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Tonetti Et Al-2015-Journal of Clinical Periodontology PDF
Tonetti Et Al-2015-Journal of Clinical Periodontology PDF
12368
Periodontology on effective 2
Department of Periodontology, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt,
Germany; 3Department of Periodontology,
Tonetti MS, Eickholz P, Loos BG, Papapanou P, van der Velden U, Armitage G, Industry representative in working Group 1 of
Bouchard P, Deinzer R, Dietrich T, Hughes F, Kocher T, Lang NP, Lopez R, the 11th European Workshop on Periodontology:
Angela Fundak and Ekaterini Fabrikant
Needleman I, Newton T, Nibali L , Pretzl B, Ramseier C, Sanz-Sanchez I,
Schlagenhauf U, Suvan JE, Fabrikant E, Fundak A. Principles in prevention of
periodontal diseases–Consensus report of group 1 of the 11th European workshop
on periodontology on effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.
J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5–S11. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12368.
Abstract
Aims: In spite of the remarkable success of current preventive efforts, periodonti-
tis remains one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. The objective of this
workshop was to review critical scientific evidence and develop recommendations
to improve: (i) plaque control at the individual and population level (oral
hygiene), (ii) control of risk factors, and (iii) delivery of preventive professional
interventions.
Methods: Discussions were informed by four systematic reviews covering aspects Key words: behavioural changes; gingivitis;
of professional mechanical plaque control, behavioural change interventions to oral hygiene; periodontal diseases;
improve self-performed oral hygiene and to control risk factors, and assessment periodontitis; prevention; prophylaxis; risk
assessment; risk factors; scaling; smoking
of the risk profile of the individual patient. Recommendations were developed
cessation
and graded using a modification of the GRADE system using evidence from the
systematic reviews and expert opinion. Accepted for publication 31 December 2014
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd S5
S6 Tonetti et al.
Gingivitis and periodontitis are a major factor in the increase in costs mation or its recurrence. It is
inflammatory conditions caused by of oral health care. It is a public currently unknown whether low levels
the formation and persistence of health problem since it is highly of gingival inflammation are compat-
microbial biofilms on the hard, non- prevalent and causes disability and ible with maintenance of oral health
shedding surfaces of teeth. Gingivi- social inequality (Baehni & Tonetti or should also be considered a risk
tis is the first manifestation of the 2010). for development of periodontitis in
inflammatory response to the biofilm. In the context of prevention, gingi- susceptible individuals. Primary pre-
It is reversible (i.e. if the biofilm is dis- vitis and periodontitis are best viewed vention of gingivitis aims to avoid
rupted gingivitis resolves), but if as a continuum of a chronic inflam- the development of more severe and
biofilms persist gingivitis becomes matory disease entity with periodon- widespread forms of gingivitis that
chronic. In some subjects, chronic titis representing a perturbation of may ultimately convert to periodontitis.
gingivitis progresses to periodonti- host-microbial homeostasis in sus- Prevention of periodontitis may be
tis. Besides the presence of a disease- ceptible individuals that leads to irre- primary or secondary. Primary pre-
associated biofilm, these subjects are versible tissue destruction. Regular vention of periodontitis refers to pre-
exposed to additional risk factors disruption and periodic removal of venting the inflammatory process
including smoking and systemic accumulating bacterial deposits at from destroying the periodontal
comorbidities. Periodontitis is char- and below the gingival margin is a attachment; it consists of treating gin-
acterized by non-reversible tissue key component of the prevention of givitis through the disruption/
destruction resulting in progressive plaque-induced periodontal diseases. removal of the bacterial biofilm and
loss of attachment eventually leading Given that individuals are often the consequent resolution of inflam-
to tooth loss. Severe periodontitis is unable to accomplish this, profes- mation. In addition, adjunctive inter-
the 6th most prevalent disease of sional intervention is required. ventions including pharmacological
mankind (Kassebaum et al. 2014), it Prevention of gingivitis refers to modification of the disease-associated
is associated with reduced quality of inhibition of the development of biofilm and host modulation have
life, masticatory dysfunction, and it is clinically detectable gingival inflam- been explored.
