Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • File 325

    Uploaded by

    shekharc
    10 views2 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    10 views2 pages

    File 325

    Uploaded by

    shekharc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 2
    1288 PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY burier oat) separates a clean water surface from a water surf i fce from a water surface containing the mozolayer. The force onthe Noat i measured by a torsion wie a fee ont ed by a torsion wire atached toi. This isthe principle ofthe Langit ‘The lowering of the surface tension ofa solvent b expres lesion of a solvent by the surface film can be expressed in terms of the surface fil pressure, x, which i the gegative ofthe change in surface tension = bys 0-7 (a wher ys he sufaeteson of water ad y that of he sluson i r at of the soluon containing te long-chain compound ‘Toe srface fm foun to betave like an Lea! wo-dineasonal gas Wise eatin of oa ee be ecved easily. We know that at low concenrations, the surface tension of binary solution becomes & Tinea funcon of conceatration and is given by ‘ a Y= o> bey 463) . Substnting this relation in the Gibbs adsorption sachet, vt. maf] “ We find int, sie om Eg, 6 de, = — P= (1p se (=) 2 sige aie fa sis fm res, x, fom 2 rena 6 6s be iene aloe of tide sean, The suc exes coneatraon may by writen x Ty = MON, A) (67) wire te nanber of moles contin in fi of wen Thus, Eq. 66 may be written as eee A (NM) R= Ng) Fig shows the varition ofthe sure fi pes wih Sim area, Soli tines show experiziental curves for different sa pe for diferent bulk Fig 8. Gagh coving ice fin preserves ae ample 15. on expres it es fund tha 0 stale si covered 50 cof wae see shy ers a Sau hat ‘lutte coraclon wen Beg me td ils ote sr nto ae Th ao ee Saton+ The ber of melee in he given mas of set aid = 21610" 96 022410" na) 284g mot et be te Ge-sioalae of «alec, Then, acs of wats ste covered = (0108107246 02 10% nat) = ge! 500 en (ven Wheme We fad tate = 2x10 ent SUREACE CHEMISTRY 1269 ig he tks of eles, hen Seasiyi Vote reariiczes = (00cm?) 0-106 «10% 085 gen? ‘Thskos of fim, ¢ = 251109 om = 25 am > 2500 pm Example 16. Derive the tné-timeasional analogue’ he ial gat tw forthe sree pressure of the srtce fin of tay 6d water. ‘Solution : The sue prenate af 2 sre film on wie i gin by ewer (oe £4) o where yp isthe sare tenon of pure water and y isthe suice tension ofthe flm-coverd sce. At Low ye wn be (oe £4 6) “40, Xe, h a Fron 64.0, hey Using Ba. & cs © a isig 4. 1 Example 17, A ogi fatty acid foros surface Ml om water that obey the two-dimen ideal yas tow, I the surface tenn lonering is 10 mN ta 25°C, caleate te sre eres cnocatraton and the surface arn pr aiterted rae e Slain + Ty i al © NN A whee is he our of ees cond in fly af ara A yw Be WAN Na pap ot? Br HATE wa ID At. — NTN ” armor 260m «10 or Modern Teetiniques for Investigating Surfaces 1 Law Rnergy Blectron Diffraction (LEED). Whea a surface is bombarded with electrons, the electrons ina be scared elastically (Le.; with no loss of energy) or ineaiticaly. The elastcaly ‘seatterédeleetrons ae diffracted If thei de Broglie wavelength i quite small, Thus,-LEED provides ‘means for stulying the atomic geometry of a surface. In the LEED experiment, the electrons are accelerated in an electron gun and sik the surface aorzally. Some ofthe electrons are backscatered bythe surface. The icastcally scattered electrons are removed by means ofthe grids in foot ofthe sereen while the elastically seatered electrons are accelerated onto the phosphorescent écreen for viewing the dfracton patera. The presence of sharp diffraction spots shows that the surface is ‘ordered on the atomic scale. LEED can also yield information about the structure of an adsorbed layer in etemisorpion, 2, Photo Electron Spectroscopy (PES). We have discussed the basic principles of PES in the chapter on Spectroseopy. Suffice it to mention here thatthe photoas with energies in the UV cegion (te technique is then called UPES) eject elecicons from the valence orbitals of an adsorbed molecule of frem the valence bands ofthe solid. UPES experiments are carved out using the He-l radiations (21-22 €¥) or the He-Il radiations (40'8 eV). The UPES of a molecule physsoebed ana solid is a Superposition ofthe UPES of the valence band of the solid and the gas-phase MOs of te adsorbed molecule. The UPES ofthe physisorbed molecule is sirilar to UPES of the cotespanding gat molecule because ofthe weak itraction with the surface. However, in a chemisorbed molecule, chemisorption affects the valence orbits ofthe molecule andthe valence band of the solid resuking in complex PES. 11x10 a? ta 1270 PRNCELES OF PHYSICAL CHENASTRY ta XPES in which X-ray photons are wed fr poten spectroscopy, the cot eetos are cies tom the metal and from the adsorbed species, te source of Kray blag cer te Mf (02356 e) ot ALK, (14866 eV). Sace the ecg of te sami cove ree es ane tach cleat ine Period le, XPES is fen use to obala he cemeaal nape aft Co says sey A, nin etiam iy gc we bu the emission of secondary electrons is analyzed rather than the primary cestens, Ween core elec ejected by an Xray photon, an electron from a higher energy evel may Janp it te cote energy level, The energy erated in his manner may brag about emission ofa seco eleeuon called Auge electron (his effet was sided by the French physicist P. Auger). The energies of the Aust elecrons are characterinic of the core levels. AES can tus yield information about the ong ofthe core electrons ofthe adsorbed species, 3 Seung Tt wey 1. fe edn eget ie sittin io drs 2 S00 mae eh neal he Fe me Se Sng a cre estan ig OE TA) 2 fe i taut ees lecule edsorbed on a surface, In a simple, ingeniously designed STM, ta very st Satan eet SN spe ey ay Brn Soc sera teen aA Sp Se sc, Guan alse eg rue ci lr bf ‘ip and the surface, allows a current to flow ‘through the vacuum gap. The potential of tbe tip with ‘espet to te surface is held constant and a peizoelectic feedback mschais regulates ihe Vertis! ‘motion of the tip, thereby keeping the tunnelling current constant. This tip traces the surface topography Sr bed Dan ee er i Tt er 4. EXAFS and SEXAFS. An eesion of Kay absorption and Auger cha the iesigaton of the situ of solids and ofthe aearsurace spit gives infeauion Wout ts enone

    You might also like