Optimum Detector

We demonstrated that, for a signal transmitted over an

AWGN channel, either a correlation-type demodulator or a
matched-filter-type demodulator produces the vector r =
(r1, r2, . . . , rN ) which contains all the relevant informa-
tion in the received signal waveform.

1
Here, we describe the optimum decision rule based on the
observation vector r.

We wish to design a signal detector that makes a decision on

the transmitted signal in each signal interval based on the
observation of the vector r, such that the probability of a
correct decision is maximized.

Let’s consider a decision rule based on the computation of the

posterior probabilities defined as

( signal Em was transmitted 1st ) =P (sink)

M
M =L , 2 , - -
-

g
.

Intuitively, in the absence of any received information r, the best

possible decision that minimizes the error probability is to choose
the signal s_m that has the highest prior probability P(s_m).

After receiving the information r, the prior probabilities P(s_m) are

-

substituted with the posterior (conditional) probabilities P (s_m | r)

-

and the receiver chooses s_m that maximizes P (s_m | r).

-

This decision criterion is called the maximum a posteriori

probability (MAP) criterion. Conditional pdf
using Bayes
rule , ←
←
a
primping .

P ( Intr) = fl%nm )

where f- ( ti )
Eg
,

f- Cry =
ft -45 ) Pam)
m
 When the M signals are equally probable a priori; i.e., P(s_m) =
1/M for all M and since the f(r) is independent of which signal
is transmitted, the decision rule based on finding the signal that
maximizes P (s_m | r) is equivalent to finding the signal that
maximises f(r|s_m).

The conditional pdf f(rls_m) is usually called the likelihood

function.

The decision criterion based on the maximum of f (r | sm ) over

the M signals is called the maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion.

A detector based on the MAP criterion and one that is based on

the ML criterion make the same decisions as long as the a
priori probabilities P(sm) are all equal.

In case
of A WGN Channel, the ft -45
m)
is

Taking dog of firkin ) .

The maximum of buffet sin) over sun

-

is equivalentis
finding the
signal 5in that
minimizes the

Euclidean distance
distance metric ,

m = I , 2, -
- -

g
M .

Hence, for the AWGN channel, the decision rule based on the
ML criterion reduces to finding the signal sm that is closest in
distance to the received signal vector r. We will refer to this
decision rule as minimum distance detection.

distance metric
Expanding
the ,

mis
Dlt smh
.
Egri Egress - 2 mat

= 115112 - 2 I .
In t 45mHz ,

M = I 2, .
- -

g
M .

D
'

( I In)
,
= -
2 I In .
t 115mi
M= I,
2, -
-
-
g M .

correlation metrics , m -

- I , 2, .
. .

,
M
,

The term 15 Inrepresents the projection of the received signal

.

vector onto each of the M possible transmitted signal vectors. The

value of each of these projections is a measure of the correlation
between the received vector and the mth signal.
Finally, the terms Kml F- Em , m = 1, 2, . . . , M , may be viewed
as bias terms that serve as compensation for signal sets that
have unequal energies, such as PAM.
'

If all signals have the same energy, 115mm may also be ignored
in the computation of correlation or distance metrics.

In summary,

the optimum ML detector computes a set of M distances D(r,

sm ) or D′(r, sm ) and selects the signal corresponding to the
smallest (distance) metric.

Equivalently, the optimum ML detector computes a set of M

correlation metrics C(r,sm) and selects the signal corresponding
to the largest correlation metric.

When the signals are not equally probable, the optimum MAP
detector bases its decision on the probabilities P (s_m | r), m =
1, 2, . . . , M, or, equivalently, on the posterior probability
metrics,
 te
EXAMPLE

SI ' the received signal vector for

binary PAM is
←
NCO Holz)
,

it = toes + n
conditional Pdf
consequently the
.

f- I -45in ) are given by " -9%10

fuk ) toe -

Ht Two
f- 1%4

PM ( risi ) = PCs )
, f ( Hs) ,

PM ( rise ) =p ( S2 ) f ( Iss)
r
 ( t B) Ymo s,
-

p e-
K¥+591021 Sz

elites )%o Ecr

.
-

EaIlNo§ ,
"

shes -12 @ r -

bites -2557 Mohit .

r÷÷*hC
& PCs) I -10=12
PCs )=p={
-_

Sf
.

|r÷
then