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Principles of Insurance: Lesson 1A Insurance Basics
Principles of Insurance: Lesson 1A Insurance Basics
•WHAT IS INSURANCE?
•BASIC INSURANCE DEFINITIONS
WHAT IS INSURANCE?
An insurance policy is a legally binding contract between an insurance company and the
person who buys the policy, commonly called the "insured" or the "policyholder."
In exchange for payment of a specified sum of money, called the "premium," the
insurance company agrees to pay the "beneficiary" (or for some benefits, the "owner")
together and paying on a regular basis into a 'pooled' account. If any of them need to
claim off the insurance because of some personal calamity, the money is there to
enable this to happen. In that way, insurance serves as a risk transfer mechanism by
which people or businesses can shift some of their uncertainties or risks to the
insurance companies. The insurance companies charge a fee, known as a premium, for
accepting these risks, and in return, agree to pay for the financial losses that the
Application – The first questionnaire an insurance applicant fills out when he applies
for insurance. This form will ask for information about the applicant and the subject to
Cancellation – The termination of insurance coverage during the policy period. This is
insurance company, the earned premium is calculated only for the period for
which the coverage was provided. For example: An annual policy with a
charged would be more than the pro-rata earned premium. Generally, the
premium. However, the company may also establish its own short-rate
schedule.
Decline – This refers to a situation when the company refuses to accept the request for
insurance coverage.
Effective Date – This is the date on which the insurance policy begins.
Expiration Date – This is the date on which the insurance policy ends.
Insurance Agent – A person authorized by, and acting on behalf of the insurer, to
transact all classes of insurance that the insurance company is licensed to sell.
INSURANCE AGENT?
Insurance is everyone’s need. Anyone who owns something or desires personal
Everyone should buy insurance based on his/her unique personal needs. The market
offers a wide range of insurance products, including property, liability, health, disability,
crisis, savings, income protection and investment, to match the changing needs of
Certain insurance contracts are also made compulsory by legislation. For example,
Oregon law states that tavern and liquor establishments must carry $300,000 of liquor
liability insurance or maintain a bond not less than $300,000 with a corporate surety
TYPES OF INSURANCE
There are many types of insurance. Here we will discuss the most common types of
insurance. Each type of insurance protects the insured from a different type of financial
loss.
Life Insurance – In this type of insurance, the company provides money to the
the policyholder.
Long-term Care Insurance – This type of insurance covers the person’s expenses
Disability Insurance – This type of insurance provides income in case the insured
Personal Property Insurance – This type of insurance covers the property against
damages.
Home Owner's Insurance – This type of insurance covers damages to the insured’s
house.
Automobile Insurance – This type of insurance covers the insured’s car and
Other types of Insurance – There are also some other types of insurances related to
INSURANCE AGENT
The insurance agent is an individual who sells and services insurance policies. There
services clients by searching the market for the most advantageous price for the
This type of agent represents only one company, and sells only its policies. This
independent agent.
The agent system for the distribution of insurance has worked pretty well over the years,
with agents marketing the products of the insurer and, at the same time, educating the
consumers on how to limit risks and make better choices regarding their insurance
needs. As insurance costs have increased dramatically in the last decade, agents have
achieved a key role in planning cost saving measures for individuals as well as small
businesses.
• Educate the client by explaining the various plans available and by providing
• Make specific recommendations that suit the client's objectives and budget
• Encourage the client to act in a timely fashion to assure that the proper coverages
are in place when they are needed. The agent also sees to it that accurate and
complete information is provided to the insurer to make sure that the client gets the
• Keep in contact with the client, and periodically review or update their coverage. The
agent should suggest appropriate changes, and counsel clients on ways to reduce
cost. Often they will need to assist their client in reviewing the need for legal and tax
• Assist with claims, answer questions and serve as the mediator in helping their
often assisting the employee in seeing how the benefits coordinate with their
insurance and the insurance policy. We learned about the application process for the
insurance policy, the cancellation processes at different stages during the policy, and
some important dates which need to be taken into consideration by the insurer. We also
discussed different types of insurance which mainly include Life, Health, Long-term,
Personal property, Disability and Automobile. At the end of the lesson, we discussed the
major responsibilities of the insurance agent, and the important role a good relationship
In a life insurance policy, the most common event is the death of the person who is
insured—in which case the payment is made to the beneficiary. Depending on the type
of policy, it sometimes may be the insured person attaining a certain age, or the owner
requesting to surrender the policy for its cash value, or to take that cash value out in the
form of monthly payments for a set number of years of the insured's life.
People purchase life insurance for many reasons. Some of them are discussed here:
or to provide a surviving partner the resources to buy out the deceased partner’s
• To provide funds – To pay estate taxes or other final obligations necessary to settle
There are several simple methods used to estimate an applicant’s life insurance need.
The most basic rule of thumb is the Income Rule, which states that the insured’s
Example: Allie is earning a gross annual income of $60,000. She should have between
The Income Plus Expenses Rule states that the insured’s insurance needs to be
equal to 5 times his/her gross annual income plus the total of any mortgage, personal
debt, final expenses, and special funding needs (i.e., college, university etc.).
Example: Assume that Fredrick earns a gross annual income of $60,000 and has
expenses that total $160,000. His insurance need would be equal to $460,000 ($60,000
x 5 + $160,000).
Using the Premiums as Percentage of Income rule, a minimum of six percent of the
insured’s gross income (as the primary income earner) should be spent on life
insurance premiums. Add an additional one percent for each dependent. Once the
applicant determines the percentage of the income that should be spent on life
insurance premiums, the agent may advise purchasing as much life insurance as the
There are other more comprehensive methods used to calculate life insurance need.
Overall, these methods are more detailed than rules of thumb and provide a more
The Family Needs Approach requires the applicant to purchase enough life insurance
to allow his/her family to meet its various expenses in the event of the applicant’s death.
Under the family needs approach, the applicant divides his/her family's needs into two
main categories:
1. Immediate Needs at Death (Cash Needs)
Once the applicant determines the total amount of his/her family's needs, he/she may
The Income Replacement calculation is based on the theory that the purpose of life
insurance is to replace the loss of the applicant’s income when he/she dies. Under this
approach, the amount of life insurance the applicant should purchase is based on the
value of the income that he/she can expect to earn during his/her lifetime, taking into
The Estate Preservation And Liquidity Needs approach attempts to calculate the
amount of life insurance needed upon the applicant’s death for items such as taxes,
expenses, fees, and debts, while preserving the value of his/her estate. This method
takes into consideration the amount of life insurance needed to maintain the current
value of his/her estate for his/her family, while providing the cash needed to cover death
Introduction
First things first—to get insured, one needs to get an application from the insurance
company. The applicant then fills out the form, signs it, and returns it for consideration.
It is often required that the applicant be physically present in front of the agent while the
questions are being filled out on the application. The information provided in the
application form gives the underwriters of the insurance company a basis for
The Proposed Insured – This is the person whose life is being insured by the
The Applicant – This is the person applying to the insurance company for life
The Policy Owner – This is the person that usually pays the premiums and the
person who retains all rights to any values or options contained in the policy.
•MINOR APPLICATIONS
•CORRECTING THE APPLICATION
•CONDITIONAL RECEIPT
•REPRESENTATIONS/WARRANTIES
FRAUD/CONCEALMENTMinor Applications
As a rule, minors - mostly persons of age less than 18 - are not allowed to enter
contracts. However, life insurance allows an exception: A person is a minor only until
age 15.
In case the proposed insured is not yet 15 years of age, one of the following persons
• A court-appointed guardian.
To change any information on the form, the proposed insured must initial any and all
changes on that application. Extra care must be taken when filling out the application
forms, since the insurance company can cancel or rescind the entire contract from the
date of issue, if the error is discovered after the issuance of a policy. Of course, this
must take place before the incontestability clause of the contract takes effect.
Conditional Receipt
The receipt located at the bottom of the application is called a conditional receipt. The
agent is advised to collect the first full premium from the applicant at the time of
application, and to use this receipt. Being conditional, it states in very clear terms that
the policy acceptance is subject to the approval of the carrier. It also acknowledges
insured dies before the policy is issued. In such a situation, two alternative decisions
exist:
i. If the insurance carrier would have issued the policy to the proposed insured
had he still been living, the proceeds would be paid to the beneficiary.
ii. If the application was destined to be denied, the premium would be returned
to the beneficiary.
Representations/Warranties
Representations and are considered the truth. Even though some representations
may be found to be false, the person making these believes them to be true.
Fraud / Concealment
been provided by the applicant at the time of making the application is classified as
concealment.
•POLICY FEATURES
•POLICY CLAUSES
POLICY FEATURES
Policy effective date is the date stated in the policy from which:
Backdating Policies
• Backdating is the practice of allowing the policy effective date to be set in the past.
• It can also allow applicants into the acceptable age range for policies that have age
limits.
• Furthermore, by aligning with the policy owner’s income pattern or dates, it can
Policy Provisions
Policy provisions act as contractual provisions defining the limits of a certain life
insurance policy.
Policy Clauses
Ownership Clause
According to the ownership clause, the policy owner possesses all contractual
rights in the policy while the insured is still alive. Such rights include:
attached application, and riders constitute the complete contract between the
Important Points:
• To exercise these rights, the policy owner typically does not need the
beneficiary's consent.
• No statement can be used by the insurer to void the policy unless the
addition, any officer of the company cannot change the terms of the policy
Incontestability Clause
Under the Incontestability Clause, the company is given a specific period of time,
usually two years, to find out any cause for contesting the policy. After the
contestable period has expired, the insurer cannot contest the policy.
Suicide Clause
A typical Suicide Clause states that the face amount of the policy will not be paid
if the insured commits suicide within a specific period of time, usually two years,
after the policy is issued. The only payment is a refund of the premiums.
Reinstatement Clause
If the premium is not paid during the grace period, a life insurance policy may
lapse for nonpayment of premiums. The Reinstatement Clause allows the policy
owner the right to reinstatement of a lapsed policy under certain conditions. The
conditions are:
• The policy has not been surrendered for its cash value.
• The lapsed policy must be reinstated within a certain period, usually three to
seven years.
If the policy owner wishes to continue the same type of life insurance coverage, it
usually is more economical to reinstate a policy than to buy a new one. This is
because a new policy is likely to have a higher premium, since it will be issued
The insured's age may be misstated in the application. Under the Misstatement
Clause, the amount paid is the amount of life insurance that the premium would
EXAMPLE:
• If Mary has $15,000.00 of Ordinary Life Insurance and dies, only 20/21
Beneficiary Designations
The beneficiary is the person or party named in the policy to receive the policy
proceeds. There are numerous Beneficiary Designations in life insurance. They include
the following:
The Primary Beneficiary – is the first party who is entitled to receive the
Irrevocable Beneficiary designation means that the policy owner cannot change
but is a member of a group to whom the proceeds are paid. One example of a
The Change of Plan Provision allows the policy owner to exchange the present policy
for a different one. If the change is to a higher premium plan, such as exchanging an
ordinary life policy for an endowment at age sixty-five, the policy owner must pay the
difference in cash values between the two contracts plus interest at a stipulated rate.
Important Points
INSURANCE COMPANIES
Introduction
A simple way to understand life insurance companies is to see how they are structured:
• Mutual Companies
• Reciprocal Insurers
• Lloyd’s of London
• Reinsurers
• Service Insurers
A stock life insurance company, as the name suggests, has stockholders. These people
may or may not also be policy owners. They each own shares in the company in the
form of stocks, and they elect a board of directors to guide the operation of the
Important Point: A stock life insurance company, like all other corporations, is in
A mutual insurance company is also a corporation, and it derives its name from its basic
ownership characteristic. Control in a mutual company rests with the policy owners who
'mutually" own the company. The policy owner’s elect a board of directors, and any
"profits" are returned as dividends to the policy owners in the form of reduced costs for
insurance. It should be mentioned here that dividends from a mutual company are not
profits in the mercantile or commercial sense but rather the return of an “overcharge” of
premium.
EXAMPLE: A mutual life insurance company might sell life insurance at one
specific age for $15 per $1,000 of face amount. Once a dividend has been
declared, each policy-owner might then receive credit on the premium statement
in the amount of $2 per $1,000. Thus, the resultant cost for the insurance is $13
Reciprocals
These are arrangements where a group of people agree to insure each other; i.e. each
Lloyd’s of London
Reinsurers
Companies that transfer the risk from other insurers to themselves are known as
reinsurers and the company transferring the risk is known as the ceding company.
A mutual insurance company formed by people in the same line of business, occupation
or profession.
Service Insurers
These are the Blue Cross, Blue Shield, HMO and PPO health carriers.
These insurers sell the smaller face amount policies, known as industrial policies. They
Other Entities
Government programs were created to cover basic risks and redistribute income
•COMPANY RATINGS
•CHOOSING THE RIGHT TYPE OF LIFE INSURANCE
•TERM LIFE INSURANCE
Company Ratings
These two rating services differ from each other in their rating methodologies.
• A.M. Best Company uses profitability, leverage, and liquidity to assign ratings from
• Standard and Poor's uses the claims paying ability of an insurance company to
liquidation).
Important Point: Besides private rating services, there is also the National
the Insurance Regulatory Information System (IRIS). Agents can access the IRIS
• Term Insurance
• Permanent Insurance
• Term Life Insurance provides life insurance for a specified period of time. These
policies provide benefits in the event of death, but they generate no “cash value, ” or
savings.
