s chron time. Ifchron error was (3m 24s fast and variation was 3°W, find the deviation forthe ship's head, (2) On 30th Nov 1992, PM at ship in DR 48° S7°N 173° 18°W, the azimuth of the sar VEGA was 296°C) at OTR 27m 12¢ chron time, If ehron eror was 12m 105 slow and variation ‘was 3°W, calulatethe deviation of the compass (@) On Ist May 1992, AM at ship in DR 62" 11°S 179° 58°F, the szimuth of the star SPICA was 312°(C) at O1b 03m 168 chron time (eror O3m 08s fast). If variation was 10°E, fnd the deviation forthe ships ead (@ On 13th Sept 1992, in DR 30° 46°N 90° 36°W, the star RASALHAGUE bore 275°C) at dh 36m GMT. If variation was 5°W, find the deviation ofthe compas. (Caution: Date given is ship's date not GMT dat), a7115-STARS) (6) On 21st Jan 1992, at 0320 hip’ ime, in DR 68° 12°N 112° 18, the sar DENEB bore 034.5%(C). If variation was 4°E, and ship's time was Th ahead of GMT, find the deviation, 15.3 Longitude by chronometer - STAR: (On 23 Aug 1992 PM at ship in DR 34° 31'S 03° 30°W, the sextant altitude ofthe star SPICA was 45° 272° when chron (err 02m 19s low) showed Osh 15m 00s, IFHE was 11m and IE ‘was 2.1" onthe arc, calculate the direction ofthe PL and position ‘yough which it pases dhme ahms chro 0615 0 or 18 15 00 Error (4102.19 219 cnt 06 17 19 23181719 UT) — 00 40.00 1.00 40 09 LMT 05 37 19 BIT3T 19 sMET 234 18h 17m 19 Solution by Nautisl Tables: Hiay LHA = See L. See D [Hav 2D - Hav (L.~D)} GHAy 242° 166 Sema 45°272" ler oot 20,5" IE) = on GHAy 6371 Obsak 45°25." SHA 15847 Dip(1im) (2.088 GHA® —045°249" Appalt 45° 193° ee us074's Tot Corm 1 O10" lat seaLors Tat 4183 ep Be Tm awa 108 (13 -STARS} NatHayZD 0.14487 Log Hav iff 901479 ‘NatHaL~D) 004110 Log Sec 008409 NatHay dir 0.10347, Log Sec D 0.00824 (Gee note I below to obtain LHA)-> Log Hav LHA 9.10712, UIA —asiessa” A O76N GHA% — 045°24.9" B 0298 Obsiong —003°29.5°W o4TN DRiat —34°31.0'SAr291.2°(T}-ALNGS SW PL021.2°-201.2* trough DR lat and Obs lng. Answer Notes (() When converting Log Hav LHA into calculated LHA # a small doubt arises whether LHA shouldbe a small number large one i., 041° or 319° inthis problem. This doubt is removed by applying DR loog to GHA * and geting approximate LHA +. The calculated LHA willbe very close to the approximate LHA, (2) Working is similar to long by chron Sun except that GHA y and SHA + are tobe wed, (2) For eneriag ABC Tables, use the calculated LHA, (@) The answer must clearlystte the direction ofthe PL and that itis to be dravn through DR lat and Obs long, Solution by scents calculator: Cos P= Sin Tak Sinlat_ Sindee (Cos lat. Cos deo NNote:- If Lat and dec are same name (-), contrary names (+) Hence in the formula, () has been pat above the (+) Entire numerator is Sin and entre denominator is Cos. 10911S -STARS} Take S183 lat 34310 doe= 11°07 4S Cos P= Sin 45° 18.3'(9Sin 34° 31.0" Sin 112074" = 0.744039 ‘Cos 34°31.0", Cos 11° 074 P= 41° 55.4" (See foregoing note no:1) LHA = P= 041°55.4" GHA = 045°24.9" Obs long = 003°29.5°W A= Tania B= Tande Tan Aes TanP ‘SinP © os at IfLHA < 180°, P = LHA. IFLHA > 180°, P = (60 - LHA), [Naming of A, B and Azimuth is as stated before. When P > 90°, the minus sign obtained for the value of Ais tobe ignored as itis taken care of by changing name of A (Se note 2, Chap. 142) A= Tanlat =Tan34°310° =0,7658369N TanP Tan 41°55 Tandee=Tan 11°07" =0.2942743 8 SinP Sindi°ss@ —————— © =04715626N TanAr=__1_ = 25736755 A= NORE? W C(Car34°31) ie, 292°C) 10 115- STARS} EXERCISE 13 (Longitude by chron - STAR) (0) On 29th Noy 1992, AM at ship in DR 25° 30° 107° 20°W, ‘th sextant alkude ofthe star RIGEL was 38° 10.3" when the chron (error 02m 50s fast) showed 10h 32m 10s. FTE was 28° onthe are and HE was 12m, find the direction of the PL. and a position through which to daw it. (2) On 22nd Sept 1992, PM at ship in DR 60° 10°N 92° 27°E, the sextant altitude of the star ARCTURUS was 25° 01" when chron (error OSm Ols slow) showed OOh 46m 31s. IFTE was 0.2" onthe are and HE was 1, find the direction of the PL. andthe longitude where it crosses the DR lat. (@) On 19th Jan 1992, at about 1900 at sip in DR 00° 02°N 170° SO°E, the sextant alte ofthe star BETELGEUSE was 43° 11" when the chron (error Olm 18s fast) showed 07H 35m (02s. HE was 18m and TE wat 1.3" off hear, quired the Airetion of the PL and a position through which it passes. (4) On 30%h April 1992, PM at ship in DR 34° 18'S. 40° 20°W, the observed alitude ofthe star SIRIUS was 57° $0.7 at 088 Slim 38s cron tie. Tho ehron eror was 00m 10s slow at 12 GMT on 22nd April and its dally rate was 35 gaining If HE ‘was 21m, find the direction ofthe PL and & position through which it passa, (6) On 3st Aug 1992, AM at ship in DR 40° 30°N 64° 56°E, the ‘sextant altiude of the sar DIPHDA was 21° 23.4” whan the ‘chron (ror nil) showed 00h 20m 26s, IEE was 0.9" off the arc and HE was Sm, find the direction ofthe PL and a postion ‘ough which it pases. m[15-STARS} 1544 Intercept - STAR: (On 23rd Aug 1992 in DR 34° 31°S 003° 30°W, a about 1800 hous at ship, th sextant aliudeof the star SPICA was 45° 27.2, whe the chron (error 02m 19s slow) showed 06h 15m 00, IPH was Im and IE was 2.1" on the are, cleat the direction ofthe PL anda position trough which it passes. adams ahms Chron 0615.0 or 18 15 00 Bor 2) 0219 (1 02 19 ont 06 1719 2 ieiT 9 Lim) 00.14 09 (00 14 90 LMT 05 03 19 B18 03 19 (GMT 234 18h 17m 195 ‘Solution by Nastia] Tables: Hav CZD = (Hlav LHA . Cos L Cos D) + Hav (L~D) GHAy 242" 16.6 Sextalt 45° 272° Int 04" 205° Ee) = Gar GHAy = 246° 37" Obsalt 45" 25.17 ‘Long W 003° 30.0°;W Dip(1im) 058° LHAy 243° OT. Appalt 45° 193° SHA® 138° 478 TetComm —(_OL0" LHAx 041 549° Tae as 183" me aL Log Hav LHA 910698 bee ur 074's LogCosL 9.91591 la 34 3108 Log CosD 9.99176 apy BeBe Leg Hay sum 9.01465 1 [1S -STARS} | Nat Hay Sum_ 0.10343, +e) [Nat Hav(L~ D)0.04110 Po NatHav CZD 0.14453, = cp was PRR Bovon HF a DRiat—34°31.0'S DRiong 03°300°W AOT6N BO298 ArNoe.e'W COAMN ie. 291.2° 1) PL 0212"- 2012" (1) Notes (1) A rough sketch (not necessarily to scale) should be drawn to ‘how that the student lowe wher the PL isto be draw. (2) Calculation ofthe latitade and longitude ofthe ITP (iteroept terminal point) ie not necessary in such a problem. Solution by scientific caleulator (Cos CZD=Cos P Cos lat. Cos de + Sin lat. Sin doe NNote:- If Lat and dec are same name (+), contrary names (). Hence in the formula, the (+) hat been put above the (), ‘The sgn. are oppo to tht for long by chron formula IELHA < 180", P= LHA & if > 180%, P= (360 -LHA). Peaiessgy —— lat= 343108 deem 11° O74'S, Cos CZD = Cos 41° $8.9". Cos 34°31.0" Cos 118 07.4 (9) Sia 34° 31.0". Sin 11°07" = 0.7109397 czp= 44413" ‘Tap = 4a a7 Ine (AWAY) = 04 43[15-STARS) A=Tent Tandee Tan Az TanP SiaP © Coat ‘Aw Tanlat =Tan34°310" = 0.7660610N TanP Tangle 549° B= Tandee=Tan 19074 = 029432198 SinP Sin4i°s4g" | ——— = 04717391 N Tan As =2577125 AreNOLEW C(Ces33) ie, 292°C) DR lat 34° 31.0°S DR long 003° 30.0°W Intercept 0.4” AWAY ‘Azimuth 291,2°(T) PL 021.2" 201.2" (T) Answer. EXERCISE 14 (latercept - STARS) (1) On 30th April 1992, PM at sip in DR 34° 18'S 40" 20°W, the observed alitude ofthe star SIRIUS was 57° 50.7" at O8h ‘52m OSs chroa time. The chron eror was Oli 40s fast at 05 {GMT on 16th April and its daily rate was 4s losing. HE was 2m, fnd the diretion ofthe PL. and a position through which ‘pases. 2) On 19% Jan 1992, a about 1900 at ship in DR 00° O2'N 170° S0°R, the sextant atude of the star BETELGEUSE was 43° * wen the chron (eror Olm 18s fst) showed OTR 35m 25, IF HE was Lm and IE was 13° off the arc, roquired the (Namod same as azimuth) MZD —_54°53.0°S > (Named opposite tT alt) Dec 0947.9" N-> (Contrary names subtract) r PL: B-W na(06 PLANETS] Notes (1) The LMT of mer pass of the planet, taken dretly trom the almanac without any coretios i approximate only. It may be out by about three or four minutes. However, since the hangs: of declination per bout (value of) for plant i very Small, no appreciable eror crops in by taking the LMT ‘directly as tabulated i the almanac. (2) Someiimes the chronometer time ofthe meridian altitude may be given, Then that time should be used after taking the ual precaution of obtaining the correct date and hours of GMT as. ‘explained in Chapter 12 (9) In coneting the altitude of Venus and Mars, an ational correction (given in the almanac) has tobe appli Sometimes, the question may also say “State the correct ‘GMT of meridian passage’, In such a cas, proceed as fllows- ‘Atmer pass, GHA +E (or~W) long LHA = 360° GHA.+ 91° 10°= 360° or GHA = 268°50.0" From almanac, for GMT 1992 June 154 10h, GHA™ 258%13.4° Approx. Sm -< Increment < 014936 6 ‘yeorretion (+22) for 58m» 000202." Stim 18s <= Tnerement « 0149345" Procice GMT of mer pass = Jun 154 10h Spm 18s Answer, Notes: (1) While extracting GHA of a plant from the almanac, v conection has 10 be applied. The value of v correction is Applied to GHA just the same way d correction is applicd to ectiation, V correction is always positive except for Venus ‘where could sometimes be plus and sometimes minus - this {indicated inthe almanac, im [16 PLANETS} (2) In refering tothe almanac, ithas been assumed thatthe date of| GMT would be the same ar that of ship ic, 15th Jane ‘However, itmay be possible that the date of GMT may be one day earlier or later than that assumed. It is therfore necossary to check up by applying LIT to the assumed GMT, a shown below, and alterations mas, if necessary, to the GMT date and ime GMT mer pass: Jun 1S4_ 10h Sm 185 ure) @) 06 os 49 LMT mer pass:Jun 15170258 Ifthe LMT 40 caleulated fll on th of 16th June inthis ase, the eotire computation of GMT would have to be repeated forthe new date of GMT. EXERCISE - 17 (Latitude by meridian altitude - PLANETS) (2) On 5th May 1992, in DR 50° 10'S 64° 13°W, the observed meridian atiade of SATURN was 56° 00:3. IF HE was 10m, find the latitude and the direction of the PL Also find, to the nearest second, the GMT of meridian passage, (@) On 17h Jan 1992, in DR longitude 36° 407E, the sextant rerdian atte of UPITER was 37° 43.5" bearing N. If was 0.3? onthe are and HE was 12m, required the latitude and PL. @) On 14th Oct 1992, in DR longitude 110° 20°W, the sextant altitude of MARS cn the meridian was 61° 145° South ofthe observe, IEHE was 17m and IE was 3.6" off the are, ind the latitude ad the PL116 - PLANETS} (4) On 300h Nov 1992, in DR $6° O7°N 120° O4'E, the sextant rmetian aktude of SATURN was 16° 240°. IF was 0.6" fn the are and HE wat 12m, fd the latitude and the direction ofthe PL. (6) On 3rd May 1992, ia DR 35° O7'N 65° 30°W, the sextant meridian aktude of JUPITER was 66° 05.2 at 0h 07m 268 (error O6m O28 fast), IF HE was 10m, and IE was 0.7" off the se, reqired the latitude and the direction of the PL. 16.2 Asimath - PLANET:- nm 1st Dec 1992, PM at ship in DR 36° 27°N 144° 44°E, “VENUS bore 235° (C) at 09h 18m O8s chron time (ror 10m O48 fas), IP Var was 25°, fin the deviation forthe ships head. ahms ghms heen 09 18 08 or 2118 08 Ener (10 04 19 08 GMT 01.09 08 OF 2108 04 LITE) 09 38. $6 2.09 38. 56, IMT OL 18 47 00 06 47 00 GMT 014 098 08m 4s GHA 272° 023 From Nautical Tables Incr oor 010" A O4sS. yO) O 0r B 02S GHA 703 CC O97S_—_Akemativg Leag(E) (4) 148" 440" T Az 232.19 CR) T Ax 232.1°(1) HA 58° 472" Caz 2350° (©) Var__28° E oe 24° 03.55 Bor 29° W MAz 229.6 M 4¢04) 00° OO Var 25° E CAz 235.0°(0) oe 24° 03.45 Dev S47 W Dey 54° W 4 [16- PLANETS} Now + Working is very similar to that of azimuth - Sun except that ‘y correction has to be applied to GHA just lke the d correction for declination. V conection is always plus ‘except in the caso of Venus wien it may sometimes be ‘mini - this indicated inthe almanac. Calculation of Aximth by scientific clealator: AsTmit = Be Tande TanP SinP If LHA < 180°, P = LHA. IELHA > 180°, [Naming of A, B and Azimuth i a etatod under Az Sun (Chapter 142), When P > 90°, the minus sign obtained for the value of A. isto be ignored as itis taken care of by changing name of A (soe ‘ote 2 under Chapter 14.2) A= Tanlat = Tan36°270" =044755398 TanP Tanse°472" B= Tandoc=Tan 24°03.4" = 052197328 SinP Sin 8047.2" c 0.9695271 § Tends 229 A$ 52.1° W C(Con36 277) ie, 221°) EXERCISE 18 (Azimuth - PLANETS) (1) On 23rd Sept 1992, at about 0019 at ship in DR 36° OFS 78° SO'W, SATURN bore 286%(C). If ships time diffrence was ‘Sh from GMT and if variation was 3°W, fnd the deviation, ps(U6 PLANETS] @) On Ist May 1992, AM at ship in DR 40° 26°N 60° 40°E, ‘Mars bore 096%(C) at 11h Sim 14s by ebroa (eror 04m 065 slow). Variation was 3.7°W. Calulate the deviation of the compass. (@) On 1th Jan 1992, in DR 00° 00" 62° 40"E, VENUS bore 120%(C) at 0310 ship's time (Qh from GMT). If variation was 2°W, find the compas ero andthe deviation, 16.3 Longitude by chronometer - PLANET:- (On 31st Aug 1992 in DR 60° O6°N 66° 18'W, the sextant altitude of MARS was 41° 324" at O8b 1m 02s GMT. If HE ‘was 10m and TE was 2.1" on hear, calculate the direction ofthe PL and a poston though which it pases. GMT 31 08 15 02 LITW) @ 04 25.12 IMT 3103-49-50 GMT 31 08 15 02 ‘Solution by Nautical Tables: Hay LHA = Sec . See D [Hav 2D -Hay (L~D)] GHA ore 26" Seat 41°324° ler 003° 45.5" TE) 21 wos) 4) 002" Obsalt 419303" GHA a2ie08 Dip (10m) (05,6 ec 22° S69°N Appalt 4124.7 40.1) gor 00" Tot Comm () OL." dee 2° 569°N ‘Addl corm (2) 00,1" lat 60°_06,0N Tx ae a-p) 3P 8 TD 48° 363" 126 (16- PLANETS} NatHay 2D 0.16938 Log Hav ditt 493187 NatHav(L~D) 0.10148 LogSecL 030235, NatHay dit 0.06790 Log SecD 0.03581 Log Hav LHA_ 9.17003, LHA —314°45.7" <(eonot 1, Chapter IS;3) A 1.738 GHA 21° 083" B O60N Obs long 066° 22.6°W c Lbs DRiat 60° 060'N Ar L19.4°(T) «Az 860.6" E Pons. 209 4° through DR lat and Obs long. Answer. ‘Solution by scientific caleulator: Cos P= Sin alt Sin at. Sin dee Cos lat. Cos dee NNow:- If Lat and dee are same name (), contrary names (+). Hine in the formula, () has been put above the (+), Entire numerator is Sin and entire denominator i Cos. Tate41°237 t= 60 060N dee =22°56.9'N (Cos P= Sin 41° 23.7°C3Sin 60° 06.0 Sin 22° 7043772 Cos 60° 06.0", Cos 22° 569° P=45* 14.2" (sce note 1, Chapter 153) LHA = 314°45.8° GHA = o2os3: «Obs long = 06° 22.5°W To calculate azimuth by acientfic calculator: AwTan B=Tandee Tan Ar=__L TanP SinP Cos at wa[16 - PLANETS} IELHA < 180", P = LHA, IF LHA > 180", P = (360 - LHA). [Naming of A, B and Azimuth is as stated before. When P > 90°, ‘the mins sign obtained for the value of A isto be ignored asi is taken care of by changing name ofA (see note 2, Chap. 14.2). ‘A= Tanlat =Tan 60" 06.0" =1,7247456 8 TanP Tanas ar Tandec = Tan 22" 569° = 05963354 N SinP Sings 142”) ———— © = 112841028 TanAz= =177T21 A= S06 C(Ces 60° 067) ie, 1194°C) EXERCISE 19 (Longitude by chron - PLANETS) (1) On 170 Jan 1992, AM at ship in DR 31° 41°N 100° 10°E the sextant altitude of VENUS was 19° 48.6" when the chron (error 02m O6s fast) showed 1h 4m 44s. IF TE was 2.1" on the are and HE was 12m, find the direction of the PL and position through which to draw it. (@) On Ist Dec 1992, PM at ship in DR 29° 56'S 106° 14°E, the ‘seatant altade of SATURN was 46° 21.8" when chro (error ‘05m Ols slow) showed 12h 18m 33s, IFTE was 13° off th are and HE was I4m, find the direction of the PL and the longitude where i crosses the DR lt (@) On 22nd Sept 1992, PM ship in DR 40° 21'S 140° 12°W, the sextant aliude of SATURN was 54° 51,6" when the con (error 11m 31s fst) showed Ofb 15m 425. IFHE was 20m and 1 [16 PLANETS} 1E was 32 on the are, required the direction ofthe PL and a position through which it passes (@) On the moming of 30th Nov 1992, in DR 39° $0°N 100° 12°E, the observed aliude of MARS was 48° 41.2" at 10h 42m 525 chron time, The eon error was Olm 10s slow, If HE was 22m, find the dicstion ofthe PL and a position trough which ‘pases. (6) On Ist May 1992, PM at ship in DR 19° $4°S 179° S8°W, the sextant altitude of JUPITER was 52° 38.5" when the chron {error 1m 10s fast) showed Osh 2m 52s. IF was 0.2” off the are and HE was 17m, find the direction of the PL and a position through which it passes. 