THE CELL BASIC BIOLOGY Chapter Out Line © Introduction © Cell structure © Discovery of the cell © Cell size, shape, and composition © Cell organelles - Nucleus ‘© Ossmosis, cell in different media © Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells www mercuryeducation.com JOO 16>NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION. BIOLOGY CLASS 9 THE CELL BASIC BIOLOGY LECTURE - 2 When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : * To get an idea about the Cell. * To know about the discovery of the Cell. * Understand the concept of the cell theory and types of Cell. Introduction: At structural level, all living organisms are made up of tiny living units called CELLS. The study of these cells is termed as “cytology” or “Cell Biology” Based on organisation all the living organisms are identified as two types. 1. Unicellular organism: Living organisms which is composed of single cell known as Unicellular organism. Eg : Bacteria, Amoeba 2. Multicellular organisms: Living organism which is composed of many number of cells known as multicellular organism Eg : Birds, Earthworm, Human beings. Discovery of the Cell: 4% Robert Hooke (1665) discovered plant cells while observing thin slices of cork tissue or Quercus suber (Oaktree) in a like compartments, forming honey comb like structure. He named the compartments as cells. (Cell = hallow space). % Robert Hooke is considered as father or cytology. He described all his observations during his discovery of cells in the volume Micrographia (A book dealing with cell biology). 4 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) describe the structure of living cells such as Bacteria (first observed by him), R.B.C and protozoa. % — He called these organisms “Animalcules” Cell Theory: 4 In 1838, German botanist “Jakob Mathias Schleiden”. Proposed that all plants are made up of cells. In 1839, British Zoologist “Theodor Schwann” proposed that all animals are made up of cells. Work of these two scientists paved the way for the enunciation of the cell theory % In 1855, The cell theory was refined further, when another german pathologist “Rudolf Virchow” established that all cells arise from pre-existing cells. % It was stated by him in Latin as “Omnis-cellula-e-cellula” ‘Thus the cell theory comprises the following postulates: www mercuryeducatioNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 L a 3. 4. www.mercuryeducation.com ‘All living organisms are composed of cells and cell products Cells are basic structural and functional unit of life Alll cells arise from pre-existing cells only. Every organisms starts its life as a single cell. Virus are an exception to cell theory Cell size and shape: Cells vary in shape and size in different organisms and also in different parts of the same organism, Size: ‘The size of different cells ranges between board limits. Some plant and Animal cells are visible to the naked eyes. cells, how ever, are visible only with a microscope. The most common type of cells measure from 1 to 100m. Mycoplasma, a bacterium is the smallest known cell (0.1 to 0.3m in size), while an ostrich egg is the biggest animal cell (170 x 135mm in size). ‘The nerve cells are the longest in human body (up to 90cm in length) Shape: The shape of cells are more variable than their size, cells may be spherical, oval, elliptical, spindle shaped, cuboidal. Polygonal, columnar ‘or’ flat plate-like. The cell shape is often determined by the function which it performs, ‘Oval/Rounded : Chlamidomonas : : Slipper : Paramoecium | ery Kidney shape : Stomata of leaf epidermis nt cells Elongated tubular: Xylem and pholem | rae Branched : Nerve cell Oval/biconeave ; Red Blood aa Sea ery Some of cells like Amoeba and leukocyte exhibit change in their shape. Sontaining hhaemogiabinNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY- CLASS 9 Nerve cell Cell Type: On the basis of presence ‘or’ absence of organised nucleus, two types of cells have been recognised these are : Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells l, _ Prokaryotic Cell: (Greek : Pro=Primitive, karyon = nucleus) This cell lacks a well organised nucleus organisms are called Prokaryotes. 2. Eukaryotic cells : (Greek : Eu=good; Karyon = nucleus). The cell has a well organised nucleus organisms are called eukaryotes. S&S m ‘eta Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cell: ry ry’ 2. Membrane bound cll organets a [> ajeniane cltorganeie are presen ateeat a Neder gee weg dene region without nuclear | ucear region with well organized membrane mownae nicecd ‘or | ®.Nudear repo with wel 4. Cells in prokaryotes are generally 4. Cells in eukaryotes larger in size(5- smaller (1-10 1m) 100m) 5 The chromatin mater i ; : represented by a single (double- 2 ee ee ee standard) DNA molecule aaa 6. Histone proteins are absent 6. Histone proteins are present.NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY- CLASS 9 “Major differences between Animal and Plant cells: Cross-Section of an Animal Cet Cells usually small in size Cells comparatively larger in size. Cell wall - absent Cell wall - present ss aiens ‘Vacuoles - Generally absent, if present 5 they are more in numberand satin. | Yacuoles: Generally present but only s one large vacuole present size Becta Gain edie pees Dictyosomes (elf units of Golgi body resent) Centrosomes with centriole present _| Centrosomes and centrioles are absent instead polar caps are_present ee New Words % Cells: At structural level, all living organisms are made up of tiny living units . — Unicellular organisi iving organisms which is composed of single cell Multicellular organism : Living organism which is composed of many number of cells. ee [portant Point —— > Virus are an exception to cell theory. > Cells vary in shape and size in different organisms and also in different parts of the same organism, a7 F. Gk em ye Rrcng aR @ Conceptual Practice Sheet [=a Fill in the blanks Type: Cells were first observed in cork by Robert Hooke in year. 2. Nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by a Organisms made of more than one cell are called (Garimerenpeacrion cam Joo =DNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 20. has no definite shape. unicellular organisms is in slipper shape. ‘True/ False Type: The term “cell” was given by Robert brown. Nerve cells are the longest cells. Chlamydomonas is a multi cellular organism. Protoplasm is a living substance present outside the nucleus in a cell. In Amoeba, the body is irregular shape. Subjective Type : Bird is a multicellular organism. How? Virus are an exception to cell theory. Why? Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. How ? What is the difference between Animal and plant cell? What is cell theory? Who proposed it? How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells resemble? Define term ‘cells’ and cell biology? What is Cytology? Write s notes on history of cell ? Write a notes on cell size and shape? @ Competitive Practice Sheet 4 Single Response Type: LEVEL -1 Prominent golgi bodies are present in A) Plant cell B) Animal cell ©) Both A&B D) Alll the above ‘Study of the cell is termed as A) Pathology B) Physiology ©) Cytology D) Cardiology Example for unicellular organism A) Earthworm B) Frog ©) Snake D) Amoeba Kidney shaped cells are seen in A) Nerve cell B) stomata of leaf epidermis CRBC D) None of the above Which organisms are an exception to cell theory A) Viruses B) Bacteria ©) Fungi D) Mammals The word “Animalcules” is used by A) Anton Van Leeuwen hoek B) Robert Hook ©) Charles Darwin D) Schwann www mercuryeducation.com 5 , N! yEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 Gs 10, 11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, The biggest Animal cell A)RBC B) Muscle cell ©) Nerve cell D) Ostrich Egg LEVEL - Which of the following exhibit change in their shape. A) Amoeba B) Leucocyte ©) Both A & B D) None of the above Cells large in size are seen in A) Prokaryotes B) Eukaryotes ©) Both A & B D) None of the above ‘The meaning of Karyon A) Plastid B) Nucleus ©) Golgibody D) Cell membrane. The cell theory was proposed by A) Schleiden B) Schwann ©) Robert Hooke D) Schleiden & Schwann. Longest cell of human body is A) Leg muscle cell _B) Heart muscle cell C) Nerve cell D) Bone cell A prokaryotic cell does not have A) Cell wall B) Cell membrane —_C) Ribosome D) True nucleus LEVEL - II Who said that the whole cell divides to produce two new cells A) Robert Brown _B) Schwann ©) Schleiden D) Virchow ‘The differences between plant and animal cell lies in A) Plant cell has one central vacuole, while animal cell has several small vacuoles B) Plant cell does not have chloroplasts which are present in Animal cells. ©) Animal cell posses thin walls, while plant cell has thick walls. D) Alll the above If a cell has a membrane - bound organelle containing chromatin threads it is called A) Virus B) Bacteria ©) Prokaryotic D) Eukaryotic LEVEL - IV Names of schleiden and Schwann are associated with A) Protoplasm as the physical basis of life _B) Cell theory ©) Theory of cell lineage D) Nucleus functions as control centre of cell Protoplasm is A) Non-living matter B) Bearer of hereditary characters © Living matter without function D) Physical basis of life. The cell as a basic unit of structure of living things was discovered by A) Schleiden and Schwann B) Mendel ©) Robert hooke D) AristotleNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY- CLASS 9 LEVEL - V Assertion and Reasoning Type: 20. Assertion ; Cell wall is not found in animal cell. Reason : Animal cells are covered by cell membrane A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. ) If assertion is true but reason is false. D) If assertion is false but reason is true. Match the following/ Matrix Matching: 21, Column I Column IL a) Term for component present in the p) Organelle cytoplasm b) The living substance in the cell q) Protoplasm 6) This is necessary for photosynthesis, +) Chlorophyll d) Empty structures in the cytoplasm. s) Tissues ©) A group of cells t) Vacuole THE CELL BASIC BIOLOGY peog a i eed When you have completed this lecture you should be able t To know about the Cell structure and function. Understand the behaviour of the cell in different media. Cell structure and function Cells whether of plants or Animals consist of three regions 1. Cell membrane or plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus 1. Cell Membrane : It is also called plasma membrane or plasma lemma. It consists of lipids and proteins .In plant cells, the plasma membrane is present between the cytoplasm and cell wall, The eukaryotic cells posses intracellular membranes found surrounding the various cell organelles and vacuoles. All such membranes referred