Important Points
If a prospect has a limited amount to spend, and only needs insurance for a finite
period of time, he/she may be able to get more coverage by buying term
older, which may make it more expensive than permanent insurance in the long
run.
• When the individual buys term insurance, he/she need to make a choice as to
how long he/she wants the protection. The individual may renew the policy
without a physical examination for the period of years specified in the policy.
age with no physical examination. Premiums for the converted insurance will
most likely be higher than the premiums you would be paying for the term
insurance.
• PERMANENT INSURANCE
o WHOLE LIFE INSURANCE
Permanent Insurance
insurance, but the money not needed to pay for the cost of the death benefit
accumulates at interest.
• If the policy is surrendered before the insured dies, there may be a cash value
Important Point
As a general rule, it is not a good idea to buy permanent life insurance if policy
• If all premiums are paid, permanent insurance usually lasts for the whole life of a
person, and pays death benefits to the beneficiaries named in the policy upon the
• The cash value can be used as loan collateral for borrowing funds at the interest rate
specified in the policy. Any outstanding loans are deducted from policy proceeds at
• A policy lapse or surrender may create a taxable event and may generate a Form
1099.
Some of the most popular types of cash value insurance are described below:
Whole Life Insurance
Whole life policies are a type of permanent life insurance that offer protection
throughout a lifetime—that is for a person’s whole life. The individual pays the
same scheduled premium from the day he/she buys the policy.
There is no need to renew whole life policies. As long as policy owner pays
the premium when due, the policy remains in force throughout the insured’s
The scheduled premium may be level or increase after a fixed time period,
but the premium will not change from the amount shown in the policy
schedule. It is important that the policy owner look at the policy schedule and
understand what his/her premium payments will be and that he/she can afford
them.
An insurance company will base the premium on the insured’s age at the time
of purchase. Initially, the premium for a whole life policy will be higher than
that for a term policy. The policy owner likely will pay a lower premium when
the insured is older, if the policy owner keeps the policy for a long time. Part
of each premium payment goes to the cash value growth, part for the death
benefit, and part for expenses such as commissions and administrative costs.
and death benefits and a table of guaranteed values, but they pay no
dividends.
values, and may also pay policy dividends. Because of the dividend
policies. This policy specifies a time period and if the policyholder dies
within this specified time period, the policy proceeds are paid to the
• UNIVERSAL LIFE
• VARIABLE LIFE
• VARIABLE UNIVERSAL LIFE
• GROUP LIFE
Universal Life
The key characteristic of a universal life policy is flexibility. Within limits, the
applicant can choose the amount of insurance and the premium he/she will
pay. Later, depending on the policy value and policy owner’s financial needs,
expenses.
The flexible premium feature of the policy allows the policy owner to change
his/her premium payments, depending on the policy value at hand and his/her
Lowering the death benefit and raising the premium will increase the growth
rate of his/her policy. The opposite is also true. Raising the death benefit and
lowering the premium will slow the growth of his/her policy. If insufficient
premiums are paid, the policy could lapse without value before it reaches a
maturity date.
The maturity date is the date the policy ceases and its cash surrender value is
his/her policy’s value is adequate to pay the policy’s monthly cost. The
company must send the policy owner an annual report and notify him/her if
A variable life policy allows the policy owner to invest the policy values in a
could include money market funds and mutual funds invested in stocks and
bonds.
A variable life policy presents a higher risk to the policy owner because the
account.
Group Life
Some of the silent features of Group Life insurance are listed below:
contract.
• Most group life contracts are sold to businesses to cover their employees.
An insurance company may not apply a new contestable period if the group
life policy has been in force for two years and the insurance amount is the
same or less than the employee’s original policy. If the employee converts
company may continue the contestable period until the employee reaches the
company may apply a new contestable or suicide period only to the increased
amount of coverage.
A group life policy isn’t always a low-cost policy. Compare the cost of an
and shop around for the best deal. Employers should compare prices and
Permanent life policies differ from term life policies in several ways, including:
Higher Initial Premiums: Policy owner pays not only for a death benefit but also for
the cash value feature of the policy. Overall, permanent policies offer less insurance
Greater Flexibility: The policy owner can use the cash value as collateral for a loan.
Dividend-paying policies usually provide an option to apply the dividends to pay all
or part of the premiums. Other permanent policies such as universal life provide for
payment of the cost of the policy if the policy has accumulated sufficient value.
Much Higher Agent Commissions: Insurance agents get higher commissions for
the “permanent insurance”. So the policy owner better keep this in mind if an agent
continues to recommend a “permanent life policy” when he/she is asked about “term
life policy”.
Important Points
Remember that surrender charges and other expenses may consume all or most
of a policy’s cash value if the policy owner cashes it in early. It usually takes at
If the policy owner buys a “permanent policy”, try to continue his/her premium
Historically, half the people who buy permanent policies drop them within five years.
Dropping a permanent policy can be costly, so the applicant should think carefully
Policy owner may renew most ART policies up to age 100. However, ART
premiums are extremely high for middle age and older consumers. If the
policy owner has been paying high premiums, he/she may want to shop
An ART provides a fixed premium and death benefit for one year. When the
term ends, the policy owner may renew his/her policy, but the premium will
probably increase. To avoid yearly increases, some people look for 5, 10, or
Decreasing Term
term policies.
The initial death benefit may equal or approximate the amount of the policy
owner’s loan, with the benefit decreasing as he/she pays off his/her loan. If
the insured dies, the insurance benefits pay off or reduce the loan balance.
Important Point: You have a new contestable period with each new policy.
Illustrations
• Life insurance agents use charts or illustrations as sales tools to show how a life
• The applicant should confirm that the illustration shows the guaranteed values based
on the guaranteed interest rate the company promises to pay. he/she should not buy
a policy based on projected future or current values. These are only estimates and
may be higher than what the policy owner will actually receive.
• The applicant should understand the pattern of policy values, surrender charges,
and other expenses. He/she should ask the agent for this information if the
• The applicant should get copies of all the illustration pages, including those showing
Paid-Up Additions
This is additional insurance purchased with interest or dividends paid on the policy.
Some policies include a column showing the paid-up additions increasing the death
Vanishing Premiums
Applicants should be careful if an agent tells them that interest or dividends on their
policy will cause the premiums to "vanish" during the life of the policy. If interest
rates or dividends drop, the policy owner may have to pay additional premiums for a
longer time. Also, the amount the policy owner pays may be greater than he/she
estimated.
• Because term life expires at the end of the term, the applicant should look for a
renewable policy.
• A renewable policy allows the policy owner to continue his/her insurance for
additional terms regardless of the insured’s health and without having to pass a
medical exam.
• This is an important advantage because it may be harder for the insured to pass a
• Most term insurance policies are convertible. This means that as the policy owner’s
insurance needs change, he/she can exchange his/her term life policy for a
• The policy owner may choose to convert his/her term life policy if the insured’s
health declines and it becomes difficult to qualify for a new term policy at standard
rates. The policy owner may also convert his/her term life policy if he/she decides to
benefits.
The claimant should call the policyholder services department directly, or if the
life insurance policy was issued through an agent or an employer, they can be
The claimant, usually the beneficiary, will begin the claims process by filling
If the claimant is too distraught to fill out the form, the insurance agent may fill
it out for him or her, although the claimant will still have to sign it.
If there is another beneficiary named on the policy, that person must also fill
The claimant may also have to fill out Form W-9 (Request for Taxpayer
company to notify the Internal Revenue Service of any interest it has paid to
Life insurance claims are usually paid quickly, often within a few days.
First, however, the insurance company will ensure that the claimants are the
beneficiaries of the policy that the policy is current and in force, and that all
This is usually a simple matter, and does not delay the claims process.
Claims are more often delayed because the insurance company has not received
The insurance company also has a right to challenge or deny a claim if it believes
Life insurance proceeds are often paid as lump-sum cash payments. Most people
elect this form of payment because it enables them to control how the insurance
sum payment, he/she will not owe income tax on the life insurance proceeds.
other than in a lump-sum cash payment. Many types of settlement options are
available, but all are designed to ensure good money management in situations
where the beneficiary is unable or unwilling to manage a lump sum of cash. Either
the policy owner chooses the settlement option at the time he/she purchases the
policy, or the beneficiary chooses the option at the time the benefit becomes
option, the insurance company will keep the policy proceeds, invest them, and pay
the beneficiary interest. Or, the beneficiary may be allowed to withdraw part of the
INSURANCE UNDERWRITING
company, the company underwrites the application. This means that it will look at
the information provided by the applicant (and obtain information from other
sources, if necessary) in order to assess the risks associated with the applicant
as an individual.
• Based on the results of underwriting, the insurer will decide whether or not to sell
• It's not simply a matter of accepting or rejecting the application, though. Assuming
the company deems the applicant insurable, it will place him/her in a pool with
other applicants who share similar characteristics and pose a similar degree of
risk.
• This risk classification determines the premium the applicant will pay for term
coverage.
a pool of insureds in a manner that is both fair to the insured and profitable for the
insurer.
doesn't make sense for them to sell term insurance to everyone who applies for it.
Although they don't want to make the insured pay an excessively high rate, it's not
wise for them to charge all their policy owners the same premium.
• Underwriting enables the company to weed out certain applicants and to charge
the remaining applicants premiums that are commensurate with their level of risk.
When the applicant applies for term insurance, he/she will be classified into one of
whom the company offers a lower than standard rate. The most common
preferred class today is nonsmokers, for whom many insurers now offer a
favorable rate.
people who are not subject to these risk factors. Substandard applicants are
insurable, but only at higher than standard rates that reflect the added risk.
policies.
Uninsurable Risks: These are applicants to whom the company refuses to
sell term insurance because they're unwilling to shoulder the risks. They've
decided that the risk factors associated with the applicant are too great or too
process in order to evaluate applicants in terms of risk. These factors enable the
insurer to decide whether or not applicants are insurable and, if they are, to place
them into the appropriate risk group. Some of the things considered are the potential
insured's:
Age
Sex
Financial condition
Personal habits/character
Occupation
Hobbies
An insurance company will gather information about the applicant from several
sources, like:
When the insured’s term policy expires, will he/she have to go through the
There are policies that contain the renewal option i.e. the insurance company will
renew the policy when it expires without having to resubmit to the underwriting
process. This means that the renewal will be done at the same premium rate,
even if the insured’s risk factors have changed (e.g., his/her health has declined)
term insurance when the policy runs out and undergo what is known as post-
selection underwriting. At this time, the company has the right to deny the insured
continued coverage. Even if they don't deny the insured insurance, it's likely they
will at least put him/her in a higher risk group and raise the premium based on
Remember, though, if the company that wrote the original policy won't renew the
policy or will do so only at a higher rate than the insured or policy owner wants to
pay, the insured should shop around. Other companies may have less stringent
underwriting standards.
PREMIUMS
Premiums
company in return for insurance protection. It follows, then, that for an insurance
company, this is a source of revenue; and the insured will incur the cost of the
Periodic payments
Of the two, the Periodic payment of premium is more popular, primarily because:
There is a large payment required upfront in the case of the lump sum option
In case the insured dies early on in the insurance term, the amount paid for
the insurance under the installment method will be less than the single
payment.
Determination of Premiums
• For a prospective client, one of the major criteria for selecting a company is the
amount of premium that has to be paid. For the insurance company, therefore,
the premium must be high enough to be able to cover the cost of issuing the
policy and other administrative costs, but still be able to compete in the market.
Mortality – The percentage of the insureds that are expected to die in the
future.
Contribution to Surplus – The difference between the premium earned and the
expenses paid.
• PREMIUMS CON’T
o NET AND GROSS PREMIUMS
o LEVEL PREMIUM RESERVES
o INSURANCE AGE
• SETTLEMENT OPTIONS
o LUMP SUM SETTLEMENT
o PROCEEDS AND INTEREST
o FIXED YEAR INSTALLMENT
o LIFE INCOME
The company begins by calculating the net premium for a particular candidate based
operating/administrative costs are loaded onto the net premium to arrive at the gross
premium.
To counter the problem of increasing premiums as the age of the insured increases,
the concept of level premiums was introduced. Under this philosophy, premiums
remain stagnant over the life of the insurance instead of stepping up as the insurance
period progresses. This amount is higher than the yearly renewable term premium in
the early years of the policy but lower than this amount in the later years.
Insurance Age
• One of the most important determinants of the premium charged is the insured’s
age (remember that this is because of the mortality factor). However, the
insurance age of the insured may or may not be the same as the insured’s
chronological age.
1. In the first method, the insured’s age will be the chronological age at the
insured’s closest birthday. If the insured’s last birthday was more than six
months ago, the Insured’s age will be the chronological age plus 1.
2. In the second method, the age of the insured is the same as his/her
Settlement Options
This refers to the payment of benefits after the death of the insured. The various
This is when the beneficiary receives the policy proceeds in a single payment
It is agreed that at the minimum interest rate stated in the policy, the insurance
company will hold the policy proceeds and make interest payments to the
beneficiary. The beneficiary retains the right to withdraw the proceeds of the
The beneficiary receives payments in equal monthly installments, and has the
option to choose the number of years for which he/she will receive payments.
The value of these payments is determined by the policy proceeds, the number
of years the beneficiary chooses to receive payments and the interest rate.
Under this option, the beneficiary has the option to withdraw proceeds at any
time.