16.4 Intercept - PLANET: On 31st Aug 1992 in DR 60° O6'N 66° 18'W, the sextant altitude of MARS was 41°32.47 when GMT vas OR 15m 028. 1 HE vas 10m and IE was 2.1" onthe a, ealulate the direction of| ‘the PL and poston through which it pases. Note: Since GMT is given, there is no ambiguity the whe hours, However, the correct date of GMT has tobe ascertained. ahms GMT 31 o8 15 02 LW) @) o8 25 12 IMT 3103 49°50 GMT 314 08 15m 028 Solution by Nautical Tables: Hay CZD = Hay LHA Cos L, Cot D) + Hay (L~D) 19(U6- PLANETS} GHA or as Sextalt 41° 324° lee 003° 43.5" 160) @_ ot voos) — @)_002 Obsat 41° 303 GHA a2 on Dip (10m) _05.6: Long W 066° 18.0" Appat 41> 247 LA ua 503" TotCorm 01.1" dee 22° 569°N ‘Addl corm 90° 00.0" 4@on) (2) 000" Tak he ee 22° 569°N TD at 6 at 60° 060N Log Hav LHA 9.16863 @-p) PoP Log Cot 9.69765, LogCosD 9.9682 NatHavsum £83049 Nat Hay Sum 0.06768, ‘Nat Hav(L ~ Dy0.10149 NatHav CZD 0.16 cz aRr34a? TD a36a" Int (AWAY) 02.0" Rit 60° 06.0'N DRiong 66" 18.01 ALBS —— A2S606°E BOON ie. 119487) CLS PL0204-2004° Notes (1) A roogh sketch (aot necessary to scale) should be drawa to show that th student knows where the PL isto be dram, (@) Calculation ofthe Intiude and longitude ofthe ITP Gnteoept terminal point snot necessary in such a problem. Solution by scientific ealealator Coe CZD = Coe P.Cos lat, Cos de + Sin lat Sin doe 120 (16- PLANETS) Note- If Lat and dec are same name (+), contrary names (2) Hence in the formula, the (¥) has boen put above the () ‘The sign are opposite to that fr long by chron formula. [ELH tes between O° and 180°, P = LHA. TELHA is between 180° & 360°, P= 360-LHA. P=45°09.7 t= 60PO60'N dee =22" 56.9°N Cos CZD = Cos 45° 09.7". Cos 60° 06.0", Cos 22° 56 9° () Sin 60° 06.0". Sin 22° 569° 0.6616740 cap = ar 34" TZD = 836.8 Int (AWAY) = 20" (Calculation of azimuth by siete ealelator:- AwTanlat B= Tandee Tan Az TanP SinP © Con at A= Tanlat = Tan 60°060" = 1.72926708 TanP Tan 43e09.7 B= Tandee=Tan2* 69° = 05971111 SinP- Sin 45°09." = Lisaiss9s Tan Az= =1779003 Az=S60.6°E (€or 60°06") ie, 1194°1) DR lat 60° 060°N_ DR ong 66° 18.0; Intercept 2.0" AWAY ‘Azioth 139.4°C1) PL 029.4°.209.4° Answer, mn[16- PLANETS} EXERCISE 20 Gotercept - PLANETS) (2) On the moming of 3th Nov 1992, in DR 39° 50°N 100° 12°F, the observed altude of MARS was 48° 41.2" at 1h 42m 52s thon time, The chron ertor was Olm 10s slow. If HE was 22m, find the direction ofthe PL and a poston through which itpases (2) On 22nd Sept 1992, PM ship in DR 40° 21°S 140° 12°W, the sextant altitude of SATURN was 54° $8.6" when the chron {error L1m 31s fst showed Oth 15m 42s. ITH was 20m and TE wae 3.2 onthe aro, required the direction of the PL and a position through which it pases. @) On 17% Jan 1992, AM at ship in DR 31°41°N 100° 10°E the sextant altitude of VENUS was 19° 48.6° when the chron (error 02m 06s fast) showed 11h 4lm 44s. IF IE was 21° 00 the ate and HE was 12m, find the direction ofthe PL and a postion through which to draw it (6) On Ist May 1992, PM at ship in DR 19" 54°S 179° 58°W, the ‘sextant aide of JUPITER wat $2° 38.5" wheo the chron {error Ol 10s fat) showed 06h 21m 525. FTE was 0.2" off the ate and HE was 17m, find the direction of the PL and a position through which it passes (6) On Ist Doe 1992, PM at ship in DR 29° 56°S 106 14°F, the sextant altitude of SATURN was 46° 218° when eh (eror (5m Ols slow) showed 12h 18m 33 FTE was 1.3” ofthe are and HE was lm, Sind the direction of the PL and the longitude where it ersses the DR lat (U6- PLANETS} 165 Ex-meridian - PLANET: On 30th Nov 1992, AM at ship in DR 34° 57'S 119° 30°E, the sextant alitude of MARS near the meridian was 13° 23.1" at O8h Odm 395 chron time (eror 0m Ols slow). I HE wat 17m and TE was 04” on the are, ind the direction ofthe PL and a position through which it passes. Note: Near the meridian means ‘hat working sto be bythe ex-meridian method. dhms dkms Chron 080039 or 20 00 39 Error 2.05 0} 1 05 0 out 08 05 40 29 20.05 40 LIN) 07 $9 29 (2107 59.20 irr 16 05 00 30 06 05 00 ‘GMT 224208 05m 405 GHA ase 435° Seta 31281" Ince ore 25.0" Ee aae x25) goo" OL Obsat 319227 GHA 250" 087 Dip(itmy 073" long (2) L19* soo" Appa 3115 HA one" $87" TotComm () 018 ee 23° 05.0N ‘Addl corm (4) 002° 40 00° 00 Tat = 3IF140'N ee 23° 05.0N TD sera50's Reduction # 46.2" Aoagm MzD | STS98S BORAN ee 22050-N C064IN Obs tat 34° S88 ‘AzNIOTW DRlong 119°500°E ie, 349°) PL 0793-25936 13[16 - PLANETS] * Approx LMT mer pats given in that day's page of the almanac {is 03h 24m, So LMT of sight mst be 04h not 16h 4 Workiog steps to obtain Reduction from Nanticl Tables From Table I value F (Burton's) of value A (Norie's) = 1.75, From Tiblell, Fist Correction = 464° From Table IL, Second Correction = (-)002" Recton tothe TZD observed 462 Notes (1) Working is similar to Ex-mesiian Sun (Chapter 146) except that v eomecion has to be applied to GHA and an additional conection is sometimes necessary for Mars & Venus, (@) Bwrmeridian star can alto be worked bythe Haversne formula as mentioned in Chapter 14.6 (noe: 10). ‘Solution by scientifeealeulator Cos MZD = Cot TZD + [(1- Cos P) .Cos DR lat Cos dee] Note: TZD 58° 46.0", P9° $8.7, la 34° 57S, doc 23°05.0°N = Cos $8°46,0"+ [1 Cos 9°58.71,.Cos 34°57” Cos 23°05.0") = 05299304, Hence MZD, by scientific ealulator, = 58° 0.0" Mzp = ss°000°S dec = 3 050'N Obs iat = 34°55.0°S. DR long. = 119° $0.0" E NOW =3493" (1D) 2593" TanAz= __1_. = 0.1897461 © Cost PL=0793) 16 (16 - PLANETS} Exercise 21 (Ex-meridian situde- PLANETS) (2) On 3rd May 1992, PM at ship in DR 40" 1°'N 65° 30°W, the sextant altade of JUPITER near the meridian was 60° 45.4° 00h 13m $0s chron time (eror Ofm 10s slow). IF TE was 03° onthe arc and HE was 14m, find the direction ofthe PL. and a position through which it pases, (2) On 300 Nov 1992, PM at ship in DR 56° 04°N 120° 04°, the sextant altade of SATURN near the meridian was 16° 05.6° 09h Olm 495 chron time cor 02m OS¢ fst). FTE was ail tnd HE was 17m, find the direction ofthe PL and the Intiude ‘where it eats the DR longitude, ) On 14th Oct 1992, during morning twilight in DR 63° 55°N 110° 20°W, the observed altitude of MARS near the meridian ‘was 49° 09.5" at Olh 15m 20s by chron (eror Om O05 slow) HEE 10m, Find the dretion ofthe PL and a potion through ‘which to draw it (#) On 17th Jan 1992, AM at ship in DR 45° 02°S 36° 42°F, the sextant altitude of JUPITER near the meridian was 37° 06.8" ‘when chron (eror Olm 06s slow) showed O18 26m 14s, FTE was 0.6 off the arc and HE was 12m, find the direction ofthe PL and a position through which it passes. (6) On 4th May 1992, AM at ship in DR 52° 13°S 64° 15°W, the observed altiude of SATURN car the meridian was’53° 107.8" at 10h 59m Sis chron time. If chron eror was Olm SIs fast and HE was 20m, find the direction of the PL andthe lt ‘where itcuts the DR log. ns117-Moowy 17 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES - MOON 17.1 Amplitude - MOON: (On 2nd Sept 1992, in DR 40" 02'S 173° 18°E, the Moos st bearing 243° (C). I variation was 2°W, find the deviation of ‘he compass forthe ship's head, Notes (1) The LMT of MoonriseMoonset given in the almanac is approximate only and requies correction forthe longitude of the observer. (2) First write dow the approximate LMT of Moonrse/Moonset forthe date in question, Compare it withthe approximate [LMT ofthe EARLIER ooourrence of the same phenomenon if longitdeis EAST, and the NEXT occurrence ifthe longitude is WEST, to get the daly difference, (6) Oban “ongitde correction” by the formula, given below, in ‘which longitude is in degrees and decimal of a degree and daily ciference isin mutes of time. 136 {17- MOON} Longitude correction = longitude x daily difference 360 (4) Obzan the long. corm, and apply itt the approx LMT of ‘Moow/Moonse forthe dato in question (if lng, is E subtract. and if W, ads), The roslt cbiained is the LMT of the ‘vcurrene on the day in question. By applsing LIT to it. we {28 the OMT. The long. coern and the LMT may cach be founded off tothe nearest whole minute (6) The rest of the working is similar to that of amplitude Sun, explained in Chapter 143, ‘Approx LMT Moonset Sopt 024 2¢h 19m" Long E,Earlior Moonset Old 23h L4m Daily ditrence ‘Oth 05m = 65m Owing to the fact that the interval botwoun suesesive ‘oceurtenees of th same phenomsnon ofthe Moon (mer pass to mer pass, Moonrise to Moonrise and Mons to Moonset). |S more than 24hours. may somtimes happen that, om 3 ‘ven day. one of the phonomens docs not cccur. In the trotked example here, tore is 0 Moons on 2 Sept The rearest one tabulatd in the almanac i, Sept O24 24h 19m reall: means 34 008 198m = 1733.68 360 Approx LMT Moonset 024 24h 19m Long East Com (3) Correct LMT Mooaset 024 23% 48m ure 11h 33m Correst OMT Moonsst (24 12h 15m Ww[17- MOON} de 2118's From Tables or by the formu: aG6.1),_015* in do. Sec lat dee 1200S wases la 020s 241.6 CD) 20°W 2.8 243.0" (©) O6E EXERCISE 22 (Amplitude - MOON) (1) On 2nd May 1992, in DR 20° 12°S 164° 40°F, the Moon set ‘bearing 290°(C). If variation was 2°W, find the deviation of the compass for the ship's head. (2) On 31st Aug 1992, in DR O0°O1'N 174°S6°W, the Moon rose ‘bearing 102°(C). If variation was 1.7, find the deviation, (@) On 4th March 1992, in DR 42° 20°N 64" 18°F, the rising ‘Moon bore 089°C). If variation was 10%E, find the deviation ‘ofthe compass (On 2nd Sept 1997, the Moon set bearing 260°%(C) in DR 35° (6S 74° 12°E. If variation was 12°W, find the deviation. "Note: Approx LMT Moonset 024 24h Otm (34 O08 Om) and (14 23h 06m. So at Greenwich, there is no Mooaset on 2nd. However, the application of W long. corm. to Moonset of 3rd will give the required LMT as 2nd. (5) On 21st Jan 1992, the Moon rose bearing 080%(C) in DR 30° 10'S 40° 20°F. If variation was 5.3°W, find the deviation. ne 117- MOON} 172 Lat by mer alt- MOON: On 25h Feb 1992, in DR 10° 05°N 103916°E, the sextant meridian altitude of the Moon's UL was 56° 149° 1 TE twas 1.6" on the are & HE was 12m, ind he latina andthe PL ahm Soxt Alt 56149" Approx LMT-mer pass 25 05 52 TE(eo) LOLS — Long, Earlier. 24 05 00 Obs ak 56133) Daly difernce 32 Dip (12m) (05.1. Long coer = 103:352)/360= = 15, Appalt $6°072° Approx LMT mer pass 25 05_52 Main corm (#) 42.1’ Correct LMT mer pass 25-0537 HP (S58) (OR LITE) 06 $3 56°52" Correct GMT mer pass 2422-44 ULcorm (300° declination m6 Tak S6°228S (14.3) 032: MzD —33°376'N declination 2248'S Dee Latitude PL: B-W Notes (1) Method of obtaining GMT of mer pass is similar to that of amplitude Moon - Chapter 17.1 (2) Correction of altitude of Moon is oxplained in Chaptor10 2. (G) For exact GMT, put LHA = 360° and campute GMT. to the ‘nearest second, as explained under mer alt planet in Ch, 16.1 EXERCISE - 23 (Latitude by meridian altitude - MOON) (1) On Ist Dec 1992, in DR AO" 12°S 164° 48°, the observed meridian alitudo ofthe Moon's LL. was 36° 40,3". IF HE was |, find the latiude and the direction ofthe PL. 19117-MOON} (@) On 2ist July 1992, in DR 37° 22°N 96° 36°W, the sextant rmetdin alitude of the Mooa’s UL was 62° 01.1" ITE was 04° off the are & HEE was 17m, required the latitude and PL. (@) On 26th Feb 1992, in DR 50° 10°S 64° 12°E, the observed alkieue ofthe Mocn’s LL on the meridian was 63° $8.0" If "HE was 20m, find the latitude andthe PL, (4) On 2nd Sept 1992, in DR longitude 175° 16°F, the sextant meridian altitude ofthe Moon's UL was 23° 278° South of the observer. NTE was 0.2 off the arc and HE was 14m, find ‘the latiude and the direction ofthe PL. (6) On 29th Noy 1992, in DR longitude 140° 12°W, the sextant ‘meridian altitude ofthe Moon’s UL was 62° 15,6" North of| the observer. If HE was 10m, and TE was 0. en the arc, ‘equred the latitude andthe direction ofthe PL 173 Azimuth - MOON:- On March 6th 1992, AM at ship in DR 30° 30° 140° LW the Moon bore 105° (C) at 07 35m O2s chron time (error O4m 068 fs) If variation was 2°E, find the deviation dhme ahms chron 073502 or 19 35 02 Exor 08 06 1 04 05 Mr 0730-56 06 1930 56 LW) (09 20 48 (2 09 20 44 im 2 10 12 06 10 10-12 (GMT 06d 19h 30m S62 M40 (17--MOON) GHA 080 46.2" dee 09° 19.7'N ler oor 229° 4a.) 062° vas @) ont dec 09° 25.9°N GHA one 163 at 30° 300'N LongiW) () 140° 10° A 046s THA 308 053° B o2uN Azimuth =$ 878° E or 1022°(1) € C 0251S Aliemative 1 Ta 1022 — CAz 1050" () Emer 28° W. Var 20 E Dv 48° W (Calculation of Aximoth by scientific calculator: A=Tanlat = B=Tandoe Tan Are Tan SinP ©. Cos ae ICLHA < 180°, P= LHA. IF LHA > 180", P = (360 - LEA), [Naming of A,B and Azimuth is as sated before. Whea P > 90%, ‘the minus sgn obtained forthe value ofA isto be ignored asi is taken care ofby changing name of A (gee Chapter 14.2), A= Taplat = Tan30°300" =0.46167665 TaaP TanSi° 54.7 B= Tandoc=Tan 09259" =02110597N SinP SinSiPs47) C =025061698 Tan Az= 46309411 n= S 778° (C05 30°30 ie, 1022"(1) mi[17-MOON} EXERCISE 24 (Azimuth - MOON) (2) On 19% Jan 1992, PM at ship in DR 