as biological membrane. %* Cell membranes are selectively ‘or’ differentially permeable i.e. allow some ions ‘or’ substances to pass through it. Functions: % — Cell membrane control the exchange between the cell and external envirétiment 4% Itacts as a mechanical barrier between the external and Internal environment of the cell, and protects the inner cell content. www mercuryeducation.com\NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 Osmosis - The movement of water from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. The important driving force of osmosis is the free energy difference between the two regions of water. In practice this force is expressed as a chemical potential gradient between the two regions or more appropriately as a water potential gradient. Osmosis is of two types. Endosmosis - the osmotic entry of water into a cell organ or system Exosmosis - the osmotic withdrawal of water from a cell organ or system. Osmosis can be demonstrated by thistle funnel experiment Cell in different Media Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic 2 "S@ @® SOLUTION | Concentration | Concentrati | Resultsin Results In TYPE of dissolved] on Gradient | Animal Cells | plant Cells substances Golutes ISOTONIC | Same as the Zero Nochange No Change living cell HYPOTONIC | Lower than the | Netwater | Celswelisand | Pressure living cell | movement bursts created by into the cell excess water stored in central vacuole HYPERTONIC | Higher than the | Net water | Cell shrinks Central living cell | movement } _plasmolysis vacuole outof the collapses and plasmolysis occursNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cell: 2. Membrane bound cll organoles ate |>_s4embmne cellorganels are preseot 3, Nuclear region with out nuclear y ee aoe eee incipient nucleus 5. The chromatin material is sepresented Uy 5 Costas: rod-shaped Secapabine e moe : standard) DNA molecule i. IB THE CELL BASIC BIOLOGY LJ Pee @ Conceptual Practice Sheet a} Fill in the blanks Type: ER is called rough when it have in its surface 2. Proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum are moved to is edoplasmic reticulum for transport 3. The main light absorbing pigment molecule in land plants is _ In ripening fruit, photosynthetic become non - photosynthetic 5. Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes are ‘These contain enzymes for and respectively. True/ False Type: 6. Intrinsic information is present in genetic material. 7. Mitochondria contains its own DNA as a genetic material 8. Chloroplast contains circular DNA 9. Peroxisomes are microbodies wtih single unit memebrane. 10. _Lysosomes also help in photorespiration Subjetive Type: 11. What are the power houses of the cell ? How they generate energy 12, What are the suicidil backs of the cell? How they got it name 13. What are called bearers of inheritence. A 14. Write a notes on Osmosis? — aNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 15. Write the cell structure and its fubnetions? 16. How a cell behaves in different media ? 17. What are the differences in between Pro karyotes and Eukaryotes ? @ Competitive Practice Sheet [al Single Response Type: LEVEL -1 1, Who amongst the following scientists is credited with the discovery of cell which was published in ‘Micrographia’? A) Robert Brown —_B) Robert Hooke —_C) Schleiden D) Schwann 2. Who was first to observe living substance in the cells? A) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek B) Alfonso Corti C) Robert Brown _D) Johannes Purkinje 3. Nucleus was first observed in the cells of orchid roots in 1831 by A) Robert Brown _B) Hugo Von Moh) Fontana D) Malpighi 4. ‘Protoplasm is physical basis of life’ was stated by A) Purkinje B) Huxley ©) Rudolf Virchow —_D) Schwann 5. _ Which of the following does not show a circular DNA? A) Bacterial cell B) Nucleus ©) Mitochondria) Chloroplast 6. The saccules and utricles were names used for the cells by one of the following A) Robert Brown —_B) Malpighi ©) Purkinje D) Swanson LEVEL - I 7. Which of the following structures form a basket around the nucleus? A) Microfibril B) Microfilament —__C) Microtubule D) Intermediate filament 8. Most of the water found in the cell occurs in A) Cell wall B) Nucleus ©) Cytoplasm D) Nucleolus 9. Which of the following is described as “energy currency of the cell”? A) DNA B) RNA © ATP D) Vitamins 10. Cell theory was put forward by A) Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839 _B) Sutton and Boveri ©) Watson and Crick D) Darwin and Wallace 11. Cell theory is applicable to all except A) Animals B) Plants ©) Fungi D) Viruses 12. Who was the first to explain that the cells divide and new cells are formed from the pre- existire cells (Omnis cellula-e-cellula) in 1855? A) Louis Pasteur B) Rudolf Virchow C) Nageli D) Robert Brown LEVEL - IIT 13. The longest cell in the human body is A) Liver cell B) Muscle cell ©) Neuroglia cell) Nerve cellNEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. at 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. What is absent in mammalian erythrocytes? A) Aerobic respiration B) Nucleus ©) DNA D) Alll of these ‘One of the following is an exception to cell theory A) Bacteria B) Prokaryotes © Blue green algae D) Bacteriophage ‘The membrane covering the vacuole is known as A)Desmosomes _B) Tonoplast ©) Plasmodesmata__D) Tyloses Which is non