226 i PRINCIPLES OF PHYS, EWISTRY ate needed to bring about neutralisation or reduction ofthe negative charge on the arsenic sulphide sol pats. oner to cane their Hoccultion, Generally, hydropbobicsols are coagulated by electrolytes at 0-0001—0-1 M comcetrations. The coagulation is irreversible so Gat the removal of the coagulating electrolyte does not alow the coagulum tobe redispersd.: Lyopilc sols, on the other hand, are aot easily coagulated. Tey require mich bigher concentrations (asally of the order of IM) of the electrolyte for precipitation. The Srp of pty eof cee wt ae we ent ae exe prs Te elope ns taf te watery geting ya Ava Se Pe! mt de peg aye Te Syn nr pe avis wang nator of cr ley pina hit i te tomots i a hate Mgit > Ca?* > Balt > Natt > Kt Sof > CF > 805 > 05 > F Tis eis swe pope eres oH srs, , 2.2 Maal Aton Se. hen wo ol cryng opie she i water in ite pros, el pete es a cps any taped ees tied trey ame ee ree eal opm, pean of both the sols takes place simultaneously. 3.By Pest is thas et pone eter th ef re taaty social wi nips td tt a's eet rel say. fo ae sted tone st aa creo pet ont jr nd be ma 4 Coplay Mania Mens, Vine tag ay cm tA seg oe fy ace yc esr pune sued ange ees tg eee cto Sa I. Hictrokinete Properties ‘ice the sl parle nd the tiquld medium cary oppose charg, it is obvious that when an electric field is applied, the parle and the liq will igen oposite dierins. Wiea experiments are 30 arcanged tat he partes tan move but not the medium, we have che ptenomepon of eletrophores. If; on the other hand, the experiments ae, designed in such a way that the medium can move UU not the rariles, we come across the phenomenon of eletro- osmosis, Both these phenom ae dscued below. lectrophorss.Te‘eecuophoretic effect can be studied by the simple aparas shown ia Fig. 6. It consists of a U-tube provided with 1 oo gh whit conto. fe -ped ee ‘A cll aus oF Water pabet Ge Ute aa a | unit Cae St aa th eae, “The é eee se laced phat deity 2°) pai Vole cpa te WAN are tine inate layer Fal be flowed by obering | \ "re cow STE 122s ‘ke poston of ound by meas of med eye oxen 8 catonier Whea the pcics are negative) charged (a inte cas of arseic sulphide so), the bounday oa te ease etre sid is seen to move down and tht onthe positive electrode sige to wove “bing at she Dares move towards he psiive electrode, Thus, by noving the tr of BHU of he pares in the electric fet, it is posible to determine the sig of he charge pitiless also possible by tis weshtiqe to determine the rate at which colloidal REC migrate in an lecric field, This rates expressed in terms of electrophoretic mobility of colloidal! partes, ‘The electrophoretic mobility of colloidal particles is defined a8 the distance traveled by them ‘in one second under.» potential gradient of one volt per centimetre, I has been ford tat the clectrphoretic mobiles of colloidal particles are of the same orders those of ions under similar conditions, thas, ofthe oder of (10 ~ 60) 10° ensecivolem, ‘Since diferent colloital materials have diferent mobilities, iis posible to separate them fran one another ftom their mixes. This method tas been used forthe fractionation of proteins, polysaccharides, alec acids and other complex substances, Enectro-osmasis, Whea electrophoresis of dispersed particles ia a colloidal system is prevented by some suitable means, ti observed thatthe dispersion media itself begins to move in an eleciic Reid: This pescateson is kaown a8 eleetr9-osmoss. A. simple apparaes for studying electro-osmosis ik shown in Fig. 7. The colloidal system is Placed inthe central compartment A which is separated from tbe comparttentsB and C fed with ‘water by the diaksing membranes Mand I 16. The water in ie compartments B and C also extends to the side mbes T and T', as shown. The membranes prevent te movement ‘of the colloidal particles. Therefore, when a Potential difference is applied across the lectodes held close to the tnembranes in the comparients B and C, a8 shown, the water begins to move. Ifthe particles carry ‘positive charge, the water will earry negative charge. Thereore, it would. stat moving towards the anode and ence te level of water in the side tube 7 would be seen to rise. If, = on the other hand, the particles carry negative charge, the wate, which now caries posive charge, ‘will stat moving towards the cate andthe level of water inthe sde tube 7" woold suat rising, 7, Bt-cons 1. By Using UnrafitersAa approximate idea about the size of particles in a colloidal