CSE-313

System Analysis and Design

Mohammad Shariful Islam

Lecturer, Department of CSE
Mobile: 01747612143
Email: sharifulruhan@gmail.com

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 Overview

• System Modeling (Design Diagram)

• System Modeling Tools
• Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
• Decision Trees
• Decision Table
• Gantt Chart

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 System Modeling (Design Diagram)
 Modeling is a graphical representation of a
concept or process that systems developers can
analyze, test, and modify.
 A system analyst can describe and simplify an
information system by using a set of business,
data, object, network, and process models.

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 System Modeling
A business model, or requirements model, describes the
information that a system must provide.
A data model describes data structure and design.
An object model describes objects, which combine data and
processes.
A network model describes the design and protocols of
telecommunications links.
A process model describes the logic that programmers use to
write code modules.
Although the models might appear to overlap, they actually
work together to describe the same environment from different
points of view.
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 Advantages of System Modeling
Advantages of modeling are,
1. Uses all information in the data while estimating
parameters of interest.
2. Characterize more fully the behavior of a system.
3. Simulate experiments before performing them.

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 System Modeling Tools
Different system modeling tools used by the system
analyst for modeling
1.Modeling System Functions – ex. Data Flow Diagram.
2.Modeling Stored Data – ex. Entity Relation Diagram.
3.Modeling Program Structure – ex. Program Flowchart.
4.Modeling Time – ex. Gantt Chart.

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 Uses of System Modeling Tools
Uses of System Modeling Tools:
1. To focus on important system features.
2. To discuss changes and corrections to the user’s
requirements with low cost and minimal risk.
3. To verify that the system analyst understand the
user’s environment and has documented it for the
system designers and programmers can build it.

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 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)
• A data flow diagram (DFD) maps out the flow of
information for any process or system.
• It uses defined symbols like rectangles, circles and
arrows, plus short text labels, to show data inputs,
outputs, storage points and the routes between
each destination.

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 Data Flow Diagrams
• They can be used to analyze an existing system or
model a new one.
• Like all the best diagrams and charts, a DFD can
often visually “say” things that would be hard to
explain in words, and
• They work for both technical and nontechnical
audiences, from developer to CEO.

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 Data Flow Diagrams
Symbols and Notations Used in DFDs
Two common systems of symbols are named after their
creators:
• Yourdon and Coad
• Yourdon and DeMarco
• Gane and Sarson

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 DFD Notations

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 DFD Notations
Using any convention’s DFD rules or guidelines, the symbols
depict the four components of data flow diagrams.
1. External entity: An outside system that sends or receives
data, communicating with the system being diagrammed.
They are the sources and destinations of information
entering or leaving the system. They might be an outside
organization or person, a computer system or a business
system. They are also known as terminators, sources and
sinks.

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 DFD Notations
2. Process: Any process that changes the data,
producing an output. It might perform computations,
or sort data based on logic, or direct the data flow
based on business rules. A short label is used to
describe the process, such as “Submit payment.”
3. Data store: Files or repositories that hold
information for later use, such as a database table or
a membership form. Each data store receives a simple
label, such as “Orders.”

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 DFD Notations
4. Data flow: the route that data takes between the
external entities, processes and data stores. It
portrays the interface between the other components
and is shown with arrows, typically labeled with a
short data name, like “Billing details.”

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 Data Flow Diagrams

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 DFD Rules
• Each process should have at least one input and an
output.
• Each data store should have at least one data flow
in and one data flow out.
• Data stored in a system must go through a process.
• All processes in a DFD go to another process or a
data store.

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 Category of DFD
• These are the two categories of a data flow diagram.
• A Logical DFD visualizes the data flow that is essential for a
business to operate.
• It focuses on the business and the information needed,
not on how the system works or is proposed to work.
• However, a Physical DFD shows how the system is actually
implemented now, or how it will be.
• For example, in a Logical DFD, the processes would be
business activities, while in a Physical DFD, the processes
would be programs and manual procedures.

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 Advantages of DFD
Advantages of data flow diagram:
1) It aids in describing the boundaries of the system.
2) It is beneficial for communicating existing system knowledge
to the users.
3) A straightforward graphical technique which is easy
to recognize.
4) DFDs can provide a detailed representation of system
components.
5) It is used as the part of system documentation file.
6) DFDs are easier to understand by technical and nontechnical
audiences
7) It supports the logic behind the data flow within the system.

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 Disadvantages of DFD
Disadvantages of data flow diagram:
1) It make the programmers little confusing concerning the
system.
2) The biggest drawback of the DFD is that it simply takes a
long time to create, so long that the analyst may not
receive support from management to complete it.
3) Physical considerations are left out.

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 Context Diagram Vs. Data Flow Diagrams
A context diagram is a graphical representation of a system which must
only use one process to represent the entire system and deliberately does
not go into defining all the processes so as to prevent people getting
bogged down in complex details at an early stage. There are only three
symbols used in a context diagram:
 A circle to represent the system in terms of a single process. There will
never be more than a single process in any context diagram,
 arrows to represent data flow and
 a rectangle to represent any external entities affecting the system.
There can be numerous external entities.

