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ADA 2016 Summary PDF
ADA 2016 Summary PDF
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
1. Diabetes Diagnosis
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The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 2
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Screening for prediabetes can be done using A1C, FPG, or 2-hr PG after 75-g OGTT criteria
• CVD risk factors should be identified and treated
• Testing may be considered in children and adolescents who are overweight or obese and have two or more risk
factors for diabetes (See Diabetes Risk Factors)
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 3
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 4
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Pregnant women without known prior diabetes Test for GDM at 24-28 weeks
Women with GDM Screen for persistent diabetes 6-12 wks postpartum using OGTT
and standard diagnostic criteria
Women with a history of GDM Lifelong screening for diabetes or prediabetes every ≥3 yrs
Women with a history of GDM and prediabetes Lifestyle interventions or metformin for diabetes prevention
• Women with diabetes in the first trimester have type 2 diabetes
• GDM is diagnosed in the second or third trimester and not clearly associated with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Screening is recommended at 24-48 weeks in women who were not previously diagnosed with overt diabetes
One-step diagnosis strategy Two-step diagnosis strategy
• Perform 75-g OGTT with plasma glucose Step 1:
measurement
• Test in the morning after the patient has fasted for • Perform a 50-g nonfasting GLT with plasma measurement at
≥8 hours 1 hour
• Repeat test at 1 and 2 hours after initial • If PG measured 1 hour after the load is
measurement ≥140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), proceed to 100-g OGTT
Diagnosis is confirmed when PG levels meet or Step 2:
exceed: • Perform 100-g OGTT while patient is fasting
• Fasting 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L) Diagnosis is confirmed when two or more PG levels meet or
• 1 hr: 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L) exceed:
• 2 hr: 153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L)
• Fasting: 95 mg/dL or 105 mg/dL (5.3/5.8)
• 1 hr: 180 mg/dL or 190 mg/dL (10.0/10.6)
• 2 hr: 155 mg/dL or 165 mg/dL (8.6/9.2)
• 3 hr: 140 mg/dL or 145 mg/dL (7.8/8.0)
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 5
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
BMI=body mass index; FPG=fasting plasma glucose; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol; OGTT=oral glucose tolerance test; PG=plasma glucose; TG=triglycerides
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 6
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
2. Glycemic Targets
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promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 7
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Management of Hypoglycemia
Ask at-risk patients about symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycemia at each encounter
Glucose (15-20 g) is the preferred treatment of hypoglycemia for conscious patients
• 15 minutes after treatment, repeat if SMBG shows continued hypoglycemia
• When SMBG is normal, the patient should consume a meal or snack to prevent hypoglycemia recurrence
Glucagon may be prescribed for all individuals who are at risk for severe hypoglycemia
If an individual has hypoglycemia unawareness or an episode of severe hypoglycemia:
• Re-evaluate the treatment regimen
• In patients treated with insulin, raise glycemic targets for several weeks to partially reverse hypoglycemia unawareness
and reduce the recurrence of hypoglycemia
For individuals with low or declining cognition, continually assess cognitive function with increased vigilance for
hypoglycemia
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 8
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
BMI=body mass index; CVD=cardiovascular disease; IFG=impaired fasting glucose; IGT=impaired glucose tolerance
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 9
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 10
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 11
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 12
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 13
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
7. Lifestyle Changes
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)
The ADA acknowledges that there is no one-size-fits-all eating pattern for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
MNT is recommended for all individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes as part of an overall treatment plan, preferably
provided by a registered dietitian skilled in diabetes MNT
Goals of MNT:
• A healthful eating pattern to improve overall health, specifically:
• Achievement and maintenance of weight goals
• Attainment of individualized glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid goals
• Type 2 diabetes prevention or delay
• Attain individualized glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid goals
• Achieve and maintain body weight goals
• Delay or prevent diabetes complications
Physical Activity
Adults with diabetes
Exercise programs should include:
• ≥150 min/wk moderate-intensity aerobic activity (50%-70% max heart rate), spread over
≥3 days/wk with no more than 2 consecutive days without exercise
• Resistance training ≥2 times/wk (in absence of contraindications)*
• Reduce sedentary time = break up >90 minutes spent sitting
Evaluate patients for contraindications prohibiting certain types of exercise before recommending exercise program†
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 14
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 15
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
Obesity Management
• Management of obesity has been shown to delay the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes
• It may also be beneficial for treating type 2 diabetes
• Modest and sustained weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the need for glucose-
lowering medications
General Recommendations
Calculate BMI at each patient encounter to determine the presence of overweight or obesity
Advise patients that higher BMI increases the risk for CVD and mortality
Assess the patient’s readiness to achieve weight loss
• With the patient, determine weight loss goals and the treatment strategy
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 16
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 17
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 18
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 19
