DISCUSSION

The range of concentration of the variety given antibiotics ranging from 0.25-128 úg/ml for ampicilin,
erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenical that were tested on the level of inhibition in the set of
bacterial strains provided as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and
Escherichia coli were examined through the minimum inhibitory concentration that would evacuate the
standard culture of the bacterial strain which was on an approximated cell density of (1.5X10 8 CFU/ml)
as per the McFarland standards prepared and stored at 25°C.

The same range of concentration that was prepared for every antibiotics in the measure of the least
inhibitory concentration for each organisms that was prepared on a range of 25mL of Agar dilution.
From the results obtained on the concentration range for ampicilin was 128úg/ml that inhibited both
E.coli and S.aureus as for erythromycin range of inhibitory concentration from 16-128úg/ml for over
almost the four given strains of bacteria that was quite similar to ciprofloxacin while chloramphenical
from the concentration range of 8-128úg/ml inhibiting the 3 bacterial strains except Pseudomonas
aeruginosa that still grew despite the concentration of this antibiotic, hence these concentration can not
be regarded as the MIC of the organism since inhibition was <99% .

The MIC or minimum inhibitory concentration, is the lowest concentration (in úg/ml) of an antibiotic
that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. For a certain antibiotic to be accounted as the MIC
of an organism then it should show _> 99% inhibition of the organism that was inoculated on the plates
containing Agar that posses a stable standard concentration of 1.5X10 8 CFU/ml thus suspecting the
antibiotic used in the eradication of the bacterial organism used in clinical and diagnosis fields.

The resistance of ampicilin to microorganisms involves irreversible inhibition of the enzyme

transpeptidase which is needed by bacteria to make the cell wall, by doing that inhibits the final stage of
the bacterial cell wall synthesis in binary fission and cause cell lysis(Fischer and Ganellin, 2016), that
according to the results that seem to inhibit the growth of E.coli. on the range of temperature from 32-
128úg/ml that was effective MIC for this organism that depreciated the rest of the bacterial strains
despite being gram negative as how P.aeuriginosa is.

Erythromycin an antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of vital protein in susceptible bacteria that may
either be an inhibitor in bacterial reproduction or killing of bacteria by direct killing depending on the
concentration and type of microorganism (John and Walter, 1985). 4-128úg/ml concentration of
erythromycin inhibited and reduced the rate of reproduction of the bacterial strains with the greatest
MIC towards the B,subtilis that was inhibited greater than 99% on the mentioned range of concentration
and also being a gram positive bacteria.

Ciprofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics that is used to treat bacterial infections
as it stops the multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of genetic material
(DNA), (King et al, 1984). The overall range of concentration of antibiotics including ciprofloxacin shows
that the MIC of the bacterial strains provided as for the case of S.aureus the organism was susceptible to
the action of this antibiotic that showed more growth action in concentration of 16-0.25 úg/ml which
keeps this organism on the MIC of ciprofloxacin.
Chloramphenical is a bacteriostatic (prevents further reproduction of new bacterial cells) by inhibiting
protein synthesis, thus prevents protein chain elongation by inhibiting the peptytidyl transferase activity
of the bacterial ribosome the residues that prevents peptide bond formation, (Jardetzky, 2015). The
highest concentration of chloramphenical bears the MIC to all the provided strains of microorganisms
where the inhibitions goes until 8úg/ml where other organisms are susceptible to this antibiotic.

The provided strains of bacteria are made up of both groups of gram positive and gram negative with
which the reaction is most sensitive to gram negative bacteria but concise higher concentration acting
on both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The antibiotics that were used to examine the MIC of
the organism are not only essential for bacteria microorganisms but also some are used to humans too
bearing side effects when consumed in large amounts such as causing nausea and vomiting as others
cure infections on the body of humans as skin diseases used by the ciprofloxacin.

REFERENCE

1. Fischer J and Ganellin CR , Analogue-based Drug Discovery John Wiley & Sons p.490 (2016).

2. Jardetzky, O. " Studies on the mechanism of Action of Chloramphenical -The Conformation of

chloramphenical in Solution " The journal of Biological Chemistry 238 (2015).

3. John A Washington and Walter R Wilson, Mayo Clinic Proceedings 60 189-203 (1985).

4. King A, Shannon K, Phillips I, The in-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin compared to that of

norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother, (1984) 325-331.