Life Income
Payments are received for the life of the beneficiary; the value of these
which payments are required. Should the beneficiary die before the lapse of
This option is used primarily towards the support of family members such as
which continue till at least one payee is alive. Hence, in case the insured dies,
monthly payments continue to beneficiaries for the rest of their lives. The
value of these payments depends upon the age of the beneficiaries at the time
they begin to receive benefits, and the policy proceeds. What differentiates
this option is that beneficiaries do not have the flexibility of receiving these
The amount of payments, and the frequency of these payments, is chosen by the
beneficiary; proceeds that are held by the insurance company earn interest. If the
payments exceeds the interest earned, the proceeds held by the insurance
company decreases until the total proceeds are paid out. However, the
beneficiary does have the option to withdraw the unpaid balance at any time. In
the event of the beneficiary’s death before the payments are completed, the
balance is paid to the beneficiary’s estate.
Non-Forfeiture Options
In case the policy owner is unable to continue premium payments, non-forfeiture options
are included in insurance polices. The following are the five options currently available:
A policy owner has the option to surrender the policy; with a request to be paid
the cash surrender value. Usually, a policy will have a cash value only after the
policy has been held for two to three years. The component of the cash value
that is paid to the policy owner is the original cash value plus the value of paid up
additions and dividends. This value can be reduced in the event of any
outstanding loans and accrued interest on these loans. Cash surrender value is
under the same policy, he/she may request the insurance company to use the
cash value of the original policy for this purpose. The policy will have a reduced
face value, but will continue to earn cash value and dividends, if applicable.
The policy’s cash surrender value is used to calculate how long the face value of
the policy will remain in force after premiums are discontinued. The length of time
that this can happen is calculated by taking the policy’s cash surrender value and
the insured’s age and sex at the time the premium payments were discontinued
into the account. This cash surrender value is then used to purchase term
• NON-FORFEITURE
o AUTOMATIC LOAN PROVISION
o DIVIDEND ACCUMULATION TO AVOID RELAPSE
• DIVIDEND OPTIONS
o CASH PAYMENT
o REDUCTION OF PREMIUMS
o ACCUMULATION OF INTEREST
o PAID-UP ADDITIONS
o ONE-YEAR TERM
In this case, the insured can authorize the company to extend an automatic loan
from the policy’s cash value to settle any outstanding premium payments.
outstanding by the end of the grace period. In the event that these accumulated
Dividend Options
A participating life insurance policy entitles the policy owner to receive dividends from
the earnings of the insurance company. The policy owner may choose one of the
• Cash Payment
Under this dividend option, the insurance company sends the insured a check
• Reduction of Premium
The premium due on the policy for the upcoming year will be reduced by the
amount of the current year’s declared dividend and the balance becomes the
• Accumulation of Interest
The dividends may be retained with the insurance company to accumulate with
interest paid at the specified rate. The policy owner reserves the right to withdraw
• Paid-up Additions
Dividends are used to purchase paid-up additions, which have the same
• One-year Term
In some cases, dividends are used to purchase one-year term coverages, which
are added to the base policy in the event of the insured’s death.
Life and Health Insurance jargon uses the term “rider” instead of “endorsements”.
Riders amend the terms of the basic policy coverage. The commonly used riders are:
• Waiver of Premium
In case the policy owner becomes totally disabled, the premiums are waived after
a waiting period of six months. Some policies also refund the premium payments
Also known as “double indemnity”, this clause offers a payment of double the
face value in the event of the accidental death of the insured. Of course, the
clause is very carefully worded so as to specify the term accidental bodily injury.
The dismemberment rider entitles the insured rather than the beneficiary for
payment. Benefits typically paid for are loss of sight, hand(s), feet or foot. In this
case, the loss of the limb must involve “complete severance through or above the
wrist or ankle joint”. Amputations are admissible only if medically necessary and
purchases are linked with specific time intervals or events that change the family
status e.g. marriage, birth of a child, an anniversary policy year etc. Premiums
are based on the age of the insured at the time of the purchase and the type of
insurance purchased.
The issue of the effective date of the policy is crucial for certain aspects of the policy like
• The incontestability clause allows the applicant a certain time to contest the policy
• The suicide clause is not enforceable for the first two years of the policy.
• In the insurance business, the proposed buyer makes an offer to buy the insurance
by signing the application and submitting it along with the first premium. Once the
• If, however, the premium payment is not made with the submission of the
application, no offer to purchase insurance has been made by the applicant. This
happens when the insurance company issues the policy. Acceptance then occurs
when the premium payment is made and that becomes the effective date of the
coverage.
Important Points
• In situations where the initial premium does not accompany the completed
application, most companies state in the application that the proposed insured
must be in good health at the time of policy delivery, before coverage becomes
effective.
• Also, if the premium is submitted with the application but no receipt is given, the
policy's effective date is generally the date that the policy is issued and delivered.
SUMMARY
In this lesson, we examined closely the reasons for purchasing a life insurance policy
Family Needs Approach, Income Replacement and Estate Preservation and Liquidity
Needs. We also evaluated rules of thumb such as using the Income Rule and the
spent on life insurance premiums and the modalities of the application process, as well
as a description of the parties involved. The difference between representations and
backdating, provisions and various policy clauses including ownership clause, entire
misstatement clause.
We went on to discuss the various kinds of beneficiaries and the way different life
insurance companies are structured. This was followed by a discussion of the two most
popular rating services, A.M. Best Company and Standard and Poor’s, and the way
these two rating services differ from each other in their rating methodologies.
An outline of the two basic types of life insurance, Term Insurance and Permanent
Insurance, was presented, with an elaboration on the many variations and differences
between them.
The course then illustrated how a life insurance claim is filed and the ways in which the
The next section contained an explanation of insurance underwriting and its purpose, as
well as the factors that contribute to the underwriting process in order to evaluate
premium rates and the two standard ways of making premium payments followed.
The lesson proceeded with a list of the various settlements, non-forfeiture and dividend
options and concluded with a discussion on policy rider and delivering the policy.
• Health insurance provides payment of benefits for the loss of income and/or the
expenses.
• Because of its inclusive nature, it is sometimes called other things, like accident and
• Often when speaking of health insurance, people refer to group insurance offered by
employers—insurance that covers medical bills, surgery, and hospital expenses, etc.
Group insurance is also called comprehensive or major medical coverage, because
Methods of underwriting
Types of insurers
There are fee-for-service and managed care plans. People usually know of, or have
Point-of-Service (POS)
Health insurance comes as either individual or group. Group coverage usually has lower
premiums and hence this is how most people get their health insurance. Group
Fee-for-service Coverage
With fee-for-service insurance, the insured is free to choose his/her doctor, and
free to choose a different one for any reason, anytime. Under this type of policy,
charge (determined by the existing cost of such medical service in the area).
Because of the influence that individual doctors have on determining how much
and what kind of service should be provided, indemnity coverage proves not to
Important Point
insurance.
in order to have the insurance company pay the doctor and hospital bills.
For example, the insurance company might indemnify the insured for all
medical costs after the first $1000 each year, or the first $100 each month.
bill, while the rest, the other 20%, is to be paid out-of-pocket by the
insured.
• Can continue treatment with the same doctor even if he/she has changed
and offer financial incentives for patients to use health service providers that
Instead of paying separately for each service that the insured uses, the plans pay
providers in advance for a package of services they may render in future. That is
Like indemnity plans, most managed care plans require members to make a co-
rarely more than $30, or a percentage of the cost of a service, and is due at each
related plans. They are often intended to cover people who have difficulty in
Managed care imposes controls on the use of health care services and the providers of
An HMO is an entity that contracts with medical service providers - be they hospitals or
doctors - and employers, to provide medical care to a group of individuals. The HMO
gets paid at a fixed price per patient in return. Patients generally do not have any
Managed care plans involving HMOs usually require members to choose a primary care
doctor from the plan’s list of doctors. The primary care doctor, also called a gatekeeper,
controls the type of medical care a patient can access. It is only after the primary care
doctor decides that the patient’s situation is beyond his/her expertise that the member
HMO Coverage
HMOs provide a wide range of health care services, referred to as basic health care
services. [Any additional services will come under supplemental health care services.]
Every HMO is required to provide its members with a list of the basic services that are
• In-patient hospital and physician services for illness and injury (minimum of 90
days per calendar year). In the case of inpatient treatment for mental/emotional
evaluations and including things such as eye and ear examinations for children
under 18.
• Emergency services like ambulances, available 24 hours a day, every day of the
week.
HMO Benefits
Covers even preventative measures like routine physical examinations and programs
for quitting drugs and losing weight, etc. Members pay a set (often monthly) fee for a
Exclusions/Limitations
Eye examinations and refractions for persons over age ((people 65 and older)
Dental services
Out-of-area benefits
Termination
Fraud or deception
A violation of contract terms
provide increased benefits to members who use doctors and hospitals within its
network. Unlike HMOs, PPOs do not utilize primary care gatekeepers. A single
Managed care plans have shown an increasing number of employees enrolled in these
companies also show a growing trend in signing up for PPO services for their
employees.
Mechanics of a PPO
The insurance company enters into agreements with select physicians to form a
The basic difference between an HMO and a PPO is that a member of a PPO
may opt for a physician outside this preferred provider network. Of course, this
would mean increased costs for both the member and the insurance company.
coinsurance rate (i.e. he/she would have to pay a lower percentage of the
medical cost) and would also have lower deductibles; that way, they pay a lower
amount towards the medical bill before the insurance coverage kicks in.
There are several reasons that make PPOs better choices for certain people than
HMOs. The most important of these being that it affords them the luxury of
exercising their choices, as well as allows for people to continue with medical
professionals whom they trust. In cases where members are sure that the
deductibles limit will be exceeded, the financial value of the insurance plan is greatly
enhanced.
medical professional is going to be. In the event that premium amounts are the
deciding factor, Managed Care comes out the winner. Some of the main differences
between the two philosophies manifest themselves in the rules regarding the choice
determines if and when such consultation becomes necessary. Also, managed care
rules state that the insured make co-payments for network visits and prescriptions;
and in case of visits outside the network, insurance coverage kicks in after payment
What is Medicare?
Technically, Medicare is part of the Social Security System (and is administered by the
Human Services) and is financed by workers and their employers through the payment
of the Medicare Tax. However, because the program is federally funded, participants
optional. An individual must file the right paperwork to get the full package of Medicare
Medicare coverage is determined by federal health care experts, and in amounts that
parts: A and B. Part A deals with Hospital Insurance; including home health care and
is covered by Part B.
Part A Exclusions
Medical Expense Insurance relates to services rendered by doctors, laboratory tests like
pap smears, x-rays etc. The insureds pay an annual deductible amount, and 20% of the
amount approved (the balance 80% being paid by Medicare). In case of a difference
between the amount approved and the amount actually incurred, the patient bears the
differential.
*** QUIZ NO 25 ***
The stringent Medicare rules leave large gaps in the medical needs of retirees. The
gaps in the insurance needs of citizens are filled in by insurance companies with
range from A type policies with basic coverages to J type policies which offer
Medigap Coverage
Choosing the optional benefits included in the various supplemental plans depends on
hospitalization, and require co-insurance payments to be paid starting from the days
that are not covered under Medicare. Furthermore, once the insured pays the annual
deductible under Medicare Part B, the 20% and 50% co-insurance payments are
also covered.
Plan B – This plan adds on coverage to the basic benefits by paying all deductibles
Plan C – This plan includes both A and B coverages and throws in an amount of $95
for skilled nursing care after day 20. It also includes 80% of emergency care in a
foreign country.
Plan D – This plan includes all coverages in the other plans with the exception of
Medicare Part B deductibles but includes coverage for custodial care for up to $1600
Plan E – This plan covers Preventative Care but excludes Medicare Part B
Plan F – This plan includes Excess Charges for Medicare Part B expenses, i.e. it
Plan G – This plan excludes the Medicare Part B deductible and Preventive Care
but pays the excess charges at a level of 80%, rather than the entire amount as in
Plan F.
Plan H – This plan pertains to prescription medication, and covers the same at 50%
Plan I – This plan excludes Medicare Part B deductible and Preventive Care, but
• MEDICAID
o WHAT IS MEDICAID?
o MEDICAID COVERAGES
• WORKERS’ COMPENSATION (WC)
o AN OVERVIEW
o WHAT IS WORKERS’ COMPENSATION?
o WHO IS ELIGIBLE?
What is Medicaid?
Medicaid is targeted towards low-income families and individuals of all ages. So far, the
program has proved to be very beneficial for senior citizens, who have depleted their
resources.
Medicaid Coverages
Medicaid is the largest long-term care insurer and provides coverage for a major portion
hospice care and personal care are at the discretion of state agencies.
In addition to personal health care coverage, there also exists a type of insurance
designed to guard against any injuries or disabilities arising from occupational injuries
and disabilities. Worker’s Compensation is administered at the state level and requires
Workers’ Compensation came into existence after the industrial revolution; after a time
when employers were almost impossible to sue and no benefits of any kind were due to
the employees, despite increasing occupational hazards, a booming and cheap labor
As mentioned earlier, WC covers injuries and diseases arising out of, and in the course
of, employment. Of course, there must be an established, direct correlation with the
disease/injury and the kind of work that an individual does. Furthermore, the injury must
The law also stipulates that if there is a serious or willful misconduct on the part of the
employer, the benefits will increase; if a minor is employed illegally and suffers injury,
benefits double.