sytem aa be oliained by the ue of ltrafites. These are prepared by impregnating fer popes with colloion or geatin which are subsequently hardened by immersing.in formaldehyde, The pores can ‘be made soull enough 1 retain partes of coloidal dimensions, The size ofthe pores depends upon the nagieslafilec paper-employed:and the concentration of the coloion or gelatin solution used ‘orsappenating its has possible to-obcain a series of graded ultafers by means of which a alll sluon may be separated into fractions contisng arcs of dfferet size. An approximate imal of the size of particles can be obtained from a knowledge ofthe dimesios of he pores of the ulafters. The later parameter is determined from te pressure required 10 fore ait or waer hrough the pores. The results obtained by tls method are only approximate because pore size Is by1208, PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICA CHEMISTRY 20 means the only fator which determines whether a given particle will poss trough an ultrfiter or ag. 2. From Brovnlan Movement. Colloidal particles supended in aliquid medium ae subjected {o Brownian stovemect. They alo tend tosette down due to,gravitation. Under the infence ofboth these effec, the particles dstribue themselves in a vertical colama in accordance with te eqeaion (RTING) i in) = (4/3)aP hy ~ hi) (9 ~ p'y 4) Siace the aumiber of particles my and mp at two depths hy and fy of the vertical column can be ousted with the lp of an ulta-nicrscope eod deities ofthe particles and of the ligeié mea, p and 0. can be determined by the usual methods, the radius of the particles, r, ean be cally Calculated. Brownian rotina of colloidal systems vas investigated by the French physicist Jean Paria (1870-1942) wo determine the Avogadro's aumber. Perrin was awarded the 1925 Physics Nobel prize for his work onthe discontinuous structure of mater and especially fr his discovery of the sedimentation equlibrium. 3. rom Scattering of Light. Zsigmondy used the ultra-microscope for detersining the size of the particles of colloidal. dimeasions. Ag already mentioned, each spot of light viewed in lie- microscope corresponds to a particle. The number of particles in a given volume of a selon, therefore, can be counted, The observation is repeated severel times and an sierage is taken. The ‘engi and breath of the field of vision are measured with the help of an eye-piece micrometer, The depth is determined vs otating the sit through 90°. From these dimensions, te exact volume of the Solution containing the observed number of particles can be obtained. From this, the number of particles m, contained per unit volun ofthe solution can be determined Next, known volume ofthe ella station is evaporated to dryness. Fro: the mass othe ‘residue, the mass of colloidal partes per unit volune can easily be oblaled. Let tis be m. Now {wo assumpton ae made. Fy, the particles ae spherical Secondly, the density p of the alia tiles is he same that of fe sacri in the bulk sate. The wlamne of cola pase is mip sn, therefore, rp (48) ah or 7 = mi/dnpn ea) Richard Zsgmonty (1865-1929), the German chest, was the recipient of te 1935 Chenisey Nobel Prize for demonstration ofthe heterogeneous nature of eolodal solutions, tension, surfactants are used at emulsfers, detergents, dering agents, foaming agents, weting agents, penetrating agents, acd o forth. Te surfactants are freuealy refered toat amphiphiles Many types of substances ast as muactans bu they all sare the propery of amphipet e tolecule is composed of « nonpolar hydrophobic portion and apolar hydrops porton wa ie ‘therefore, partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic. The ‘Property to partly have both these characters 4s known as amphipathy Suticans may be referred to a eter ample oc anphipae she ‘oF Mpophtbic 70. Oe the ‘Bead i the nydcopbobic part (wily iactatiog il The-petete of a rote group mak irs uN i BRYA 10th, pyacochemical properties of aqueous | | THE COLOIDAL STATE 127 sont an be classified onthe basis ofthe charge caried by the pola heat group as Graeit atone, nonionic amphoteric, Tables 3 1 6 show the chemical sructures of typical Crap tes cn en raat Che rar pile Gr fr Ae Api Try te recone etn peo sigan if foeee —— os oso ue ecto." Aare te RSO;M* ‘Sulpborae Foci, some Pg te {O)-som peepee ; 3 OG Nettle oro ratte “aaah TABLES henical Stracres 0 Hyophie Groups fr Caine Aries ‘healed aracare® Nae (Chena arwaure* Nene Amen Signin 4 (uit * Reed for ypbind y sad fr yl oh lll,