40° 58°N 175° 20°W the ‘Moon bore 100° (C) at OTh 40m $95 chron ime (error Om Os slow) 1 variation was 6°W, find the deviation, (2) On 3tet Aug 1992, PM at ship in DR 36° 03'N 146° 50"E the ‘Moon bore 230° (C) at Oh 14m $65 chron time (eror 02m (6s fat). I variation was 3°W, ind the deviation. (0) On 30th Nov 1992, t 1950 hours at ship in DR 20° 29'S (017° 46°E the Moon bore 280° (C). If ship's time difeence was (GMT + Th) and variation was 35°, find the deviation, 17.4 Longitude by chronometer - MOON:- (On 25th Feb 1992, AM at ship in DR 20° 04'S 90° ¢W, the sextant altitude ofthe Moon's UL was 52° 26.8" at (0h Sém 17s chron time (error Odm Os fst). IFHE was 19m and TE was 06° off the are, calculate the direction of the PL and a postion through which it passes, anms ahms Chroa 25617 or la 56 17 Eror 04 OL (04 01 ont 2216 25 145216 UTM — 1.96 00.16 06 00 16 LMT 20-5200 25-08 52 00 GMT 254 14h 52m 16: ir 17 - MOON} Solution by Nautieal Tables: Hav LHA = Sec L. See D [Hav 2D -Hav (L~D)] GHA eas Sextalt 52° 268° Ince 012° 28.3" Eom —@) we v9.7) (48s Obsak 52° 274" GHA 30203" Dip (19m) @_077 Appalt 5219.7 Maincorm (4) 452° ee 24° 1638 HP(SS4) 029" 423) 002 02.0" 33° O18 dee 24 183s ULeom —@_ 300° ha 0040's Tat SP a7 -v) oF 1a m war NatHay 2D 0.10264 ‘Log Hay st 9.00548 NatHav(L~D) 9.00137 Log SecL 0.02720 NatHav dif 0.10127 Log SocD 9.04032 [Log Hav LHA_ 9.07300, LHA 040° 14.1" (soe note |, Chapter 153) A. 043 GHA 130°203° B 9708 Obs long, 090" 05.2'W c 027s DRiat § -20°040SAR25S59°(T) Az $75.9 W PL 165,9° -345,9° dough DR lat and Obs long. Answer. Solution by scientific calculator: Coe Tak Sin ‘Cos at Cos 3[17-MOON} Note: If Lat and doo are same name (-, contrary names (1). Hence in the formula, (-) has been put above the (4). Entre numerator is Sin ad entire denominator is Cos, Talt=s2°378" — tat= 20°080°S deo = 2471838 = Sin 52° 37.8°(2Sin 20°08" Sin 24° 18.9 Cos 20° 04", Cos 24° 18.3 7634079 P40" 14.1" ce note 1, Chapter 153) LHA = 040° 14.1" GHA ‘To calculate azimuth by scientific calculator: AxTanlat ‘Tan dee Tan Az=__1 Tan ‘Sin P ©. Cos at IELHA < 180°, P = LHA, If LHA > 180°, P = (360 - LHA) [Naming ofA, B and Azimuth sas tated before. When P > 90°, the minus sign obtained forthe value of A is tobe ignored asi is taken cae of by changing name ofA (see note 2, Chap. 14.2) ‘Tanlat =Tan 20°04.0" =04317253N TaP Tana ia ‘Tandee = Tan28° 183° SinP Snaor14 ——__ © =026746258 6991879 Tan Az 9172 An=S 759° 1 (Cos 20° 04") ie, 2559°(1) 4 117 -MOON] EXERCISE 25 (Longitude by chronometer - MOON) (1) On Ist Sept 1992, PM at ship in DR 20° $8°N_ 120° 19-W the sextant altude of the Moon's LL was 33° 06.6" at 02h '35m 5s chron time (eror 10m 42s slow). [FTE was 03” off the are and HE was 30m, find the direction of the PL and 2 position through which to draw it (@) On 22nd Sept 1992, AM at ship in DR 10° 02'S. 76° 50°E, the sevtant aliude of the Moon's LL was 44° 31.7" at 008, 19m 21s ehvon tine (eror 07m 28s slow). IF TE was 0.6" on the arc and HE wat lm, find the direction of the PL andthe longitde where iteuts the DR lt (G) On 6th March 1992, AM at ship in DR 00° 00" 60" 50°W, he sextant alitade ofthe Moon's UL was 44° 28.9" at O2b 44m 48s choo time (eror Lm 16s fas). IF HE was 15m and TE was O.t" off the are, ind the diction of the PL and a position through which it pases. (4) On 25th Feb 1992, AM at ship in DR 35° 03'S 87° 11°E, the ‘observed altitude of the Mooa's UL was 46° 29.5° at 038 16m 26 chron time (enor O5m 6 fast). IF HE was 18m, Sind the direction ofthe PL and a psition through which it passes, (6) On 30th Noy 1992, PM at ship in DR 27° 45'S 140° 20°W, the cbsered altitude ofthe Moon's UL was 40° 18.8" at 11h 10m O8s chron time (error OOm 025 slow). IFHE was 10m, find the direction ofthe PL and the longitude where it cuts the DRist us[17-MooNy 175 Intercept - MOON: On 25th Feb 1992, AM at ship in DR 20° 04°S 90° OW, the sextant altitude of the Moon's UL was $2° 26,8" at (2h Sém 17s chron time (error Od Os fast) IF HE was 19m and TE was 0.6 off the are, calculate the direction of the PL and 2 Postion through which it passes. anme ahms Chron, 25617 or 1436 17 Error (204 o1 ‘ our 023216 25 1432 16 UT) — 06 09 16 2) 06 00 16 Mr 20° $200 25-08 52 00 GMT 254 14h 52m 16 Solution by Nautical Tables: Hay CZD = (Hav LHA .Cos L Cos D) + Hav (L~D) GHA as Sextalt 52° 26° leer oi 283° TEM — 4) 006" v7) ()_ 8S Obsake 52° 274° GHA 130" 203° Dip (19m) @_O77 LeogW 090" 04.0" Appalt 52° 19.7 LHA 40 16 Main corm (4) 452° ee 26 163'S HP (SSA) (29 4023) oo so 078 ee 24 1839'S ULeorm (300° tat oros.os Ta Se ar) ores Tm wry 46 117 MOON} Log tav LHA 9.07374 TopCosL 997280 LogCosD 9.95968 og Fay sum 2.00623 Nat Hay Sum_ 0.1 Nat Hav(l ~ 0.00137 Nat Hav CZD 010282 cp xP 43 TD 3m. Int (Towards) "2.0 ‘Az S75,9°W=255.9° A0.3IN DRiat — 20°040°S Boss DRlong 90° 04.0°W C0268 PL= 1659-345. (T) Notes (1) A rough sketch (not nocesarily to scale) shouldbe drawn to show thatthe student ows where the PL isto be drawn. (@) Calculation of the latitude and longitude ofthe TTP (tcroept ‘terminal point) is not necessary in such a problem, Solution by scent caleulator (Cos CZD = Cos P . Cos lat. Cas dec Sin lat Sin dee [Note:- If Lat and dec are same name (+), contrary names (). “Hence in the formula, the (+) has boen put above the (-). ‘The sigs.are opposite to that fr long by chron formula. Ww117-MOON} P4163" Iat= 20°040'S dee = 24°183°5 Cos CZD = Cos 40° 163°, Coe 20° 04.0" . Cos 24° 18.3° ) Sin 20° 040". Sin24° 18.3" 0.7943730 cz> = 37242" TD = 322 In(Tow) = 20° Calculation of aximuth by scientific calculator AsTanlat —-B=Tandec Tan Az Tan? SinP © Cos at ‘A= Tanlat =Tan20° 040" = 04311654N TanP Tan 40" 163° B= Tandoc=Tan24° 18.3" ~ 0,69865965 SinP Sin40°163" 026749428 Tan Az= ___=3.9800090As=S75.9°W (Ceos20° 04") ie, 2559°) EXERCISE 26 (lotercept - MOON) (1) On 6th March 1992, AM at hip in DR 00° 00°60" SOW, the sextant altitude of the Mooa’s UL was 44° 28,9" at 02h 44m 4s con time (enor Im 16s fat) If HE was 15m and TE was 04° off the ac, find the dretion of the PL and a postion through which it passes us 117 - MOON} (2) On 30th Nov 1992, PM at sip in DR 27° 45°S 140° 20°. the observed altitude ofthe Moon's UL wa 40° 18, a 11h 1m O8e ehron time (error Om O2s slow). If HE was 10x, find the intercept and the drceton ofthe PL. (©) On Ist Sept 1992, PM at ship in DR 20° 58°N_120° 19°W the sextant aliude of the Moon's LL was 33° 06.6" at 028 3m 55s chron time (error 10m 42s slow), 1FTE was 0." off ‘he ae and HE was 30m, find the intercept and he PL, (4) On 22nd Sept 1992, AM at ship in DR 10° 02'S 76° 50°E, the sextant altitude of the Moon's LL was 44° 31,7" at 00h 7m 2ls con time (eror 07m 28 slow), IF TE was 0.6" on the arc and HE was Iém, find the intercept and PL, (6) 02 25th Feb 1992, AM at hip in DR 35° 03°S 87° 11°F, the observed alitude of the Moon's UL was 46° 29,5° at 03h 16m 26s chron tine (error OSm 06s fat). IF HE was 18m, find the direction of the PL and te interept, 17.6- Rx-meridian alitude - MOON: On 29: Nov 1992, in DR 36° 08'S 96° 40, the sextant altiude of the Moon's UL near the meridian was 68° 53.7" at 09h 18m 24s chron time error 0Sm Os slow). ITE was 02" off the ac and HE was I4m,fnd th direction ofthe PL and position trough which t passes @hms abms Choa 9 1824 21 Is 26 Eror (2.05 OL e105 01 GMT 29 09 23.25 2123 35, LIME) (2.06.26 40 42.06 26 40 IMT 29-15°50-05 05 5005 GMT 294 09h 23m 285 9117-MooNy ‘Solution by Nautical Tables: GHA 2568 09.9" Sextalt 68° 53.7 Incr ose 35.2" EM — 4) 002° (137) 900 05.4" Odea 68° 539" GHA 261° 505 Dip (4m) 066 Long E Appalt 68° 473" HA ‘Main Corm 00° 312" dee HP(S47) 90° 033 402 ae or as dee 13° 092'S Uleorm §— @_ 300" Tae 6 S1BN A2815SN TD + 082'S 104038 Reduction (_02.6"* ©17782N zp 05.68 dee 52 0927'S ‘AzN40°E=006.0°C7) Obs lt 36" 1485 PL. 094.0°-274.0%T) DRlong 96" 40.0°E * Working steps to obtain Reduction from Nautical Tables rom Table] -valueF (Burton's) or value A (Nets) = 4:3 From Table ll, First Correcion = 2.6" rom TableIll, Second Correction ‘Reduction tothe TZD observed Notes: (2) tm this problem, no hint of ship's time is given but approx EMT of mer pass Moon from the almanac is 1608, So corect LEM must be very near that time. (2) The working is similar to that of Ex-meriian altitude Sun. G) MZD can also be obtained bythe Haversineformul:- Hav MZD = Hay TZD - (Hav LHA . Cos L. Cos D). 150 107-MooNy Solution by scientific ealeuator Cos MZD = Cos TZD + {(I - Cot P) . Cos DR at. Coe des} TZD 21° 082! P1°29.5" DRL 36" 08'S dec 15° 09.2'S Cos 21°08 2°+{(1- Cos 1°29.57). Cos 36°08". Cos 15°09.2" '= 9329871. Heace MZD by scientific calculator = 21° 05.7" MzD = 21°087°s Aw Tanlat = 28155720N deo = 150928, Tan? Odslat = 361898. B=Tandoe = 10,403512S DR long = 96° 40.0" E SinP c= 17782200 Tan Az= €or at PL=094,0°- 274.0° (7) Ist117-MOON} Exercise 27 (@x-meridian atude - MOON) (2) On 2nd Sept 1992, in DR 39° S7'N 179° S6°E, the sextant ‘tte ofthe Moon’s UL near the meridian was 29° 14.2° ‘when chron (eror 02m 238 fast) showed O¢h OS 49s. 1 IE ‘was 03° off the arc and HE was 18m, find the direction of ‘he PL and a poston through which it pases, (2) On 26th Feb 1992, in DR 45° 04°S 000° 20°W, the sextant altitude of the Moon's LL near the meridian was 68° 58.1" when chron (rot 02m 30s slow) showed 06h $m O05, LIE was 0.1" onthe ae and HE was 14m, find the direction ofthe PL and the lat whore tuts the DR long (0) On 6th March 1992, in EP 45° 40°N 60° 12°W, the sextant altitude ofthe Moon's UL near the meridian was $2" 19.4" ‘when ern (error H4m 12s slow) showed Ouh 47m 163. 1F1E vas 0 off the are and HE was ISm, find the direction of the PL and position through which to draw it (4) On Ist Dee 1992, in DR 46° 12°S 90° 20°F, the sextant altitude ofthe Moon's UL near the meridian was 49° 46.8" ‘whon chron (error 05m 09s fst) showed Th 03m SH, 1 1E ‘was 0.6" the are and HE was 0m, ind the direction ofthe PL and a position trough which it pases, (5) On 234d Sepe 1992, in EP $8° 02'N 178° S0°W, he sextant altitude of the Moon's UL near the meridian was 40° 38.3" at 09h S2m 10s chron timo If chron error was 11m Os fast, IE was 0.7 on the are and HE was 17m, find the dzeton of the PL and the fat where it cuts the DR long, 12 (18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} 18 GRAPHICAL COMBINATION OF SIGHTS Graphical combination of sights means the contruction ‘of a small part of a Mercator Chatto scale, ploting therein the ‘esuls of two or mote astronomical sights and thence obtaining the position ofthe vessel, ‘The Mercator Chart has been detribed in Chapter 7 However, a flow important points are emphasised here, (On a Mercator Chart- (1) Allmeridians are paral (Q) A nautical mile is equa to one minute oft, @) All distances, whether North-South, East. West or oblique, ae in expressd in nautical miles, 4) All North-South distances, in nautical miles, are equal to rminstes oft. (6) The East-West distance bawecn the meridians of two places, measured along the latitude scale, is called departure and is expressed in nautical miles. 13[18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} (6) The Eas West distance between the meridian of two places, measured along the longitude sale = long between them. ‘The conversion of dep into long, and vce versa, by formula and by Traverse Tables, as beea| explained calcein this book. Piloting ean be done on plain paper - graph paper is nat ‘essential. The scale should be clearly mentioned. The most onveniat seals to use ate Lem : IM of 1 inch : 1M. Where practicable, scales involving fractions should be avoided 30 38 to ‘minimise the chances of err especially when in hry, ‘Whea tansfring a PL fram ane portion to another, it is suggested that, in order maintain accuracy, nuns in excess of about 10M should be calculated. If large distances are plored to scale the scale would have to be small with resultant loss of accuracy. Tis also posible to combine two sights by trigonometry but that procedure would be tedious and the chances of clerical error are great. It is therefor not recommended. ‘When one of two PL's runs exactly E -W, i is possible to calculate the longitude ofthe fx without plotting a shown in ‘worked examples AS, BI and B2 ofthis chapter. A - SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ‘A1- Two longitudes by chronometer:- In DR 20° 36'N 146° 11°W, star SPICA bore 046° (1) siving an Obs long of 146° 13.4°W. At the same time, star DENEB bore 130° (1) giving an Obs long of 146° 19.3°W. Find the position ofthe sip Dong between the Obs long's = 5.9, For m'at 20°, dep = 5.5" (ick interpolation method by TT is explained in Chapter 6.3), 14 (18 PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} (Obs Tong 146" 13.4 W DR lat 20° 36'N Dep 55 (tong 59) ti j SCALE, DR lat 20° 360N long 146" 19.3W Using mlat 206° lat 0% O3.0N long O° 02.7 and dep of 02. Fix lat 20° 390N long 146" 166W long is O27°E, A2- Two intercepts In DR 36° 18'S 93° 27°F, find th postion ofthe ship using the follwing observations:- Intercept 3.2.M_ Towards Az 120° (1) Interept 1.8 M Away from Az 020° (7). Iss[18 PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} DR long 93° 27° E DR lat 36° 1808 long 093° 27.08 Using mbt 36.3° iat 02 0278 long O* 0268 and dep of 02.1. Fix lat 36° 20.78 long. 093° 29.6E dlong is 02.6°E 156 [U8 PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} ‘A.3- One long by chron & one intercep- In DR 48° 24°N 179° 50°E, find the position ofthe ship fiom the fllowing two observations (© Obs long 179° 55.4°W Az 030° (i) Int 05° Tow Az 335°, Dilong between DR & Obs lng: 6. Mist 484°, dep = 3.7, ‘Obs ong 179°55.8W DRin4e® 24°N Dep3.7 (Dong 56) DR lat 48° 240 Jong 179° 59.0E Using mat 484° lat © OLIN dlong 0° 023 and dep of O1.5E Fix lat 48° 253% long 179° $8.7W dloog is 023°E. ‘A4- One mer at and one long by chron:- DR 49° 11°S 147" 44°B, an Obs lng of 147° 502° and Azimath of 300° (F) were obtained. A meridian altitude then ‘ave latitude to be 49° 145°S, Find the ship's position, 17(08- PLOTTING OF SIGHTS) DRist 49° 1108 (Obs long 147° 502° s Fix lar 49°14.5S Obslong 147°50.2E Using m'lt 49.2° long 0% 03.1.W and dep of 02.00 Fixlong 147°47.1E long is 03.1°'W Alternative method without plotting ‘When one PL is exactly E - W, the latitude of the fx is now, The d'lat, ftom the DR to the fx, mukiplied by C ‘correction ithe log from the DR 10 the fx, 158 (08- PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} In this case, lat from DR to fix = 35'S, From ABC Tables, for lat 492° and Az 300", C = 088, D'loug = 3.5 x 088 = 3. Since PLis 030-210, going S along the PL (Qa) also means ning W (@Tong W). Hence d'oag inthis case is W. Long offic = DR. ong = 147° $02°E -3.1'W= 147°47.1'E. A'S- One ex-meridian and one intercep In DR 60° 41°N_ 52° 27°W, an intercept of 2.1" Away ftom Az 225° was obtained. At the tame time, an ex-met alt gave an Obs lat of 60° 36.2°N and an Az of 357° (1), Find the poston of the ship. (Note: This is sinila to the combination of an observation of Polaris and an intercept) x (Obs lat 60° 36.2'N DR long 052°27 0W Using mvlat 60.6 lat Q°O04N dong 0° 15.1 and dep of 07.4 Fix lat 60° 36.6N Fix long OSPILIW Along is 15,1. 