Nonlocal

Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG Nonlocal Evolution Equations

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
Peter Constantin
behavior

Department of Mathematics and PACM

Princeton University

Marsden Memorial Lecture

Isaac Newton Institute
June 10, 2013
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X . Partial differential operators P(x, D) are local.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X . Partial differential operators P(x, D) are local.
Most anything else is not.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X . Partial differential operators P(x, D) are local.
Most anything else is not. In particular, integral operators
Z
Lf (x) = K (x, y )f (y )dy
Rd
are not local.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X . Partial differential operators P(x, D) are local.
Most anything else is not. In particular, integral operators
Z
Lf (x) = K (x, y )f (y )dy
Rd
are not local. They appear:
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X . Partial differential operators P(x, D) are local.
Most anything else is not. In particular, integral operators
Z
Lf (x) = K (x, y )f (y )dy
Rd
are not local. They appear: by inverting differential operators,

P(x, D)u = f ⇒ u = Lf ,
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Whence nonlocality
Constantin
Linear operator L : X → Y , with X , Y spaces of functions
intro

SQG
f : Rd → R is local if
Nonlinear
Maximum supp Lf ⊂ supp f
Principle

Long time
behavior for all f ∈ X . Partial differential operators P(x, D) are local.
Most anything else is not. In particular, integral operators
Z
Lf (x) = K (x, y )f (y )dy
Rd
are not local. They appear: by inverting differential operators,

P(x, D)u = f ⇒ u = Lf ,

or by modeling nonlocal phenomena (local-in-time, long range

interactions).
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Applications
intro

SQG • Chemotaxis
Nonlinear
Maximum • Flocking
Principle
• Agent-based dynamics
Long time
behavior
• Galaxy dynamics
• Kinetic theory of gases
• Kinetic theory of complex fluids
• Image processing
• Nonlocal quantum mechanics
• Fluid dynamics
• Geophysics
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear The energy is usually a positive quantity. Simplest: the square

Maximum
Principle of Hilbert space norm in a Hilbert space H with scalar product
Long time (u, v ):
behavior
E (u) = (u, u).
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear The energy is usually a positive quantity. Simplest: the square

Maximum
Principle of Hilbert space norm in a Hilbert space H with scalar product
Long time (u, v ):
behavior
E (u) = (u, u).
Dissipative L:
 
E e −tL u ≤ E (u), t ≥ 0.
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear The energy is usually a positive quantity. Simplest: the square

Maximum
Principle of Hilbert space norm in a Hilbert space H with scalar product
Long time (u, v ):
behavior
E (u) = (u, u).
Dissipative L:
 
E e −tL u ≤ E (u), t ≥ 0.

Examples: H = L2 (Rd ).
L = I. 0 order
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear The energy is usually a positive quantity. Simplest: the square

Maximum
Principle of Hilbert space norm in a Hilbert space H with scalar product
Long time (u, v ):
behavior
E (u) = (u, u).
Dissipative L:
 
E e −tL u ≤ E (u), t ≥ 0.

Examples: H = L2 (Rd ).
L = I. 0 order
L = −∆. second order
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear The energy is usually a positive quantity. Simplest: the square

Maximum
Principle of Hilbert space norm in a Hilbert space H with scalar product
Long time (u, v ):
behavior
E (u) = (u, u).
Dissipative L:
 
E e −tL u ≤ E (u), t ≥ 0.

Examples: H = L2 (Rd ).
L = I. 0 order
L = −∆. second order
How about first order?
 Nonlocal
Evolution Dissipation
Equations

Peter A linear operator L is dissipative if the energy is non-increasing

Constantin
in time along solutions of
intro
∂t u + Lu = 0.
SQG

Nonlinear The energy is usually a positive quantity. Simplest: the square

Maximum
Principle of Hilbert space norm in a Hilbert space H with scalar product
Long time (u, v ):
behavior
E (u) = (u, u).
Dissipative L:
 
E e −tL u ≤ E (u), t ≥ 0.

Examples: H = L2 (Rd ).
L = I. 0 order
L = −∆. second order
How about first order?
1
L = (−∆) 2 . nonlocal dissipation
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Equations
intro
∂t u + Du + B(u) = 0,
SQG

Nonlinear D = linear dissipation, B(u) = nonlinear terms.

Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Equations
intro
∂t u + Du + B(u) = 0,
SQG

Nonlinear D = linear dissipation, B(u) = nonlinear terms. Example:

Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Equations
intro
∂t u + Du + B(u) = 0,
SQG

Nonlinear D = linear dissipation, B(u) = nonlinear terms. Example:

Maximum
Principle Nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations
Long time
behavior
∂t f − ∆f − divg (f ∇U[f ]) = 0
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Equations
intro
∂t u + Du + B(u) = 0,
SQG

Nonlinear D = linear dissipation, B(u) = nonlinear terms. Example:

Maximum
Principle Nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations
Long time
behavior
∂t f − ∆f − divg (f ∇U[f ]) = 0

Chemotaxis, flocking, galaxy dynamics, agent-based dynamics:

Z
U[f ] = K (x, y )f (y )dy
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Equations
intro
∂t u + Du + B(u) = 0,
SQG

Nonlinear D = linear dissipation, B(u) = nonlinear terms. Example:

Maximum
Principle Nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations
Long time
behavior
∂t f − ∆f − divg (f ∇U[f ]) = 0

Chemotaxis, flocking, galaxy dynamics, agent-based dynamics:

Z
U[f ] = K (x, y )f (y )dy

Gradient system of generalized free energy.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Equations
intro
∂t u + Du + B(u) = 0,
SQG

Nonlinear D = linear dissipation, B(u) = nonlinear terms. Example:

Maximum
Principle Nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations
Long time
behavior
∂t f − ∆f − divg (f ∇U[f ]) = 0