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Group 1 consensus S7
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
S8 Tonetti et al.
investigated, including frequency, ○ self-monitoring (i.e., encourag- remuneration for such practices.
types of interventions, patient ing the patient to assess their Dental health policy makers should
reported outcome measures and own behaviour in relation to give consideration to adopting such
health economics. the goals) remuneration for practitioners under-
• There is a need to investigate taking behavioural change approaches
whether there is a threshold of Based on this evidence a reason- for oral hygiene promotion in dental
gingival inflammation (in terms able approach to facilitate behaviour- services.
of both severity and duration) al change with oral hygiene practices Dental educators
which is compatible with long- is the incorporation of Goal setting,
term periodontal health. Planning and Self-monitoring (GPS). Education of oral health profession-
als should include methods of
Psychological Approaches to Recommendations behavioural change approaches like
Behavioural Change for Improved GPS. There is a need to develop
Plaque Control in Periodontal Oral health professionals specific educational and training
Management materials for both the oral health
• Oral health professionals need care team (dental practitioners,
Whilst it is recognized that self- to routinely adopt an effective specialists, hygienists, oral health
performed oral hygiene is the key individual oral hygiene program promotion staff) and the entire
component of prevention of peri- for their patients. This requires healthcare team.
odontal disease and that long-term incorporating behavioural change
successful outcomes of periodontal techniques. Research
therapy are contingent upon effective Strength of recommendation: High, Additional research is needed to
and consistent oral hygiene practices, level of evidence 1. develop validated methodologies that
the general population does not con- • Behaviour change for the delivery can be used as a structured approach
sistently achieve appropriate plaque of OHI can be based on the GPS to facilitate behavioural change
control (Petersen & Ogawa 2005). It approach: amongst (i) dental practitioners, and
is therefore necessary to facilitate (ii) patients and the public.
behavioural changes conducive to ○ Goal setting (including instruc- Studies must adopt a standardized
enhanced plaque control. The public tion in an appropriate tech- and agreed taxonomy of behaviour
need to acquire positive attitudes nique to achieve that goal), change methods and state explic-
towards behavioural change and to ○ Planning and itly which approaches to behaviour
achieve actual behavioural change ○ Self-monitoring change have been used [e.g., provid-
conducive to enhanced plaque control. ing information on the link between
Oral health professionals need to Strength of recommendation: Mode- behaviour and health, goal setting,
identify and adopt effective tech- rate, Level of evidence 5 (expert providing contingent rewards,
niques that help patients change oral opinion). prompt self-monitoring of behaviour;
health behaviour, but there is consen- • Delivery of OHI includes assess- Abraham & Michie 2008).
sus that, in general, oral health care ing Patients’ perceptions regard- Studies and practitioners must
providers lack a structured, proven ing harmful consequences, their clearly distinguish between enhancing
approach to facilitate behavioural own susceptibility, their benefits (i) motivation, i.e., a positive attitude
changes that improve plaque control. of change and their self-efficacy towards engaging in a behaviour, and
The systematic review (Newton & in order to identify and address (ii) volition, i.e., strategies for imple-
Asimakopoulou 2015) on psychologi- perceptions which might hamper menting the change (Gollwitzer 1993).
cal approaches to behavioural change patient’s motivation for behavioural Studies must include self-efficacy
for improved plaque control in change. Motivational interviewing as a predictor of behaviour change
periodontitis patients indicates that might be one appropriate method- and a possible target for intervention.
change in oral hygiene behaviour is: ology for this. Research is needed to assess the
• Related to patient-perceptions of Strength of recommendation: Mode-
rate, Level of evidence 5 (expert
cost/benefit of an approach that
actively integrates health behaviour
○ harmful consequences, opinion). change in dental practice.
