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Alternators: Two Reaction Analyses (2, Ch. 16)
Alternators: Two Reaction Analyses (2, Ch. 16)
Alternators
Two Reaction Analyses [2, Ch. 16]
A multipolar machine with cylindrical rotor has a uniform air-gap, because of which
its reactance remains the same, irrespective of the spatial position of the rotor. However, a
synchronous machine with salient pole or projecting poles has non-uniform air-gap due to
which its reactance varies with the rotor position.
Derivation of the demagnetizing action of the armature reaction for the general case
will be based on the notations and symbols shown in Fig. 144.
Expressing τ, θ’, and x in radians, ψ in percent, then
ψπ
θ '+
ψπ θ '+ ' ψπ
A1 = A∫0 2 sin xdx ; A1 = A[− cos x]0 2
; A1 = A[1 − cos(θ '+ )]
2
This shows that the demagnetizing ATs for a given m/c are proportional to sinθ’.
Accordingly, we may conclude that the armature reaction ATs consists of two parts.
One part is a function of Asinθ’, which is demagnetizing. The second part, which is a
function of Acosθ’, is cross-magnetizing.
A is the crest (or peak) value of the armature reaction ATs per pole. To calculate the
alternator regulation, using Fourier series analysis the value of A is obtained as follows:
ZI
A = NI of armature reaction per pole = 0.9 a k d k p
2P
Hence the average demagnetizing ATs per pole are
ψπ ψπ ψπ
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
AD = A sin θ ' 2 = 0.9 ZI a k k 2 sin θ ' = ZI a k k ( 0.9 2 ) sin θ '
ψπ ψπ ψπ
d p d p
2P P 2
ZI a
AD = k d k p C sin θ ' (188)
P
ψπ
2 sin
0.9 2
where, C =
2 ψπ
AD = K sin θ '
K = sin θ '
The cross-magnetizing component neither increases nor decreases the field excitation
as a whole, but increases the MMF acting over one half of each pole face and decrease by an
equal amount the MMF acting over the other half of each pole face. This is shown in Fig.
146(a).
The shaded portion shows approximately that part of the cross MMF that is really
effective.
In Fig. 146(b) the MMF of the cross component is shown and a curve of the flux that
it would produce. The greatly increased reluctance of the air path between the salient poles is
taken into consideration.
It is assumed that the cross field is of sinusoidal (neglecting harmonics) distribution in
space. It rotates at synchronous speed and is in a fixed position w.r.t. the poles.
It will therefore generate a voltage Ec in the armature of fundamental frequency. It
would be possible to determined component of the cross-field flux from a Fourier analysis.
This approach will not be used here. Instead, a determination will be made of the average
value of a fundamental MMF space wave which has the same area as the shaded position
between 0 and π of Fig. 146(a).
ψπ
⎡ ψπ ⎤
Area(shaded) = 2 A cos θ ' [− cos x ]02 = 2 A cos θ ' ⎢1 − cos in MMF radians
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Area 2 A cos θ ' ⎡ ψπ ⎤
Average MMF = = ⎢1 − cos
π π ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
The average value of the cross MMF per pole is
2⎡ ψπ ⎤ 2⎡ ψπ ⎤
Ac = A ⎢1 − cos ⎥ cos θ ' = AK ' cos θ ' where, K ' = ⎢1 − cos
π⎣ 2 ⎦ π⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
ZI a
By substituting the value of A = 0.9 kd k p
2P
ZI a ⎡ 0 .9 ψπ ⎤
Ac = kd k p ⎢ (1 − cos ) cos θ '
P ⎣π 2 ⎥⎦
ZI
Ac = a k d k p C ' cos θ ' (193)
P
0 .9 ψπ
where C ' = (1 − cos )
π 2
Ac = K ' cos θ '
ZI
K ' = a kd k pC'
P
It should be noted that the value of Ac is based on an MMF wave having the same
area as the two shaded sections of Fig. 146(a).
Fig. 147. Complete vector diagram of alternators showing voltages and MMFs.