Chemotaxis, flocking, galaxy dynamics, agent-based dynamics:

Z
U[f ] = K (x, y )f (y )dy

Gradient system of generalized free energy. Kinetic theory of

complex fluids: additional variables and fields, coupled to
Navier Stokes Eqns.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Hydrodynamic Equations
Peter
Constantin Euler equations of incompressible fluids
intro

SQG
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, ∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Hydrodynamic Equations
Peter
Constantin Euler equations of incompressible fluids
intro

SQG
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, ∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
nonlocal because
Long time
behavior p = (−∆)−1 (u · ∇u)
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Hydrodynamic Equations
Peter
Constantin Euler equations of incompressible fluids
intro

SQG
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, ∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
nonlocal because
Long time
behavior p = (−∆)−1 (u · ∇u)

Navier-Stokes equations

∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = ν∆u, ∇·u =0
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Hydrodynamic Equations
Peter
Constantin Euler equations of incompressible fluids
intro

SQG
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, ∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
nonlocal because
Long time
behavior p = (−∆)−1 (u · ∇u)

Navier-Stokes equations

∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = ν∆u, ∇·u =0

same pressure relation (in the whole space or with periodic b.c.)
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Hydrodynamic Equations
Peter
Constantin Euler equations of incompressible fluids
intro

SQG
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, ∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
nonlocal because
Long time
behavior p = (−∆)−1 (u · ∇u)

Navier-Stokes equations

∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = ν∆u, ∇·u =0

same pressure relation (in the whole space or with periodic b.c.)
α - model

∂t u + v · ∇u + ∇p = ν∆u, ∇·u =0

v = (I − α2 ∆)−1 u
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence:
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness:
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness: In the same framework !!
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness: In the same framework !!
(difficulties, connection to regularity criteria)
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness: In the same framework !!
(difficulties, connection to regularity criteria)
• Continuity with respect to parameters:
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness: In the same framework !!
(difficulties, connection to regularity criteria)
• Continuity with respect to parameters: in particular
dissipation (viscosity) → 0.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness: In the same framework !!
(difficulties, connection to regularity criteria)
• Continuity with respect to parameters: in particular
dissipation (viscosity) → 0.
• Long time behavior:
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Basic Questions

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum • Existence: Functional framework where solutions exist for
Principle
short time (local existence), or all time (global existence).
Long time
behavior (why smoothness? finite criteria)
• Uniqueness: In the same framework !!
(difficulties, connection to regularity criteria)
• Continuity with respect to parameters: in particular
dissipation (viscosity) → 0.
• Long time behavior: Stability of solutions, attractors.
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG ν → 0 first: Euler equations. Kinetic energy:

Nonlinear
Z
Maximum
Principle
E (t) = |u(x, t)|2 dx
R3
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG ν → 0 first: Euler equations. Kinetic energy:

Nonlinear
Z
Maximum
Principle
E (t) = |u(x, t)|2 dx
R3
Long time
behavior Onsager Conjecture: solutions conserve energy if smoother
1
than C 3 . For s < 31 there exist C s solutions for which energy is
dissipated.
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG ν → 0 first: Euler equations. Kinetic energy:

Nonlinear
Z
Maximum
Principle
E (t) = |u(x, t)|2 dx
R3
Long time
behavior Onsager Conjecture: solutions conserve energy if smoother
1
than C 3 . For s < 31 there exist C s solutions for which energy is
dissipated.
Eyink, C-E-Titi, Duchon-Robert,
C-Cheskidov-Friedlander-Shvydkoy: first part.
 1

3
u ∈ L dt; B∞,c(N) ⇒ E (t) = const
3
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG ν → 0 first: Euler equations. Kinetic energy:

Nonlinear
Z
Maximum
Principle
E (t) = |u(x, t)|2 dx
R3
Long time
behavior Onsager Conjecture: solutions conserve energy if smoother
1
than C 3 . For s < 31 there exist C s solutions for which energy is
dissipated.
Eyink, C-E-Titi, Duchon-Robert,
C-Cheskidov-Friedlander-Shvydkoy: first part.
 1

3
u ∈ L dt; B∞,c(N) ⇒ E (t) = const
3

Examples of dissipative rough Euler solutions: Scheffer,

Shnirelman.
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG ν → 0 first: Euler equations. Kinetic energy:

Nonlinear
Z
Maximum
Principle
E (t) = |u(x, t)|2 dx
R3
Long time
behavior Onsager Conjecture: solutions conserve energy if smoother
1
than C 3 . For s < 31 there exist C s solutions for which energy is
dissipated.
Eyink, C-E-Titi, Duchon-Robert,
C-Cheskidov-Friedlander-Shvydkoy: first part.
 1

3
u ∈ L dt; B∞,c(N) ⇒ E (t) = const
3

Examples of dissipative rough Euler solutions: Scheffer,

Shnirelman. DeLellis- Székelyhidi, C s : convex integration,
h-principle.
 Nonlocal
Evolution Anomalous Dissipation of Energy
Equations

Peter Navier-Stokes eqns:

Constantin
∂t u − ν∆u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0, , ∇ · u = 0.
intro

SQG ν → 0 first: Euler equations. Kinetic energy:

Nonlinear
Z
Maximum
Principle
E (t) = |u(x, t)|2 dx
R3
Long time
behavior Onsager Conjecture: solutions conserve energy if smoother
1
than C 3 . For s < 31 there exist C s solutions for which energy is
dissipated.
Eyink, C-E-Titi, Duchon-Robert,
C-Cheskidov-Friedlander-Shvydkoy: first part.
 1