159|[18- PLOTTING OF Si ‘A.6- Polaris and one long by chron DR 40° O1'N_ 110° 30°E. ALDEBARAN - Obe long 110° 34.2°E, Az 120°. Using the same DR, Polaris - Obs lt 39° 58.1°N, bearing 002°(1), Find the ship's posto, Mila 40.0%, "long 42°F, dep (axing T.T: 328, DR long 110° 3008 be ong 10°42 Obs lat 39° 58.10 DR long 110°30.0E Using mat 40.0° tat 0° 0005'S long 0° 0208 and dep of 01.58 Fix lat 39°S8.0SN Fix long 110°32.0 long is 02.0°E "Note: Inthe foregoing example, it was stated that the same DR was used for working both sights ~ hence plating as shown, 160 [18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} Plating would have been simpler if (she Obs lat by PolaivEx- rmer alt was used for calculating the long by chron a8 show in sxample A 7 of (i) the Obs long obtained was used to caeulate the Obs lat by PolarsfEs-mer alt as shown in example A A7- Polaris and one long by chron: Using DR 60" 00°N 90° 30°E, star Polaris gave an (Obs lat of 59° 58:4°N bearing 002"(T). With this Obs Int, star BETELGEUSE gave an Obs long of 90" 38°E and an Az of 045°, Find the position ofthe ship. Mila 60.0%, dong 8.0°E, dep (using TT Pea wer | — pops ing 808) 3 2 : 1 2 > |F rr 5 SCALE g (Obs Iat 59° S8.A'N Obs lag 090°38,0°E Using mt 60.0° iat 070028 long 0" 00.4 and dep of 005 Fix lat S9*S82N Fixlong 090°38.4 long is 00.4 161(18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS) ris and one lng by chron: ‘While a ship was In DR position 64° 28°N 160° 20°W, an observation of the str RIGEL gave an Observed longitde of 160° 24°W on a bearing of 210° (T). Very soon ‘hereafter, using this Observed longitude, an ex-meridian observation of the star VEGA gave an Observed latitude of 68° 233.2°N with an Azimuth of 350° (7), Fin the position ofthe ship by graphical combination of these two observations Obs at 64°32 a; eer Dia 1.28 Hi Obs lat 64" 33.2 Obs long 160°240W Using m'at 645° lat 020128 long OF 163W and dep of 07. 0W Fix lat 64°32.0N Fixlong 160° 40.3W dlong is 16.3" W. 162 [18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} AD Thre intercepts: [A ship in DR 20° 11°S 140" 36°E obtained the following itercepts:- (a) 3.20 M Away fom Azimuth 042° (T) (@) 56M Towards Az 100%(T) & (€) 82M Towards Az 170°C) Fad the position ofthe ship, DR tong 140°36 F208" DR lat 20°11.0$ DRiong 140°36.0% Using ala 20.3" lat WOTR'S dlong — OO4SE and dep of 04.2 Fix lat 20°18.8S Fixlong 140°405E d'long is 04: 16[14 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS) [Note This is the usual method of obtaining a star fix ats. The triangle formed by the intersection ofthe thre postion lines is called the “Cocked ha’. When sighs are taken propery, the cocked hat would be very small. Common causes of « irge ‘oekad hat ae: (a) Error in observation of alitude or time by the observer. (6) Too mach interval between sights, during which the ship's ran ‘ignored (Small angle of cut betwoen poston lines, For good angle of ut. usngthoe stars, they should be around 45° 60" apart. ‘When the cocked is smal, the poston of the ship {s taken to be at the centre. The postion ofthe ship cannot be obtained diet rom the plot ifthe cocked bat i large. “Throo intoreepts are casior to plot than throe Jongiudes by chronometer, A10- Three longitudes by chronometer: From the following observations in DR 5° 02°N 15" 39°W, find the position ofthe vessl- (@) Obs long 075° 42.7W Az 331° (1) (©) Obs long 075° 38.1°W Az L13° (1) (6) Obs long 075° 32.8°W ~Az 227° (1, ‘Obs long. 075° 42.7°'W Obs long 075° 38.1°W Obeloog 0752 38.1°W Obs ong 075° 32.8°W along O8SE dione OS3E ep O48'E dep 05.7E (oat 15.0%) From the ploted figure on the next page DR lat 15°020N Obs long 075°38.1W Using ma 15.1° Tat O° 03.5N long O°OL.9E and dep of OL.8E Fix lat IS°0SSN Ficlong 075°362W dong is 01. 164 [18 - PLOTIING OF SIGHTS) (Obs long 75° 42.7;W thai ‘SCALE B-STAGGERED OBSERVATIONS Staggered observations means two observations separated by an interval of time, The ship's movement (couse ‘and distance), during the intervening period, has to be taken ito ‘account inorder to obtain the pasion ofthe vesel by combining the results ofthe two observations. ‘Toa position on the Gist PL, the couse and distance rade good by the vessel, during the interval, i applied andthe positon thus obtained is called the “poston to transfer the fist PL’, This transfered PL i erssed with the second PL to obtain the fix at the time of the socond observation. Whon the ran between the two observations isin excess of 10 M, itis suggested 16s[18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} that Traverse Tables be used to calculate the “position to transfer the firs PL’. fa large run was to be plotted, the scale would ‘nave tobe small and loss of accuracy would result, (ving to the large numberof worked examples in this chapter, no separate exercise is being given. Studets may rework ‘he same examples for practice, B I> In DR 46° 20°N 118° 41’E, an Obs long of the Sun was obtained at 0800 and found to be 118° 46°E at an Az of 150°C1), The vessel then steamed a course of 238°(T) ata spond of 15, knots. At 1150, lat by mer alt Sun was found o be 45° 51.2°N, Find the position ofthe ship at the second observation. Ifthe ship continued onthe same cours and spend, state her EP at 1200. 2h Som @ 15 Knots: 7.5M, 238°C) = S38°W. (0800 DR lat 46° 20.0N Obs long 118° 46,0 lat of 46.1° Rundlat 9 3085 dong 1° 10.4 dep of 48.8W MISO DR lat 45°49.9N DR long 117° 35.86 dong = 704° [totes 166 [18- PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} By the scale drawing n the previous page, the fx lies 3M East of ‘the 1150 Obs long. Using m'lat of 45° and dep of 3°E, Tong is found = 43° Fix log = 117° 35.6°E + 4.°E = 117°29.9E, Run 1150 o 1200 at 15 knots = 2.5 miles on course of S8°W. N1S0 Fix at 45°51.21N Fix long 117° 39.98 mat of 45.8" Run dist O° OL3'8 long —_O* 03.0W dep of 02.1;W 1200 EP lat 45°49.9N EP long 117° 369 d'long=3.0° Alternative method without ting ‘When one PL is exactly EW, the latitude ofthe fx is ‘known, The lat, fram the DR iat tp the fix, multiplied by C correction isthe ong from the DR tothe fx, Tnthis ease, dat from DR to fx = 1.7°N. From ABC Tables, for lat 463° and Az 150°, C= 250, Dilong = 17 x250= 43" Since PL is 060 ~ 240%, going N along the PL (lat N) also ‘means going B (dong F). Hence Tong in this cas is ‘Lang of x = DR dong = 117° 35.6°E + 43°E = 117939.°E. 2s. InDR 18° 41'S. 179" S6'E an intercept of 8.4" towards Az 083°CT) was obtained by stellar observation, The vessel then steered 121° (1) foe 70M by log when a meridian altude gave an Obs lat of 19° 14.9°S, Ifa set of 224°C anda drift of 10M was experienced during the interval, find the postion ofthe vessel at the second observation, Note: To the DR position, allow the run tothe FTP (itoreept terminal point) ~ if nterept i towards, allow Az as course and if imercept is away, allow Az + 180° as couree, Then allow for the courses and distances steamed and also forthe set and drift of current lke day's work. The position so obtained would be the sition to transfer the PL. (rival EP) 17Coune Dist lat op m. MN sw. 08a 010 083) 709 36.1 600 Dues ssw 100 on 068 Total 010433 683059 O10 969 Resultant 23 64 DR lat 18°41.0S DRlong 179° S6OE Using m'at 19.0" dint (24238 dlong 1 049E anddep of 61.4 BP lat 19°23°3S EPlong 178° 59.1W d'long is 643°E. be at 19° 14.98 EP long 178°59.1W puta -358 _ Ep It 19°23 ([18- PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} Using. dep 1.0°W (by poting) mat of 19.3° dong = 1.1°W Long of fix = EP + dong = 178° $9,1W + 1.1"W= 199° 00.2, Alternative method without ploting:= When ove PL is exactly E- W, the latitude ofthe fx it ‘own, The lt, ftom the DR lat to the Fix, multiplied by C correction isthe Tong from the DR wo the fx. In this case, lt from EP to fix = .4°N, From ABC Tables, for lat 18.7" and Az 083°, C = 0.13, D'long = fe x 0.13 = 11° Since PL is 173 - 353°, going N along the PL (lat N) also, means going W (long W). Hence dong in this cas is W. Long of fx = EP dong = 178° $9.1°W+ LW = 179° 002, 'B3:- At 0600 in DR O1® 20°N_ 179° $8°W, a sallar observation ‘ave an Obs long of 179° 54°E bearing 062°(T). The vee then steamed 131°(F) at 14 knots, At 1600, using lat 00° 118°, the Sun gave an Obs lng of 178° 12.7'W bearing 323°(T), Find the position of the vessel at 1600 Co S49°E and distance 140M, dat =91.8°S and dep 05.7 (9600 DR iat 01° 20.0' Obs long 179° 54.0 mat of 006° Rundlat O1° 3188 dong 1° 4S.7E de 1600 EP lat OOF 18'S. EP long 178° 20°3W dong 105.78 Obs long 178° 12.70 ong O76E Since BP lati oly 0.2, ep = ong 1.6, rom the plot on the next page: 1600 EP Lat 00° 11.88 EP long 178° 203W n'lat of 002 iat 90° 04.08 dong 0° OLE dep of 02.°E 1600 Fix lat 00°15.8S Fix loog 178° 182W dong i 02.1E 169[18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS) Dep 76 (dong 7.8) = 1600 EP let 00" 11.83, 1600 Obs long 178° 12.7 1600 EP long 178° 203°W 1B 4: In DR 56° 11'N 72° 20°F, an intercept of 63" away from ‘Az 130°CT) was obtained by an astronomical observation. Ship thon steamed 245°C) for 43 miles when another astronomical observation gave an intercept of 2.2° towards Az 210°(1). The DDR usod for the scond observation was obtained directly by allowing the run to the fist DR. Find the postion ofthe ship at the second observation, C0243" = S65°W, distance 4M, dat = 19.'S & dep = 38.°W First DR lat $6°110N DRlong 072°23.0E mvt of 560° Rundiat QO" 19.5S long 1°08 SW dep of 383°W 2nd DR at $5°51.5N DRloog O71 14 SE along= 68.50 rom the plot onthe ner pa and DR at $$°S19N DRlong 071° 14.55 mat of $5.9° Run lat QO°OL3N dong 0° 12 SW dep of 070° Fixlat 55° S2AN Fixlong O71° (2.0E dlong= 12.5W 170 (18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} BS: In DR 33° 18'S 000" 12.6°W, a stellar observation gave an intercept of 42° towards Az 241°C1), After steaming 090°C) fr 122M, another astronomical observation gave an Obs long of 002° 14.S°E bearing 140°CT). The EP used for working. the second observation Was obtained through the fst ITP. Find the aston ofthe ship atthe second observation Intercept i towards so courte = azimuth = 241° = $61°W. Pat 241" = S6I°W 004.7 20 37 (gor= NOE 1720 aa Total 201220 37 oo an Resultant 201183 m(18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} DR lat 33° 18.0 DR long 000° 12.6W Using m'at 333° Resdiat OF O20$ long G2" 219K & depof 118.36, EP lat 33° 2008 EPlong 02° 089E d'long is 141.5°E Obs long 02" 18.5°E Using mat 333° long 08.6 dep= 8.0, k Dep 8.0 (long 9.6) ————>) [EP at 33° 20.08 EP Jong 002" 08 9 EP lat 33°20.0S EPlong 002° O8.9E Using m'at 334° iat 0.0468 long 0 03.08 and dep of 025. Fix lat 33°2468 Fixlong 002° 11.9% d'ong is 03.75. BG: In DR G8* 12.5'N 44° 18'W an astronomical observation {gave an Obs long of 44° 10.6°W whilst bearing 281°(1), After steaming for 112 Mon a course of 327°), an observation of Polaris gave Obs lat 69° 53.3°N bearing 358°(1), using EP long ‘worked from the carlier Obs long Find the position af the ship at the second observation. Im [18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} Course = 327° = N33°W, distance = 112M. DR tat 68° 12.5N Obs long 044" 10.6W Using m'a 69.0" iat _1233.9N long _2* 50.2W and dep of 61.0W EP lat G9°464N EP long 047° 00.8W d'ongis 1702°W be lar 69° 53.3 [EP at 69" 464N Obs lat 69°53.3'N EP long 047" 00.8W Using mat 69.9" lat CODON dlong 0° O41 and dep of O14 Fix lat 69° 533N Fix long. 046° 56.7W d'long is 04.1°E 1[18 - PLOTTING OF SIGHTS} 1B 7 In DR 36* 48°S 110° 37°B, an Ex-meridan sight gave an (Obs Lat of 37° 00°S and a PL. of 100° -280°(1). After steaming (00°F) for 87 M and 270°C) for 101 M, an intercept of 7.2 M ‘Away ffom Az 086°%(T) was obtained working ffom the earlier (Obs lat, Find the poston ofthe ship a the second obsorvation. Course Dist lat ep MM Ns gw. N80 870 W010 oLo ‘Total & rsuliant 870 ‘oo Obs lat 37° 000S DRiong 110° 37.0E Using m'at 363° ‘iat 012220N dong 902" 05.8°W and dep of 101° EP lat 35°33.0S EPlong 108° 315E Song ie 125.0°W EP lat 35°33.08 EPlong 108" 31.68 Using mat 355° lat 0° OL3N long 900° 09.0W and dep of 7737 Fix lat 35°31.7S Fixlong 108° 2268 log is 09.0°W. -200- 1% 19-ERRORS IN SIGHTS} 19 CORRECTION OF SIMPLE ERRORS IN SIGHTS While taking sights and calculating the results thereof there ae a fow errors that may sometimes creep in. If detected early, ther is no difculty. If detected at a late stage in the ‘aleulation, reworking the emire calculation using the correct inputs is one posible way of seting maters right but this may prove tedious and time consuming. In many cases, it may be easier to asses the value ofthe consequent eror in the esl and apply this value as a corection tthe incorrect raul, The erors in inputs may be divided into two clases - 1. Those that affect tr alitade and 2, Those that affet hour angle 1 Rrvors that affect the true altitude: ‘These generally consist of error in reading the sextant, ‘wrong value orsign of index eror, incorec eight of ee, wrong value of total correction, clerical eror (incorrect totalling), ete ‘whereby th true altitude obtained isin err. vs[19-ERRORS IN SIGHTS) ‘Afr studying Chapter 13, itis apparent that: I the true attode has tobe increased, by say 2.3 the Zenith Distance has to be DECREASED by the tame amount, ive. is 23". The position line already obtained has to be shift TOWARDS the azimuth by te same amount, i, 23, It the tre altitude has to be decreased, by say 3.1 the Zenith Distance has tobe INCREASED by the same amount ie, 3.1", The postion line already obtained has 1 be shied AWAY fiom the azimuth by the same amet ‘The shifting ofthe PL, as tated above, can be done by rect calculation or by. simple ploting depending on the ‘Gzcumstancer, as illustrated