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 Data Dictionary
A data dictionary defines the structure of the database
itself (not that of the data held in the database) and is
used in control and maintenance of large databases. A
data dictionary contains a list of all files in the database,
the number of records in each file, and the names and
types of each field. Most database management systems
keep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent
them from accidentally destroying its contents.

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 Data Dictionary
Among other items of information, it records
(1) what data is stored,
(2) name, description, and characteristics of each data
element,
(3) types of relationships between data elements,
(4) access rights and frequency of access. Also called
system dictionary when used in the context of a system
design.

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 Decision Trees
A decision tree is a schematic, tree-shaped diagram used to
determine a course of action or show a statistical probability.
Each branch of the decision tree represents a possible
decision, occurrence or reaction. The tree is structured to
show how and why one choice may lead to the next.

Decision trees are commonly used in operations research,

specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy
most likely to reach a goal, but are also a popular tool in
machine learning.

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 Decision Trees
There are three broad areas usually displayed in a tree:
1. The Decision: displayed as a square node with two or more
arcs (called “decision branches”) pointing to the options.
2. The Event sequence: displayed as a circle node with two or
more arcs pointing out the events. Probabilities may be
displayed with the circle nodes, which are sometimes called
“chance nodes”.
3. The Consequences: the costs or utilities associated with
different pathways of the decision tree. The endpoint is
called a “Terminal” and is represented by a triangle or bar on
a computer.

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 Decision Trees

A decision tree showing the financial consequences of developing two products. Image: UMich.edu

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 Decision Trees

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 Decision Trees
Here’s a simple example: An email management decision tree
might begin with a box labeled “Receive new message.” From
that, one branch leading off might lead to “Requires
immediate response.” From there, a “Yes” box leads to a
single decision: “Respond.” A “No” box leads to “Will take less
than three minutes to answer” or “Will take more than three
minutes to answer.” From the first box, a box leads to
“Respond” and from the second box, a branch leads to “Mark
as task and assign priority.” The branches might converge
after that to “Email responded to? File or delete message.”

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 Decision Table
• In Computer Science, a decision table is a table
within a computer program that specifies the
actions to be taken when certain conditions arise.

• Decision tables, like flowcharts, if-then-else, and

switch-case statements, associate conditions with
actions to perform.

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 Decision Table Examples

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 Decision Table Examples

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 Decision Table Examples
• A technical support company writes a decision table to
diagnose printer problems based upon symptoms
described to them over the phone from their clients. They
type the following data into the advice program:
• Printer does not print
• Red light is flashing
• Printer is recognized

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 Decision Table Examples
• The program then uses the decision table to find the correct actions to
perform, namely that of Check / Replace ink.

Printer troubleshooter
Rules
Printer does not print Y Y Y Y N N N N
Conditions A red light is flashing Y Y N N Y Y N N
Printer is unrecognized Y N Y N Y N Y N
Check the power cable X
Check the printer-computer
X X
cable
Actions Ensure printer software is
X X X X
installed
Check/replace ink X X X X
Check for paper jam X X
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 Gantt Chart
A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart developed as a production
control tool in 1917 by Henry L. Gantt, an American engineer and
social scientist. Frequently used in project management, a Gantt
chart provides a graphical illustration of a schedule that helps to
plan, coordinate, and track specific tasks in a project.

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 Gantt Chart
activities (tasks or events) displayed against time. On the left of the
chart is a list of the activities and along the top is a suitable time
scale. Each activity is represented by a bar; the position and length
of the bar reflects the start date, duration and end date of the
activity. This allows you to see at a glance:
1. What the various activities are
2. When each activity begins and ends
3. How long each activity is scheduled to last
4. Where activities overlap with other activities, and by how much
5. The start and end date of the whole project

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 Bar Chart (Not for Exam)
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical
data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to
the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or
horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a line graph.

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 Bar Chart (Not for Exam)

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 Bar
Chart
(Not for
Exam)

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 HIPO
• The HIPO (Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output) technique is
a tool for planning and/or documenting a computer program.
• A HIPO model consists of a hierarchy chart that graphically
represents the program’s control structure and a set of IPO
(Input-Process-Output) charts that describe the inputs to, the
outputs from, and the functions (or processes) performed by
each module on the hierarchy chart.

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 HIPO

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 References
• https://www.scribd.com/doc/23723002/Tools-of-the-System-Analyst
• http://jessevimgaleon.blogspot.com/2013/07/systems-development-tools-and-techniques.html
• https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/data-flow-diagram/c?dfd=1
• http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data-dictionary.html
• www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/data_dictionary.html
• Decision Tree http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decision-tree.asp#ixzz4vGEd2mvW
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree
• http://www.statisticshowto.com/decision-tree-definition-and-examples/
• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Decision+tables
• http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/Gantt-chart
• http://www.gantt.com/
• https://ruddyblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/hipo-chart.png
•
•
•

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