‫استخدام النحاس في االكس ري‬

1-Cu, are true, having a wavelength approximating inter-bond distances is best for structure
determination/Bragg Scatter. The preference for copper is simply due to the fact that, out of the
candidate metals, it has the shortest wavelength above 1 Angstrom. If one considers the fact that the
anode needs to be metallic (to conduct electrons) and have a high enough melting point (as >1kW is
generated), the choice narrows down. If the wavelength is below 1 Angstrom as is the case for
molybdenum, there will be loss in resolution as the diffraction will tend to lower angles. However,
copper is not necessarily the best choice for every type of analysis. With copper you get Fe, Mn, etc.
fluorescence. The use of cobalt is the best way to get round this problem. Chromium tends to be good
for XRD of complex organic compounds and for stress measurements on steels.

‫عدم استخدام تفريغ عالي‬

2-1/low vacuum-high resolution EDX could provide the benefit of decreased rates of contamination or
decreased sensitivity to contamination in typical low keV EDX analysis .Several possible sources of
contamination exist and we have separated them into three categories: the specimen itself, (b) the oils
used in the vacuum pumps, and (c) the polymeric materials employed for vacuum seals, electrical
insulation etc

2-2/ Because EDS detectors are cooled by liquid nitrogen , ice and contaminants will build up

in front of the detector crystal, decreasing the detection efficiency at low energy

‫اجابة سؤال كيفية التخلص من ضهور الهيدروجين واالوكسجين‬

‫عن طريق استخدام العينات القياسية التي تحدد البحث في الجهاز‬