Important Points
other capacity but sustains another injury which leaves him/her incapacitated,
the benefits would be much higher than if the first injury had not occurred. It
another injury leading to permanent disability are much higher. This would
mean substantially increased benefits payable to the employee for the second
injury.
Who is Eligible?
which may be offered to a certain segment of the workforce in the company, Workers’
Compensation applies to all employees, whether full time or part time. In certain cases,
even illegal workers are covered under the workers’ compensation plan.
The most important eligibility criteria is that the individual must be employed in an
industry that is covered under the Workers’ Compensation plan and must sustain an
injury that is directly related to his/her occupation. The law states that only employees
such as farm labor, domestic servants and casual workers can be excluded from this
Important Points
• In certain states, the law exempts employers who have less than a specified
employer may choose to offer the benefit even if he has three, or fewer,
workers.
• Most employers subject to the Workers’ Compensation rule get insured in case of a
program.
The following benefits are provided for under the Workers’ Compensation laws:
Medical Benefits
Death Benefits
Rehabilitation Benefits
Income Benefits
Medical benefits are generally unlimited in the sense that an employee has the right to
receive all necessary treatment to cure the disease, or to provide relief from it. The
benefits may in some cases be restricted to a specific number of visits, as in the case of
Perhaps the most significant of all these benefits is the rehabilitation aspect. This covers
physical therapy, alternative medicine treatment and other services that may not strictly
fall within the gambit of medical treatment. These benefits may also include vocational
training for the employee, the cost of wheelchairs etc. and in some cases, even
insurance, while some specialize in this business alone. There are some states that
have set up a fund for Workers’ Compensation and employers can only buy
compensation insurance from these funds. In other states, private insurance companies
offer these facilities, or there may be state insurance companies, which compete for
The Policy
1. Workers’ Compensation
2. Employer’s Liability
1. Workers’ Compensation
statutory claims. As mentioned earlier, the bodily injury or disease has to be work-
No deductibles, or co-insurance
Supplementary coverage is provided including claim expenses and litigation
applicable, in which case the insurance company will only cover its share of
claims and costs. This is designed to prevent a company from collecting twice on
The employer and insurance company are deemed to be one and the same
entity with regard to injury notification. For example, the bankruptcy of the
employer will not absolve the insurance company of its obligation to settle a
claim.
Important Point
Employers’ Liability covers bodily injury and disease. It protects the company
coverage and also to cater to claims that are outside of the legal parameters of
compensation laws.
The insurance company agrees to pay all sums, falling within policy limits, that
course of, and arising out of, the employment. Coverages offered are:
Important Point
o Fines, penalties and damages for violations of law are excluded because
only, i.e. for injuries and diseases which are not work-related. Under these policies,
coverage is excluded for losses which are covered by Workers’ Compensation laws.
Workers’ Compensation provides coverage for on-the-job hazards; it does not cover
employers in the form of health insurance). Given the different needs for coverage,
there may be more than one insurer in a particular case; thus, there is a need to
determine whether each claim is work-related or not, and if there are any gaps in
coverage.
There are many proponents of the 24-hour coverage. This is basically an attempt to
offers 24-hour disability coverage in a single policy and includes limited medical
whether work related or not. Medical benefits are provided only for work-related injuries
and diseases.
Accident Coverage
Another variant of the 24-hour coverage policy is the accident coverage policy
where all accidents, whether work-related or not, are covered. Medical benefits
are provided only for work-related diseases. Conversely, 24-hour medical and
disability coverage would be provided for all diseases whether work related or
not, but only injuries sustained during an accident arising out of employment
would be covered.
disease. However, there are still several legal, institutional and regulatory
coverage.
SUMMARY
In this lesson, we discussed what health insurance is and how the different types of
along with its limitations such as deductible, co-insurance and limited coverage.
This was followed by a discussion of Managed Care Plans and how they work. We
covered, in detail, the range of basic health care services provided by HMOs and the
benefits of HMOs along with exclusions and limitations. A list of reasons whereby HMOs
mechanics and the reasons that make PPOs a better choice for certain people than
The next section dealt with a detailed explanation of Medicare and Medicaid and their
coverages. This was followed by a discussion of who Medicare deals with and how
Medicare coverage amounts are determined by federal health care experts. Also
We also explained in detail the two aspects of a policy: Worker’s Compensation and Employer’s
Liability.
The lesson is concluded with a discussion of the 24-hour coverage policy and its variants, including
Long Term Care insurance provides coverage that is not covered by health insurance. It
provides varied services, such as health and maintenance services like long-term
nursing, in the event of an insured becoming ill or disabled. This type of insurance pays
coverage on a per-day basis. In view of increasing health costs in the future, most
BENEFITS
Here are some of the benefits provided under this insurance plan:
licensed home health agency. Covered services may include part-time skilled
nursing care, physical therapy, and assistance with activities of daily living.
individuals who do not need to live in a nursing home. Typical benefits include
disease. Daily benefit amounts for home health care and adult day-care are
usually lower than for nursing home care. However, total benefits for home health
care and adult day-care must be at least one half of the total nursing home
Other Services: A policy may include other benefits or offer them as options.
respite care (care provided so that family members who are normally
home assistance services (help with chores like cleaning and shopping)
insureds are unable to perform the specified number of Activities of Daily Living or if the
around).
POLICY LIMITS
Many states allow long-term care insurance policies to exclude coverage for some
conditions. Some conditions may be excluded for a limited period of time, while other
which you received medical advice or treatment during the six months before you
apply for long-term care coverage. A long-term care policy can delay coverage of
a pre-existing condition for up to six months after the policy´s effective date.
Some policies, however, exclude them for less than six months.
doctor for arthritis during the six months before the policy was purchased, the
insurance company could refuse to pay benefits during the first six months that
the insured has the policy if the insured needs long-term care due to arthritis.
After the first six months, the company would have to cover such care.
Mental and nervous disorders: A long-term care policy can exclude coverage
of some mental and nervous disorders, but the policy must cover Alzheimer’s
from Alzheimer’s probably will not qualify for a long-term care policy under a
company´s underwriting guidelines. A long-term care policy also must cover all
serious mental illnesses and brain diseases that are biologically-based, such as
Family Members: Most policies will not pay members of the insured’s family
for caretaking. Some policies, however, will pay to train family members to be
care providers.
Texas long-term care policies may exclude coverage for conditions resulting from:
Medicaid
BENEFIT LIMITS
There are many variables that should be considered before buying a long-term care
policy. The policy should meet the insured’s possible future needs, but still fit his/her
budget. The choices about basic benefit features, the level of benefits, and the
elimination period, as well as the insured’s health at the time of application, will affect
the premium. The following lists typical benefit ranges for nursing home coverage:
An elimination period (the waiting period before benefits begin) usually ranges
from zero to 100 days. The most common options available start benefits at zero,
20, 30, 60, 90, or 100 days after the insured enters a nursing home or begins to
Note: Some policies have only one elimination period, while others require an
A maximum benefit period (payment period) may range from one year to a
lifetime. The most common benefit payment periods are one, two, three, or five
"indemnity" basis. An expense incurred policy pays the charges when the insured
receives eligible services. For example, assume that the insured has a policy with a
daily benefit of $100, and the nursing home charges only $65 per day. An expense
incurred policy will pay only $65 per day since the actual charge is less than the $100
daily benefit. An indemnity policy pays a set daily benefit, without regard to the cost of
the services that the insured receives. For example, if the insured’s policy is an
indemnity policy with a $100 daily benefit and the nursing home charges only $65 per
For either policy, benefits will be paid to the insured, or the insured may "assign" his/her
benefits to be paid directly to the nursing home or other provider providing the service.
• BENEFIT OPTIONS
o Inflation Protection
o Non-forfeiture Benefits
o Other Optional Benefits
BENEFIT OPTIONS
All policies must offer certain optional features for an additional premium.
Inflation Protection
Many states require companies to offer inflation protection. If the insured decides not to
buy inflation protection, the offer must be rejected in writing. The offer of inflation
protection must include a graphic comparison of benefits on a policy with and without
Inflation protection must be offered in at least one of the following three ways:
annually. For example: A $70 daily benefit that increases by a "simple" 5 percent
a year will provide $140 a day in 20 years, but will provide $186 a day when
compounded annually.
compounded each year on the policy’s renewal date. If the increase is not
desired, it must be rejected in writing within 30 days after the policy renewal date.
3. The policy can cover a specified percentage of actual or reasonable charges for
as long as the insured owns it, with no maximum daily limit or policy limit.
Nonforfeiture Benefits
Companies must offer the insured a guarantee that some benefits that were paid for will
"nonforfeiture benefits." In most cases, the longer the insured pays premiums on the
policy, the larger the nonforfeiture benefit. For example, if the insured paid premiums on
a long-term care policy with a nonforfeiture benefit for 10 years, and then cancelled it,
the insured might get 50 percent of the daily benefit if long-term care services in the
future are needed. Or, the insured might get a full daily benefit, but only for one-third or
such as the insured’s age at the time of purchase, the type of benefit offered and
Methods vary for determining the type and amount of nonforfeiture benefits the insured
Note: If you decide not to buy a nonforfeiture benefit, you must reject the offer in writing.
In Texas, after July 1, 2002, the company must explain its "contingent lapse benefit" if
the insured chooses not to buy a nonforfeiture benefit. The company must also offer a
contingent lapse benefit each time it raises the insured’s premium substantially. A
contingent lapse benefit allows the insured to choose a reduced benefit amount so that
premiums will not increase or to convert the policy to a paid-up status. The paid-up
status will be either a total sum of all premiums paid for the policy or 30 times the daily
provision allows the insured to stop paying premiums once the insured is in a
nursing home and the insurance company has started to pay benefits. Some
companies waive the premium as soon as they make the first benefit payment.
Others wait 60 to 90 days. This provision may not apply if the insured is receiving
benefits under certain provisions of the policy (for instance, if the insured is
Refund of Premium Benefits: Under this option, some or all of the premiums,
minus any claims paid under the policy, will be refunded to the insured if the
policy is cancelled. The refund will be made to the insured’s beneficiary if the
insured dies. Usually, the insured must have paid premiums for a certain number
confinement that is covered by the policy, some policies will pay to reserve the
insured’s bed in the nursing home for a specified number of days or until he/she
returns.
***QUIZ 31***
Much of the information required by the insurance company for the underwriting process
Verification Reports which are investigative in nature and sometimes highlight issues
Underwriting Criteria
Policies that are a standard risk to the insurance company are called standard or
submitted; these policies attract standard premiums. Often, however, the applicant is
required to pay an amount that exceeds the standard premium to make the risk of that
Insurance companies employ several criteria to assess the risks they are likely to incur
Age
Current, historical and an assessment of future medical conditions
Pre-existing conditions
POLICY PROVISIONS
To promote equity and fairness, the Uniform Policy Provision Law established and
categorized certain policy provisions. These were divided into two parts; those that are
mandatory and are required by law to be a part of every policy, and those that were
deemed to be optional.
Mandatory Provisions
Entire Contract
This includes all attached papers, riders and endorsements. All changes are to
Period of Incontestability
This is usually two years in length. In the event that there are fraudulent
statements in the policy, the period of contestability extends to the life of the
contract. Only in the case of a guaranteed renewable policy will the policy remain
Reinstatement
A policy may be reinstated after it has lapsed and the specified procedures are
Claim Forms
The law requires insurance companies to supply the insured a claim form within
15 days of the claim being lodged. If this is not done, a proof of loss may be
Grace Period
A company normally allows the insured about 31 days to submit late premium
Notice of Claims
Claims are required to be paid “immediately” and the normal time period is 60
days.
Proof of Loss
The insured has 90 days within which to file proof of loss. In case it was
reasonably possible to do so, and was not done, the claim will not be paid.
Claim Payment
In the case of life insurance, payments are made to the designated beneficiary,
unless none is named, in which case, the payment will go to the insured’s estate.
The insured may also make a request to pay for medical services received.
Autopsy
The company has the right to order an autopsy of the insured’s body, as long as
Change of Beneficiary
The legal window of opportunity to file a dispute claim against the insurance
Misstatement of Age
In this case, benefits due are adjusted to reflect benefits that would have been
Unpaid Premiums
At the time a claim becomes due, any unpaid premiums are adjusted from the
Over Insurance
In case a similar risk coverage exists with another insurer, excess premiums will
Cancellation
The company has the right to cancel the policy with 20 days written notice to the
insured and the insured may cancel the policy following the expiration of the
If during the tenor of a policy the insured moves to a more hazardous job without
notifying the insurance company, the benefit will be reduced. If the opposite
To limit the amount of single party exposure that a company accepts, this amount
State Statutes
earnings (or the average for the past two years), the insurance company is liable
Illegal Occupation
If a loss is incurred while under the influence of Intoxicants and Narcotics, unless
Non-forfeiture Options
As the popularity of long-term care policies grows, the insured is going to have to
be afforded non-forfeiture options that protect their policy values and benefits and
protect them from forfeiting the same. Life Insurance policies currently contain
three non-forfeiture options, but the wording of these non-forfeiture options will
be different for long-term care policies. The three non-forfeiture options are:
Cash Value
This would provide that the daily benefit be reduced for the policy's benefit
premiums.