inthe following worked examples, ‘Worked example 1 - Intercept ‘Using DR 44° 36°N 89° 21°E, a celestial observation gave an interoept of 1.7" Towards Az 130°(T). It was subeeq- vently discovered that IE of 2.4" ON the ae had been applied as (OFF the ae. Fin the new intercept. Ifthe eror had NOT been applied a al, the tre alitude must be decreased by 24 Since it was applied the other way = ded instead of subracod- th tue altude has o be deceased, and hence the Zenith Distance increased, by 4.8" Increasing ZD by 48° means going away from the GP ofthe body. An intercept conection of 4.8" AWAY has to be applied to the intercept already obtained, nerept already obtained 1.7" Towards Correction to be applicd: 4.8" Away. Correct Intercept frm DR: 3.1" Away fom Az 130°(T) 176 ([19-ERRORS IV SIGHTS} ‘Worked example 2- Long by ehron. Using DR 43° 32°N an Obs long of 69° 52.8°E and an [Az of 043° (1) was obtained, It was found later on thatthe HE. ‘sed forthe calculation was takin a¢ 38 m instead of 14 m. Find vere the PL should be drav. Dip for 40 m= 11.1 and for 14 m= 6.6 Difference = 45°. The ‘true abitude bas to be increased, and hence the ZD has to be dcreaed, by 4.5". The PL has tobe shifted Towards Az by 45° Hence it can be stated that an intercept of 4.5" “Towards Az 043.8°(7) bas tobe applied ftom poition 43° 32°N 669° 52.8°E and PL 153,8° ~313.8°(7) has to be drawn from the ITP, This ie scion for actual use at sea If, for any reason, it is dered to know the actual value ofthe correc Obs lng, it can be obtained by simple plot raw to scale or by a simple calealaton. ”(19-ERRORS IN SIGHTS) By calculation, in A ABC, AC = op = 42x See 462 (er calculation purposes a rough sketch would be sufficient) ilong = Dep x Secant lat = 61x See 43°32" = 08 4E. Correct Obs long = 69" 52.8°E + 0°O84°E = 70°01.2°E Worked example 3 - Ex-meridian ‘An exmeriian alt of the Sun gave Obs lat 43° 12°N DR long 63° 29°W Az 177.4°T). Ie was then found thatthe UL (correction -18.2°) had been usd inthe calculation instead of LL. (Comection +14.1), State where the PL shouldbe drawn. Atte coretion applied already Altiude sosrecton that should have been agli Correction to apply to incorrect Tal obtained ‘The ZD obtained shouldbe decreased by 32.320 an intercept (0 32.3 Towards Ax 177.4°(T) has tobe appli (19-ERRORS IN SIGHTS] Itt is desired to know the correct Obs lat, a simple calculation is necessary. The intercept of 32.3 M is too great a Aistance for accurate resls by ploting to scale Dist AC= AB x See 2.6" = 32:3 x See 26 Correct Obs lat= 43° 12" - 00° 323 238 (2° 39.7/N 2. Ervors that affet hour angle: ‘These generally consist of error in reading the chrono meter, wrong vale or sign of chronometer err, incorrect date of GMT, incorect reading of GHA/nerement from Almanac, et incorrect totaling (clerical ero) whereby the GHA obtained i in ceror, If the working i long by chron, the coreet GHA can be applied to the LHA andthe correct Obs long obtained easily. If the working is‘an intercept, litle thought ie necessary as Illustrate by the following worked examples, ‘Worked example 4 - Long by chron Using lat 20° 46°, an observation ofthe Sun gave an Obs long of 119° 17.8°W and an Az of 201°(1) It was later found that chron eror of 2m 24s slow had not been applid. Find here the PL should be dravm Since slow erro is additive, the GMT has to be increased by 2m 24s. From the Almanae, increment fr the GHA, ofthe Sun for 2m 24s = 36.0". This means thatthe GHA has to be increased by 36.0, Since lag is W, GHA -LHA = Obs long Increase of GHA, inthis cate, would increase Obs log by 36.0" CComect Obs long: 19° 17.8°W + 000° 36.0°W= 119" 53.8°W. 11919-BRRORS IN SIGHTS} ‘Worked example S- Intercept Using DR 36° 29°N 116° 14, an interoapt of 3.7" ‘Towards from Az 302°(T) was obtained. K was then discovered thatthe increment used for Stim I2e was taken ffom the almanac for the Sun instead of Aris. Find where the PL. should be correctly drawn, Increment that should ave been used (Aris) = 14°35. Inrement that was used fiom almanac (Sun) = 14° Difference oor 024° ‘Theincroment used shoud be increased by 2.4” of ar. Since lng is E, LHA - GHA = Obs long. Increase of GHA, in this ase, would decrease Obs lng by 02.4. ‘The poston line already obtained has tobe shifted W by a long of 247 Unig lat 365", dep = 1.°W. This means thatthe ITP already obtained has tobe shifted 270°C) bya dtance of 1.9 M, ‘This suficient fractal use a se, DR long 116" 14 oI DR et 36°29 180 (19.6RRORS IN SIGHTS) 1, for any reason, it is desired to know the caret intercept Tn this case, AB © AC x Cos 32° = 19x Cos 32°~= 1.5" Towards Intercept already obtained = 3.2 Towards Comrection toapply_= 16 Towards (Correct intercept inthis ease = 4.8 Towards, If, for any ceason, iis desired to know the correct Obs longitude: In this case, DF = correct dep West from DR position = DE + EF « (ncorectIntereept x Seo 32°) + 19 = G84 19)=5.7 W. Comet dong from the DR position = 5.7 x See it = 7.1" W. Correct Obs longitude = 116° 140" - 000° 07.1" = 116° 069°, 181{19-BRRORS IN SIGHTS} Exercise 28 (Siempe errors insights) Using DR 32° 16°N 108° S7°W, a celestial observation gave an intercept of 0.8" Away from Az 320°(T), Ie was subse benly discovered that TF of 3.2" OFF the are had not been applied, Find the correct interept. Hf the sight had bees ‘worked asa long by chron, state the correct Obs lng. Using DR 62° 19°S an Obs long of 149° 34.7°E and an Az of 208.7 (T) was obtained, It was found later on thatthe HE ‘used for the calculation was taken as 46 m instead of 26 m, Find the caret Obs long, [An ex meridian alt ofthe Sun gave Obs Int 32° 42.3°S DR. long 127° $6°E Az 355.7°C1). Ie was then found thatthe LL (Cometion +13.4") had been used i the calculation instead of ‘UL (coretion 18.4"), Find the correct Obs lat Using DR lat 53° 17°N, an observation of the Sun gave a Obs log of 79° 23.9°E and an Az of 1250). It was later found that chron eror of Om 228 Fast ad been applied as Slow (added instead of subtracted) Find the corect Obs ong ‘Also find what intercept to apply to the DR lat and the Incorret Obs long of 79° 23°F ‘Using DR 46° 55°S 133° 48°W, an intercept of 2.5" Away fiom Az 139°(T) was obtained, If was then discovered thatthe increment used for 44m 28 was taken from the almanac for the Sun instead of Aries Find where the PL should be comely drawn, lo. ie (20-ALTITUDE COMPUTATIO, 20 COMPUTATION OF ALTITUDE: 20.1 Meridian Aliudes ‘The average student is so used to working from th sextant meridian altitude to te latitude that he tends to get di ‘oriented inthis type of problem. This difficulty is overcome by writing the steps from the sextant altitude downto the latitude in the usual manner and working from bottom upwards, 38 follows Worked example 1 (On 23rd Sept 1992, in DR 23° 40°N 161°56'E, compute the sextant meridian altitude ofthe Sun's LL if IE was 23° on the are and HE was 10 5m, From Almanac Sext A 66° 06.3" LMT merpass [234 Ith S2m 005 te) = | Lire) |e 10 4744 Obsait | 66° 04.0" GMT mer pass 234 01h 04m 16s Dip (105m) | 057 — Dee (00°06.1°S Appait | 65° 5k d(L.0) (2) 00.1 Totcorm LL | () 155° Dee 002062" § Tal 8s zp 23° 462° Dec 00° 062'S Latinde | 23° 400°N, PL:- B-W 19Note [20-ALTITUDE COMPUTATION] |: First work out the destination a8 wal, as shown above ‘on the right hand side 2 Inset the values of DR at & dec inthe botom columns 3 Insert name of True at by comparing the values of DR. Jat and oe (ame of true alt= azimuth at mer pas) 4 Insert the name of MZD (opposite to tht of tut al). 5: Compute the value of MZD bearing in mind the original thumb rule when working a normal Int by mer alt ~ if IMZD and dec are of same nam, add and retain the name; if of contrary names, subtract the smaller one from the larger one & retain the nam of the larger one. 6; Insert the values and signs of the various corrections working fom botom upwards [fer obtaining the value of sext alt, work downwards ‘nce, as usual to ensure that ther are no mistakes. Worked example 2 (On 25th Feb 1992, in DR 10° 13°N 1036, compute the sextant meridian aude of the Moon's UL ifTE was 1.6" on the are and HE was 12m. aero eee Raped recreates mo Bet ene Soe ea eet 202 Pot [20-ALTITUDE COMPUTATION} Work out the GMT of meridian passage to the nearest minute as explained in Chapter 172. ‘Then obtain the dec, applying dcorection as usual. Write down the steps and inset the signs of corrections, Work upwards as described in worked example 1 While working upwards, after applying HP correction, we get 56° 49.1. Enter the alt corr table with this value and obtain the approx value of main conection (LS in this ease) and thence the approx app alt (56° (7.5 in this case). Enter the corm table again with this app alt (56° 075°, obtain the main conection (421° in ‘his case) and then continue the calculation upwards After obtaining the value of sext at, work downwards ‘once, a usual, to ease tha thee are no mistakes, (On Ist Sept 92, AM at ship in DR 17° S4°N 178° 1-E, compute the sextant alttade ofthe Pole star at Sh 21m 08s by thronometer(eror Olm 18s slow), HE 12.5m, I 1." on the ae, (GMT Aug 31d 17h 22m 26 (obtained a urva. Sewak 18° 472° GHAy 238° 073" Tee) = Q_01s" Ter 05° 32.4" Obsat 145.6 GHAY 240° 44.7 Dip(12.5m) (2) _062° LongE 178° 11.0: Appalt 18° 394° LHAY 058" 55.7 TotCorm — ()__02.8" Tat 1 36.6) = oo 163° a 0 006" = 0r_003" Sum 18540" om Obslat TP —S40N[20-ALTITUDE COMPUTATION} 20.3 Others - (easily slved by the iterept method) (On 251d Aug 92 PM in DR 24°31°S 003°30'W, compute ‘he sextant altitude of SPICA when the chron (err W2m 19s slow) showed 06h 15m 00s, HE™ Im and IE = 2.1" onthe ae GMT 23d 18h 17m 19s, obtained as usual Caleaation of CZD by Nautical Tables: Hay CZD = (Blay LHA.. Cos L Cot D) + Hav (L~D) GHAy 242" 16.6" Log Hay LHA. 9.10698 I ‘04° 20,5" Log CosL 9.91591 Guay = 246" 3 Log CosD 9.99178 Long W 903" 30.0" Log Hav sum 9.01465 LHAy 043 O71 SHA [58° 478° LHA® gue 549 NatHay Sum 0.10343 ee ue 018s ‘Nat Hav ~D)9.04110 lat NatHay CZD 0.14453 Gp) 2 czp e413" (Caleulation of CZD by scientific caeulator Cos CZD = Cos P. Cos lat. Cos de # Sin lt Sin doe ‘Cos 41° $4.9". Cos 34°31.0° Cos L1°074° ) Sin 34° 31.0". Sin 11°07 4"= 0.7108397 cz =44° 413) Sextat 45° 276° TGs) oat Obsak 45° 255° Dip(1Im) 058° Appalt 45° 197° TotCorm (010° Tat 418 cz 4a a1 186 PO-ALTITUDE COMPUTATION] EXERCISE 29 (Alteude computation) (0) On 21st Jan 1992, in DR 24° 38'S 110° 20°W, compute the sexi mer alt ofthe Sun's LL IE 1.6 off the are. HE 10m, (2) On th March 1992, DR 45° 14°N 120° 30°W, find the sext ‘mer alt of ANTARES if IE = 3.2 off the are and HE = 10m, (8) On Sth May 92, in DR S0° 16'S 64° 15'W, find the sextant ‘meridian aliude of SATURN if HE was 1m & UE wasn, (4) On 21st July 1992, in DR 37° 25°N 96° 36°W, Sind the sext, ‘mer alt ofthe Moon's UL, IE= 04" off the are: HE = 7m, (5) On Ist Dec 1992, AM in DR 47° 15°N 143° 26, find the sextant alltude of Polaris at OBh Sim 15s chron time (ror (05m Is slow). IE wae 2.1 off te are and HE was 17m. (6) On 22nd Sept 92, PM in DR lat 36° 28°N long 160° 12°W, ‘compute the sextant alitude of Polaris at OSh 23m 175 chroa time (error 02m 09s fast) IE = 2.8 on he are, HE™ 10m, (7) On300h April 1992, PM at sip in ER 34° 18°S 40° 20°W, find the sextant altitude ofthe sar SIRIUS at 08h $2m 338 ‘hon time (error Olm 10s fis), if HE = 2m and IE = ni. (@) On th March 1992, AM at ship in DR 34° 11'S 151° 10°E, find the sexta of the Sun's LL at 10h Sém 20s chron time (error Olm 20 slow), IE 1.3" off the are and HE = 30m, (©) On 6th March 1992, AM in DR 00° 00° 60® SO"W, find the sextant aliude ofthe Moon's UL at 02h 4m 48s chron time (oor 11m 16s fast). HE ™ 1Sm, = 0.4 off the arc (10) On 30th Nov 1992, PM at ship in DR 27° 45'S 140° 20, ‘compute the observed altiude of the Moon's UL at 11 10m, (fs chron time (ero OO 02s slow). HE was 10m- 7I-STAR IDENTIFICATION] 21 STAR IDENTIFICATION In cloudy weather, it may sometimes happen that a star ‘sight is taken but the navigator isnot able to identify the stat with ‘reference to the constellations because oer star are not visible for reference. In such a case, itis posible to identify the star by. calculation. Thereafter, the poston line can be obtained by the intercept, long by chro or ex-mer alt methods, as usual Using the DR poston, the altitude and the time, the ‘spproximate values of declination and SHA can be calulated and the star identified by consulting pages of the Nautical Almanac, ‘The dally pages of the almanac, normally used in ealealtions, lat the 57 stars of navigational importance in their alphabetical der. This is ot convenient to use, in thie case, as it would be a 27 tedious tsk to lok for the calculated approximate values of ‘SHA and declination when the listing i in alphabetical order. (On page 268 and onwards in the almanac, the stars are stdin ascending values of SHA. The left hand page gives the SHA and declination fiom January to June aad the Latin reference names of the stars contellaton-vise while the right ‘und page gives the SHA and declination from July to Decembr and their English names. This is demonstrated by the folowing ‘worked example= us BI-STAR IDENTIFICATION} ‘Worked exemple: On 23rd Aug 1992 PM at ship in DR 34° 33°5 003° 30°W, in cloudy weather, the sextant altitude ofan unknown star was found tobe 45° 27.2' bearing 291°(T), when the chron (ror (02m 19s low) showed 06h 15m 008, IF was Lm and TE was 21" on the ar, identify the star GMT 234 18h 17m 195, eae (obtained as usual) YF Seta 45° 272° NX TE (0) oe Obsalt 45" 25. , Dip (Iim) oss" GHAy 242166" Appak 45° 193° Incr ooer205° TotCorm —(_01.0" GHA, 637. Tat 45° 1k Long W 903° 30.0 mp4 417 LHAy 24071 In spherical tiangle PZX, shown in the figure above, Z= 111", 2X = 44" 41.7, PZ= colat= 55° 27", Required to ind PX, (Calculation of dee by Nautical Tables: Hav one side= Hav opp angle. Sin dj sido Sin aj side + Hay (ifr berwsen adj ides) Hav PX = Hav Z. Sin PZ. Sin ZX + Hay (PZ ~ ZX) Hav 111°, Sin $5°27". Sin 44° 41,7" Hay 10° 453 Log Hay 111° 000" 9.83199 NatHav Sum 0.39344 Login 5827.0" 991573 NatHav 10°48.3 0.00878 Login 44°41.7" 9, NatHay PX 040222 LogHaySun 959488 PX = Polardist = 78° 43.4" Note: Since PX < 90", the sta sin the same hemisphere asthe observer. Hence dec = (90° «PX). Dee =11° 166'S (approx). 