What is a Japanese Candlestick?

Japanese Candlesticks are a technical analysis tool that traders use to chart
and analyze the price movement of securities. The concept of candlestick
charting was developed by Munehisa Homma, a Japanese rice trader. During
routine trading, Homma discovered that the rice market was influenced by the
emotions of traders, while still acknowledging the effect of demand and
supply on the price of rice.

Homma developed candlesticks that graphically displayed the nature of price

movements by using different colors to denote the differences. Traders can
use the candlesticks to identify patterns of price action and make decisions
based on the short-term direction of the prices.

As a legendary rice trader of financial instruments, Homma dominated the rice

markets and became popular for discovering the candlestick charting method.
When the Japanese stock market began in the 1870s, local technical analysts
incorporated Homma’s candlestick methodology into the trading process.
American technical analyst Steve Nison introduced the technique to the West
through his book “Japanese Candlestick Charting Technique.” Japanese
Candlestick charting is now a popular technical indicator that traders use to
analyze financial markets.

How Japanese Candlesticks Works

Japanese Candlesticks provide more detailed and accurate information about

price movements, as compared to bar charts. They provide a graphical
representation of the supply and demand behind each time period’s price
action.
Each candlestick includes a central portion that shows the distance between
the open and the close of the security being traded, the area referred to as the
body. The upper shadow is the price distance between the top of the body
and the high for the trading period. The lower shadow is the price distance
between the bottom of the body and the low for the trading period

The closing price of the security being traded determines whether the
candlestick is bullish or bearish. The real body is usually white if the
candlestick closes at a higher price than it opened. In such a case, the closing
price is located at the top of the real body and the opening price is located at
the bottom.

If the security being traded closed at a lower price than it opened for the time
period, the body is usually filled up or black in color. The closing price is
located at the bottom of the body and the opening price is located at the top.
Modern candlesticks now replace the white and black colors of the body with
more colors, such as red, green, and blue. Traders can choose among the
colors when using electronic trading platforms.
Japanese Candlesticks vs. Bar Charts

Both Japanese candlesticks and bar charts provide the same information to
traders but in different graphical formats. Candlesticks are more visual,
presenting traders a more graphically clear picture of price action. They also
display graphically the forces (supply and demand) that contribute to each
time period’s price movement.

On a candlestick chart, the area above and below the body is known as
shadows. The length of the candlestick body and the shadows are both
important indicators of price action.

Candlestick Patterns

Japanese Candlesticks form patterns that traders use to analyze price

movement. Some examples of candlestick patterns include:

Doji: This is a candlestick formed when the opening and closing prices are the
same, or very close to each other. The shadows may have different lengths.

Gravestone Doji: This pattern resembles a gravestone, hence the name. It is

formed when the open and the close occur at the low of the period.
Dragonfly Doji: This pattern is formed when the opening and the closing
prices of a security are at the high of the period. It includes a long lower
shadow and signals a reversal of an uptrend.

Bearish Engulfing Pattern: This pattern indicates bears in control of the

market. It consists of a large body that completely engulfs the body of the
previous candlestick. It is a “down” candlestick, one where the closing price is
below the opening price. When it appears, it signals a bearish reversal.
Bullish Engulfing Pattern: The pattern is often formed at the end of a
downtrend. It is comprised of a smaller down candlestick whose body is
engulfed by a larger up candlestick.

Hammer: The Hammer pattern includes a long tail on its lower end and a
near-negligible upper shadow. It is typically a signal of a market reversal,
either bullish or bearish.