Extended Term
In this term there is extension of coverage for the full amounts that the
policy would have ordinarily paid without any future payments of premiums
Another type of non-forfeiture option that has come upon the long-term
care scene is a cash back feature. Under this provision, an insured might
typically receive 50, 60, 70, or 80% of total premiums paid upon
course, as is the case in most cash back features, claims paid are
SUMMARY
In this lesson we discussed Long Term Care Insurance. We covered the different
benefits for the insurer and the various policy matters related to this type of insurance.
We also learnt about different features of the Mandatory and Optional Provisions, which
are two different types of policy provisions under the Uniform Policy Provision Law. .
*** QUIZ NO 34***
Disability income insurance provides the insured with income when he/she becomes
sick or injured and unable to work. It helps protect against family financial catastrophe
Disability income insurance is one of the most undersold and overlooked markets in the
insurance business. From the surveys, which are taken from time to time, it has been
found that 85% of workers surveyed in companies that employ 3 to 50 employees, have
NO SHORT TERM OR LONG TERM DISABILITY. It has been said that 97 out of 100
As with all insurance, disability income insurance operates on the principle that many
people pool small sums of money to benefit those who need help. The beneficiaries are
First, find out exactly what benefits your employer offers in the event of a disabling
illness or injury. Most employers allow some short-term sick leave, which may last from
a few days to as much as six months, depending both on employer policy and on
duration of employment. In some states (for example, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York,
and Rhode Island), state law requires most employers to provide disability benefits for
weeks.
estimated that almost half of mid-size to large employers provide long-term benefits for
at least five years. Typical group long-term disability benefits replace about 60 percent
of salary, start when short-term benefits are exhausted, and continue anywhere from
five years to life. Often, group long-term insurance is fully paid for by employers without
contributions by employees. (That’s why employer-paid disability income benefits are
Check with your employer’s benefits office to see if you are covered and, if so, what is
available to you. Find out how long you must wait before benefits begin and how long
payments will continue during your disability. Find out, too, whether your employer’s
plan takes other disability coverage (such as government programs) into account when
calculating your long-term disability pay. Ask for a booklet describing the disability
Social Security
Most salaried workers in the United States participate in the federal government’s Social
Security program. Social Security is best known for its retirement benefits. But the
1999, 4.2 billion dollars in Social Security disability payments were sent to 7.2 million
Americans.
Your salary and the number of years you have been covered under Social Security
determine how much you can receive. In March of 1999, the average monthly payment
LESSON 5B
Eligibility
Eligibility is based on being unable to perform any gainful employment, not just the job
Individuals are eligible for benefits after you have been disabled for 5 months and if the
disability is expected to last 12 months or to result in death. Claim processing may take
government programs. Why? Because total combined payments under Social Security,
workers’ compensation, civil service, and military programs generally cannot exceed 80
Social Security disability payments are subject to federal income tax, if your "combined
income", adjusted gross income plus any nontaxable interest income and half of your
Example
If you file an individual tax return, you may have to pay income tax on 50
If you file a joint tax return, and your combined income is between $32,000
and $44,000, then you may have to pay taxes on 50 percent of your Social
Social Security disability payments can be an important part of your income should you
suffer a disabling illness or injury. Contact your local Social Security Administration
office for an estimate of the disability benefits to which you would be entitled.
After 24 months of benefits, recipients qualify for Medicare. If you want the medical
insurance portion of Medicare, in addition to hospital coverage, you must enroll and pay
a monthly premium.
There are many other potential sources of income if you become disabled:
Workers’ compensation benefits, if you suffer an accident at work or an illness that
Private insurance, such as credit disability insurance, that makes monthly loan
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for persons with low incomes and limited
assets.
Medicaid, also for persons with low incomes and limited assets.
LESSON 5C
The availability and extent of these and other programs vary widely. But, because one
or more may be an important source of income should you become disabled, it’s
important to determine whether you are eligible. If you are, you should also find out how
long benefits will be paid. And, of course, your own resources- the savings you’ve put
Add up all the benefits you are entitled to under the public and private programs
mentioned, along with the monthly income you could count on from other sources such
as your savings. If the total approaches your required income after taxes, you can
assume that, should total disability strike, you would be able to pay your day-to-day bills
while recuperating.
Important Points
You must remember that eligibility for Social Security disability benefits is
contingent upon your disability being expected to last for at least 12 months or
If the total from employer benefits, Social Security, and other programs along
with your own resources will not be close to your pre-disability, after-tax income
and will not be adequate to support your family, you will want to consider buying
group plan or your personal insurance benefits may be reduced by the amount of Social
If you are your own employer, consider a group policy for you and your employees. If
you are a sole practitioner, or if you work for a business that does not provide benefits
under a group policy, an individual policy is a good idea. After all, if you do not receive
Whether you are an employee or an employer, your insurance agent can help analyze
your sources of disability income, determine waiting periods for various benefits, and
The Elimination Period is the period in which the insured, in the event of a total
disability, is able to continue his/her present standard of living, before the insurance
Elimination periods are available in 14-day, 30-day, 60-day, 90-day, 180-day and 365-
Therefore in making this decision, the insured will have to make an accurate
The Benefit period is the duration for which an insured is paid disability income. Typical
benefit periods are one year through five years, age 65 and lifetime. The kind of benefit
period that best suits an individual would vary from occupation to occupation.
Before deciding on how much to insure and whom to insure with, the following should
Definition of Disability
This may be defined as inability to perform usual duties/job, or a disability that precludes
gainful employment.
"Total disability" requires the individual to be totally disabled from engaging in any
"Total disability" may be defined in relation to the inability of the person to perform
duties, but such inability may not be based solely upon an individual's inability to
the inability of the person to perform all of the substantial and material duties pertaining
The definition may reasonably require regular care and attendance by a physician, other
The definition may require that the total disability be "continuous" or "uninterrupted"
for a specified period of time or to a specified age. If the insured's total disability
continues to a specified age or for a specified period and shall continue thereafter, the
definition may predicate continuance of benefits on the insured's inability to perform any
experience.
Extent of Disability
There are policies that cover partial disability for a limited time, and only if it follows total
disability from the same accident/cause. Others require that an individual be totally
This term is defined in relation to the insured's inability to perform one or more, but not
"Residual" Benefits
Residual disability is defined in relation to the insured's reduction in earnings and may
be related either to the inability to perform one or more, but not all, of the "major,"
A policy which provides for residual disability benefits, may require a qualification
period, during which the insured must be continuously, totally disabled before residual
disability benefits are payable. The qualification period for residual disability benefits
These supplement income to bring the insurer at par with pervious income in case this
This provision qualifies an insured for the full benefits of his/her policy based on the fact
that specific conditions exist. These conditions include the loss of two or more limbs,
speech, sight or hearing. An insured can qualify for presumptive disability even if
Benefit Amount
The indemnity amount is usually stated in a monthly amount and bears a relationship to
home, some insurance companies limit the size of the benefit payments to 70 to 80% of
monthly income. Lower-paid workers can expect to receive more of their pre-disability
Benefit Period
The Benefit Period is the period of time that benefits contract are payable for a
particular claim under the disability. Usually, an insured may select a benefit period of
one year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 10 years, or to age 65, 67, or even lifetime.
Elimination Period
Policies now offer the flexibility of choosing how long an insured wishes to wait before
payments begin. Typical elimination periods for both accident and sickness are 15
days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 180 days and 365 days. This selected period will
depend on the cash flow available to the insured. Delaying the start of payments will
RECURRENT DISABILITY
The specific purpose of the clause is to state how long a period of time must elapse
entirely separate disability. Any disability that recurs within 6 months following the
Length of Coverage
While benefits may be payable from one year to lifetime payments, it is important to
decide if this type of insurance coverage is needed beyond a person’s working life. A
shorter coverage means less premium dollars; however, disability insurance may be
required for securing a situation where a comeback into the workforce is not possible.
WAIVER OF PREMIUM
This provision usually waives the payment of any premium that becomes due after 90
PREEXISTING CONDITIONS
This provision provides for a contestable period of 2 years and at the same time states
that benefits are not payable for disabilities that manifest themselves prior to the
Exclusions
GRACE PERIOD
A period of time after the due date of a premium during which the policy remains in
This optional benefit waives the normal elimination period under the disability contract if
indemnity along with the basic monthly indemnity, while the insured is hospital-confined.
This benefit provides a flat, face amount payment for accidental death and
This option is a guaranteed insurability benefit that provides for periodic increases in the
basic indemnity, without evidence of insurability. Normally the options are available
FUTURE-INCOME OPTION
This option is a guaranteed insurability benefit that provides for periodic increases in the
basic indemnity, without evidence of insurability. Normally the options are available
INFLATION ADJUSTMENT
Some polices may include a waiver of premium clause if an insured is disabled for 90
days; others may offer the additional purchase of disability coverage without medical
examinations.
An important consideration is the renewability of the policy and most disability income
insurance comes with either the Non-cancelable policy clause or the Guaranteed
making timely premium payments. The insurance company is not allowed to change
the premiums and benefits contained therein. Guaranteed renewable policies will be
automatically renewed, with the same benefits, but the premium may be increased if it is
SUMMARY
This lesson covered the details of Disability Insurance. We learned about the Social
Security benefits that come under disability insurance and also the conditions of
eligibility of a person for this type of insurance. We also discussed the different policy
wide array of misfortunes that might befall the policy owner. Homeowner’s insurance,
like auto insurance, is a packaged deal of various types of coverage. For example, if
one went on vacation and lost their camera, property insurance would cover the loss.
Example
If Mike, the pizza delivery boy, delivers a pizza to a policyholder’s house, trips on
a gardening tool, and sues for damages, their property insurance would cover
this.
Important Point
. The main intent of property insurance is that it insures property. It covers one's
house, garage, and other structures on the property, such as tool sheds, from
damages. Also if something occurs to the house and it became uninhabitable for
a time, property insurance covers the living expenses for the policyholder and his
Property insurance covers a large number of unfortunate occurrences that may befall
the policyholder. This protection is paid for in a package deal with one premium. This
premium also includes all family members and pets, so if one of the children should hit
and injure another child on the property, it is covered by the property insurance.
Similarly, if one's dog should bite the mailman and a suit is filed, the property insurance
Let’s look at the basic types of homeowner’s insurance policies. These particular
policies are not found with every insurance company, but generally these are the
HO-1
This is the "basic" plan of homeowner’s insurance. It is the cheapest and protects
Explosion
Glass breakage
Medical payments
Usually this policy is not enough, and it is recommended that another policy with better
coverage be used for the best protection. States are trying to phase out this program
HO-2
This is referred to as the "broad" plan. It includes everything that the HO-1 does, plus a
few extra benefits for about 5 to 10% more in price. The extra benefits include
protection from:
Falling objects
HO-3
This plan is referred to as the “special” policy. It covers all risks except for a few,
specifically excluded risks. It generally does not cover normal wear and tear,
mechanical breakdown, and vandalism if the house has been unoccupied for more than
thirty days, and continuous water seepage over a specified time period. One benefit of
this plan is that the coverage is very extensive for the actual dwelling, but does not
cover personal belongings as much as HO-2. This is a benefit if one does not have
many items of any particular value and one could easily replace them with the smaller
Important Point
The HO-3 policy is the one most commonly used by homeowners. This offers all
risk coverage to the dwelling. This is a particularly valuable facet of this policy
and is what really sets the HO-3 policy apart from the HO-1 and HO-2.
HO-4
This plan is specifically for people who rent an apartment. It covers belongings and
damages against the renter. The landlord should have coverage for the building if
anything catastrophic occurs, but they are generally not responsible for the belongings
of their tenants.
HO-5
This plan is the most comprehensive coverage available. It is known as the "all-risk"
policy.
Flood (that has it's own policy), Earthquake, War, and Nuclear Accident.
This plan is not always necessary because usually the other policies provide enough
coverage, but often cautious consumers will choose this policy because it is the
HO-6
This policy is specifically for the owners of condominium apartments and works in the
HO-7
There is no HO-7.
HO-8
This policy is a specialized plan for the owners of older buildings that are irreplaceable.
These structures are insured for the cash value of the home and not the replacement
value.
Most homeowner’s policies include liability protection that covers the homeowner for
incidents inside or outside the home. Homeowner’s policies come with a standard
amount, but, since each individual has different amount of assets to protect, this amount
can be varied.
Types of Coverage
There are two basic liability protections. Like all liability protections, they cover one
against injury to other people -- but not to the homeowner or any member of his or her
household. These liability protections are not subject to a deductible and include:
Coverage E
This plan protects the homeowner from claims and suits that are brought against him or
her because of bodily injuries or property damage to people other than the homeowner
or members of the household. Situations where Coverage E would apply are when a
golf ball hits an individual, or when someone is injured within the residence premises.
Coverage F
This plan applies to the payment of medical expenses that are the result of an accident
within the residence premises, regardless of fault. Coverage F will pay all reseanable
medical expenses for a period of three years from the date of the accident.
Insurance is a very competitive business and the price one pays for his or her
company one buys the policy from. Companies offer several types of discounts, but they
do not offer the same discount or the same amount of discount in all states. Here are
some elements that the consumer will probably consider before he or she makes a
Shopping
probably go shopping around to get advice from friends, insurance companies, state
insurance department, and consumer guides. The wise consumer usually wants quality
The consumer will probably want to lower the deductible in order to save some money.
Deductibles start at about $250 and by increasing it to $500, the homeowner could save
Group Purchase
A consumer will have many advantages to purchasing both auto and home insurance
policies from the same insurance company. An individual can save 5 to 15% of the
premium if he or she buys two or more policies from the same insurance company.