189RU-STAR IDENTIFICATION} Caleulation of dec by scientific calculator: Cos one side = Cos opp angle Sin adj side sin adj side + Cos ad side. Cosa sido (Cos PX = Cos Z. Sin PZ, Sin ZX + Cos PZ. Cos 2X Gos PX= Cos Z.Cos at. Coe T alt + Sinlat Sin Talt = Cos 111°, Cos 34°33". Cos 4$°18.3'+Sin 34°33" Sin 45°18. 1955492. PX = 78° 43.4", Dec = 11° 166°S (approxinat). CCalelation of LHA (long by chron fromula): By Nautical Tables: Hav LHA = See L , See D Hav 2D - Hav (L~D)] NatHlayZD 0.14457 Log Hav dif 9.01653, [NatHav(l~D) 9.04069 Log SecL 0.08427 NatHay dif 0.10388 Log Sec D 0.00847 LHA* 42° 019',____ Log Hav LHA. 9.10827 ‘Azimuth is 291°(T) site ar mer pass, LHA has to be < 180, Calculation of LH by scientific ealelator: (Cos P= Sin Tak Sin at, Sin de Gosia. Cos dee [Note If Lat and dec are same name (2), contrary names (+). Hence in the formula, () has boon put above the (). Entre numerator i Sin and entice denominator is Cos S183" 343508 deo= 11" 1665 45° 18.3,C)Sin 4" 33.0" Sin 1" 166°= 0.742774 (Cos 34° 33.0". Cos 11° 166 2° 01.9", Azimuth = 291°(T) so LHA has tobe < 180°, Hence in his case, P= LHAK = 042° 01.9", 190 RI-STAR IDENTIFICATION] ‘To find SHA + from LHA + LHA#=LHAy+SHA® of SHA =LHA + -LHAy SHA 4 = 042°001.9°-243° 07.1" = 402° 019° 243° 07. SHA = 158° 54.8 (approximate inthis es). By inspection of the Nautical Almanac, page 268 cowards i ascending values of SHA, itis stem Oat the star is SPICA (a Virgins), serial no: 33, stellar magnitude 12. Sinoe the DR position was used to calculate the declination and the SHA, the computed values would differ by a small amount from those sre in the almanac. The sight can now be worked bythe intercept ‘or by the long by chron method to ebiain the position line on ‘ich the ship is If by chance the SHA and dee computed as above do not reasonably match those of any star, there isa possibility that it was planet and not a star - it may not have been possible to Astinguich thie owing wo a sudden sighting in berween cloods. The tapproximate SHA and dec of cach of the four planes used for savigatin are listed in the daly pages ofthe almanac 191[I-STAR IDENTIFICATION} Exercise 30 (Star identification) (2) On 22nd Sept 1992, PME at ship in DR 60° 10'N 92° 27°8, the sextant altiude of an wnidenied star bearing 266°(T) was found to be 25° 01” at 00h 46m 3 by chron (error 05m ls slow). IF IE was 0.2" on the are and HE was 17m, identify he star, (2) On 31st Aug 1952, AM at ship in DR 40" 30°N 64° 56°E, the sextant lide ofa star bearing 220°C) was 21° 23.4” wea ‘the ehron (error Olm 06s fat) showed 00h 21m 32, IF TE ‘was 0.9 off the are and HE was Sm, identify the star (8) On 29%h Nov 1992, AM at ship in DR 25° 30°S 107° 20°W, the sextant aftiude of an wnidenied star baring 278° (T) ‘was 35° 10,3" when the chron (eror 02m 50s fas) showed 1h 32m 10s. IF IE was 2.8” on the are and HE was 12m, identify the star (4) On 1% Jan 1992, at about 1900 at ship in DR 00° 02°N 170" 50°E, the sextant ltude of an unidentified star bearing (080°C) was obsrved to be 43° 11.1" when the chron (eror Om 18s fast) showed O7h 35m 02s, IF HE was 18m and IE was 3" off the ar, identify the star, (©) On 30th April 1992, PM at ship in DR 34° 18°S 40° 20°W, the sextant alitude ofan unknown star bering 295°C) was 57° 48.6" at O88 52m 05s chron time (ror OOm 423). If IE was 2." off the are and HE was 2m, identify the stat, mn [P2.-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING] 22 GREAT CIRCLE SAILING A great circle track is the shortest distance, measured along the earth's surface, between the two places. A. great circle ‘wack cuts successive meridians at diffrent angles because the meridians are not parallel to one another. The course, therfore, should change slightly whilst crossing each meridian. Practically at sea, the departure and arsval postions aro plotted on a Gnomenic chart and joined by a straight line. The vertex and suitable points are read off the chart and the navigator doce Mercator sling from point to point thereby following the Great Cirle track effectively and convesicaly Before attempting to study this chapter, it ie expectod that the student would have a good understanding of spherical tigo- ‘ometry as contained in Nutshell Series Book no 8 "Spherical ‘Trigonometry’. As far as posible, a navigational approach to the solution ofeach problem, rather than a purely mathematical on, fas boen maintained here. Values and names of A, B, C and ‘Azimuth may be obtained from Nautical Tables or by wsing 193122-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING) formulae with the elp ofa siemtifc calculator as iusrated in earlier chapters ‘By ABC Tables iis possible to directly calculate the Initial and final courses. By the Hav formula tt necessary f2 first calculate the GC distance and then only, the coures. ‘Worked example 1 Find the inital & final courees and the detance by a great circle trac from A: 24°001N 74°15°W to B: 46°00 53° 4S. Iatiude longitude ~ From A. 24°00N O74°15W To B__46°00N 053%45W ‘tfrencs 22°00 020°30E AtoB lat dong Notes: (0) Ina spherical triangle, the value ofan angle must be less than 180° (ee Nutshell Series Book 8 - Spherical Trigonometry = and also under d'ong in Chapter 43 of this boot). (2) Since B ies tothe East of A, all reat circle courses from A to 'B must be Easterly (ce, North Easterly or Soath Eastery) anid nt Westerly (@) The intial and final courses can be caleulated by the Haver sine forma or by ABC tables, @ Although dats N and dlong is B, the courses may be ether [NBly or Sly. This is describe later under ‘Vertex’. ([22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING) CCaleulation of distance Hay one side = Hav opp ange. Sin aj side Sina side + Hav(ditbet adj sides) SoMavAB = HavP. SinPA. Sin PB + Hav (PA~ PB) It's simpler to imagine that A isthe observer and B is 2 celestial body’ lat of B = dee of body: dong = angle P. Just, substituting Z for A and X for B, the intercepe formula can be spplied a8 fellows: Distance by Nautical Tables Hay 2X=HavP.CosL.Cos D + Hav(L-D) or Hay AB=Hav P Cos at A. Cos lt B + Hay (at A~ lat B) Hay AB = Hav 20°30". Cos 24°00". Cop 46°00" + Hav 22°00" ‘AB =27°30.1"= 1650.1 Great Circle distance AB = 1650.1 Miles Answer (). Distance by Scientific caleulator (Cos ZD = Cos P Cos lat. Coe deo Sin lat. Sindee Notes If Lat and dec are same name (¥), contrary names () Hence inthe formula, the (+) has been put above the (-) IFLHA lies between 0° and 180°, P = LHA IPLHA is between 180° & 360°, P= 360- LHA P=20°300" latA=24°00.0°N lat B= dec = 46° 00.0'N Cos 2D = Cos 20°30'.Cos 24°0' Cos 46°0' Sin 24°0' Sin 460" Cos 2D = 0.8869959 2D =27" 30.1" = 1650.1" Great Circe distance AB = 1650.1 Miles Answer (). CCalelaton of Initial course ‘This ean be done by the Hay formula using Nautical “Tables sine all the three sides are now known, or by ABC tables using Nautical Tables or a scenic calculator, Calculation through ABC tables by seteneic caleulator x fst, Ws(P2-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING) Initial Course by Hav formola: Hav one angle = Cosee aj sido. Cosco a side [Bia opp side Hav dif beta sides) Hav A= Cosee 66° Cosec 27° 30.1 [Hav 44°- Hav 38° 299") ‘Aw 31°47’ Initial course = NBL? 47.5°E Answer (i) Initial course by ABC Tables: P=20°30" (LHA339°30) latA=24N lat B= dee: A= Tamlat =Tan24° 900° = 1908182 TanP Tan 20°30.0" Tan dec» Tan 46°00.0° = 2,9569060N SinP Sin20°300 C =1.7660878N Tan Az L__ =06198085Az=N31,791°E © (Coe 24° 007) ie, 031%47 5 (1) Ina course = N31* 47.5 Answer Gi). ‘Note: By ABC Tables itis possible 1 directly calculate the Init and final courses. By the Hav formula tts necessary (0 rst calculate the GC distance and then only, the courses. Calculation of fnl course ‘The angle of the spherical triangle, calculated by any means, would be inside te triangle: angle PBA in this case. This isthe angle between True North and the ships stem (ete to the figure at the beginning ofthis example). So the final course PBC ‘would in his ease, be PBA * 180° a the ship's heading is BC Final Course by Hav formula Hav one angle » Cosee adj side. Coste a ido [Hla opp side - Hav eit bets sides) Hav PBA = Cosee 44% Cosee 27°30 (Hav 66° - Hav 16° 29,9 PBA 136°088". Final course= 043° $1.2") Answer (i. 196 |[22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING) Final course by ABC Tables: 0° 30" (LHA 020° 30°) lat B=46°N lat Am dec = 24°N, ‘A= Tanlat = Tan46*00.0" = 276965165 ‘Ten P Tan 20°30.0°, B= Tandec=Tan24° 000° =1.2713287N SiaP Sin20"300" —___ © = 14588229 Tm Az= __1__ = 0960785 Ares 43.850°W C (Con 007) ie, 23°12" (1) Final course = 043° 51.2°(1) Answer (i. Worked example 2 Find the great circle tance, intial course and fin cour fom A OS*DON 79°00W to B 38°00 175°00E. 38 A quater > Inte longitude omer 77 From A OS'00% 079°00W \ \L te . 7 La ‘ifimee 44°00 102-000 “B\\ AtB dist dlong ® Notes: (1) Since the higher latte isi the Southem Hemisphere, P represents the South Pole, (2) Since B les to the West of A, the great circle courses from A to B must be Westerly (ie Nowh Westry or South Westerly) snd nt Easterly. 17|22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING] (9) Although dats $ and dong is W. the courses may be ether ‘SWly or NWly as described later under “Vertex CCatesation of distance Hay one side = Hav opp angle. Sin aside. Sin aside + Hav(ditbet adj sides) SoHav AB = HavP. Sin PA. Sin PB + Hav PA ~ PB) ‘As explained in worked example 1, imagine that A i the cbserver and B is celestial body= lat of B = dee oF body; Tong ng P. Just substituting Z for A and X for B, the intercept formula can be applied as fllows:- Distance by Nantica Tables Hay 2X =HavP Cos L.CosD + Hay (L~D) or Hav AB = Hay P Cos lat A. Cos lat B + Hav (at A ~ lt B) Hav AB = Hay 102°00'- Cot 06°00". Cos 38°00'+ Hav 44°00" ‘AB= 103° 083'= 6188.3 Groat Circe distance AB = 6188.3 Miles Answer (). Distance by Scientific eleuat cos z0. 08 P. Cos lat. Cos de Sin lat Sin doe Note If Lat and dec are same name (+), contrary names (). Hence in the formula, the (+ ha been put above the IELHA lies between 0° and 180°, P = LHA IFLHEA is between 180° & 360%, P=360-LHA (02° (P= LHA); lat A = 06" 0.0'N; lt B = doo = 38° 0.0'S (Cos ZD = Cos 102° . Cos 06° . Cob 38°~ Sin 06°. Sin 38° CosZD= 02272932 ZD = 103° 083° = 6188.3" Great Circe distance AB = 6188.3 Miles Answer ()- Initial course by Hay formmala ose a side. Cost a side [Hav opp side - Hav cit bts sides) 198 [22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING) Initial course by ABC Tables: P=102"(LHA=P) Lat A=06N lat ‘A= Tanlat =Tan 06° 000" TanP Tan 102° 00° 382.000" =0.7987400 § SinP Sin 10200" —___ © =0.77630045 TonAr=___1_ = 12950915 r= 852.327 W © (Coe 06° 007) ie, 2324196" (1) Initial course = 232° 19.6(1) Answer (i). Final Course by Hay forma: Hav one angle = Cosec adj sido. Cosee adj side [Hav opp side - Hav diff bet ad sides) Hav B = Cosec 52" Cosee 103° 08° [Hav 96° Hav 51° 083°) Intemal < B = $87°21.3°E. Vertically opposite = N&7721.3°W Final course = NBP° 21.3'W= 272° 38.7(T) Answer Final course by ABC Tables: 102° (LHA = 258%); at B=38°S; lat A= dee = 06° ‘Aw Tanlat =Tan38°000" =0.1660673 TanP Tan 10200" B= Tandee=Tan 06° 00.0" =0,1074523 N SinP Sin 10200" —___ © 0005861508 oo = 38 0.0223405 B Tan Az L__ =21.650037-An=$87.355°E © (Cor 38° 0") ie, S8P213 Final course=N 87°21 3°W = 272° 38.7°(T) Answer (i.[22-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING} VERTEX The vertex of great circle is that point where the great circle reaches te maximum latte, ach great circle has two vertices, one in cach temisphere and they are 180° apart, ‘The d'loog betwoen the point where a great circle crosses the equator andthe vertex ofthat great cirle is 90°. After erossng the equator the latitude keeps on increasing and the course constantly changes, cutting each meridian at a diffrent angle As the great circle track goes further and further away fiom the equator, it will be observed thatthe N-S component of the course. gots less and less whereas the E-W componeat increases. This continues ntl he vertex i reached. At the vertex, the N-S component is 220 iil the E-W component is maximum. The course ofthe vessel at the vertex therefore ether exactly East or exactly West (2, 090° of 270° Nowhere cls can the great ece course be exactly E or W. Ator crossing the vertex, the NS component gradually increases and the E-W component decreases unt the great circle crosses the equator again, atthe same angle as it did before ‘The knowledge ofthe position of the vertex is usefl to the navigator for two reasoas:= IF the lated of the vertex i to high the navigator may want to moi the couse as he would like to avoid the ice, {og extreme cold and bad weather which are associated wih very igh aides. 200 (22-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING] (Gi) The knowledge ofthe position of the vertex bel in quickly calculating the poston of any intermediate positon co the great cil rack, Practically at sa, the starting psitio andthe destination are marked on a Gnomonie chart and joined by a stight line ‘This straight line represents a great circle track on that char. The postion ofthe vertex is read of directly frm the Gnomonie chart 35 mentioned inthe fst page ofthis chapter. Intermediate points fon the track ate algo read off from the chart and rhumb line courses and distances between thom calculated, Such a method i ‘ery quick and practical but isnot as accurate asthe ealcultions shown here. Before proesting to calulate the position ofthe vertex, itis essential to know whether the verte les tothe East of the staring point A orto the West oft This is easily known by very lomentay reasoning a8 described below:- both A and B arein the same hemisphere, the vertex consider also lies inthe same hemisphere. I-A and B are in different hemispheres, the vertex to conser isthe one in the same hemisphere as the higher of the to latitudes, 1f the initial and final courses ae in diffrent quadrants, the vere es between A and B (finial course is NE andthe final couse is SE if inital course is NW and the final couse is SW; te), tte inital & final courses ar in the same quadrant, the vertex lis outside AB (ie. on AB prodsced or on BA produced) Bearing the above facts in mind, lt us examine the following illustrations where the intl and final courses ae given and we have to reason out whether the vertex lie tothe Eat of A orto the West of A 201(22-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING} A.Where we consider the North Pole & hence the Northern Vertex: ‘This happens either when both A & B are in the Norther Hemisphere OR when they ae in diferent hemispheres but the higher ofthe two latitudes i inthe Northern Hemisphere. 