The excitation M0 is presumed to result in a NL voltage of E0 as read from the
saturation curve, and hence the regulation would be
E −V
∴ % regulation up = 0 × 100%
V
The cross component of armature reaction sets up a flux cut by the armature
conductors and so generates the voltage Ec, which may be treated as a voltage drop.
The demagnetizing component of armature AD is an MMF subtracting arithmetically
from the field-winding M0.
Angle (φ) calculation between internal induced voltage (E) and NL voltage (E0)
The terminal voltage per phase of a generator is designated V, and the regulation is
desired at a load of I, lagging θ degrees behind V.
The effective resistance of the armature and leakage reactance are known. V, I, IRa
and IXL can be laid off on the vector diagram, and E can be calculated
θ '= θ + α
v= volts/AT/pole generated on the lower part of the saturation curve.
Then it is assumed that
E c = vAc = vK ' cos(θ + α ) = K1 cos(θ + α ) ; K 1 = vK ' here let I a = I
But E c = E sin φ ; hence, E c = E sin φ = K 1 cos(θ + α )
K 1 cos(φ + λ )
But θ + α = φ + λ ; sin φ =
E
cos(φ + λ ) cos φ cos λ − sin φ sin λ
E = K1 = K1
sin φ sin φ
⎛ cos φ cos λ sin φ sin λ ⎞ ⎛ cos λ ⎞
E = K1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = K 1 ⎜⎜ − sin λ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin φ sin φ ⎠ ⎝ tan φ ⎠
cos λ cos λ
E = K1 − K1 sin λ ; E + K 1 sin λ = K1
tan φ tan φ
K 1 cos λ
[ E + K 1 sin λ ] tan φ = K 1 cos λ ; tan φ =
E + K 1 sin λ
ZIk d k p C vZIk d k p C
tan φ = [v cos λ ] /[ E + sin λ ]
P P
Since, E = V + I ( Ra + jX L )(cos θ − j sin θ )
The angle (λ-θ) can be determined and likewise the angleλ. Substituting in Eq. (199),
the value of φ is determined and
θ'= φ + λ
The determination of the angle θ′ locates the direction of the voltage Ef w.r.t. I. This
provides the necessary step in the construction of the diagram of Fig. 147.
the component of armature current represented by Isinθ’ it follows that the change in voltage
form E0 to Ef might be represented by a fictitious reactance drop.
E 0 − E f = IX d'
Subscript “d” designated for representing direct components. Suppose Id indicated the
direct component of current I, which is in quadrature with the position of the NL voltage.
In similar manner we find that the cross-magnetizing component Ec will be
considered a fictitious reactance drop since it is proportional to cosθ′ and in quadrature with
the current component Iq=Icosθ′.
E c = I q X q'
Xq’ is cross reactance.
The idea of associating components of a voltage drop with suitable components of
current will be carried a step further as shown in Fig. 149.
Here the leakage reactance drop will be separated into components associated with
suitable current components so that vectorially
IX L = I d X L + I q X L
As shown in Fig. 149, the effect of the reactance Xq’ merely replaces the effect of the
voltage Ec, but by grouping the reactances associated with the current component Iq we obtain
a new reactance
X q = X q' + X L
Similarly, associating the reactive drops, using the direct component of current, we
obtain a new reactance
X d = X d' + X L
By making of these combined terms we have a comparatively simple diagram as
shown in Fig. 150.
Fig. 150. Final step in the transition, resulting in the two-reaction diagram built up with direct
axis synchronous reactance ( X d = X d' + X L ) and quadrature axis synchronous reactance
( X q = X q' + X L ). The resistance drop can also be divided into direct and quadrature
components, or in many cases this can be neglected entirely. Its relative size is exaggerated
here.
Now, if Xd and Xq are known the vector diagram can be constructed for the
determination of regulation.
An expression for the OC voltage E0 can be obtained from the following relationship.