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 20
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Lipid Management
Adults not taking a statin • Obtain a lipid profile
• At diabetes diagnosis, initial medical evaluation, and every 5
years thereafter
• At initiation of statin therapy and periodically thereafter
Lifestyle changes • Weight loss (if indicated)
• Reduced intake of saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol
• Increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids, viscous fiber, and plant
stanols/sterols
• Increased physical activity
Intensify lifestyle changes and optimize glycemic • TG ≥150 mg/dL
control among individuals with • HDL-C <40 mg/dL (men), <50 mg/dL (women
Individuals with fasting TG ≥500mg/dL • Evaluate for secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia
• Consider medical therapy to reduce pancreatitis risk
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 21
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
*
Regardless of age
†
Routinely evaluate risk-benefit profile of statin therapy, with down-titration as needed
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 22
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 23
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 24
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 25
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Refer to a physician experienced in the care of kidney disease for uncertainty regarding cause
of kidney disease, difficult management issues, or rapidly progressing disease
eGFR 45-60 • Refer to a nephrologist if the possibility exists for nondiabetic kidney
2
mL/min/1.73m disease
• Consider the need for dose adjustment of medications
• Monitor eGFR, electrolytes, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorous,
Management parathyroid hormone, hemoglobin, albumin, and weight every 6 months
• Assure vitamin D sufficiency
• Consider bone density testing
• Refer for dietary counseling
eGFR 30-44 • Monitor eGFR every 3 months
2
mL/min/1.73m • Monitor eGFR, electrolytes, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorous,
parathyroid hormone, hemoglobin, albumin, and weight every 3 months
• Consider the need for dose adjustment of medications
eGFR 30-44 • Refer to a nephrologist
2
mL/min/1.73m
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 26
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
annually
Retinopathy progressive or sight More frequent dilated retinal exams are recommended
threatening
Eye exams should occur prior to Thereafter, monitor every trimester and for 1 year postpartum as indicated
pregnancy or in the first trimester by degree of retinopathy
Treatment
• Refer individuals with macular edema, severe NPDR, or any PDR to an ophthalmologist
• Laser photocoagulation therapy indicated to reduce the risk of vision loss in high-risk PDR and severe NPDR
• Intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor are indicated for center-involved diabetic macular edema
• The presence of retinopathy is not a contraindication to aspirin therapy for cardioprotection
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 27
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 28
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
Pregnant women without known prior diabetes Test for GDM at 24-28 weeks
Women with GDM Screen for persistent diabetes 6-12 wks postpartum using OGTT
and standard diagnostic criteria
Women with a history of GDM Lifelong screening for diabetes or prediabetes every ≥3 yrs
Women with a history of GDM and prediabetes Lifestyle interventions or metformin for diabetes prevention
• Women with diabetes in the first trimester have type 2 diabetes
• GDM is diagnosed in the second or third trimester and not clearly associated with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Screening is recommended at 24-48 weeks in women who were not previously diagnosed with overt diabetes
One-step diagnosis strategy Two-step diagnosis strategy
• Perform 75-g OGTT with plasma glucose Step 1:
measurement
• Test in the morning after the patient has fasted for • Perform a 50-g nonfasting GLT with plasma measurement at
≥8 hours 1 hour
• Repeat test at 1 and 2 hours after initial • If PG measured 1 hour after the load is
measurement ≥140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), proceed to 100-g OGTT
Diagnosis is confirmed when PG levels meet or Step 2:
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 29
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
• Fasting 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L) Diagnosis is confirmed when two or more PG levels meet or
• 1 hr: 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L)
exceed:
• 2 hr: 153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L)
• Fasting: 95 mg/dL or 105 mg/dL (5.3/5.8)
• 1 hr: 180 mg/dL or 190 mg/dL (10.0/10.6)
• 2 hr: 155 mg/dL or 165 mg/dL (8.6/9.2)
• 3 hr: 140 mg/dL or 145 mg/dL (7.8/8.0)
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 30
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Diabetes in pregnancy may increase the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring later in life
Maintain A1C levels as close to normal as is safely possible
• Ideally, A1C <6.5% (48 mmol/L) without hypoglycemia
Discuss family planning
• Prescribe effective contraception until woman is prepared to become pregnant
Women with preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Counsel on the risk of development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy
• Perform eye exams before pregnancy or in first trimester; monitor every trimester and for 1 year postpartum
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 31
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 32
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
ACEI=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI=body mass index; DBP=diastolic
blood pressure; OAD=oral antidiabetic drug; SBP=systolic blood pressure
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 33
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 34
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
hypoglycemia risk
• 110-140 mg/dL (6.1-7.8 mmol/L)
A hypoglycemia management protocol should be established for each patient:
• A plan for prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia should be developed
• All episodes of hypoglycemia should be documented and tracked
• The treatment plan should be reviewed and changed when glucose is <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L)
NPH=neutral protamine hagedorn; NPO=nothing by mouth; OADs=oral antidiabetes drugs; SSI=sliding scale insulin
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 35