3
u ∈ L dt; B∞,c(N) ⇒ E (t) = const
3

Examples of dissipative rough Euler solutions: Scheffer,

Shnirelman. DeLellis- Székelyhidi, C s : convex integration,
1
h-principle. Isett: current world record: C 5+ .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞.
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0.
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum Z T
Principle 1
lim lim Φ(S NS (t))dt
Long time Re→∞ T →∞ T 0
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum Z T
Principle 1
lim lim Φ(S NS (t))dt
Long time Re→∞ T →∞ T 0
behavior

Anomalous dissipation of energy:

Z T Z
ν
lim lim |∇u(x, t)|2 dxdt =  > 0
ν→0 T →∞ T 0 R3
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum Z T
Principle 1
lim lim Φ(S NS (t))dt
Long time Re→∞ T →∞ T 0
behavior

Anomalous dissipation of energy:

Z T Z
ν
lim lim |∇u(x, t)|2 dxdt =  > 0
ν→0 T →∞ T 0 R3
 parameterizes turbulence:
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum Z T
Principle 1
lim lim Φ(S NS (t))dt
Long time Re→∞ T →∞ T 0
behavior

Anomalous dissipation of energy:

Z T Z
ν
lim lim |∇u(x, t)|2 dxdt =  > 0
ν→0 T →∞ T 0 R3
 parameterizes turbulence: K41:
2 5
E (k) = C  3 k − 3
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum Z T
Principle 1
lim lim Φ(S NS (t))dt
Long time Re→∞ T →∞ T 0
behavior

Anomalous dissipation of energy:

Z T Z
ν
lim lim |∇u(x, t)|2 dxdt =  > 0
ν→0 T →∞ T 0 R3
 parameterizes turbulence: K41:
2 5
E (k) = C  3 k − 3

Anomalous dissipation of energy if  bounded below as ν → 0.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Long time first
Peter
Constantin
Forced NSE. Time → ∞. Only then ν → 0. Limits:
intro selected stationary statistical solutions.
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum Z T
Principle 1
lim lim Φ(S NS (t))dt
Long time Re→∞ T →∞ T 0
behavior

Anomalous dissipation of energy:

Z T Z
ν
lim lim |∇u(x, t)|2 dxdt =  > 0
ν→0 T →∞ T 0 R3
 parameterizes turbulence: K41:
2 5
E (k) = C  3 k − 3

Anomalous dissipation of energy if  bounded below as ν → 0.

Bounds for , open problem.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric. In d = 2,
rotation by 90 degrees.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric. In d = 2,
rotation by 90 degrees. Makes u divergence-free.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric. In d = 2,
rotation by 90 degrees. Makes u divergence-free. In Fourier
⊥
k b
⊥ θ(k) = i
Rd θ(k)
|k|
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric. In d = 2,
rotation by 90 degrees. Makes u divergence-free. In Fourier

k b⊥
⊥ θ(k) = i
Rd θ(k)
|k|

SQG– geophysical origin: Charney.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric. In d = 2,
rotation by 90 degrees. Makes u divergence-free. In Fourier

k b⊥
⊥ θ(k) = i
Rd θ(k)
|k|

SQG– geophysical origin: Charney. Held, Swanson

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
SQG
Peter
Constantin

intro

SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ = 0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle
Active scalar:
Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in Rd or Td .
1
R = ∇(−∆)− 2
R ⊥ = MR with M invertible, antisymmetric. In d = 2,
rotation by 90 degrees. Makes u divergence-free. In Fourier
⊥
k b
⊥ θ(k) = i
Rd θ(k)
|k|

SQG– geophysical origin: Charney. Held, Swanson

C-Majda-Tabak: analogies to 3D Euler.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal.
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved.
R
Energy
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved. Vortex lines frozen in the flow:

R
Energy

[∂t + u · ∇, ω · ∇] = 0
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved. Vortex lines frozen in the flow:

R
Energy

[∂t + u · ∇, ω · ∇] = 0

ω ∼ ∇u,
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved. Vortex lines frozen in the flow:

R
Energy

[∂t + u · ∇, ω · ∇] = 0

ω ∼ ∇u, Stretching term ω · ∇u ⇒ blow-up ?

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved. Vortex lines frozen in the flow:

R
Energy

[∂t + u · ∇, ω · ∇] = 0

ω ∼ ∇u, Stretching term ω · ∇u ⇒ blow-up ? Open

problem.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved. Vortex lines frozen in the flow:

R
Energy

[∂t + u · ∇, ω · ∇] = 0

ω ∼ ∇u, Stretching term ω · ∇u ⇒ blow-up ? Open

problem. BKM.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Motivation: 3d Euler
Peter
Constantin

intro
∂t u + u · ∇u + ∇p = 0,
SQG
∇·u =0
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle vectorial, nonlinear, nonlocal. Global regularity vs. blow up =
Long time major problem
behavior
Vorticity ω = ∇ × u

∂t ω + u · ∇ω = ω · ∇u

|u|2 dx conserved. Vortex lines frozen in the flow:

R
Energy

[∂t + u · ∇, ω · ∇] = 0

ω ∼ ∇u, Stretching term ω · ∇u ⇒ blow-up ? Open

problem. BKM. Direction of vorticity locally nice ⇒ geometric
depletion of nonlinearity.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity.
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity. Levels of theta = lines frozen in the
intro

SQG
flow:
Nonlinear
Maximum h i
Principle
∂t + u · ∇, ∇⊥ θ · ∇ = 0
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity. Levels of theta = lines frozen in the
intro

SQG
flow:
Nonlinear
Maximum h i
Principle
∂t + u · ∇, ∇⊥ θ · ∇ = 0
Long time
behavior

Kinetic energy conserved:

Z
d
|u(x, t)|2 dx = 0
dt
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity. Levels of theta = lines frozen in the
intro