By trigonometric considerations
V sin θ + IX q
tan θ ' = (generating)
V cos θ + IRa
V sin θ − IX q
tan θ ' = (motoring)
V cos θ − IRa
Angle (α) calculation between terminal voltage (V) and NL voltage (E0)
Also I q = I cos θ ' ; I d = I sin θ ' then I q = I cos(α + θ ); I d = I sin(α + θ )
From the Fig. 150,
I q X q − I d Ra IX q cos θ '− IRa sin θ '
sin α = =
V V
I ( X q cos θ '− Ra sin θ ' )
sin α =
V
θ '= θ + α (generating)
Substituting
θ '= θ −α (motoring)
in this equation for generating and expanding to sine and cosine functions,
I
sin α = [ X q cos(θ + α ) − Ra sin(θ + α )]
V
V sin α = I [ X q {cos θ cos α − sin θ sin α } − Ra {sin θ cos α + sin α cos θ }]
V sin α = I [ X q cos θ cos α − X q sin θ sin α − Ra sin θ cos α − Ra sin α cos θ ]
V sin α = I [ X q cos θ − Ra sin θ ] cos α − I [ X q sin θ + Ra cos θ ] sin α
Let, D1 = I [ X q cos θ − Ra sin θ ]; D2 = I [ X q sin θ + Ra cos θ ]
V sin α = D1 cos α − D2 sin α ; V sin α + D2 sin α = D1 cos α
sin α D1
[V + D2 ] sin α = D1 cos α ; tan α = =
cos α V + D2
By substituting the value of D1 and D2, we obtain
sin α I [ X q cos θ − Ra sin θ ]
tan α = = (generating)
cos α V + I [ X q sin θ + Ra cos θ ]
sin α I [ X q cos θ − Ra sin θ ]
tan α = = (motoring)
cos α V − I [ X q sin θ + Ra cos θ ]
This is fundamental equation and it will be used when constructing the two-reaction
diagram of the alternator.
E 0 = V cos α + I q Ra + I d X d (generating)
Also
E 0 = V cos α − I q Ra − I d X d (motoring)
respectively. As shown in vector diagram, they must always be used with their respective
components of current.
Neglecting the leakage fluxes, the direct component of MMF acts on the main
magnetic circuit o the machine. The quadrature component has a magnetic circuit largely
through the air gaps and interpolar space. For this reason the quadrature-axis synchronous
reactance is smaller than the direct-axis reactance and is less affected by saturation.
In non-salient pole machine, Xd is nearly equal to Xq and would be exactly so were it
not for the slight differences in the two magnetic circuits on which they operated.
Power Developed by a Synchronous Generator [1/37.29/p.1454]
If we neglect Ra and hence Cu loss, then the power developed (Pd) by an alternator is
equal to the power output (Pout). Hence, the per phase power output of an alternator is
Pout = VI cos θ = Pd (150.0)
From Fig. 150.1,
V sin α = I q X q (150.1a)
I d X d = E 0 − V cos α (150.1b)
I q = I cos(α + θ ) (150.2a)
I d = I sin(α + θ ) (150.2b)
B2 C1 + B1C 2
x=
A1 B2 + A2 B1
X d cos αV sin α + X q sin α [ E 0 − V cos α ]
I cos θ =
X q cos αX d cos α + X d sin αX q sin α
X d V sin α cos α + X q E 0 sin α − X qV sin α cos α
I cos θ =
X d X q [cos 2 α + sin 2 α ]
X q E 0 sin α + [ X d − X q ]V sin α cos α
I cos θ =
Xd Xq
X q E 0 sin α [ X d − X q ]V sin α cos α
I cos θ = +
Xd Xq Xd Xq
E0 V[X d − X q ]
I cos θ = sin α + sin 2α (150.9)
Xd 2X d X q
Substitute (150.9) in (150.0) then
EV V 2 (X d − X q )
Pout = Pd = 0 sin α + sin 2α
Xd 2X d X q
The total power developed would be three times the above power.
The power developed consists of two components, the first term represents power due
to field excitation and the second term gives the reluctance power i.e. power due to saliency.
If Xd=Xq i.e. the machine has a cylindrical rotor, then the second term becomes zero
and the power is given by the first term only.
If, on the other hand, there is no field excitation i.e. E0=0, then the first term in the
above expression becomes zero and the power developed is given by the second term.
The value of α is positive (+ve) for a generator and negative (-ve) for a motor.