DT024/4 Structural Analysis IV 13029 CBEH 4132

Fixed-End Moments
Loading

MA Configuration MB

P
PL MA MB PL
+ −
8 A B 8
L/2 L/2

w
wL2 MA MB wL2
+ A B −
12 L 12

P
2 MA MB
Pab Pa 2b
+ A B −
L2 a b L2
L

P
3PL MA
+ -
16 A B
L/2 L/2

w
MA
wL2
+ A B -
8 L

P
Pab ( 2 L − a ) MA
+ A B -
2 L2 a b
L

Displacements

MA Configuration MB
MB
MA
6EI ∆ 6EI ∆
+ A B +
∆

L2 L2
L

MA
3EI ∆ A B
+ 2
∆

-
L
L

Exam Handout DIT Bolton St Dr. C. Caprani

DT024/4 Structural Analysis IV 13029 CBEH 4132

Displacements

Configuration Translations Rotations

w
A B 5wL4 wL3
C δC = θ A = −θ B =
384 EI 24 EI
L

P
A B PL3 PL2
C δC = θ A = −θ B =
L/2 L/2 48 EI 16 EI

P
Pa ( L − a )
A B
PL3 ⎡ 3a ⎛a⎞ ⎤ A
3 θ = ( 2L − a )
C δC ≅ ⎢ − 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
6 LEI
a b ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ θ = − Pa L2 − a 2
48EI ⎢⎣ L
B ( )
L 6 LEI

A B
C ML2
θA =
ML
( 3a 2 − 6a + 2 )
a (1 − a )(1 − 2a )
6 EI
aL δC =
L
3EI θB =
ML
( 3a 2 − 1)
6 EI

w
wL4 wL3
A B δB = θB =
L 8EI 6 EI

P
PL3 PL2
A B δB = θB =
3EI 2 EI
L

M ML2 ML
A B δB = θB =
L 2 EI EI

Exam Handout DIT Bolton St Dr. C. Caprani

DT024/4 Structural Analysis IV CBEH 4132

Matrix Stiffness Analysis

Truss Element Stiffness Matrix

⎡ K11 K12 ⎤
K ij = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ K 21 K 22 ⎦
⎡ cos 2 α cos α ⋅ sin α ⎤
K11 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ cos α ⋅ sin α sin 2 α ⎦

K11 = K 22 = − K12 = − K 21

Member Force

⎛ EA ⎞ ⎧δ jx − δ ix ⎫
Pij = ⎜ ⎟ [ cos α sin α ] ⎨ ⎬
⎝ L ⎠ij ⎩δ jy − δ iy ⎭

Frame Element Stiffness Matrix

⎡ K11 K12 ⎤
K ij = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ K 21 K 22 ⎦
⎡ EA ⎤ ⎡ EA ⎤
⎢ L 0 0 ⎥ ⎢− L 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
K11 = ⎢ 0
6 EI ⎥
K12 = K 21 = ⎢ 0
12 EI 12 EI 6 EI ⎥
− 3
⎢ L3 L2 ⎥ ⎢ L L2 ⎥
⎢ 6 EI 4 EI ⎥⎥ ⎢ 6 EI 2 EI ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 ⎢ 0 − 2
⎣⎢ L2 L ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ L L ⎥⎦

⎡ EA ⎤
⎢ L 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
K 22 = ⎢ 0
12 EI 6 EI ⎥
− 2
⎢ L3 L ⎥
⎢ 6 EI 4 EI ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 − 2
⎣⎢ L L ⎥⎦

Frame Element Transformation Matrix

⎡ cos α sin α 0⎤
T = ⎢⎢ − sin α cos α 0 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