SQG
flow:
Nonlinear
Maximum h i
Principle
∂t + u · ∇, ∇⊥ θ · ∇ = 0
Long time
behavior

Kinetic energy conserved:

Z
d
|u(x, t)|2 dx = 0
dt

∂t (∇⊥ θ) + u · ∇(∇⊥ θ) = (∇u)(∇⊥ θ)

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity. Levels of theta = lines frozen in the
intro

SQG
flow:
Nonlinear
Maximum h i
Principle
∂t + u · ∇, ∇⊥ θ · ∇ = 0
Long time
behavior

Kinetic energy conserved:

Z
d
|u(x, t)|2 dx = 0
dt

∂t (∇⊥ θ) + u · ∇(∇⊥ θ) = (∇u)(∇⊥ θ)

Same stretching term, 6= 0. Blow-up problem, open.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity. Levels of theta = lines frozen in the
intro

SQG
flow:
Nonlinear
Maximum h i
Principle
∂t + u · ∇, ∇⊥ θ · ∇ = 0
Long time
behavior

Kinetic energy conserved:

Z
d
|u(x, t)|2 dx = 0
dt

∂t (∇⊥ θ) + u · ∇(∇⊥ θ) = (∇u)(∇⊥ θ)

Same stretching term, 6= 0. Blow-up problem, open. BKM.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
2D SQG: some analogies with Euler
Constantin
∇⊥ θ like 3D vorticity. Levels of theta = lines frozen in the
intro

SQG
flow:
Nonlinear
Maximum h i
Principle
∂t + u · ∇, ∇⊥ θ · ∇ = 0
Long time
behavior

Kinetic energy conserved:

Z
d
|u(x, t)|2 dx = 0
dt

∂t (∇⊥ θ) + u · ∇(∇⊥ θ) = (∇u)(∇⊥ θ)

Same stretching term, 6= 0. Blow-up problem, open. BKM.
Direction of level lines locally nice ⇒ depletion of nonlinearity.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1. Supercritical.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1. Supercritical. Dominated by inviscid, open.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1. Supercritical. Dominated by inviscid, open. Too
difficult.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1. Supercritical. Dominated by inviscid, open. Too
difficult.
s = 1.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1. Supercritical. Dominated by inviscid, open. Too
difficult.
s = 1. Critical in the sense of Goldilocks: just right.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Dissipative SQG
Constantin

intro
QGs
SQG
∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0,

Nonlinear
Maximum u = R ⊥θ
Principle

Long time
behavior 1
Λ = (−∆) 2
In Fourier:
Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k)
b

s > 1. Subcritical. Dissipation dominates, global

regularity. Too easy.
s < 1. Supercritical. Dominated by inviscid, open. Too
difficult.
s = 1. Critical in the sense of Goldilocks: just right.
For Burgers: criticality is real.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum P(t, x − y ) = Poisson kernel.
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum P(t, x − y ) = Poisson kernel.
Principle

Long time
∂F
behavior
Λf (x) = −
∂t | t=0

where F (x, t) is the harmonic extension:

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum P(t, x − y ) = Poisson kernel.
Principle

Long time
∂F
behavior
Λf (x) = −
∂t | t=0

where F (x, t) is the harmonic extension: ∆F = 0, for

(x, t) ∈ Rd × (0, ∞),
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum P(t, x − y ) = Poisson kernel.
Principle

Long time
∂F
behavior
Λf (x) = −
∂t | t=0

where F (x, t) is the harmonic extension: ∆F = 0, for

(x, t) ∈ Rd × (0, ∞), F (x, 0) = f (x).
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum P(t, x − y ) = Poisson kernel.
Principle

Long time
∂F
behavior
Λf (x) = −
∂t | t=0

where F (x, t) is the harmonic extension: ∆F = 0, for

∂
(x, t) ∈ Rd × (0, ∞), F (x, 0) = f (x). Because − ∂t is the
d
external normal to R × (0, ∞), Λ is the Dirichlet-to-Neumann
map.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
The song of Λ
Z
intro
−tΛ
SQG
F (x, t) = (e f )(x) = P(t, x − y )f (y )dy
Rd
Nonlinear
Maximum P(t, x − y ) = Poisson kernel.
Principle

Long time
∂F
behavior
Λf (x) = −
∂t | t=0

where F (x, t) is the harmonic extension: ∆F = 0, for

∂
(x, t) ∈ Rd × (0, ∞), F (x, 0) = f (x). Because − ∂t is the
d
external normal to R × (0, ∞), Λ is the Dirichlet-to-Neumann
map.
f (x) − f (y )
Z
Λf (x) = cP.V . d+1
dy
Rd |x − y |
for f smooth.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Criteria for regularity
Peter
Constantin
Criterion for regularity for critical and supercritical 0 < s ≤ 1
SQG:
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0
Maximum
Principle
Theorem
Long time
behavior (C-Wu, ’09) Let θ0 ∈ C ∞ (R2 ). Let θ(x, t) be a Leray weak
solution of SQG-s, and assume

θ ∈ L∞ ([t0 , T ], C δ (R2 ))

for some δ > 1 − s, and t0 ≥ 0, T > t0 . Then

θ ∈ L∞ ((t0 , T ], C ∞ (R2 ))
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations
Criteria for regularity
Peter
Constantin
Criterion for regularity for critical and supercritical 0 < s ≤ 1
SQG:
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λs θ = 0
Maximum
Principle
Theorem
Long time
behavior (C-Wu, ’09) Let θ0 ∈ C ∞ (R2 ). Let θ(x, t) be a Leray weak
solution of SQG-s, and assume

θ ∈ L∞ ([t0 , T ], C δ (R2 ))

for some δ > 1 − s, and t0 ≥ 0, T > t0 . Then

θ ∈ L∞ ((t0 , T ], C ∞ (R2 ))