Security
An individual can get discounts of at least 5% for a smoke detector, burglar alarm, or
and burglar alarm that rings at the police station or other monitoring facility. Jewelry,
currency and important papers are very costly to replace, so if the homeowner decides
to keep these things in a safety deposit box, insurers may offer a discount as high as
five percent.
Loyalty
If an individual keeps coverage with a company for several years, he or she may
receive special reductions in their premiums. If a policy owner has had insurance with
the same company for three to five years, he receives 5% reduction. If the policy owner
has had insurance with the same company for six years or more, he or she receives a
10% discount.
Quality
New houses are generally built with new and improved features that older houses do
companies recognize this and sometimes give a discount on the premiums because
PRINCIPLES OF COVERAGE
There are a number of options for coverage that enhance a homeowner’s policy, either
by adding or removing certain coverage. These are also called endorsements. These
endorsements include:
• Broadened Coverage for Contents
EXCLUSIONS
A homeowner’s policy does not provide coverage for the following perils:
demolition
• Loss due to power interruption when the interruption takes place off the
residence
• Loss due to neglect of the insured to save and preserve property following
a loss
• Intentional loss
T EXCLUSIONS CON’T
T LIMITATIONS
T TERMINATION OF POLICY
Certain classes of property are specifically excluded from coverage because of the
nature of what they are or because they are generally covered by other types of
policies:
insurance
There are certain classes of property that have specialized limits of coverage. These
could include:
• Grave markers
• Money or related property, coins and precious metals other than tableware
• Trailers
of aircraft
TERMINATION OF POLICY
There are ways by which the policies can be terminated. These should be known to the
policy. Unlike other kinds of insurance, property and casualty insurance offers little to
Material Misrepresentation
insurance application form. If the form asks if one has ever been convicted of arson and
one says no while in fact, they have indeed been convicted, the insurance company
may terminate the policy the moment they find out the truth.
Leaving one's house or insured property unattended for a specified period of time can
When the policy owner knowingly increases the risk of a hazard occurring on their
property, their policy can be terminated. An example of this would be if one stored
flammable chemicals in their house, instead of in their proper place. This increases the
Any major change in the property that makes it uninsurable could result in policy
termination.
If the policy owner continually files claims that show a lack of common sense in regards
to safety, the company may terminate the policy. If in August, the gas stove was left on
and as a result parts of the house burned down, and then in September, the same thing
happened with the same result, the company might terminate one's policy.
Others
Also, the insurance policy providing one's coverage does not have to renew the policy
when the time of coverage is at an end. The company might be going in a different
direction with their coverage, and the policyholder has no control over this. They may
also choose not to renew one's policy if they live in a declining neighborhood that has
an ever-increasing risk of fire and theft damage. However, sometimes when these
insurance practice that can be dealt with by contacting the state's superintendent of
The most effective way to keep from having one's insurance terminated is to read the
policy very carefully when one first gets it. Most policies are very strict in what one can
and cannot do, and reading the policy is the only way to know if one is violating the
conditions of agreement.
SUMMARY
The lesson we just finished covered Homeowner’s Insurance. In this lesson, we saw
seven different types of Homeowner’s policies and discussed the insurer’s personal and
medical coverage under this insurance. We also discussed different discounts that an
insurer enjoys with this insurance. At the end, we took a look at different conditions that
lead to the termination of policy and which should be avoided by the insurer.
This is intended to cover personal property / items that are transported from one place
limited in that it contains various limitations of coverage - the Inland Marine insurance
INSURANCE
Specific coverage
Inland Marine Insurance provides a choice of various classes of personal property such
as Jewelry, Cameras etc. The insured is allowed the flexibility of having coverage
Policy Limits
types of valuable property, as is the case with a basic homeowner’s policy. The
combined effect of a homeowner’s policy with these inland marine floaters will provide a
much larger coverage for property that is valuable and fetches a lower limit under the
homeowner’s policy.
Geographical Coverage.
POLICY PROVISIONS
Loss Value
The amounts that will be compensated by the insurance company are limited to one of
the following:
Loss to a Pair
If a loss occurs to a pair, the insurance company will not treat it as a loss to the entire
set. It will either replace or repair a part of the set, or it will pay the difference in value of
If there is a total loss to the insured item, the insurance company will not reduce the
amount of insurance provided and will either refund the unearned premium, or allow the
unearned premium to be adjusted against the current premium due, in case the item is
replaced.
In case a loss is caused by a third party, the insurer will try to recover the amount from
this third party. In the meantime, the insured will be paid by an extension of loan by the
insurer to be settled once the recovery from the third party is made. If the recovery
efforts are unsuccessful, then the loan amount will be adjusted against the loss
settlement.
This clause is put in place so that no third person may evade paying for damage caused
by them on the pretext that the property is insured. This third person, for example, may
Insurance Exclusions
In addition to the general exclusions of War, Nuclear Reactions and Radiation, the
following are some of the exclusions that apply for physical loss to covered property:
Insect infestation
Inherent Vice
Gradual deterioration
Important Point
• Jewelry
• Furs
• Golfing equipment
A scheduled personal property floater is used to insure categories other than the nine
classes covered under the Personal articles floater. These additional items may be
Typewriters, wheelchairs etc. In effect, any kind of personal property can be insured
under this floater, and coverage can be adapted to meet individual needs. Newly
acquired property will be subject to a loss coverage of the lower of either 10% of the
Important Points
Silverware, Clothing, Rugs, Appliances and Musical Instruments etc. (there are
13 categories).
• In terms of policy limits, the total amount of insurance in each of the categories is
• Designed for travelers who want to insure their personal effects while traveling.
• The PEF is applicable only when the property has left the residence of the insured.
The insured
• Coverage includes:
Luggage
Clothes
Currency
in school
SUMMARY
This lesson covered Inland Marine Insurance. We discussed different features of inland
marine insurance and also looked at the different policy provisions for this type of
insurance. At the end, we looked at the two personal property floaters related to inland
marine insurance.
For the purpose of Insurance, fire is defined as a rapid oxidation, which causes a flame
or a glow at the minimum. Also, it must be a hostile fire, if the insured is to collect for a
fire loss; the immediate cause of loss must be fire, whether directly or indirectly.
Example
If there has been a discernable amount of water damage when fire-fighting efforts were
underway, the coverage would be admissible. Thus, when fire insurance is purchased, it
COVERED PERILS
The SFP (TSP in Texas) is a named peril policy and usually covers the
The legal representatives of the insured, or the insured himself, are covered through
the SFP. A person who has interest in the property, but has not been named, does
Settlements are made only on the face amount of the policy to the extent that it
No coverage is allowed for an indirect loss. For example: Loss of business income
Any allowable loss must necessarily have been sustained by reason of a fire, or
the insured.
CANCELLATION OF INSURANCE
Riot or explosion damage will not be covered, unless a fire breaks out.
Insured must take adequate steps to protect the property from further loss
Important Point
When the insured and the insurer cannot come to an agreement regarding the value of
the loss, an appraisal clause is enforced. This is done to reduce chances of litigation
and try to introduce an equitable procedure to come to an understanding of the amount
of loss.
CONDITIONS OF SFP
The contract would be deemed null and void in the following circumstances:
• Excluded perils
• Invasions
• Civil war
• Theft
SUMMARY
We just finished the lesson covering the information about Fire Insurance. This lesson
covers the Provisions of a Standard Fire Policy (SFP), Cancellation of Insurance, Loss
Auto insurance is one of the most important insurances that a consumer must think
about. It obviously falls under the category of property insurance, and one's automobile
is often the most expensive and necessary pieces of property that one owns.
It is estimated that there are between 40,000 & 50,000 deaths each year due to
automobile accidents. Then there are over 5 million additional injuries. These two
statistics stem from more than 30 million auto accidents each year. Then of course
there are the economic losses. This puts auto insurance in the # 1 position as the
• Personal auto insurance protects the insured and his or her family when operating or
riding in the automobile and covers any injury sustained in an auto accident.
member of the family, a friend or a relative that had been given permission, by
Important Points
The most common policy in force now is the personal auto policy. It breaks down the
• Liability Coverage
• Medical Payments
LESSON 9B
Liability Coverage
The liability portion of the auto insurance contract covers damages that the insured is
The bodily injury liability insurance is in case the insured causes an accident in
else’s property. Usually, of course, the damaged property is someone else’s car;
but other types of property like buildings, lampposts, garage doors, and others
are covered.
If the insured causes an accident which results in the death or injury of another,
monetary damages due to medical payments, lost wages, pain and suffering and
One of the major decisions with regard to the purchase of insurance is the amount of
protection that you will buy. You may purchase insurance one of two ways: Single limit
Important Points
Each state sets the minimum amounts of coverage a vehicle should have
• The insurance company also agrees, in the policy, to defend the insured
individual in any litigation that results under the policy. But they also
reserve the right to settle any litigation without the insured’s permission.
Lawsuits are basically decided, not on the principle of who’s right, but
$600,000 protection for the insured for all bodily injury and property damage
A dual limit coverage provides a separate limit for bodily injury per person, a
separate limit for every bodily injury per accident, regardless of the number of
people injured or dead, and another limit for property damage in that accident.
The dual limits of $100,000 / $300,000 / $50,000 mean that the insurance
company will pay up to $100,000 to each injured, but no more than a total of
$300,000 to all injured people in that one accident. The insurance company will
also pay up to $50,000 for the repair or replacement of the other party’s property
Important Point
In comparing benefit value of single and split limits, the circumstances of the
accident become very important. Also note that coverage is self-reinstating for
each accident.
Liability Exclusions
damage to be protected.
Property owned by the insured, rented by the insured, or in the care and
property floaters).
renting the vehicle out for hire or in use by employees for business
reasons.
The policy form excludes coverage for persons who use the car without
Medical Payments Coverage pays hospital bills, doctors’ bills, funeral expenses and
other related medical cost to the insured or to family members following an auto
accident. It makes no difference if the accident was the insured’s fault or not, nor does it
matter whether the insured or the covered family members were struck while occupying
The policy’s basic unit of coverage is $1,000, but one can expand the coverage to
Injuries while occupying the covered auto, including getting into and out of
the car
The exclusions are usually similar to the exclusions under the liability provisions,
especially auto for hire and autos operated without a reasonable belief that the user had
the authority.
Important Point
The additional benefit of medical coverage is that it provides coverage for funeral
for insured victims of auto accidents. PIP coverage provides the following
benefits:
The limit of insurance is usually $2,500 per person, with optional higher
This auto insurance protection covers the insured and his or her family members and
passengers who are injured by a variety of incidents. Some people drive without
insurance despite the laws to the contrary. The uninsured motorist provision covers the
losses from their lack of responsibility. The policy pays an amount that the insured
could have collected had the uninsured driver carried the minimum required coverage in
that state. This contractual promise is limited to the minimum. This protection extends
to three situations:
Hit-and-run accidents
Uninsured motorist protection deals only with losses for bodily injury and not property
damage.
Important Point
The Underinsured Motorists Coverage protects the insured and the covered
family members for the loss he or she sustained after the other drivers coverage
has been exhausted. So, when the other driver does not have enough auto
insurance liability coverage to pay the full claim amount, the injured individual’s
If you cause an accident, the only way that you can collect if the other driver was
insured. If he is not, you will only be paid a sum equal to the amount you would have
Example
means that per individual maximum coverage is $150,000 and $300,000 is the
limit of per accident coverage. To compensate for a situation where the person
motorist coverage will pay for any shortfall in the coverage paid by the other
persons insurance.
The physical damage section of the policy insures the covered automobile for damages
due to collision or any other peril, such as theft or weather. The policy can cover all the
physical damage to the car. This is usually provided under comprehensive coverage,
which is really coverage for all risks of physical damage. Collision is a separate
coverage item that includes damage to the auto from a collision with another car or any
other object. The comprehensive coverage then would cover losses due to:
Fire
Theft
Vandalism
Storms
Hitting animals
Explosions
Important Point
• The collision coverage will usually be scheduled separately. And it will relate to
the value of the car. This is important, because not all cars are worth enough to
coverage is included.
accident, you are entitled to collision benefits. Collision benefits can be paid to
vehicles you don't own. Should you be driving a car you do not own, and are
involved in an accident, or the car is stolen while in your possession, benefits will
be paid.
Exclusions
Some of the more common exclusions include damage to tape players and other
sound systems, antennas, and custom furnishings. The policy again typically
Discounts could be bigger than one might think and there are more discounts than the
average driver knows. Let’s look at some of the discounts available with some
insurance companies.
5% to 45% discount off the No-Fault and Medical Payments premium is offered if
An auto driver is given up to 30% discount if he or she insures more than one
automobile.
15%.
The auto driver will receive up to 10% discount if he or she has completed a state
approved defensive driving course with the past three years. With some
companies, one must have successfully passed the course within one year.
Commercial autos are those used to transport members of the public such as bus
companies, taxi companies, livery / sedan companies and school buses. Business
automobiles are company owned automobiles not used in transporting members of the
public or for hauling. Truckers are vehicles used to transport or haul goods for other
parties.
The coverage part can be included in a commercial package policy or, as is usually the
It protects an individual and his or her business when he or she or drivers and
passengers are injured in an auto accident. It pays for medical expenses and for lost
work. Then it protects the insured and his or her financial security in case there is a
insurance policy protects that investment. It pays for the replacement or repair of the
• A comprehensive loss. The coverage pays for loss from any cause,
except collision with another object or overturn of the vehicle.