Exam Handout DIT Bolton St Dr C. Caprani

DT024/4 Structural Analysis IV CBEH 4132

Virtual Work
Volume Integrals

j j j1 j2 j

l l l l

1 1 1 1
k
jkl jkl ( j1 + 2 j2 ) kl jkl
l
3 6 6 2

1 1 1 1
( 2 j1 + j2 ) kl
k
jkl jkl jkl
l 6 3 6 2
1
⎡ j1 ( 2k1 + k2 ) +
6⎣
1 1 1
k1 k2 j ( k1 + 2k2 ) l j ( 2k1 + k2 ) l j ( k1 + k2 ) l
j2 ( k1 + 2k2 ) ⎤⎦ l
6 6 2
l

1 1 1
k jkl jkl ( j1 + j2 ) kl jkl
2 2 2
l
1
⎡ j1 ( l + b ) +
1
jk ( l + a )
1
jk ( l + b ) 6⎣ 1
k

jkl
j2 ( l + a ) ⎤⎦ k
a b 6 6 2

5 1 1 2
k
jkl jkl ( 3 j1 + 5 j2 ) kl jkl
l
12 4 12 3

1 5 1 2
k jkl jkl ( 5 j1 + 3 j2 ) kl jkl
4 12 12 3
l

1 1 1 1
k
jkl jkl ( j1 + 3 j2 ) kl jkl
l
4 12 12 3

k 1 1 1 1
jkl jkl ( 3 j1 + j2 ) kl jkl
l 12 4 12 3

1 1 1 2
jkl jkl ( j1 + j2 ) kl jkl
k

3 3 3 3
l

Exam Handout DIT Bolton St Dr C. Caprani

DT024 Structural Analysis IV CBEH 4132

Structural Dynamics

SDOF Systems
Fundamental equation of motion mu&&(t ) + cu& (t ) + ku (t ) = F (t )

Equation of motion for free vibration u&&(t ) + 2ξω u& (t ) + ω 2u (t ) = 0

Relationship between frequency, circular frequency,
1 ω 1 k
period, stiffness and mass: Fundamental frequency f = = =
T 2π 2π m
for an SDOF system.
c
Coefficient of damping 2ξω =
m
k
Circular frequency ω2 =
m
c
Damping ratio ξ=
ccr

Critical value of damping ccr = 2mω = 2 km

u (t ) = ρ cos (ω t + θ )

General solution for free-undamped vibration

−u&
2
⎛ u& ⎞
ρ = u + ⎜ 0 ⎟ ; tan θ = 0
2

⎝ω ⎠ u0ω
0

ωd = ω 1 − ξ 2
Damped circular frequency, period and frequency 2π ωd
Td = ; fd =
ωd 2π

u (t ) = ρ e −ξω t cos (ω d t + θ )

2
⎛ u& + ξω u0 ⎞
ρ = u +⎜ 0 2
⎟ ;
General solution for free-damped vibrations
⎝ ωd
0
⎠
ξω u0 − u&0
tan θ =
u0ω d

un ω
Logarithmic decrement of damping δ = ln = 2mπξ
un + m ωd
0.11
Half-amplitude method ξ≅ when un + m = 0.5un
m

Exam Handout DIT Bolton St Dr C. Caprani

DT024 Structural Analysis IV CBEH 4132

p
⎛u ⎞
Amplitude after p-cycles un + p = ⎜ n +1 ⎟ un
⎝ un ⎠
Equation of motion for forced response (sinusoidal) mu&&(t ) + cu& (t ) + ku (t ) = F0 sin Ωt

u p ( t ) = ρ sin ( Ωt − θ )
−1 2
F0 ⎡
( ) + ( 2ξβ ) ⎤
2
General solution for forced-damped vibration ρ= 1− β 2
2
;
k ⎢
⎣ ⎦⎥
response and frequency ratio
2ξβ Ω
tan θ = β=
1− β 2
ω
−1 2

(
DAF ≡ D = ⎡ 1 − β 2 ) + ( 2ξβ ) ⎤⎦⎥
2 2
Dynamic amplification factor (DAF)
⎣⎢

Undamped free-vibration response

General case of an under-critically damped system.

Exam Handout DIT Bolton St Dr C. Caprani