Vicol and Silvestre: there exist solutions of linear transport

equations with s dissipation and C 1−s incompressible velocities
that loose continuity in finite time.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ .
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle
1. Kiselev-Nazarov-Volberg: Maximum priciple for a modulus
Long time
behavior of continuity.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle
1. Kiselev-Nazarov-Volberg: Maximum priciple for a modulus
Long time
behavior of continuity. adequate h(r ) so that

|θ0 (x) − θ0 (y )| < h(|x − y |) ⇒ |θ(x, t) − θ(y , t)| < h(|x − y |)

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle
1. Kiselev-Nazarov-Volberg: Maximum priciple for a modulus
Long time
behavior of continuity. adequate h(r ) so that

|θ0 (x) − θ0 (y )| < h(|x − y |) ⇒ |θ(x, t) − θ(y , t)| < h(|x − y |)

2. Caffarelli-Vasseur: de Giorgi strategy:

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle
1. Kiselev-Nazarov-Volberg: Maximum priciple for a modulus
Long time
behavior of continuity. adequate h(r ) so that

|θ0 (x) − θ0 (y )| < h(|x − y |) ⇒ |θ(x, t) − θ(y , t)| < h(|x − y |)

2. Caffarelli-Vasseur: de Giorgi strategy: from L2 to L∞ , from

L∞ to C α , from C α to C ∞ .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle
1. Kiselev-Nazarov-Volberg: Maximum priciple for a modulus
Long time
behavior of continuity. adequate h(r ) so that

|θ0 (x) − θ0 (y )| < h(|x − y |) ⇒ |θ(x, t) − θ(y , t)| < h(|x − y |)

2. Caffarelli-Vasseur: de Giorgi strategy: from L2 to L∞ , from

L∞ to C α , from C α to C ∞ .
3. Kiselev-Nazarov: duality method, co-evolving molecules.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Critical dissipative SQG
intro
Regularity and uniqueness: with critical dissipation (s = 1):
SQG
Cordoba-Wu-C = small data in L∞ . Large data: at least 4
Nonlinear
Maximum different methods:
Principle
1. Kiselev-Nazarov-Volberg: Maximum priciple for a modulus
Long time
behavior of continuity. adequate h(r ) so that

|θ0 (x) − θ0 (y )| < h(|x − y |) ⇒ |θ(x, t) − θ(y , t)| < h(|x − y |)

2. Caffarelli-Vasseur: de Giorgi strategy: from L2 to L∞ , from

L∞ to C α , from C α to C ∞ .
3. Kiselev-Nazarov: duality method, co-evolving molecules.
4. C-Vicol: nonlinear maximum principle, stability of the “only
small shocks” condition.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ .
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol. Cordoba-Cordoba max principle:

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol. Cordoba-Cordoba max principle:

(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ 0.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol. Cordoba-Cordoba max principle:

(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ 0.

k∇f k1+s
L∞
(Λs ∇f )(x̄) ≥ cs
kf ksL∞

Inequality is dimensionally corect.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol. Cordoba-Cordoba max principle:

(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ 0.

k∇f k1+s
L∞
(Λs ∇f )(x̄) ≥ cs
kf ksL∞

Inequality is dimensionally corect. 0 < s < 2,

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol. Cordoba-Cordoba max principle:

(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ 0.

k∇f k1+s
L∞
(Λs ∇f )(x̄) ≥ cs
kf ksL∞

Inequality is dimensionally corect. 0 < s < 2, cs → 0 when

s → 2.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Nonlinear maximum principle for linear
Peter
Constantin
nonlocal operators
intro
Let f be a real valued smooth function, and let ∇f a derivative
SQG
of f . Let x̄ be a point where ∇f attains its maximum,
Nonlinear
Maximum k∇f kL∞ . There exists a constant c, depending on dimension
Principle
d of space so that
Long time
behavior
k∇f k2L∞
(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ c
kf kL∞

This was done with V. Vicol. Cordoba-Cordoba max principle:

(Λ∇f )(x̄) ≥ 0.

k∇f k1+s
L∞
(Λs ∇f )(x̄) ≥ cs
kf ksL∞

Inequality is dimensionally corect. 0 < s < 2, cs → 0 when

s → 2. Inequality is false for the Laplacian.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro

SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro
Based on C α :
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro
Based on C α : Let 0 < s < 2, 0 < α < 1. There exists a
SQG
constant c = c(d, s, α) such that
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro
Based on C α : Let 0 < s < 2, 0 < α < 1. There exists a
SQG
constant c = c(d, s, α) such that
Nonlinear
Maximum
s
Principle 1+
s k∇f kL∞1−α
Long time
behavior
Λ ∇f (x̄) ≥ s
ckf kC1−α
α
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro
Based on C α : Let 0 < s < 2, 0 < α < 1. There exists a
SQG
constant c = c(d, s, α) such that
Nonlinear
Maximum
s
Principle 1+
s k∇f kL∞1−α
Long time
behavior
Λ ∇f (x̄) ≥ s
ckf kC1−α
α

Based on Lp :
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro
Based on C α : Let 0 < s < 2, 0 < α < 1. There exists a
SQG
constant c = c(d, s, α) such that
Nonlinear
Maximum
s
Principle 1+
s k∇f kL∞1−α
Long time
behavior
Λ ∇f (x̄) ≥ s
ckf kC1−α
α

Based on Lp : Let 0 < s < 2, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. There exists a

constant c = c(d, s, p) such that
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Variants
intro
Based on C α : Let 0 < s < 2, 0 < α < 1. There exists a
SQG
constant c = c(d, s, α) such that
Nonlinear
Maximum
s
Principle 1+
s k∇f kL∞1−α
Long time
behavior
Λ ∇f (x̄) ≥ s
ckf kC1−α
α

