Detection oF FunctiowaL Groups Test for Unsaturation + Bry —> CBr — CBr (Orange | “Dibeomoaliane ved) (Calourles) —C=C—+ 2Br—> — CBr, — CBr, — lyme (Orange ——_‘Tetrabromoalane rei) (Colourless) Baeyer’s test or Permanganate test : 3CH)= CH) + 2KMnO, + 4H,0 —> Hihene (Pink) 2KOH + 2MnO, + 3CH3OH.CHj0H (Brown) Glycol (Colourles) +2KMnO, +2H,0—> (Pink) 2KOH + 2MnO, + (COOH), {Brows} Oxalic acid (Colourles) Test for Alcoholic (-OH) Group ¢ Sodium metal test : ROH) + Najy —+ RONa + 1/237 Tit Solty Soe Hpheges (cample) ethoxide (effervescence) ¢ Cericammonium nitrate test : 2ROH + (NHy)2{Ce(NO3)g] — Colourless Ceric ammonium (sample) nitrate (yellow) (ROH),Ce(NO5), + 2NH,NOs (Pinker purple) (Colorless) @ Ester test: ROH + CH;COOH Fhanol Acetic acid (ample) Cone. H)S0 CH;COOR + H,0 thy acetate Water (rity smell © Acetyl chloride test R—OH + CH,COCI—> CH,COOR + HIT ‘Abel Act eer Camp) chore HCI? + NH,OH—> NHCIT + H,0 White initio © Xanthate test : wa ROH + KOH [> ROK + H,0 (sample) (Gi Ether Za ROK + CS) RO— CZ, Yalow ppt © Distinction between 1°, 2° and 3° alcohols : Organic compound + Lucas reagent (Any. ZnCl, + conc. HCI) and shake — Separation of'an insoluble layer at once confirms 3° alcohol — Appearance of cloudiness within 4-5 confirms 2° alcohol. — Clear solution confirms 1° alcohol. minutes Test for Phenolic Group ¢ Ferric chloride test : 6CgH3OH + FeCl; — [e(CgHsO)|* + 3HCI Phenol (Neutral) (Green/RediViolet colour) (sample) © Litmus test : Sample solution + Blue litmus —> Red colour © Bry-water test: Gives white ppt. of 2.4,6- . at 0, oH, “Cone SO,” 0X = xt \- OH ribromophenol NaOH o> (Ped) Deep blue complex © Phthalein test : oH co XM — Phenol Phthalic? -HO. ¥ OH ankyaride NOH et “OL, " c Phenolpthalein coo" (Coleus) 2). Pink Colour L_ treme No? coo” CcolouesIdoform Test (for Nitroprusside Test pee y une nes) F R-CO—CH, + 31; Sodium nitroprusside : +4NaOH > 3Nal solution + NaOH + ROOR + CHI5 + RCOONa > Appearance of “gions 34140, wine-red colour. (illow ppt) pe er ee ee cent Sodium Bisulphite Test Schiff’s Test (— RCHO + Schiffs reagent > Deep red/violet (Sample) colour Tollens’ Test RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH > [__ (Sample) Tollens reagent 2Ag| + RCOONH, + 3NH; + H;0 Silver >c=0 + NaHSO;—> oe OH e a ee Fehling Solution Test RCHO + 2Cu0 + Cu,0!. + RCOOH — (Fehling Red ppt 2, 4-DNP Test (Brady's reagent test) ae >c=0+H,NNH NO} a ON 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine al Benedict's Test NO; RCHO + 2Cu(OH), + NaOH > |__ “Sample” “Bene? solation >c=NNH NO) + H,0 Chey RCOONa + Cu,01 +3H,0 2.4-Dinitrophenylnydrazone Red ppt. (Orange/red ppt.) eee ‘Carbylamine Test : Azo-dye Test : RNH) + CHC1; + 3KOH > RNC? + 3KCI + 3H,0 (For Aromatic 1°Amine) (Sample) Carbylamine (Offensive odor) Nitrous Acid Test : RNH, + HNO; —> ROH + H,0 +N? 1° Amine Brisk Efervescence RNH + HONO—> R;N- NO +H,0 2 Amine Nitrosoamine, (Fellow oil) R,N+HONO —+ R:N*HONO™ 3 Amine "val ammonium ‘nirate € Sau, HONO + HCv0%C (Sa ocr ou a <) S-on eas Z Orangelred ppt. (2-Naphthol aniline dye)Distinction between 1°, 2° and 3° Amine (Hinsberg's Test) {(_ Amine + NaOH + Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride Ppt. dissolved Ppt. insoluble: £(3° Amine present) ; ; (2° Amine present) ; Test for Carboxylic (—COOH) Group © Sodium bicarbonate test RCOOH + NaHCO; —> RCOONa +H,0 + CO,7 (sample) (Eflervescence) © Litmus test: RCOOH + Blue litmus > Red. (Sample) Note : Phenols also give this test. © Ester test ROOOH + CoH OHH RCOOK;Hs+ HO Ester (Fruity smell) Characteristic Tests for Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins © Tests for carbohydrates : ‘Tests for carbohydrates, Simple bh Complexe “Monosaccharides or Starch + T, solution disaccharides + (Lagols reagent) Benedict’ solution (Yellowish-brown) (Blue coloured) Changes to dark Changes to orange red eee or brick red ia © Tests for lipids : > Grease spot test : Lipid leaves translucent spot ‘on unglazed brown paper bags. > Sudan red test : Sudan red is a fat soluble dye that stains lipids red. © Test for proteins : > Biuret test : For peptides with chain length of at } \east 3-amino acids) Biuret solution _. Purple or (Blue) + Sample” pink solution