1 Initial CoN7O°E Final Course S80°E Therefore V lies between A dB ie, the Eastof A but West of B, 2 Initial Co N6S°W Final Course SASW ‘Therefore V les berwecn A&B ic. to the West of A but Bast of B 3 Initial Co N4S"E Final Course N7O°E ‘Therefore V lies on AB produced i. to the East ofA and B, 4 Initial Co NSO°W Final Course NSO"W ‘Therefore V ies on AB produced is. to tho West ofA and B. 5 Initial Co $60°E Final Course $S0°B ‘Thorfore V lies on BA produced i, to the West of A and B. 6 Intl Co S70°W Final Course S40°W ‘Therefore V lies on BA. produced ic. to the East of A and B, 202 [22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING} 'B.Where we consider the South Pole & hence the Southern Vertex ‘This happens cither when both A & B are in the Southern Hemisphere OR when they ar in diferent hemispheres but the higher ofthe two lattes i inthe Southern Hemisphere, 1 Initial Co $70°E Final Course NEO" Therefore V liss between A&B ie to the East ofA but West of B. 2 Initial Co S60°W_ Final Course N7S@W ‘Therefore V lies between A & B i. to the West of A but East of. 3 Initial Co $S0°E Final Course S65". “Therefore V lies on AB produced ie, to the Bast of A and B 4 Initial Co N7O"E Fina! Course NSO" ‘Therefore V les on BA produced ie, to the West of A and B. 5 Initial Co S40°W_ Final Course S70°W “Therefore V lies on AB prodced ie. to the West of A and B, 6 Initial Co N8O°W Final Course NSO"W Therefore V les on BA produced is. to the Fast of A and B. 203(22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING} Worked example3 On a great circle passage from A: 24° OON 74° 15W to B: 46° OON 53° 45°W, calculate the positon of the vertex. First calculate the initial and fnal courses, a illustrated carlee, preferably by ABC Tables, Since the postions are the same 25 those in worked example 1, the working 8 not shown here, Inia course NS1° 47.5°E & inal course = N43" S12°E. Wee going from N tat to more N Jat. Bot, intial and final courses, in the same quadrant ie, both NE. Hence the vertex lies on AB produced ie, East of B. Given below is Napier's diagram and some formulae forthe caeul- ation ofthe poston of the vertex ‘The use of Napier’s Rules is des- cribed in detail in Nutshell Series Book 8 ~ Spherical Trigonometry. In practical navigation, students my ifthey desire, learn the two formal- ac by heart and apply them directly 204 (22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING} In spherical triangle PVA, 2 V isa right angle because PV isthe meridian of V and the coureeat post Vis exactly E or W (Eastin this case) Formula forlatinue of Formula for dlongof V Sind pat =Car opp. Cove Seip Tan lh. Tan a SinPV "Cos QA). Con(9ORA) Sia (S0-PA)= un OO). ae 90) Coslat V=Sin A.Cosat A Tan P= Cot A. Sec PA also Tan P= Cot. Sec PB Note: £P @ long which can sometimes be > 90°, So the sign of ‘Tan Pis very important If Tan P is (2), 2 Pis less than 90°, If ‘Tan Pi (), 2 P il in navigation, be betwoen 90° and 180°. So itis important to leave Sec PA or Soc PB as itis in the above formulae and nat convert it to Case Int A or Cooee lt B. Thi leary iustratedin worked example 5. Latitude of V Longitude of V Cos lat V=Sin A.Cotlat A Tan P=Cot A. Sec PA Sin 31° 475° Cos 24° "= Cot 31° 47.5 Seo 66° | ong fom A= 75°51.0°E long ofA = 74° 150°, 61° 138N long ofV =01°36.0E INTERMEDIATE POINTS ON THE GC TRACK iaving found the latitude and longitude ofthe vere, the caeultin of any intermediate pints on the great circle track i ‘very simple. If the latitude ofa point oa the track i chose, it longitude canbe calculated and vie vers, Worked example 4 In worked example 3, find whore the GC track crosses (@ the meridian of 65°W and 2) the 36°N paral of ltnade, 205(22-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING} (@Pv=25"462, P= Sin mid: long VtoM= 66° 360°, PM=? an adj Tan adj or Sia (90-P) = Tan PV.Tan (90-PM) CosP=TanPV.CotPM or Tan PM=Tan PY. Sec P Tan PM = Tan28° 462°. See 66° 36.0. PM= 54°07." Lat where GC crosses 65°W = 35° 52.7'N Answer (a). (yn the foregoing Neper’s diagram, subsite N for M, #462, PN=colatN=54°, P=d'long VtoN=? fan adj Tan ad) or Sin (90-P) = Tan PV Tan (0-PN) (Cos P= Tan PV . Cot PN = Tan 28° 46.2". Cot 54° (6° 293° « Tong W from meridian of Vertex (i.e, 01° 36°E) Longitude where GC crosses 36N i 64° 53.3°W Answer (b) Worked example S Find the position ofthe vertex ofthe great crete track in worked example 2 (from A: 06°N O79°W to B: 38°S 179°E) Also find where the track crosses (a) 85°W and (b)02°N, 206 (22-GREAT CIRCLE SAILING] Already caleulated earlier: Intal Course $52" 19.6;W Final Course NB7® 213°W In PAV, A=52° 19.6" lat A= 06° 00'N, V= 90° Using the same Napesg diagram & formulae a3 n worked example 3: onset Conte =SinA. Cost Tan? = Ca Se PA fast ies cate Teasihine Soe eg em A= SW | forala *s sonow a v=30°067S aamer ger =e a6W * Since the sgn of Tan P is negative, 2 P> 90°, Thi is why Sex ‘PA was retained instead of converting ito Cosec lat. INTERMEDIATE POINTS ON THE GC TRACK Using the Napersdigram and formula in worked example @pvesirsss’, ‘Tan PM=Tan SI° 553" See 91°42." Lat where GC crostes 85°W = 01° 203°N Answer (a. (© Inthe same Napier’ diagram, substituting N for Mi PV=SI°553", PNecalatN=92", P= d'long VtoN=? ran PV. Cot PN'=Tan 51° 55.3" Co 92° ong E fom of Vertex (2. 176° 42.6°W) Longitude where GC crosses 02°N is 84° 093'W Answer (b)- cos 2° 33.3 P 207[22.GREAT CIRCLE SAILING) Exercise 31 (Great Circle Sailing) Inthe flowing eats, nd the nial cure, ial course, Aisance andthe position ofthe vertex dong the great ciree track FROM 10 Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude 1 302005 L42°4sow sora00s 170°2008. 2 69300N 0600.08 44°40.0N 120°2008, 3 1000.08 150" 0D 40 OD0N 160° 00.0. 4 49"S0.0N 005" IS0W 32°290N 064° 00.0'W 5 3000S on ONOW 400008 142° 000E 6 1 000N O67 DOW 36° 000N 006" 000W 7 Find the latitude in which the great circle tack in question 1 crosses the meridian of 180", {Find the longitade in which the great circle track in qeston 3 crosses the equator. 9 Find the longitude in which th grat circle track in question 4 crosses the parallel of 40° N. 10 Find the latitude in which the great circle track in question 6 ‘roses the meridian of 40° W. 208 [23.COMPOSITE CIRCLE SAILING] 23 COMPOSITE CIRCLE SAILING Jn some casts, the great circle track ftom ooe place to nother may passthrough very high latitude which the navigator ‘would like to avoid because of frontal depression, severe cold, ‘fg, ive bergs, ete associated with very high atinades. In such casts, the navigator decides on the maximum latitude of the passage and does a modified form of great circle sling called Composite Circle Sailing ‘om stating position A, a great circle track is dawn such that its vertex V isthe coling latitude. Similarly, a great Cirle tack is draw backwards from destination B euch that its ‘vertex W is also the ceiling latitude (.e., latitude V= nitude W), ‘The mavigator then sais along the great circle track AV and, on reaching V (cing latitude), he sais along the parallel of latitude, On reaching W, he ails along the great circle track WB, “The great ice tracks AV and WB are acs of two separate great, circles. The log VW isthe ac of parallel of latitude and is hence rot great circle rack, AVWE is hene called a composite track, 209[23.COMPOSITE CIRCLE SAILING} ‘The derivation ofthe formulas, by Napier's Rules, for Tan at oog from V Long of V Long of M 14° 20.88 Answer Worked example 3 In worked example 1, find the latitude where the com- posite rack ersses 45°E, Using the Napie's diagrams and formula in chapter 22 ong WioN= C5" 19°F Tan lat N= Cos P Tan lt W ‘Tan lat N= Cos 05°19" Tan 53° Answer lat N= 52° 52.9°N(23.COMPOSIT # CIRCLE SAILING] Exercise 32 (Composite Circle Suiting) In the following cass, Gnd the inital cous, final course, and distance alg the composite cic tack: FROM To Max Latitude Longitude Latide Longitude Lat 45°540S 1104508 49*060S OTS?SO.OW 55° 2 39°000S 020° 00.08 s0°000S 142" OO.9W sors 3. STPABON 122°40.0W 35°40.0N 141° 0008 45°N 4 Inexample | above, ealeulte the longitude in which the track roses the latitude of SOS forthe fist time (ie from N to S) 5 In example 3 above, calculate the latitude in which the trace crosses the meridian of 180" an (24-ALTITUDE BELOW POLE} 24 ALTITUDE ABOVE AND BELOW POLE ‘The meridian 180° away from the observers longitude is called the observer's inferior meridian. The passage ofa exestial body across the observer's inferior meridian i caled the lower ‘meridian passage or meridian passage below the pole. The normal ‘meridian passage i then refered to asthe upper meridian passage ‘or meridian passage above the poe. The time interval between the ‘upper and lower meridian passages of the Sun is 12 hours and that ofa sta, is 11h S8m 02s (al a sdereal day). During upper meridian pasiage, LHA = O° or 360° and during lower meridian passage, LHA = 180°, ‘Under certain conditions (of latitude and dctnation), a celestial body may remain above the rational brizon- does not set ~ and is then theoretically visible at all times, even during lower meridian passage. Under such conditions, the body is said to be eieampolar. In elit, is possible that during one or bath ‘ofthese meridian pastage, a citcumpolar star or planet may not ‘be practically visible due to the presence of strong sualight. To understand the calculations involving alitudes above and below the pole, itis necessary to fist understand the figure drawn on the plane of the observers rational horizon. This is ‘described in detail in Chapter 3 23(PS-ALTITUDE BELOW POLE} ‘The angle P, measured westerly from Xr (the position of the body when it is Fising) and XS (he position ofthe body when itis sting), expressed in hours and minutes and seconds, isthe duration of time that the body would be above the observer's ‘tional horizon, We notice fm figures F and I in Chapter 3 that, as declination increases, the body remain above the rational horizon for alnger period, and vice versa Tf the latitude and decination are sufficiently high, the body would remain above the rational horizon as shown below NORTHLAT. SOUTHLAT a In ation tothe description given forthe figures in Chapter 3, the foregoing Sgures J. K, Land M require the folowing further explanation. 24 {[24-ALTITUDE BELOW POLE] At upper mer pass Atlower mer pase 2X - zenith distance ZX - zenith distance X - polar distance PY -polar distance Infigures 1M iy L NX-tveatitede NY - tue aide InfguresK&L InfiguesK&M SX -trve altitude SY ~traealttude will be seen that for a body to be circumpolar: (0) Latand ee must be of same name (ie, both N or both S) (DNP2PY or latzpolardist or lat 290- der or latitude + declination 290" Desuctions based on figures J.K. Land M @NX-NY=XY also SX~ SY dees constant, PX=PY or XY=2.PX (i) InNIaQNP=PY+NY and in lat, SP= PY +SY Lat= polar dist + lower mer ait ‘Worked example 1 ‘The tre alttde ofa star at upper meridian passage and lower meridian passage were 63°54” and 16° 50° respectively, to an observer inthe nortbem hemisphere. At both transis, the star ‘bore North, Find his latitude and the docination ofthe sar ¥ efecto figure Jf this chaps, ‘Mer alt above pole =NX= 63° 54°N 16°50N Mor at below pole = NY. 2 Polar distance) = XY 47° 0 Polar distance =PX = 23°32) Declination = 90°-PX = 66°28°N ‘Mer alt below pole = NY = 16° 50° Polardistance = PY = 23°32" Latitede = NP = 4 22N ais[2+-ALTITUDE BELOW POLE) ‘Worked example 2 |n North latitude, the meridian aitudes of star were observed a fellows: Upper mer alt= 82° 36° bearing South Lower mer alt= 15° 48° bearing North Find latitude and detnatio, ‘Refer figue L ofthis chapter, Upper mer ait = SX =82° 36" NX=180"-SX =97°24" Lower mer alt = NY = 15° 48” 2 (polar dst) Polar distance ‘Worked example 3 In he southern hemisphere, the meridian alitude ofa star above and below the pole were 63° 12° and 17°46" respecively, both times bearing South. Find the latitude and the declination ‘Reforto figure K ofthe Chapter, Upper mer alt =SX- = 63° 12" Lower mer at 2 Gol di) Polar distance = PX. = 22° 43° Declination = 90- PX= 67° 17'S Lower meralt = SY Polar distance = P= 22° 43° Latitude=SP = 40°20's, 216 [24 ALTITUDE BELOW POLE} ‘Worked example 4 In South latin, the sextant meridian alitudes of a star ‘were observed a follows Upper mer alt= 79° 27° bearing N Lower mer alt= 14° 08.5 bearing S IF HE was Im and IE was 23° off the ar, find the declination and the latitude, ‘Refactofgure M ofthis chaps. ‘Upper Lower SeaAlt 79°275' 14° 08S" TE LO") C2 beak 79298" 14" 108" Dip (Iim) (2058 ()_058° ‘Appa 795240" 14° 05.0" Totcorm @002 @ O38 Tak 199238 1 O12 Uppermer alt =NX = 79" 28.8" SX= 10-NX 100° 36.2" Lower meralt =SY = ¢* 012" 2 (polar dist) = XY = 86° 350" Polardistance =PY = 43° 173" Deo=90-PY = 46° 4235'S Lower mer alt = SY = 14° 012" ‘Worked example 5 Given latitude as 32° 11°N and declination as 69° 36°N, ‘compute the meridian altitudes above and below the ple. Draw figure NESW and insert WOE, NZS and P. Since > lt the body will bear N during upper mer pass. The figure ishence te same as igure J of this Chapt. 27(24-ALTITUDE BELOW POLE] Lat =NP NY=207) = 40r4s Polardist=PY — =20°24" | Lower mer alt= NY= 11°47" Lowermer a= NY= 11°47" | Upper mer alt= NX= 52°35 Worked example 6 Ie latitude was 64° 27°S and declination was 39° 47'S, ‘compute the upper and lower meridian altitudes, Draw figure NESW and insert WQE, NZS and P. Since ec < lat, the body will bear N during upper mer pass. Hence refer to Sgure M, Lar=sP 8° 27 IXY = 2 (polar dst) = 100° 26° Polardist=PY = $0°13* Lower meralt™=SY= 4 12° Lower mer alt= SY = 14" 14" }Sx. = haa" INX=(180-Sx) = 65°20" ‘Worked example 7 Ti North atid, the lower meridian aliude ofa star of eciation 37° SO°N and 10° 41° by sextant FTE was 2.1" off the are, and HE was 10m, fin he lattede and compute the sextant alinde for the upper meridian passage. Set Alt 10° 41.0" Dec =37" 50°N EH =O PY = 52°10" Obsae 10 Dip (om @)_0s.6% Appa 10° 375° Totcorm 05.0" Tale 10 325° Draw figure NESW and inert WOE, NZS and P, Since oo < at, the body will bear § during upper mer pass. Hence refer to figueL. as ([24-ALTITUDE BELOW POLE] XY =2 (paar dist) = 104° 20.0" NY Nx 14° 525 SX=180-NX = 65°075'S =Uppermer lt Seat 65° LS" Teom =) oa Obsak 513.6 Dip (10m) _0s6" Appalt 65" 080" Totcorm — ()_008" Tae 65° OS Sext alt at upper mer pass= 65° 11.5" Worked example 8 (On 16th June 1992, in DR long 156° 08"E in high Noth latitude, the sextant meridian altitude ofthe Sun's LL below pole ‘was 10° 14.8 HE Lm, IE 1.6" on the ar. Find the latide Figore Lis applicable. From Almanac Sex Alt 10° 148°| LMT upper mer pass 16d 12h Olm 005 TE (=n) (_016"| Diserence 2 Obs alt 10° 13.2"| LMT lower mer pase 16000100 Dip (Lim) ()_05.8"| LIT Qo 2 Appalt 10° 07.4°| GMT lower mer pass 154 13h 36m 28 ‘Tot corm LL (#)_10.