Based on Lp : Let 0 < s < 2, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. There exists a

constant c = c(d, s, p) such that
sp
1+
k∇f kL∞d+p
Λs ∇f (x̄) ≥ sp
ckf kLd+p
p
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time where

behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time where

(g (x) − g (y ))2
Z
behavior
D(g )(x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time where

(g (x) − g (y ))2
Z
behavior
D(g )(x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
In particular,
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time where

(g (x) − g (y ))2
Z
behavior
D(g )(x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
In particular,

2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) = (Λs |∇f |2 )(x) + D(∇f )(x)

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time where

(g (x) − g (y ))2
Z
behavior
D(g )(x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
In particular,

2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) = (Λs |∇f |2 )(x) + D(∇f )(x)

where
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
Quadratic pointwise variant
intro Let 0 < s < 2. Then for any x ∈ Rd
SQG

Nonlinear 2g (x)Λs g (x) = (Λs (g 2 ))(x) + D(g )(x)

Maximum
Principle

Long time where

(g (x) − g (y ))2
Z
behavior
D(g )(x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
In particular,

2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) = (Λs |∇f |2 )(x) + D(∇f )(x)

where
|∇f (x) − ∇f (y )|2
Z
D(∇f )(x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Lower bound for quadratic expression
Constantin

intro Let 0 < s < 2. There exists cs,d > 0 such that
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Lower bound for quadratic expression
Constantin

intro Let 0 < s < 2. There exists cs,d > 0 such that
SQG
|∇f (x)|2+s
Nonlinear
2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) ≥ (Λs (|∇f |)2 )(x) +
Maximum
Principle ckf ksL∞
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Lower bound for quadratic expression
Constantin

intro Let 0 < s < 2. There exists cs,d > 0 such that
SQG
|∇f (x)|2+s
Nonlinear
2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) ≥ (Λs (|∇f |)2 )(x) +
Maximum
Principle ckf ksL∞
Long time
behavior holds pointwise, for all x ∈ Rd .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Lower bound for quadratic expression
Constantin

intro Let 0 < s < 2. There exists cs,d > 0 such that
SQG
|∇f (x)|2+s
Nonlinear
2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) ≥ (Λs (|∇f |)2 )(x) +
Maximum
Principle ckf ksL∞
Long time
behavior holds pointwise, for all x ∈ Rd .
Remark More general operators are allowed:
Z
Lf (x) = P.V . K (x − y )(f (x) − f (y ))dy
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Lower bound for quadratic expression
Constantin

intro Let 0 < s < 2. There exists cs,d > 0 such that
SQG
|∇f (x)|2+s
Nonlinear
2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) ≥ (Λs (|∇f |)2 )(x) +
Maximum
Principle ckf ksL∞
Long time
behavior holds pointwise, for all x ∈ Rd .
Remark More general operators are allowed:
Z
Lf (x) = P.V . K (x − y )(f (x) − f (y ))dy

with K ≥ 0, K ∈ C 1 (Rd \ {0}),

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Lower bound for quadratic expression
Constantin

intro Let 0 < s < 2. There exists cs,d > 0 such that
SQG
|∇f (x)|2+s
Nonlinear
2∇f (x) · (Λs ∇f )(x) ≥ (Λs (|∇f |)2 )(x) +
Maximum
Principle ckf ksL∞
Long time
behavior holds pointwise, for all x ∈ Rd .
Remark More general operators are allowed:
Z
Lf (x) = P.V . K (x − y )(f (x) − f (y ))dy

with K ≥ 0, K ∈ C 1 (Rd \ {0}),

Z Z
K (z)dz = ∞, (|K (z)| + |∇K (z)|) dz < ∞
|z|<1 |z|>1
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Quadratic finite difference variant
intro
(δh f )(x) = f (x + h) − f (x)
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Quadratic finite difference variant
intro
(δh f )(x) = f (x + h) − f (x)
SQG

Nonlinear Let f ∈ L∞ (Rd ), 0 < s < 2, h 6= 0 ∈ Rd .

Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Quadratic finite difference variant
intro
(δh f )(x) = f (x + h) − f (x)
SQG

Nonlinear Let f ∈ L∞ (Rd ), 0 < s < 2, h 6= 0 ∈ Rd . Then

Maximum
Principle

Long time 2(δh f (x))(Λs δh f )(x) = (Λs |δh f |2 )(x) + Dh (x)

behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Quadratic finite difference variant
intro
(δh f )(x) = f (x + h) − f (x)
SQG

Nonlinear Let f ∈ L∞ (Rd ), 0 < s < 2, h 6= 0 ∈ Rd . Then

Maximum
Principle

Long time 2(δh f (x))(Λs δh f )(x) = (Λs |δh f |2 )(x) + Dh (x)

behavior

with
|δh f (x) − δh f (y )|2
Z
Dh (x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin Quadratic finite difference variant
intro
(δh f )(x) = f (x + h) − f (x)
SQG

Nonlinear Let f ∈ L∞ (Rd ), 0 < s < 2, h 6= 0 ∈ Rd . Then

Maximum
Principle

Long time 2(δh f (x))(Λs δh f )(x) = (Λs |δh f |2 )(x) + Dh (x)

behavior

with
|δh f (x) − δh f (y )|2
Z
Dh (x) = dy
Rd |x − y |d+s
There exists a constant c = c(d, s) > 0 such that

|δh f |2+s
Dh (x) ≥
c|h|s kf ksL∞
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Viscous, damped, driven SQG
Constantin

intro

SQG ∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Dθ − ν∆θ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Viscous, damped, driven SQG
Constantin

intro

SQG ∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Dθ − ν∆θ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in R2 .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Viscous, damped, driven SQG
Constantin

intro

SQG ∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Dθ − ν∆θ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in R2 .
1 ik b
R = ∇(−∆)− 2 , i.e. Rθ(k)
c = θ(k),
|k|
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Viscous, damped, driven SQG
Constantin

intro

SQG ∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Dθ − ν∆θ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in R2 .
1 ik b
R = ∇(−∆)− 2 , i.e. Rθ(k)
c = θ(k),
|k|