○ their own susceptibility to • The OHI should be based on the
periodontitis and careful selection of tools (type of
toothbrush and type of interden- Behaviour Change Counselling for
○ their benefits from change,
tal kit) and techniques for use Tobacco Use Cessation in the Dental
evidence that brief interventions in Strength of recommendation: High, brief interventions in the dental
the dental setting increase the smok- level of evidence 1. setting can have positive influences
ing cessation rate. While the reported on other healthy lifestyle behaviours,
quit rate was in the range of 10–20% particularly enhancing fruit/vegetable
Patients
at 12 months (Carr & Ebbert 2012), consumption.
the magnitude of the effect seen in
these studies is comparable to that • Patients need to be informed of Unlike the large body of evidence
in the field of tobacco cessation, there
the oral health benefits of avoid-
described in similar studies in general ing or quitting tobacco use and is very limited data available on other
health care settings (Fiore et al. of its harmful oral health effects. lifestyle interventions; there is insuffi-
2008). Six of the eight studies in the Strength of recommendation: Good cient evidence to interpret further the
review that supported the effective- practice point. data on these interventions and no
ness of brief interventions to quit
smoking in the dental setting were • Patients should be aware of the recommendations can be made at this
time other than the need to further
role of the dental team in sup-
performed in the dental office. porting them to quit tobacco use. explore the potential of such interven-
Evidence demonstrates that Strength of recommendation: High, tions in the context of clinical and
patients welcome and expect involve- level of evidence 1. public health research.
ment of oral health professionals in
smoking cessation.
Risk Factor Assessment Tools for
A limitation of the evidence is the Policymakers
the Prevention of Periodontitis
lack of consistency of definition of Public health policy makers should
specific interventions in the dental be aware of the role of the dental Different individuals demonstrate
setting. However, a “brief intervention” team in supporting patients to quit varying susceptibility to onset and
in this context is generally a short tobacco use. They should give con- progression of periodontitis (L€ oe
conversation with the patient of up to sideration to adopting remuneration et al. 1986). Consequently, the appli-
5 min., which provides advice and for practitioners undertaking brief cation of uniform preventive proto-
includes a degree of counselling interventions for tobacco use in den- cols will rarely meet the individual
regarding tobacco use. tal practice settings. needs resulting in under-provision of
care to some individuals and over-
Education provision to others. This can result
Recommendations
Smoking cessation courses should be in increased burden of disease,
Oral health professionals part of undergraduate dental and unwanted side effects as well as sub-
dental hygienist curricula as agreed optimal allocation of resources. This
• Oral health professionals should
in European guidelines on profes- is an important issue for both pri-
be aware that brief interventions mary and secondary prevention.
sional competencies (Cowpe et al.
in the dental setting increase the It is important to note that in gen-
2010). As a minimum, oral health
smoking cessation rate. The eral, prediction tools based on risk
professionals should be competent to
health benefit is both for oral factors allow the grouping of patients
carry out “brief interventions” based
(periodontal) health and for gen- according to different levels of aver-
on the AAR approach.
eral health. age risk, they do not however allow
Strength of recommendation: High, Research the accurate prediction of individual
level of evidence 1. patient outcomes (prognosis). Previ-
• Oral health professionals should • To investigate the most effective ous literature shows that risk factors
adopt validated smoking cessation way to encourage oral health and combinations thereof typically
counselling approaches in their professionals to implement rou- have poor performance for individual
practice. tine brief intervention procedures risk prediction (Wald et al. 1999,
Strength of recommendation: High, into their practice. 2005). Nonetheless, the provision of
level of evidence 1. • To investigate optimal techniques patient care guided by the assess-
• Oral health professionals should for smoking cessation counselling ment of patient level risk for the
routinely adopt, as a minimum, a such as motivational interviewing. progression of periodontitis may be
brief intervention using the AAR • To investigate the costs and ben- an advantageous approach for the
approach: efits of implementation of brief individual patient (Rosling et al.
interventions for tobacco use in 2001).