°| Declination 23° 200°N Tall 10" 182"|decorrection (0.1) (4) 00.1" Polardist §6* 399'| Declination 23°20.1'N Latitude 16° SUN 219[24 ALTITUDE BELOW POL, Worked example 9 (On 25th Feb 1992, in South latitude, DR lang 120° 42°E, the sextant meridian altitude ofthe Moon's UL below pole was 05® 07.2". IF HE was 13m and IE wat 0.2° on the ar, find the latitude and he cretion ofthe PL. Sex Ait 05°07.2" | Appr LMT lower mer pass 254 18 I TE (oo) 002" | Long E, Earlier 24.17.26 Obsait 08070" | Daily diterence 32 Dip (15m) (2.06.3° | Long corm = 12082360= 17 ‘Appa 0500.7" | Appr LMT lower mer pass 254 18 18 Main corm (+) 582° | Corr LMT lower mer pass 25-18 Ol HPES3) @) 020° [LITE 98 03 06°00.9° | Corr GMT tower mer pase 25 09 58 ULcorm (1 30.0" | declination 240268 Tak 059309" |4(13.0) 029 Polardist 652545" | declination 22 05,58 Latitude 71°254°N PL E-W Worked example 10 Ifthe upper meridian aude ofa star was thre ines its lower meridian aktude, nd the delination and the latitude in tems ofthe lower meridian aitude "Then upper mer alt= 3x It above pole at below pole= 3x -x= 2 and declination = (90- x) answer ()- alt below pol + polar dst =x += 2 answer Gi) ‘Both at and dec are of same name - both N or bath S. 00 20 PS-SUITABLE STARS} 25 STARS SUITABLE FOR OBSERVATION ‘Theda here is to find out, atthe time of civil twilight on a given day in the ship's DR position, what stars would be avalable for observation by a sextant. The SHA of an imaginary ‘ar which would be on the observer's meridian a that imo is ‘computed. Then a value of hour angle (say 45° or 60° oF some such value) is decided bythe observer andthe applied to the SHA of the imaginary star. The limite of SHA are now available for consulting the almanac. ‘As explained in the fst page of Chapter 21, the almanac (pages 268 onwards) lst the tars in ascending order of SHA, along with their English names, Latin names and stellar ‘magnitudes. Extracting the names of the suitable stars, whose ‘SHA falls within the chosen limits, is a simple procedure as ‘lysate in the fllowing worked examples Stars having a stellar magnitude of 1.0 or lower are refered to as fist magaitude and those between 1.0 and 2.0 are called second magnitude stars ‘Worked example 1 (On the evening of Ist December 1952, in DR 44° 27°N 93° 50°E, what stars ofthe ist or second magnitude, or planets, vill be within 45° of hour angle from the observer's meridian? 2PS-SUITABLE STARS} GHAy 220° 308° LMTivileilight O14 168 $3 005 er 9265 LIT) (0s 1s 20 GHAy 229°573° GMT oo 37 40 ‘Long E 093"500° — LHA+SHA®=LHA LHAy 123°47.° —Atmerpass, LHA 4 = 360° SHA 4 = 360° -LHA.y = 360" -323° 473° = 036° 12.7" ‘An imaginary sar of SHA 036° 12.7" would be on the observer's meridian atthe above time, So the required stars are ‘hose whose SHA is 351° 12.7" to 081° 12.7 (036? 12.7" +45", Consulting the pages at the back of the almanac, as explained in Chapter 21, first and second magnitude stars, within these limits of SHA, may be extracted (On the daily pages ofthe almanac, the approximate SHA of each plant, for that day, is given. By inspection of these, planets having SHA within the desired limits canbe extracted From te almanac (page 268 onward), the stars are Fomaltaut - magnitude 13, Deneb - magnitude 13, Alair - ‘magnitude 0:9 and Vega ~ magnitude 0.1 Planets Venus and Satur lz fl within the dered limits of SHA. ‘Worked example 2 (On 1st May 92, PM in DR 48° 20°N 27° 40°W which Ist or 2nd magnitude stars ae suitable for ex-meriian observation? GHAy 175° 022° LMT civiltwilight O14 19h 45m 00s ner 9° $66" LIT(W) #) OL $040 GHAy 1s"588° GMT a1 21 39 40 ‘Loog W 027" 40.0" _LHAy+SHA =LHA LAY 157188 Atmerpass #, LHA = 360" SHA 4 = 360°-LHA y = 360° 157° 18.8" = 202°412" 2 PS-SUITABLE STARS} SHA of an imaginary tar on the observer's meridian at that time is 202° 41.2 From the almanae (page 268 onwards), the following stars have a near vale of SHA: Name of Star Regulus. “Dube ——Miplacidus Magnitude 13 10 18 SHA® 208002" 194105" 2219433 LAY Drs SiR Sree LHA® os" 190° 3819293" 019" 02.1 cP 008" 19.0 008°30.7" 1902.1 time from mer pass 21 minutes 34 minutes 76 minates Decinaion —12°002'NGIMAZTN 69°16 DRiatitude 48° 200'N$8°200'N48°200'N Ex-merlimit 36 minutes 31 minutes not possible ‘Star Regulus tis only 21 minutes after mer pas with an Ex-mer limit oF 36 minutes. Hence itis suitable. ‘Star Dubhe: It is 34 minutes before mer pase with an Exner limit of31 minutes. Hence itis suitable if the sight i taken fve or ‘x minutes late, Plane. Venus: By similar ealulation as above, Ex-mer limit is about 38 minutes, Venus is sitable for la by mer alt_and also ‘Be-meriian observation, 23[PS-SUITABLE STARS} Exercise 33 (Stars suitable for observation) 1 On 6th March 1992 in DR 20° 12°N 75° 30°B, find which ist magnitude stas will be within 30° of hour angle ffom the observer's meridian a the end of PM civil twilight 2.On 13th Sept 1992, in DR 34° 40°S 126° 39°W, find which Ist and 2nd magatude stars willbe within 45° of hour angle fom the observer's meridian atthe end of PM civil twilight 3.0o 17th Jan 1992, in DR 46° 17'N 174° 30°B, God the planets and Ist magaitado stars that will be within 40° of hour angle fromm the observer's meridian at the beginning of AM civil light 40m 30th Noy 1992, in DR 33° 10°N 100° 30°W, find whether any Ist or 2nd magnitude stars willbe suitable for an Excmer cbcervatin atthe beginning of morsing civ twilight. 5 On 23rd Sept 1992, in DR 36° 48°S 144° 00°E, during PM civil wight, find what Ist oF 2nd magnitude ears val be Wwthin 30° of hour angle from the observer's meridian. State also which ofthese are suitable for an Ex-mer observation 200. ma [26-NOON POSTON BY THE SUN 26 THE NOON POSITION BY SOLAR OBSERVATIONS Much to the minh of navigators, moves have shown the Maser of 3 ship laling a sextant observant in and ing out the atide and longs fom te ‘without coming into the wheelhouse or chartroam. ie This isa simple technique involving computations made well before meridian passage, ‘A word of caution here, While obtaining a fix by transferring ' position Kine, iti presumed thatthe navigator knows the course land speed made good during the interval of ime between the (Wo postion lines. Any ero in this reepeet would end up as an enor '@ the fix obtained. The lateral beoween the staggered observations of the Sun ~ Long by chron inthe morning and met a found noon is ely tee oF for hors, Hens the err in assumed course and speed made good speed would normally bo small and, as a practice at sea, ignored for want of a bert ns[26-NOON POSITION BY THE SUN ‘A noon position obtained by solar observations made by an experienced navigator would, in most case, differ slightly {rom that obtained by GPS, fr the reasons just explained. However, a fix obtained by simultaneous (or nea." simultaneous) celestial observations, such asa tllar fix, sould rnomally be very close 10 the position indicated by GPS at that ‘Before reading this chaper, chapters Ito 14 ofthis book and the booklets, "The Marine Sextant’ and "The Marine ‘Chronometer, by the same autor, shouldbe studied thoroughly ‘Hence no basic explanations ar offered here. as they would have ‘been covered etl ‘The time base used on ships is Ship's time (ST), nat SMT or LMT, andthe difference from GMT is refered to a8 STD. ‘The word noon refers to 1200 ST and nat t the time of meridian passage ‘The time for each sight should be fom the chronemeer and rot from the GPS. The taking of sights shouldbe independent of the GPS. The Safty Management Sysicm (SMS) Manuals of ‘most well-un companis insist on this. ‘The time by chronometer should be observed by an aditional person. Avoidable inaccuracies would reslt ifthe person making the sextant observation tries to manage the chronometer time on his own, For convenience, the sextant altitude should preferably be taken in full minutes of are: Observe the sextant allude approximately, reset the sextant micrometer to a fll umber of minutes more than that just observed, keep looking through the sextant (remeber to swing the sextant) and then call ost STOP. ‘when the sun's nb just ouches the horizon 26 R6-NOON POSTION BY THE SUN] “The procedure for noon position by the Sun 26.1. Obtain a sextant alt of the Sun and calculate Long by con and the direction of PL. i the moming - sually betwoen 0800 f 0900 ST. [This e boause the aximoth ‘of the sun would be around 090° and hence the PL ‘would be around 000°-180°. This would be about 090° to the PL at mer pas) 26.2 Using DR lat and Obs long obtained by the moming observation, calculate the noon EP, spplyng. the ‘estimated course and speed to be made good (making allowance for courses tobe store, current and leeway, ifany). 26.3 Caleulate the ST of mer pass using the nooa EP long. 264. Using the assumed course and speed made good from ‘000 to ST of mer pass, apply dt to noon EP and obtain EP lat for the ST of mer pass 26.5. Compute the sextant mer alt ofthe Sun (sing the EP lat of mer pas and the Dee for the GMT of mer pas) For LATITUDE, reason out beforehand as follows: I the sextant at at mer pass is say 1S" more than the ‘computed value (ie, 5A = +15, then the ZD is less by 1.3" (82 5) and hence the observers la ie 1.5 closer to the Sun's Dec than expected fat the time of mer pass the Sun is N of observer, the ship's Poston is 13° N of EP. Apply lat of 15°N tothe noon EP and ‘the result isthe oom lat. If atthe time of mer pass the Sun is $ of observer, the ship's position is 1.5" S of EP. Apply lat of 1.5 tothe noon EP and the esl is the noon lt. a[26-NOON POSTON BY THE SUN 3 LONGITUDE, reason out before hand 1s follows: ‘The dat so applied (62), multipliod by the value of ‘C ‘correction of the moming sight gives the ¢'long to apply to the ‘noon EP long, (CC? correction is the err in lng per minute erin at] The name of the long is obtained fram the direction of the smoming PL. Ifthe PL were NWSE, lt of $ would give dong OfE; lat of N would give dong of W. 26.6. Apply 82 corection to noon EP and obtain noon lat 26.1. Apply long to noon EP & cbain noon long. To weed out personal ertor in observation, take thee observations in quick succession, each exacly 2 (maybe 3) minutes of arc apart. Tho time intervals between conseetive Sights, as noted using the chronometer, should also be equal oF should differ by only 1 or 2 seconds, If not, random personal exist and the sights sould be taken again, In order to werd ut errors in calculation, i is suggested that all the three sights be worked out and the results evaluated as ‘explained below 1. If the three Obs Longs obtained by calculation are the same ‘or very nearly the same (differ by less than 1° ofa), and the result i easonable (loss tothe GPS longitude atthe time of ‘the observation, the sights may be assumed tobe correct. 2. If the three Obs Longs obtained by calculation are the same or very nearly the same (fer by less than 1° of are), but the result i NOT reasonable (differs sigaificantly from the GPS longitude at the time of the observation), the calculation shouldbe investigated fora sytemati ero (common tll) me [RSNOON POSTION BY THE SUN] such 25 wrong date, wrong houts by chronometer, wong, ‘extracts from the almanac, o. 3. If two Obs Longs obtained by calculation are the same oF very nearly the sume (differ by loss than I” of are), but one of them is significantly dif, the calculation of the odd ‘esul shouldbe investigated for random error. ‘Worked example Part A~ morning calculations [At aboot 0848 ST on 25th Nov 1992 in DR 26° 27°N 130° 29°W, ‘the following observations were made ofthe Sun's LL: ‘Chron tne [Sevan aleiuds | T5h.A9m 208 | 27° 40.0" (05h 9mm 395 05 4959 ‘STD O9h 00m; IE 2. off the arc; HE 10m; chron error 01m 318 fast Estimated course & spond being made good: 157°(T) 12 Ka, Calculate the Noon EP ‘and the ST of mer past and thence ‘compute the sextant mer alt of th Sun at mex pas, Solution: 4h om st Nov 20 08 48 STD (Long W) @ 09 0 GMT approx Nov 291748 0651 [Obs fons (Tape tm Tete Tm [ote [ [ein [as 7 [45 aoa pas tsoP ie 49 [so 1 Ener | fafa fai fy} or] sf [or [a cor test tar ao} Sf aeonf Soe a 2926 NOON POSITION BY THE SUN] [P&NOON POSTION BY THE SUN) [oma Torr sai [ore sa [ors (R= Tana anP | B= Tan deoSin P Tan A= UCC The oni s73* | 017020 | o12=07.0 tasosatsnies —[B=0.oo7eso8 S [C=1.I@17178 GHA 09% 49 4 05" $4." 089°58.1 (Tan Ar=0 3400084 [Az=S.G3°E ie, 1367) do [21°36.1S [2136'S [21°361S Sate tena aoe PL 046.7726. through the DR In andthe Oblong at O48 dee [210 36.0 | 2193645 | 21°36 “ [asters Cleans for mer pass Run 3h 12m Co 157° @ 12 knots to noon = §23°E 384M ‘0848 | DR Lat | 26°27.0°N | Obs Long [130° 30.°W | Sea ah [PIT [IP AIN [TPIT Run [dlat [3535] dh 16TE] [E(om) [4 oa3° |G 023 [OBI 1200) EP i [°S1.7N [EP long | DP L3.A'W Obs ak [27423 [27° 453" [27 48" = Dip (idm) [051 05.6 1C) 056 edhe | Appak [2 367° [339.7 [razr 8h dm 556 Ta Coit | 4a TG) Ma [Oy 33 20h 28m 556 Chak bes larsar | ar sna [oh OA Vhs 585 (Cos P= Sin Ta Sin at Sin dec 294 11h 79m Leanna un 03m C337 @ 12 gt me ps = N2W 62M Rae aed eee omer ee 200 [Eat | 25°S1.7NT | de for 294204 [21°37] ence in the formula, (-) has bon pt above the (4). [Ron_—| dat [05.7 404) | ) 002" In this ease lat dec are of contrary names 0 (¥). | Mer pas | EP iat [75°57 4N | [dx former pass [21°37.5°S Note:The entre calculation commencing fom the formula to Sea Ak [47° 1323'S ‘haining the Obs Long is done on 8 simple sect calculator TE (oo) [023° | Hence there is no acessty to convert decimals of « dgsee to ‘Obs ait | 42" 15.5" rine of ar und he ast tp. Dip (On) — Appalt ‘Auge? [ose [ao soer [aos [ot comm ET THA —[319315" 319.390 | a19.476° Tait GHA | 089" «9.4 [ono 4.1" | 089" 59.7 MZD ‘Obs Lang | 15011" —| 130307" —[130309" —] Dee: z ‘Obs Long | 130° 30.6] 130° 30.4W] 130° 30.50. Pia [25°57] Average Obs Long = 130° 30.5°W at 0848 ST. ‘Computed sext mer alt= 42° 13.2 towards S. 20 2