• Specified causes of losses. The coverage will only pay for loss
caused by any of the specific perils of fire, lightning, explosion, theft,
windstorm, hail, earthquake, flood, vandalism or mischief, or the
sinking, burning, collision or derailment of any conveyance
transporting the covered auto.
• A collision loss. It will pay for loss caused by collision with another
object or the overturn of the auto.
This commercial auto insurance coverage is mandatory in many states across the
United States. Each state sets the minimum amounts of coverage that a vehicle should
have before it is permitted to operate on the road. This coverage protects one from
being financially drained when he or she is liable for any injury or death of other parties
in an auto accident. It does not pay for the individual or for any of the covered
employees, but it pays for the other party – the innocent party.
Bodily Injury
Bodily Injury pays, up to the policy limit that has been pre-selected, medical bills, lost
wages and income, pain and suffering and even funeral costs suffered by the other
party. It may also pay for legal or court costs that one would have otherwise had to pay
for.
Property Damage
Property Damage pays for the repair and replacement of the other party’s property
when the insured or the insured’s drivers are deemed liable for the accident. It pays
to fix or replace the other automobile(s), their garage door that the commercial
The single limit coverage provides a lone-limit protection for the insured for all
bodily injury and property damage losses suffered by the other party.
The dual limit coverage provides a separate limit for bodily injury per person, a
separate limit for every bodily injury per accident and another limit for property.
are driven by a variety of people and while transporting multiple persons there is more
risk of bodily damage. The cost of commercial vehicle repair is usually significantly
higher. All-risk coverage pays to fix or to replace a vehicle whether or not the insured or
that does not have adequate policy coverage. The needs and requirements should be
reviewed carefully, so as to help the consumer select the best coverage for his or her
commercial automobiles.
SUMMARY
Automobile Insurance is perhaps the largest selling insurance policy. This lesson
Insurance fraud occurs when someone tries to make money from insurance
license, filing fake or padded claims, and making or possessing counterfeit proof-of-
Agent Fraud
A couple pays an agent $500 in cash for a car insurance policy. The agent provides
the couple with fake proof-of-insurance cards and pockets their premium, leaving
them unprotected.
paying 11.25 percent interest. Interest payments stop after three months, and the
who keeps the premium instead of sending it to the insurance company. The
company later cancels the policy for nonpayment of premium. The customer
telephones the agent, who says not to worry because the cancellation was "just a
mistake."
Unauthorized Insurance
In this kind of fraud, the unlicensed insurance companies and insurance agents sell
their insurance policies to the clients. Some examples of this kind of fraud are:
A physician pays $14,000 for medical malpractice insurance before discovering that
the insurer, based on a tiny Caribbean island, is doing business illegally in Texas
and health insurance for its "leased" employees. The employee leasing company
never buys an insurance policy, choosing instead to pay the employees´ medical
bills from its cash flow. Eventually, the leasing company stops paying the workers´
claims, leaving the workers or their employers responsible for their hospital and
doctor bills.
In this type of fraud persons and other service providers like: hospitals, doctors, stores,
workshops etc., send the false bills to insurance companies. Some examples of this
A criminal ring buys automobile liability insurance, fills two cars with passengers,
A license helps protect the consumer from unscrupulous agents and companies. Selling
insurance without a license is a felony in many states. To receive and keep a license:
company fails. Guaranty associations, which pay claims of insurance companies that
FRAUD?
Financial programs investigate insurance fraud cases. The Fraud Unit helps federal,
state and local criminal justice agencies prosecute the perpetrators. The Commissioner
of Insurance revokes the licenses of agents and adjusters who commit fraudulent acts
deceptive trade practices. The Department of Insurance informs the public of these
actions through news releases. In many instances, the Department of Insurance works
through the State Office of the Attorney General to secure court injunctions against
Pyramid Schemes
marketing or "pyramid" schemes that usually are promoted through low-budget means
like fliers, word of mouth, and grocery store bulletin board notices.
At the heart of all pyramid schemes is the recruitment of salespeople who share their
commissions with the recruiter. Theoretically, a super recruiter can sit back and collect
commission checks without selling anything. These grandiose dreams seldom, if ever,
come true.
Multi-level marketing is legal when commissions and other payments are tied to the
actual sale of goods. It is usually illegal, however, when one’s income depends solely
on recruiting new salespeople. Pyramid schemes in the sale of insurance are illegal
because licensed agents cannot legally share commissions with someone who is not
licensed.
insurance policies for members, borrow against the policies and use the loan
proceeds to get credit cards and certificates of deposits for the members. In
addition, members could become sales representatives and receive $3,000 for
each new member they recruited. The promoters didn’t tell their victims that you
can borrow only up to a policy’s cash value, which usually is $0 in the first year
and takes years to reach a significant amount. The promoters would have
needed millions of dollars to buy policies big enough to generate sufficient early
cash value to make good on their promises. A $99 membership fee would not
down.
Most health insurance fraud cases that the Department of Insurance investigates
Multiple employer welfare arrangements (MEWAs) are a way for small employers
medical claims directly from funds contributed by its members and their
For example: In Texas, valid trade associations and other employer groups in the
and keep their licenses, the MEWA must be competently managed, pass TDI
Health insurance scams almost always take the form of unlicensed, self-insured
MEWAs that seduce employers with unusually low premiums for covering their
typically create a false sense of security by paying small, early claims before
Multiple Employer Trusts (METs), which are a legal way for several
People selling bogus multiple-employer health plans typically claim that the
exempts them from state licensing and regulation. Congress, however, has
authorized the states to license and regulate self-insured MEWAs, as Texas and
many other states do. Bona fide single-employer ERISA plans can operate
legally without a license in Texas as well as other states, but self-funded multiple
employer plans cannot, unless they fit into one of very few narrowly defined
exceptions. These exceptions include rural electric cooperatives and bona fide
As a rule, valid ERISA plans are not "sold." Employers or employees establish a
plan themselves rather than buy into one marketed by an outside promoter. The
consumer should refuse to do business with anyone who tries to sell a multiple-
offered by sham unions that do not engage in legitimate collective bargaining and
Claim Fraud
Insurance Fraud Unit works with insurance company special investigative units and
local prosecutors to convict those who commit fraud. Two of the most common types of
People commit auto accident fraud to collect from insurance companies for
lawyers collude with "victims" to inflate a claim, make it more credible and
pressure insurers to settle. The four most common types of auto accident frauds
are:
Auto repair shop fraud, which involves billing for unperformed work
Health care fraud includes over-billing by providers and caring for sick people
illnesses
SUMMARY
This lesson covered insurance frauds and their features. We discussed the importance
of license and learned about the Department of Insurance and their efforts to control
insurance frauds. The lesson was concluded with a discussion on the different types of
claim frauds.
It usually includes life insurance, health insurance and disability income insurance that
is offered to employees as a group by their employers. With rising health care costs,
“Group Insurance Packages” are fast becoming important criteria for job selection and
retention.
It is possible for some companies to self-insure risks that they anticipate. However, in
an insurance carrier and use their expertise in developing a program that is not only
cost-effective, but also tailor made in terms of requirements and resources available.
etc to the experts, and relieve the company of the duty of settling insurance claims as
they happen. Lets review quickly the benefits of using a corporate insurer:
Security
A fixed, stated number and value of benefits from an insurance carrier conveys a feeling
of security to the group that is insured and regulation of the industry lends further
credibility.
Range of Services
These include legal, financial and other insurance related services to deal with complex
employee problems.
Costs are predefined. Besides, it is best to leave the art of diversifying risk to
Tax Advantage
Group insurance plans attract certain tax advantages that may not be available to self-
insured plans, or these advantages may be subject to certain limits under the latter.
EMPLOYEES AND DEPENDANTS DEFINED
In the interest of keeping premiums as low as possible, and also to determine the
possible employees and the dependants who will be covered under these programs.
• Full time employees are those that work a minimum of 30 hours a week
(although there are other acceptable terms). Also, insurance companies set the
upper age limit for working persons at 65. Staying within the purview of the law,
the terms of the Group term life insurance may be structured to suit the particular
• Children are usually covered from birth until they attain the age of 19, or they get
married whichever comes first. If children are studying and dependant, coverage
will continue in some cases till age 25. Furthermore, coverage for handicapped
New Employees
Pre-Existing Condition
If the insured or a dependant received treatment for a condition within three months
prior to the effective date of the insurance policy being effective, the insurance
company will not pay claims made within say the first three months and possibly
even a year.
Medical Evidence
The Internal Revenue Code disallows the use of medical exams in groups of less
medical problem. Also, in cases where a program insures more than 35 to 50 lives,
the medical evidence requirement does not come into play. Upon joining a small
Waiting Period
A waiting period clause is put into place to control per-existing condition abuses.
Waiting periods range from one month to six months, averaging at about 3 months
Eligibility
Once the waiting period is over, the employee usually has 30 days to decide to join a
group insurance program or not. In case he/she decides against coverage, proof of
this is retained by the company. Should the employee decide to join at a later date,
In addition to the more conventional kinds of Group Insurance available, other areas are
Legal Insurance
It is harder to modify and correct problems that arise out of Group insurance plans, and
therefore, insurers tend to be very careful when it comes to putting together a new
Group insurance plan.. Much of the screening is done so that the pool premium of the
Group is not adversely affected; repeated claims by some members affect premiums
paid by all.
TAKE-OVER CASES
Take over cases are scrutinized just as much as new groups, although some insurance
companies waive waiting periods for employees and their dependants. Just as in the
case of forming a new small insurance Group Plan, proof of insurability is a must.
Here are some basic considerations/rules in a situation where an insurer is taking over
Employees and Dependants will mean essentially the same thing as it did in the
previous plan.
Coverage for certain things like waiver of premium for a disabled employee, or a
The new carrier might review the financial experience of the previous carrier to
Some states regulate the minimum number of individuals covered, but even in the
absence of these regulations. such a rule may be imposed by the carrier. Also, there
are rules that require at least a 75% participation of employees in a company. The
smaller the group, the higher the participation requirement will be. The same applies to
dependant coverage; 75% of all families must participate in the Dependant coverage
program.
Insurance companies also affix a certain level of employee contributions such as total
Since most policies are issued on a one-year basis, renewals are manual and are the
a renewal case, such as participation levels and the risk performance of the group for
the year in question and also past years to identify an patterns that may help increase
the performance of the group. If an insurer is not satisfied with the performance, it will
raise premium rates to compensate for a higher risk profile on the particular group.
DIVERSIFYING RISK
Reinsurance
Even life insurance companies will not go beyond a certain limit in taking on risk for one
party. Reinsurance is a method of dispersing this risk with other insurance companies.
The way that this works is that the primary insurer issues a master contract to the
employer, informing the company that only a certain percentage of the risk will be
covered by them, the remainder going to second and third insurance companies.
Premiums are shared by the insurance companies involved, and are paid net of their
shares of claims lodged. The primary insurer will also charge a certain amount for
administrative costs.
Coinsurance
issued by each company to cover its share of the insurance on each policy.
Geographical Diversification
business depending on where they are located. In the case of a company where plants
the nature of the group—specifically, whether or not the members are bound by a pre-
existing relationship either by virtue of their jobs or in some other way. The most
SUMMARY
This lesson covered the information about group insurance. We discussed the
advantages of group insurance and its benefits for the insurers. We also defined
diversifying risk.
against liability in various fields. It attempts to anticipate the possible liability claims that
may confront a company in the course of its business. In recent years, the phenomenal
rise in the number of liability cases against companies with reference to negligence,
product liability etc., have made this kind of insurance virtually mandatory.
There are two basic sources of commercial liability, which present a legal responsibility
Civil Liability
Criminal Liability
Civil Liability
Civil Liability, also known as Tort Liability, has to do with a wrongful invasion of another
person’s rights, but is not a criminal act. Such a liability may be caused by:
Negligence
A breach of the legal duty owed to the plaintiff by the defendant thatresulted in
injury or damages.
Intentional Torts
An example of this would be a libel suit, slander, defamation of character etc.
Strict Liability
Contractual Liability
A breach in a contract between two parties may result in injury or damage, and
the party committing the breach according to the terms of the contract will be
Criminal Liability
This is defined as the social responsibility that is imposed by government, through law
COVERAGE FORMS
Different coverages exist for bodily injury, Personal and Advertising injury, and Medical
Payments. Before we discuss the various coverages, it is important to take a look at the
Injury or damage must occur during the term of the policy. However, claims may be
made during a subsequent period, limited only to the statute of limitations clause,
Claims-Made
This refers to claims made during the term of the policy. The policy has a retroactive
date, which may be inapplicable in some cases, or it may be the inception date of
LESSON 12B
CGL COVERAGES
Bodily injury refers to claims made by a person or even an organization for loss of
services, injury resulting from sickness, disease or death resulting from a particular
cause loss of use of that property. The loss of use could still occur even if no
Conditions of Eligibility
The loss must be incurred within the period that the insured is covered
Exclusions
Liquor Liability (for example, where the insured is held liable for
War
Work damaged, such work being owned by the named Insured (does not
“Personal Injury” refers to injury other than bodily harm arising out of slander,
Conditions of Eligibility
• The personal injury must be caused by the business of the insured and not
Exclusions
LESSON 12C
These are expenses paid for “bodily injury” either on the premises of the insured, or off
Conditions of Eligibility
These include all emergency services like ambulance, hospital and professional
Exclusions
To a participating athlete
Important Point
There are some additional expenses that will be paid by the insurer known as
Supplementary payments, and these do not form part of the insurance coverage or
reduce it to any extent. Some of these are cost of bail bonds due to accidents, costs
LIMITS OF CGL
The limits are the total payments made by way of losses. There are two categories of
• General Aggregate
The General Aggregate is the maximum amount the company will pay during a year for
losses claimed under Coverages A, B and C. These are further broken down into Sub-
limits:
Personal and Advertising Injury Limit
This is the maximum damage payment for the two categories. The Limits on
each occurrence are the sum of damages for bodily injury or property damage
Also, each occurrence is limited by way of coverage in the following way: Fire
Damage Limit under Coverage A is the maximum damage per fire. The Medical
expense limit is the maximum medical expense for bodily injury by one person.