membranous (not covered by membrane) organelle? A) Ribosome B) Lysosome ©) Mitochondria.) Chloroplast One of the following is absent in plant cell A) Vacuole B) Cell wall ©) Centrosome D) Plastids LEVEL - IV Find the cell type which do not have ability to divide A) Nerve cells B) Liver cells, ©) Muscle cells D) Bone marrow cells The prokaryotic cells are characterised by A) Distinct chromosome B) Absence of chromatin material ©) Absence of nuclear membrane D) Distinct nuclear membrane Cells originate A) From pre existing cells B) From abiotic materials ) By bacterial fermentation D) By regeneration of old cells Which of the following is present in both plant and animal cells? A) Primary wall __B) Secondary wall__C) Plasma membrane D) Plastids Which of the following has one-envelope system? A) Pseudomonas B) Chlamydomonas C) Acetabularia —_D) Saccharomyces Small cells are metabolically active as they have A) Higher surface area to volume ratio _—_B) Higher nucleocytoplasmic ratio ©) Lower nucleocytoplasmic ratio D) Both A) & B) LEVEL -V Which of the following cells do not show DNA duplication or RNA synthesis? A) Liver cells B) Muscle cells © Meristem D) Mature RBCs Who proposed that the cells are totipotent? A) Haberlandt B) Maheshwari © Steward D) White Surface to volume ratio of a cell A) Remains constant B) Decreases with increasing size ) Increases with increasing size D) Both B) & C) Eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell in having, 04 A) No cytoskeleton B) Circular DNA —_C) Mesosomes D) Sap vacuoles (Geremersyeetion cn]NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 29, Trilamellar model of membrane structure was proposed by A) J.D. Robertson B) Danielli and Davson C) Goiter and Grendel D) Singer and Nicolson 30. Animal cell differs from plant cells in not having A) Plastids B) Cell wall ©) Glyoxisome D) All of these The first structure formed from cell plate between newly formed daughter cell is called A) Primary wall __B) Secondary wall __C) Tertiary wall D) Middle lamella Which of the following is present in the prokaryotes? A) Nuclear envelope B) Golgi apparatus _C) Mitochondria) Ribosomes = CELL BIOLOGY LECTURE - 2 When you have completed this lecture you should be able to : + Know about cell organelles ¢ Know about plant cell structures CELL ORGANELLES MITOCHONDRIA The term “mitochondria” itself was coined Carl Benda 1898. Leonor Michaelis discovered that Janus green can be used as a supravital stain for mitochondria in 1900. The introduction of tissue fractionation by Albert Claude allowed mitochondria to be isolated from other cell fractions and biochemical analysis to be conducted on them alone. The first high - resolution micrographs appeared in 1952, replacing the Janus Green stains as the preferred way of visualising the mitochondria, this led to a more detailed analysis of the structure of the mitochondria, including confirmation that they were surrounded by a membrane. It also showed a second membrane inside the mitochondria that folded up in ridges dividing up the inner chamber and that the size and shape of the mitochondria isolated and other elements of cell respiration were determined to occur in the mitochondria, Mitochondria are found scattered throughout the cytosol, and are relatively large organelles (second only to the nucleus and chloroplasts), Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, in which energy from organic compounds is transferred to ATP. For this reason they are sometimes referred to as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. ATP is the molecule that most cells use as their main energy ‘currency’. Mitochondria are more numerous in cells that have a high energy requirement - our muscle cells contain a large number of mitochondria, as do liver, heart and sperm cells. Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes, indicating that they were once free-living organisms that have become mutualistic and then a part of almost every eukaryotic cell (not RBC’s and xylem vessels), The smooth outer membrane serves as a boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol. The inner membrane has many long folds, known as cristae, which greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane, providing more space for ATP synthesis to occuiNEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY- CLASS 9 Because of this double - membrane organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. They are ‘The outer mitochondrial membrane, ow parce The inter membrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes), The inner mitochondrial membrane, The cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and ‘The matrix (space within the inner membrane). Mitochondria have their own DNA, and new mitochondria arise only when existing ones grow and divide, they are thus semi-autonomous organelles. RIBOSOMES Ribosomes are fascinating sub cellular organelles that play a key role in the organism discovered by George Pala.de a biologist from Rome in the mid - 1950s with the use of a high - powered electron microscope. The term ‘ribosome’ was proposed by scientist Richard B. Robert in 1958. Unlike most other organelles, ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in a cell. They are the most common organelles in almost all cells. Some are free in the cytoplasm (Prokaryotes); others line the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER). They exist in two sizes - 70s are found in all Prokaryotes, chloroplasts and mitochondria, suggesting that they have evolved from ancestral Prokaryotic organisms. They are free-floating - 80s found in all eukaryotic cells - attached to the rough ER (they are rather larger). Groups of 80s ribosomes, working together, are known as a polysome. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) ‘The lacey membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum was first seen in 1945 by keith R. Porter and Albert claude, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle in the cells of eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane - enclosed sacs or tubes known as cisternae. www. mercuryeducation.com <29 3NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY- CLASS 9 ‘The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cell but is absent from red blood. cells and spermatozoa. ‘The ER is a system of membranous tubules and sacs. The primary function of the ER is to act as an internal transport system, allowing molecules to move from one part of the cell to another. ‘The quantity of ER inside a cell fluctuates, depending on the cell's activity. The rough ER is studded with 80s ribosomes and is the site of protein synthe Its an extension of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, so allowing mRNA to be transported swiftly to the 80s ribosomes, where they are translated in protein synthesis. ‘The smooth ER is where polypeptides are converted into functional proteins and where proteins are prepared for secretion. Itis also the site of lipid and steroid synthesis, and is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Smooth ER has no 80s ribosomes and is also involved in the regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, and the breakdown of toxins by liver cells. ‘The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes & functions in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification and is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells, Rough ER /_ 29 Ribosomes Both types of ER transport materials throughout the cell. GOLGI APPARATUS It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camilla Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system. After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure as the internal reticular apparatus. Some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation technique used by Golgi. With the development of modern microscopes in the 20th century, the discovery was confirmed. cS Cistornae Goigt Body Found within the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells, the Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane - bound structures known as cisternae. An individual stack sometimes called a dictyosome especially in plant cells. www mercuryeduc[NET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION. BIOLOGY- CLASS 9 ‘The Golgi apparatus is the processing, packaging and secreting organelle of the cell, so it is much more common in glandular cells. The Golgi apparatus is a system of membranes, made of flattened sac-like structures called cisternae. It works closely with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, to modify proteins for export by the cell. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes. In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office, it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell. ‘The golgi plays an important role in the synthesis of proteoglycans, which are molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals. LYSOSOMES In 1955 De Duve named them “lysosomes” to reflect their digestive properties. De Duve won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 for this discovery. Lysosomes are the cell’s waste disposal system and can digest some compounds, They are used for the digestion of macromolecules from phagocytosis (ingestion of other dying cells or larger extracellular material, like foreign invading microbes), endocytosis (where receptor proteins are recycled from cell surface), and autophagy. Other functions include digesting bacteria (or other forms of waste) that invade a cell and helping repair damage to the plasma membrane by serving as a membrane patch, sealing the wound. Lysosomes are small spherical organelles that enclose hydrolytic enzymes within a single membrane. Lysosomes are the site of protein digestion -thus allowing enzymes to be re-cycled when they are no longer required. They are also the site of food digestion in the cell, and of bacterial digestion in phagocytes. Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris, they can be described as the stomach of the cell. ‘They are found in animal cells, while their existence in yeasts and plants is disputed. Lysosomes digest excess or worn - out organelles, food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes fuse with autophagic vacuoles and dispense their enzymes into the autophagic vacuoles, digesting their contents. They are frequently nicknamed “suicide - bags” or “suicide - sacs” by cell biologists due to their autolysis. A group of genetic inherited disorders called lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) results from the dysfunction of lysosomes. Lysosomes are formed from pieces of the Golgi apparatus that break off. They are common in the cells of Animals, Protista and even fungi, but rare in plants.NET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION, BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 CYTOSKELETON In 1903 Nikolai K Koltsov proposed that the shape of cells was determined by a network of tubules that he termed the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within a cell's cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells. It was once thought to be unique to eukaryote, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton. It forms structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia and plays important roles in both intracellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division. Just as your body depends on your skeleton to maintain its shape and size, so a cell needs structures to maintain its shape and size. In animal cells, which have no cell wall, an internal framework called the cytoskeleton maintains the shape of the cell, and helps the cell to move. Eukaryotic cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments, which are microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. The cytoskeleton provides the cell with structure and shape, and by excluding macromolecules from some of the cytosol it adds to the level of macromolecular crowding in this compartment. A number of small molecule cytoskeletal drugs have been discovered that interact with acting and microtubules, these compounds have proven useful in studying the cytoskeleton and several have clinical applications. These are the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton and generate force by clongation at one end of the filament coupled with shrinkage at the other, causing net movement of the intervening strand. PLANT CELL STRUCTURES Most of the organelles and other parts of the cell are common to all Eukaryotic cells. Cells from different organisms have an even greater difference in structure. CELL WALL In plant cells, there occurs a rigid cell wall which lies outside the plasma membrane. Cell wall is non - living and freely permeable and is secreted by the cell itself for the protection of its plasma membrane and cytoplasm. www.mercuryeducatiorNEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 el wal vacuole nucleus It determines the shape of a plant cell and prevents desiccation of cells. It is made up of a fibrous polysaccharide (carbohydrate) called cellulose. ‘The plant cell wall, thus, consists of tiny cellulose fibres called microfibrils, glued together by a mixture of polysaccharides. Plasmolysis - When a living plant cell looses water through osmosis, there is a shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm away from cell wall. This phenomenon is called plasmolysis. ‘Thus, if a living plant cell is immersed in a concentrated sugar solution, the concentration of water molecule inside the cell will be higher than outside. As a result, water will move by osmosis from the higher water potential inside the cell to the lower water potential outside. The cell contents will shrink away from the cell wall and it will be plasmolysed. Cell walls permit the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria to withstand very dilute (hypotonic) external media without bursting. In such media the cells tend to take up water by osmosis. The cell swells, building up pressure against the cell wall. The wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell. Because of their walls, such cells can withstand much greater changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells. Functions It permits the plant cell to become turgid. As water enters the vacuole by osmosis, the plant cell expands. The cell wall has to be strong enough to resist this expansion and so enable the cell to become turgid It provides mechanical strength to support the cell. The cellulose micro fibrils are very strong. ‘The strength may be increased by the addition of lignin in tissues such as xylem. In cells such as collenchymas, extra cellulose is added to the cell wall to increase mechanical support. It is freely permeable to water and substances in solution. It has narrow pores, called pits, through which fine strands of cytoplasm, called plasmodesmata, are able to pass. These intercellular connections allow exchange of materials between the living cell contents. The cell walls of adjacent cells are glued together by the middle lamella. Middle lamella is a jelly - like substance made up of calcium and magnesium pectate. Plant cells have three additional structures not found in animal cells: Cellulose cell walls Chloroplasts (and other plastids) A central vacuole. CELLULOSE CELL WALL One of the most important features of all plants is presence of a cellulose cell wall. Fungi such as Mushrooms and Yeast also have cell walls, but these are made of chitin, ! ‘NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 The cell wall is freely permeable (porous), and so has no direct effect on the movement of, molecules into or out of the cell. The rigidity of their cell walls helps both to support and protect the plant. Plant cell walls are of two types: Primary (cellulose) cell wall - While a plant cell is being formed, a middle lamella made of pectin, is formed and the cellulose cell wall develops between the middle lamella and the cell membrane. As the cell expands in