1
Λ = (−∆) 2 , i.e. Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k),
b
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Viscous, damped, driven SQG
Constantin

intro

SQG ∂t θ + u · ∇θ + Dθ − ν∆θ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
u = R ⊥θ
behavior
in R2 .
1 ik b
R = ∇(−∆)− 2 , i.e. Rθ(k)
c = θ(k),
|k|

1
Λ = (−∆) 2 , i.e. Λθ(k)
c = |k|θ(k),
b

D = Λ + 1, i.e. Dθ(k)
c = (|k| + 1)θ(k).
b
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Absence of anomalous dissipation in 2D

SQG SQG
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Absence of anomalous dissipation in 2D

SQG SQG
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
Theorem
behavior (C, Tarfulea, Vicol, ’13) Let f ∈ (L1 ∩ L∞ )(R2 ). Let
θ0 ∈ (L1 ∩ L∞ )(R2 ). Let θ(ν) be the the solution of the
viscous, damped, driven SQG with initial data θ0 . Then
Z T Z 
ν  (ν)
2
lim lim sup ∇θ (x, t) dxdt = 0

ν→0 T →∞ T 0
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 ,
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ .
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ . Let S(t)θ0 denote the solution.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ . Let S(t)θ0 denote the solution.

Theorem
(C, Tarfulea, Vicol ’13). ∃!X ⊂ Ḣ 1 ,

lim distḢ 1 (S(t)θ0 , X ) = 0,

t→∞
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ . Let S(t)θ0 denote the solution.

Theorem
(C, Tarfulea, Vicol ’13). ∃!X ⊂ Ḣ 1 ,

lim distḢ 1 (S(t)θ0 , X ) = 0,

t→∞

uniform for θ0 in bounded sets,

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ . Let S(t)θ0 denote the solution.

Theorem
(C, Tarfulea, Vicol ’13). ∃!X ⊂ Ḣ 1 ,

lim distḢ 1 (S(t)θ0 , X ) = 0,

t→∞

uniform for θ0 in bounded sets, X invariant S(t)X = X ,

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ . Let S(t)θ0 denote the solution.

Theorem
(C, Tarfulea, Vicol ’13). ∃!X ⊂ Ḣ 1 ,

lim distḢ 1 (S(t)θ0 , X ) = 0,

t→∞

uniform for θ0 in bounded sets, X invariant S(t)X = X ,

compact, as nice (C ∞ ) as forces permit, and
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Forced Critical SQG, spatially periodic
Peter
Constantin
SQG+f
intro

SQG ∂t θ + (R ⊥ θ) · ∇θ + Λθ = f
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle in T2 , with θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ,
Long time Z Z
behavior
1 2
Ḣ (T ) = {θ | θdx = 0, |∇θ|2 dx < ∞}
T2 T2

f ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ L∞ . Let S(t)θ0 denote the solution.

Theorem
(C, Tarfulea, Vicol ’13). ∃!X ⊂ Ḣ 1 ,

lim distḢ 1 (S(t)θ0 , X ) = 0,

t→∞

uniform for θ0 in bounded sets, X invariant S(t)X = X ,

compact, as nice (C ∞ ) as forces permit, and dF (X ) < ∞.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Properties of Solutions
Peter
Constantin
Short time existence proof guarantees that solutions which
intro start in θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 become S(t0 )θ0 ∈ C α ∩ Ḣ 1 instantly (t0 > 0,
SQG size depends badly on t0 ) for small α > 0.
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Properties of Solutions
Peter
Constantin
Short time existence proof guarantees that solutions which
intro start in θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 become S(t0 )θ0 ∈ C α ∩ Ḣ 1 instantly (t0 > 0,
SQG size depends badly on t0 ) for small α > 0. So, WLOG,
Nonlinear
Maximum
θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ C α .
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Properties of Solutions
Peter
Constantin
Short time existence proof guarantees that solutions which
intro start in θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 become S(t0 )θ0 ∈ C α ∩ Ḣ 1 instantly (t0 > 0,
SQG size depends badly on t0 ) for small α > 0. So, WLOG,
Nonlinear
Maximum
θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ C α . The trouble with all previous proofs is that
Principle they “remembered” the size of the initial data.
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Properties of Solutions
Peter
Constantin
Short time existence proof guarantees that solutions which
intro start in θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 become S(t0 )θ0 ∈ C α ∩ Ḣ 1 instantly (t0 > 0,
SQG size depends badly on t0 ) for small α > 0. So, WLOG,
Nonlinear
Maximum
θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 ∩ C α . The trouble with all previous proofs is that
Principle they “remembered” the size of the initial data.
Long time
behavior Lemma
(CTV ’13) Let θ0 ∈ Ḣ 1 (T2 ), f ∈ L∞ (T2 ) ∩ Ḣ 1 (T2 ). There
exists α = α(f ) ∈ (0, 1) and constants C∞ = C∞ (f ) and
Cα = Cα (f ) depending only on kf kH 1 + kf kL∞ such that