Company may become liable due to Negligence, Breach of Warranty (either expressed
or implied)
Refers to operations that have been completed, if the accident occurs away from
premises owned/rented.
Contingent Liability Exposures
This refers to the liability of an employer (or any other person) arising out of the acts of
This refers to liabilities assumed under contract, and is created when parties enter into
an agreement.
SUMMARY
This lesson covered commercial general liability. The lesson discussed the different
types of liability coverages, coverage forms, CGL coverages, Limits of CGL and
planning, organizing, leading and controlling the activities of an organization with the
basic objectives
these exposures
Monitoring the results of the chosen technique(s) to ensure that the risk
Risk Management focuses on accidental losses, i.e., pure losses. The definition of
these pure losses, in simple terms, is incidents that will result either in a loss or no loss
when confronted with potential loss situations such as fire, machinery breakdown or
illness.
BUSINESS OR SPECULATIVE RISKS
As opposed to pure risks, speculative risks may lead to three types of outcomes:
• Gain
• Loss
• Status quo
Much of these risks are undertaken in the hope of gain, and cover a range of
Casualty risks, which are a part of accidental risk, include those arising from:
• Liquidity risks
• Market risks
• Political risks
• Technological risks
preventing or refinancing recovery from sudden, damaging events. The techniques also
better equip the company to cope with losses, regardless of whether those losses stem
of to ensure that all potential risks are brought to light. They are:
particular time
objectives
• LOSS CATEGORIES
o PROPERTY LOSSES
o NET INCOME LOSSES
o LIABILITY LOSSES
o PERSONNEL LOSSES
• LOSS IDENTIFICATION METHODS
• RISK CONTROL
o TECHNIQUES OF RISK CONTROL
LOSS CATEGORIES
This includes additional costs incurred to allow the company to operate at the same
level of efficiency and quality as before the incident. This also includes loss of income
Liability Losses
This is the Lawsuits brought against the company by people affected by damage and/or
injury.
Personnel Losses
This type includes losses from death, disability and resignation. This may leave the task
One or more of the following may be used to identify potential loss situations:
Surveys/ questionnaires
Inspection of Premises
Expert Consultations
RISK CONTROL
As this has been discussed before, risk management is the prevention of losses before
they occur and also the financial outflow of paying for those losses when they actually
occur. Different techniques that can be used for preventing of risks are:
Exposure Avoidance
This could include avoiding to undertake any new ventures, which may well occur
Loss Prevention
Loss Reduction
This would attempt to minimize the severity of the loss, and not do away with the
loss altogether.
Segregation of Loss Exposure
Duplication
This involves the use of duplicates or spares to continue activities that are very
Contractual Transfer
• RISK CONTROL
o RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
o IMPLEMENTATION STEP
o MONITORING OF RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Selecting the best risk management technique or combination of risk control and risk
objectives.
• The second step is to define and apply criteria that measure how well each
A risk management program must, from the start, be planned and organized on the
must be one it can successfully implement and monitor. A technique that cannot be
put into practice and then assessed for its effectiveness cannot be part of a well-
managed program.
Implementation Step
is achieving the results expected of it and to adjust the program for changes in loss
exposures and the availability or costs of alternative risk management techniques. The
monitoring and adjusting process requires each of the following elements of the general
management function:
standards
The process of risk management generates both benefits and costs for a particular
organization, for the entire economy, and for a given community. For an organization,
these benefits include reduced cost of risk and lowered deterrence effects from loss
exposures.
SUMMARY
This lesson covered risk management techniques and the different steps of dealing
with risk management. The lesson also discussed the different types of losses and
• WHAT IS REINSURANCE?
• THE CONTRACT
WHAT IS REINSURANCE?
The practice of spreading the risk on a large primary policy was accomplished on an
individual basis between primary insurers. The policy-writing insurer would approach
another insurance company and suggest that it accept a portion of the risk in return for
a portion of the premium. The practice of reciprocity grew as insurers become more
comfortable with each other’s capabilities and willingness to exchange certain types of
risks.
From individual risks, reinsurance developed as a matter of general insurance practice
to the point where some companies started to specialize in this branch of the business,
either as a part of their overall portfolio, or a complete specialty as its entire portfolio.
Reinsurers accept not only portions of individual risks, but assume reinsurance for all or
a line of the business written by smaller companies that want to increase their premium
volume or want to get into new lines of insurance coverage, but can’tt afford the risk of
overextension.
THE CONTRACT
Generally speaking, it is the form of insurance whereby the policy writing insurance
company spreads its risk of loss by sharing part of its premiums with the reinsurer. It is
another insurer, either in whole or in part, against loss or liability, the risk of
which the latter has assumed under a separate and distinct contract as insurer
of a third party.
Reinsurance Contract
A contract of reinsurance is one by which an insurer procures a third person to insure
him against loss or liability by reason of such original insurance. A reinsurance policy is
thus a contract of indemnity that one insurer makes with another to protect the first
most cases, the reinsured or ceding company is reimbursed for claims, suits, or losses
loss before actual payment has been made to the ceding company. For the most part
they are contracts of indemnity and not promises to pay. The rapid development and
use of bad faith and punitive damages as causes of action in the courtroom has affected
the relationship between ceding companies and their reinsurers. Today reinsurers have
had to develop claim departments with highly trained, experienced, and sophisticated
claim supervisors.
Each party to the treaty has its responsibilities and its duties. In the past, the reinsurer
usually did not want to be burdened with the details of the investigation and settlement
Today the reinsurer no longer assumes that the ceding company will investigate
adequately and defend properly, or use the best judgment in a decision of whether or
not to settle a claim or suit. The reinsurer wants not only to be kept advised promptly
Purpose
reinsurance, transferring the liabilities above a certain amount also includes ceding a
portion of the premium received. Both parties profit in that the ceding company gains
security and other benefits in exchange for sharing some of the premiums on the
business written.
Reinsurance can:
losses
Permit writing lines on which full experience has not as yet been obtained
Reinsurance cannot make good business out of bad, or relieve the reinsured company
contract, a treaty, or simply a verbal agreement. Like all contracts, there must be:
• Legality of purpose
• Capacity to contract
Many times the ceding insurer is paid a commission by the reinsurer based on the
amount of premium involved. This commission can be added to the surplus of the
ceding insurer, allowing it to build its own assets and financial strength and allowing it to
Corporate auditors and state insurance regulators often audit and monitor the
These types represent the most common forms, whereby the reinsurer pays a
predetermined share of the settled claim or suit, plus allocated expenses in return for a
predetermined share of the premiums that were paid to the reinsured or ceding
company.
Attorney’s fees
or amount of loss
Important Point
They do not include the regular expense of running a claim department, like rental
Such insurance may be written on an annual or continuing term for a line of business or
for all of the ceding company’s business. Premium is set on an overall experience basis
depending on lines of insurance, previous loss experience, and other similar facts.
***QUIZ NO 67***
LESSON 14C
This is a form of pro rata reinsurance in which the reinsurer assumes an agreed
agreed to, and receives the same proportional share of the premium or premiums in
return. This form of reinsurance is more often applied to the property lines of insurance.
Facultative Reinsurance
ceding company for one specific policy or risk with a high loss potential. The ceding
company offers a portion of a risk to one or more reinsurers, each accepting some
share. All agreements and conditions are obviously discussed in advance, and a
certificate reflecting the terms and conditions of the contract is issued by the
reinsurer(s). This type of insurance may be purchased on an excess of loss or pro rata
share basis.
Surplus Reinsurance
This is a form of pro rata reinsurance indemnifying the ceding company against loss for
the surplus liability ceded. It can be viewed as a variable quota share contract wherein
the reinsurer’s pro rata share of insurance on individual risks will increase as the
amount of insurance increases, in order that the primary company can limit its net
This indemnifies the ceding company against the amount by which the ceding
company’s losses incurred during a specific period exceeding either an agreed amount
reinsurance.
This plan covers an area of excess reinsurance in which loss frequency is anticipated,
as opposed to loss severity. A working treaty would usually have a low indemnity and
Property Catastrophe
This contract was designed principally to reinsure the ceding company against an
part of the ceding company’s reinsurance program. It is a kind of reinsurance where the
reinsurer’s claim department takes an active role in the handling on large or potentially
large losses, in cooperation with the claim department of the ceding company.
Fronting Contracts
In most fronting contracts, 100% of the risk is accepted by the reinsurer through a
ceding insurer who writes the policy. Such arrangements can be made for a variety of
reasons. A reinsurer may wish to write a risk, but be unable to do so because it is not an
admitted insurer in the involved jurisdiction, or the fronting insurer may wish to provide
coverage for its insured in a line of business that it does not itself wish to underwrite.
LESSON 14 D
METHODS OF PROCESSING
The process of reinsurance can be used in many ways. Two of them are discussed
here:
Portfolio Reinsurance
This is one of the methods of reinsurance in which the reinsurer assumes the entire
portfolio of the ceding insurer. This is generally because the ceding insurer is going out
Runoff Contract
In a runoff contract a ceding insurer agrees to accept the risk of future losses on expired
contracts. This is similar to tail insurance on claims made on liability contracts, where
the incurred but not reported losses from an expired policy term are accepted for an
PURCHASING REINSURANCE
Alien reinsurers that are located outside the U.S. and are not licensed here
Important Point
The ceding insurer may purchase reinsurance directly from a reinsurer or through a
BENEFITS OF REINSURANCE
To increase capacity
stabilizer, helping to smooth the overall operating results from year to year and
easing the strain on the reinsured’s surplus during rapid premium growth. It provides
a means for the reinsured to withdraw from a line of business or geographic area or
production source.
Another benefit of reinsurance is that it helps the reinsured spread the risk on new
lines of business until premium volume reaches a certain point of maturity and it can
add confidence when in unfamiliar coverage areas. It provides the reinsured with a
market.
SUMMARY
This lesson covered the important concept of reinsurance. It also covered the
reinsurance contract and the need to reinsure for the insurers, as well as the
COURSE SUMMARY
There are many kinds of insurance, and each type protects the insured from a different
In life insurance, the insurance company provides money to the insured’s beneficiary
when the insured dies. People purchase life insurance for many reasons: To provide
financial security to surviving family members upon the death of the insured, to cover a
particular need such as paying off a mortgage or consumer debt upon the insured’s
death, to provide funds to pay estate taxes, or other final obligations necessary to settle
As a rule, minors - mostly persons of age less than 18 - are not allowed to enter
contracts. However, life insurance allows an exception: A person is a minor only until
age 15.
There are two basic types of life insurance, with many variations on both of these. One
is Term Insurance, which provides life insurance for a specified period of time and
provides benefits in the event of death, but generates no “cash value,” or savings. The
feature.
Permanent life policies differ from term life policies in several ways, including higher
the loss of income and/or the medical expenses arising from illness or injury. It is also
Health insurance includes policies and government-provided benefits. There are fee-for-
service plans, also referred to as indemnity insurance, and managed care plans such as
and Point-of-Service (POS). Managed care imposes controls on the use of health care
services and the providers of health care services, usually through Health Maintenance
for-service insurance, the insured is free to choose his/her doctor and free to choose a
In addition to personal health care coverage, there also exists a type of insurance
designed to guard against any injuries or disabilities arising from occupational injuries
level and requires that employers provide compensation benefits for their employees.
WC covers injuries and diseases arising out of, and in the course of, employment. The
most important eligibility criteria is that the individual must be employed in an industry
that is covered under the Workers’ Compensation plan and must sustain an injury that is
Long-term Disability Income insurance (LTD) provides income to meet daily expenses
wide array of misfortunes that might befall the policy owner and also covers legal liability
in instances where something happens on one's property and he gets sued for it.
that are transported from one place to another using various modes of transportation,
except over the ocean. By adding various floater policies, personal effects can also be
insured.
In the case of fire insurance, the damage must be a result of a hostile fire, if the insured
is to collect for a fire loss; the immediate cause of loss must be fire, whether directly or
indirectly.
Auto insurance is one of the most important insurances that a consumer must think
about, and is also the largest form of Property & Casualty coverage. Personal auto
insurance protects the insured and his/her family while riding in the automobile and
covers any injury sustained in an auto accident. It pays for medical expenses and for
lost work. Auto insurance also protects the insured’s financial security in the case that
against liability and attempts to anticipate the possible liability claims that may confront
A working knowledge of all of these coverages is essential for anyone involved in the
insurance industry.
***QUIZ 70***