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
13. Diabetes Care for Older Adults
General Recommendations for Diabetes Care of Older Adults
Individuals aged ≥65 with diabetes are a high-priority population for depression screening and treatment
Avoid hypoglycemia
• Screen for and manage by adjusting glycemic targets and pharmacologic interventions
Functional and cognitively intact older adults with long life expectancy
• Provide diabetes care with goals similar to those for younger adults
Glycemic goals may be relaxed based in selected individuals
• But avoid hyperglycemia leading to symptoms or risk of acute hyperglycemic complications
Individualize screening for diabetes complications
• Pay close attention to complications leading to functional impairment
Treat other CV risk factors
• Hypertension treatment indicated for all
• Lipid-lowering and aspirin therapy may benefit those with life expectancy at least equal to the timeframe of primary
and secondary prevention trials
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 36
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 37
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
14. Diabetes Care for Children and Adolescents
Glycemic Targets for Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Consider a risk-benefit assessment, including hypoglycemia risk, when individualizing
glycemic targets for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
A1C target <7.5%
(58 mmol/L)
A lower A1C target (<7.0%) is reasonable if it can be achieved without
excessive hypoglycemia
Plasma glucose before meals 90-130 mg/dL
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 38
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 39
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Managing High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Screening • Measure BP at every visit
• Confirm elevated BP at separate visit
• High-normal BP* or hypertension†: confirm BP on 3 separate days
Treatment High-normal BP*
• Lifestyle changes (diet & physical activity) aimed at weight
control
• If target BP is not achieved within Initial pharmacologic
3-6 months, initiate pharmacologic therapy therapy:
Hypertension †
ACEI or ARB‡
• Initiate lifestyle changes and pharmacologic therapy
BP target: Consistently <90th percentile for age, gender, and height
*
SBP or DBP consistently ≥90th percentile for age, , and height
†
SBP or DBP consistently ≥95th percentile for age, gender, and height
‡
Provide counseling regarding potential teratogenic effects
Not all ACEIs and ARBs are indicated for use in children/adolescents by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Refer to full prescribing information for indications and uses in pediatric populations.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 40
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Not all statins are FDA approved for use under the age of 10 yrs;
statins should generally not be used in children with type 1 diabetes before age 10. Refer to full prescribing information
for indications and uses in pediatric populations. For postpubertal girls, pregnancy prevention is important as statins are
contraindicated in pregnancy.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 41
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Any pharmacologic agents discussed are approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unless otherwise
noted. Consult individual prescribing information for approved uses outside of the United States.
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 42
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
15. Psychosocial Assessment and Care
Psychological and Social Assessments
Include psychological & social assessments as part of diabetes management
Psychosocial screening and follow-up may include:
• Attitudes about diabetes
• Expectations for medical management and outcomes
• Mood
• Quality of life
• Financial, social, emotional resources
• Psychiatric history
Screen for and treat depression in older adults (≥65 yrs) with diabetes
Routinely screen for depression and diabetes-related distress, anxiety, eating disorders, and cognitive impairment
Stepwise collaborative care approach to manage depression for patients with comorbidities
Refer patients who exhibit these symptoms/behaviors to a mental health professional:
• Disregard for medical regimen
• Depression
• Self-harm potential
• Stress
• Debilitating anxiety
• Eating disorder
• Cognitive function signaling impaired judgment
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 43
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 44
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
16. Immunization & Vaccinations
Immunization Recommendations
Provide routine vaccinations for children and adults with diabetes according to age-related recommendations
Influenza vaccine Annually in all patients with diabetes aged ≥6 mos
Pneumococcal polysaccharide • All patients with diabetes aged ≥2 yrs
vaccine 23 (PPSV23) • Routinely in patients with diabetes aged ≥65 yrs
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 • Routinely in patients with diabetes aged ≥65 yrs
(PCV13)
Hepatitis B vaccine • All adults with diabetes
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 45
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
17. Recommendations for Individuals With HIV
Recommendations for Individuals With HIV
Individuals with HIV who are taking ART are a higher risk for developing prediabetes and diabetes
Screen for diabetes and prediabetes with a fasting glucose level:
• Prior to starting ART
• 3 months after starting or changing ART
Initial screen normal?
• Check fasting glucose each year
Prediabetes identified?
• Measure glucose levels every 3-6 months for diabetes progression
• Weight loss via diet and physical activity may reduce progression
Diabetes diagnosed?
• Preventive health measures to reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications
ART=antiretroviral therapy; HIV=human immunodeficiency virus
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.
2016 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Guidelines 46
Summary Recommendations from NDEI
Source: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care.
2016;39(suppl 1):S1-S106. Available here.
Refer to source document for full recommendations, including level of evidence rating.
18. Cystic-Fibrosis Related Diabetes
This content was created by Ashfield Healthcare Communications and was not associated with funding via an educational grant or a
promotional/commercial interest.
The National Diabetes Education Initiative® (NDEI®) is sponsored by Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Lyndhurst, NJ.
Copyright © 2016 Ashfield Healthcare Communications. All rights reserved.