length, more cellulose is added, enlarging the cell wall. When the cell reaches full size, a secondary cell wall may form. Secondary (lignified) cell wall - The secondary cell wall is formed only in woody tissue (mainly xylem). The secondary cell wall is stronger and waterproof and once a secondary cell wall forms, a cell can grow no more - it is dead! VACUOLES ‘The most prominent structure in plant cells is the large vacuole. ‘The vacuole is a large membrane-bound sac that fills up much of most plant cells. ‘They serves as a storage area, and may contain stored organic molecules as well as inorganic ions, The vacuole is also used to store waste. Since plants have no kidney, they convert waste to an insoluble form and then store it in their vacuole - until autumn! The vacuoles of some plants contain poisons (e.g., tannins) that discourage animals from eating their tissues. While the cells of other organisms may also contain vacuoles, they are much smaller and are usually involved in food digestion. CHLOROPLASTS Plastids - These are found in plant cells only. Plastids are the largest cell organelles in plants. On the basis of pigments present in plastids, they are divided into two types: The colourless leucoplasts & pigmented chromoplasts. The colourless leucoplasts store starch, oils and protein granules whereas the pigmented chromoplasts have different colours and can be of several types. A characteristic feature of plant cells is the presence of plastids that make or store food. ‘The most common of these (some leaf cells only) are chloroplasts - the site of photosynthesis. Each chloroplast encloses a system of flattened, membranous sacs called thylakoids, which contain chlorophyll. ‘The thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana. The space between the grana is filled with cytoplasm like stroma Chloroplasts contain cc DNA and 70S ribosomes and are semi-autonomous organelles. Other plastids store reddish-orange pigments that colour. Actively dividing eukaryote cells pass through a series of stages known collectively as the cell cycle, www.mercuryeducation.comNEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION. BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 Comparison of structures between animal and plant cells Typical animal cell Organelles Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough ER Smooth ER 80S Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vesicles Vacuoles Lysosomes Centrioles Typical plant cell Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough ER Smooth ER 70S Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vesicles Chloroplast and other plastids Tonoplast Additional structures - Flagellae, Plasma membrane, Cellulose, cell wall, Plasmodesmata. HM CELL BIOLOGY CUrrerr ton see Conceptual Practice Sheet Fill in the blanks Type: Lysosomes contain www.mercuryeducation.com Endoplasmic reticulum consists of three kinds of structures Nucleus, mitochondria & plastids have their own enzymes. vesicles and CpNEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION. BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 4, 5. 6. 10. 1 12 13, 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. discovered nucleus in the cell? Purkinje in 1839 coined the term Human nerve cell about ___long True/ False Type: Chloroplasts in a cell take energy from food to make ATP. ATP synthesis takes place in ER ‘The material in the nucleus of a cell that forms the chromosomes during cell division is called chromatin. Haploid cells are those that have FULL the number of chromosomes All metabolic reactions in living things take place within the cell Subjective Type: Which cells have well-developed smooth - endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? Why a red blood cell does not reproduce ? What are cell organelles ? What is cellulose and its functions? What are vacuoles? What are their functions? What is ER ? Name two types of ER. Write its main functions. What is cytoskeleton ? ® Competitive Practice Sheet ai Single Response Type: LEVEL-1 Which of the cell organelle was discovered during an investigation of the nervous system ? A) Nucleus B) Goligi anparatus ©) Mitochondria ) Endoplasmic reticulum De duve won the nobel prize for the discovery of A) Ribosomes B) Lysosomes ©)Centrosomes _D) Choloroplasts ‘The organelles which are common in cells of Animals, Protista, Fungi, but rare in plants are ‘A) Centrosomes _B) Ribosomes ©)Lysosomes D) None of these Term Mitochondria was coined by a A) Albert clande —_B) Porter © Benda D) Robert Brown Cell walls are made of chitin in A) Plants B) Algae © Fungi D) Both B & C Lipid molecules in the cell are sythesized by A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 8) Rough endoplasmic reticulum ©) Golgi apparatus D) Plastids 1NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 %. 10. 1. 12. 13. 4. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. (Organelle without a cell membrane is, A) Ribosome B) Golgi apparatus C) Chloroplast D) Nucleus Limis A) 10m B)10m 10m D)10m Lysosome arises from A) Endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) Nucleus D) Mitochondria Find out the false sentences A) Golgi apparatus is involved with the formation of lysosomes B) Nucleus, mitochondria and plastid have DNA; hence they are able to make their own structural proteins C) Mitochondria is said to be the power house of the cell as ATP is generated in them. D) Cytoplasm is called as protoplasm Find out the correct sentence |A) Enzymes packed in Lysosomes are made through RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum produce lipid and protein respectively C) Endoplasmic reticulum is related with the destruction of plasma membrane D) Nucleoid is present inside the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic nucleus Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs in a cell? A) Golgi apparatus B) Lysosomes C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) Vacuoles LEVEL - I ‘The proteins and lipids, essential for building the cell membrane, are manufactured by A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus ©) Plasma membrane D) Mitochondria ‘A plant cell differs from an animal cell in the absence of ~ A) Endoplasmic Reticulum B) Mitochondria C) Ribosome D) Centrioles Centrosome is found in - A) Cytoplasm B) Nucleus ©) Chromosomes) Nucleolus ‘The power house of a cell is - A) Chloroplast B) Mitochondrion _C) Golgi apparatus D) Nucleolus Within a cell the site of respiration (oxidation) is the - A) Ribosome B) Golgi apparatus C) Mitochondrion 1D) Endoplasmic Reticulum Which is called ‘Suicidal Bag’? A) Centrosome B) Lysosome C) Mesosome D) Chromosome Ribosomes are the center for = A) Respiration B) Photosynthesis _C) Protein synthesis D) Fat synthesisNET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 20. 21 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31 32. 33. 36. ‘www mercuryeducation com Double membrane is absent in - A) Mitochondrion _B) Chloroplast ©) Nucleus D) Lysosome Cell organelle found only in Plant is - A) Golgi apparatus B) Mitochondria __C) Plastids D) Ribosomes Animal cell is limited by - A) Plasma membrane B) Shell membrane C) Cell wall___D) Basement membrane ‘The network of Endoplasmic Reticulum is present in the - A) Nucleus B) Nucleolus ©) Cytoplasm D) Chromosomes LEVEL - III Lysosome are reservoirs of - A) Fat B) RNA C) Secretary Glycoprotein D) Hydrolytic Enzymes Cell secretion is done by - A) Plastids B)ER C) Golgi apparatus D) Nucleolus Centrioles are associated with - A) DNA synthesis B) Reproduction _C) Spindle formation D) Respiration Main difference between animal cell and plant cell is - A) Chromosome —_B) Ribosome C)Lysosome _D) Endoplasmic Reticulum Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack in - A) Chromosome —_B) Ribosome ©) Lysosome —_D) Endoplasmic Reticulum Which of the following organelle does not have membrane? A) Ribosome B) Nucleus ©) Chloroplast D) Mitochondria Which cell organelle is not bounded by a membrane - A) Ribosome B) Lysosome CER D) Nucleus Which of the following cellular part possess a double membrane? A) Nucleus B) Chloroplast ©) Mitochondrion _D) Alll of the above Cell organelle that acts as supporting skeletal framework of the cell is - A) Golgi apparatus B) Nucleus ©) Mitochondria. —-D) ER Plastids are present in - A) Animal cell only B) Plant cells only ©) Both animal cells and Plant cells D) Neither animal nor plant cell Cell wall of plant is chiefly composed of - ‘A)Hemicellulose _B) Cellulose ©) Phospholipids) Proteins Intercellular connections of plant cells are called - A) Middle lamella B) Micro fibrils ©) Matrix: D) Plasmodesmata Assertion and Reasoning Type: Assertion : Plastids contain green pigment called chlorophyll. Reason : Chlorophyll containing plastids are called chromoplast. A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion, ) If assertion is true but reason is false. _D) If assertion is false but reason is true. <3EET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - CLASS 9 37. 10. www.mercuryeducation.com Column-I Column-Il a) Endoplasmic reticulum p) cellular respiration b) Free ribosome q) Osmoregulation and Excretion ©) Mitochondrian 2) Synthesis of lipids ) Contractile Vacuole 5) Synthesis of non - secretary proteins 1) Thylakoids. Single Response Type: is known as father of botany (A) Aristotle (B) Louis pasteur (C) Theophrastus (D) Mendel is the study of origin of life (A) Ecology (8) Evolution (© EBuegenics (D) Genetics is the study about the protection against diseases. (A) Immunology (8) Immunisation _(C) Inoculation (D) Biochemistry Producing clones of animals and plants through the practice of (A) Bioengineering (B) Biotechnology (C) Bioinformatics (D) Biometry Nerve cells are to (A) Transport nutrients (B) Transport hormones (©) Transport impulses (D) Transport undigested food. Vacuole in plant cell contains (A) Cellulose (B) Cell sap (©) Ribsomes () Mitochondria Suicide bags of the cell (A) Golgi apparatus (B) Dictyosomes __(C) Lysosomes (D) Plastids, Name the cell part that is semi-permeable present in plant and animal cell (A) Cell wall (B) Cell membrane (C) Nucleus (©) Cytoplasm Assertion and Reasoning Type: Assertion: Nucleus is the Controlling centre of the cell Reason : Ribosome function is to act as a seat of cellular respiration (A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (©) If assertion is true but reason is false. _(D) If assertion is false but reason is true. Match the following/ Matrix Matching: Column - 1 Column - IT a) Histology p) Science of earth b) Geology q) Study of cells and products ©) Evolution 1) Study of conjoined twins 4) Cytology s) Study of origin of life t) Study of tissues.