○ Ask (ask every patient about dental settings. The systematic review (Lang
tobacco use) et al. 2015) reached the following
○ Advise (advise every tobacco conclusions:
user to quit, provide informa-
tion on 1. the effects of tobacco
Behaviour Change Counselling for
Promotion of Healthy Life Styles in
• Five different risk assessment
tools have been described. These
use on oral health, 2. the bene- the Dental Setting tools consist of various combina-
fits of stopping tobacco use, and
With regard to promotion of healthy tions of patient level factors.
3. available methods for quitting)
○ Refer (offer referral to special- lifestyles in the dental setting, the • Three of these were evaluated on
systematic review (Ramseier & Suvan longitudinal data demonstrating
ist smoking cessation services,
2015) identified limited evidence that an association between the risk
if available)
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
S10 Tonetti et al.
score and disease progression Recommendations (2010) Conclusions and consensus statements on
periodontal health, policy and education in Eur-
(PRC, PRA, and DRS). Oral health professionals
•
ope: a call for Periodontology on Effective Pre-
One of the tools (PRA) has been vention of Periodontal and Peri-Implant
externally validated in multiple The application of validated risk Diseases. action–consensus view 1. Consensus
supportive periodontal care (SPC) assessment tools at baseline and/or report of the 1st European Workshop on Perio-
populations in several countries. each SPC appointment by oral health dontal Education. European Journal of Dental
Educucation 14(Supplementum), 1.
Data showed an association professionals may be useful to: Carr, A. B. & Ebbert, J. (2012) Interventions for
between the risk categories and
the outcome (AL/tooth loss).
• facilitate patient communication tobacco cessation in the dental setting. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 6, CD005084.
in terms of GPS (goal setting,
• The review could not identify planning, self-assessment) at each
Chapple, I. (2015) Consensus report of group 2 of
the 11th European workshop. Journal of Clini-
any study investigating whether SPC appointment. cal Periodontology 42, (in press).
the application of the tools Strength of the recommendation: Cowpe, J., Plasschaert, A., Harzer, W., Vinkka-
would result in clinical benefits Good practice point. Puhakka, H. & Walmsley, A. D. (2010) Profile
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5–S11 doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12368
Periodontology on effective 2
Department of Periodontology, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt,
Germany; 3Department of Periodontology,
Tonetti MS, Eickholz P, Loos BG, Papapanou P, van der Velden U, Armitage G, Industry representative in working Group 1 of
Bouchard P, Deinzer R, Dietrich T, Hughes F, Kocher T, Lang NP, Lopez R, the 11th European Workshop on Periodontology:
Angela Fundak and Ekaterini Fabrikant
Needleman I, Newton T, Nibali L , Pretzl B, Ramseier C, Sanz-Sanchez I,
Schlagenhauf U, Suvan JE, Fabrikant E, Fundak A. Principles in prevention of
periodontal diseases–Consensus report of group 1 of the 11th European workshop
on periodontology on effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.
J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5–S11. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12368.
Abstract
Aims: In spite of the remarkable success of current preventive efforts, periodonti-
tis remains one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. The objective of this
workshop was to review critical scientific evidence and develop recommendations
to improve: (i) plaque control at the individual and population level (oral
hygiene), (ii) control of risk factors, and (iii) delivery of preventive professional
interventions.
Methods: Discussions were informed by four systematic reviews covering aspects Key words: behavioural changes; gingivitis;
of professional mechanical plaque control, behavioural change interventions to oral hygiene; periodontal diseases;
improve self-performed oral hygiene and to control risk factors, and assessment periodontitis; prevention; prophylaxis; risk
assessment; risk factors; scaling; smoking
of the risk profile of the individual patient. Recommendations were developed
cessation
and graded using a modification of the GRADE system using evidence from the
systematic reviews and expert opinion. Accepted for publication 31 December 2014
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd S5