kS(t)θ0 kL∞ ≤ C∞ ,

and
kS(t)θ0 kC α ≤ Cα
holds for all t ≥ τ , with τ = τ (θ0 , f ) bounded on bounded sets
of initial data in Ḣ 1 .
 Ideas of Proofs: L∞
Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
We have to work in periodic setting, lots of technical
headaches having to do with periodic extensions and Poisson
intro
summation. Thankfully, Calderon and Zygmund already cleared
SQG
the way.
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Ideas of Proofs: L∞
Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
We have to work in periodic setting, lots of technical
headaches having to do with periodic extensions and Poisson
intro
summation. Thankfully, Calderon and Zygmund already cleared
SQG
the way. First, we deal with L∞ .
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Ideas of Proofs: L∞
Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
We have to work in periodic setting, lots of technical
headaches having to do with periodic extensions and Poisson
intro
summation. Thankfully, Calderon and Zygmund already cleared
SQG
the way. First, we deal with L∞ .
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lemma
Long time (C-Glatt-Holtz-Vicol) Let θ have mean zero, let p ≥ 2 be even.
behavior
There exists a p-independent constant C so that
Z
1 1 p
θp−1 Λθdx ≥ kΛ 2 (θ 2 )k2L2 + C kθkpLp
T2 p
 Ideas of Proofs: L∞
Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
We have to work in periodic setting, lots of technical
headaches having to do with periodic extensions and Poisson
intro
summation. Thankfully, Calderon and Zygmund already cleared
SQG
the way. First, we deal with L∞ .
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lemma
Long time (C-Glatt-Holtz-Vicol) Let θ have mean zero, let p ≥ 2 be even.
behavior
There exists a p-independent constant C so that
Z
1 1 p
θp−1 Λθdx ≥ kΛ 2 (θ 2 )k2L2 + C kθkpLp
T2 p

and consequently
Lemma
1
kθ(·, t)kLp ≤ kθ0 kLp e −ct + (1 − e −ct )kf kLp
c
 Ideas of Proofs: L∞
Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin
We have to work in periodic setting, lots of technical
headaches having to do with periodic extensions and Poisson
intro
summation. Thankfully, Calderon and Zygmund already cleared
SQG
the way. First, we deal with L∞ .
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lemma
Long time (C-Glatt-Holtz-Vicol) Let θ have mean zero, let p ≥ 2 be even.
behavior
There exists a p-independent constant C so that
Z
1 1 p
θp−1 Λθdx ≥ kΛ 2 (θ 2 )k2L2 + C kθkpLp
T2 p

and consequently
Lemma
1
kθ(·, t)kLp ≤ kθ0 kLp e −ct + (1 − e −ct )kf kLp
c
1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, c = p-independent.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f .
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
where
L = (∂t + u · ∇x + (δh u) · ∇h + Λx )
has a weak maximum principle in (x, h) (does not add size).
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
where
L = (∂t + u · ∇x + (δh u) · ∇h + Λx )
has a weak maximum principle in (x, h) (does not add size).
Multiply by 2|h|−2α δh θ, use the nonlinear max principle in the
finite difference variant:
|δh θ|3
L |δh θ|2 |h|−2α + 21 Dh |h|−2α + ckθk |h|−1−2α


L∞
2
≤ 4α|δh u||δh θ| |h|−1−2α + 2|δh f |δh θ||h|−2α
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
where
L = (∂t + u · ∇x + (δh u) · ∇h + Λx )
has a weak maximum principle in (x, h) (does not add size).
Multiply by 2|h|−2α δh θ, use the nonlinear max principle in the
finite difference variant:
|δh θ|3
L |δh θ|2 |h|−2α + 21 Dh |h|−2α + ckθk |h|−1−2α


L∞
2
≤ 4α|δh u||δh θ| |h|−1−2α + 2|δh f |δh θ||h|−2α

u ∼ θ,
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
where
L = (∂t + u · ∇x + (δh u) · ∇h + Λx )
has a weak maximum principle in (x, h) (does not add size).
Multiply by 2|h|−2α δh θ, use the nonlinear max principle in the
finite difference variant:
|δh θ|3
L |δh θ|2 |h|−2α + 21 Dh |h|−2α + ckθk |h|−1−2α


L∞
2
≤ 4α|δh u||δh θ| |h|−1−2α + 2|δh f |δh θ||h|−2α

u ∼ θ, α small.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
where
L = (∂t + u · ∇x + (δh u) · ∇h + Λx )
has a weak maximum principle in (x, h) (does not add size).
Multiply by 2|h|−2α δh θ, use the nonlinear max principle in the
finite difference variant:
|δh θ|3
L |δh θ|2 |h|−2α + 21 Dh |h|−2α + ckθk |h|−1−2α


L∞
2
≤ 4α|δh u||δh θ| |h|−1−2α + 2|δh f |δh θ||h|−2α

u ∼ θ, α small. Hide bad cubic term.

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α
Peter
Constantin
By previous, if we wait a while, the bound on kS(t)θ0 kL∞
intro depends only on f . Equation for displacements
SQG δh θ = θ(x + h, t) − θ(x, t):
Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle Lδh θ = δh f
Long time
behavior
where
L = (∂t + u · ∇x + (δh u) · ∇h + Λx )
has a weak maximum principle in (x, h) (does not add size).
Multiply by 2|h|−2α δh θ, use the nonlinear max principle in the
finite difference variant:
|δh θ|3
L |δh θ|2 |h|−2α + 21 Dh |h|−2α + ckθk |h|−1−2α


L∞
2
≤ 4α|δh u||δh θ| |h|−1−2α + 2|δh f |δh θ||h|−2α

u ∼ θ, α small. Hide bad cubic term. Obtain ODE

inequality for maximum.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α , continued
Peter
Constantin
p |h|
intro
|δh u| ≤ ρDh + C kθkL∞
SQG ρ
Nonlinear
Maximum
with ρ ≥ 4|h| but otherwise arbitrary.
Principle

Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α , continued
Peter
Constantin
p |h|
intro
|δh u| ≤ ρDh + C kθkL∞
SQG ρ
Nonlinear
Maximum
with ρ ≥ 4|h| but otherwise arbitrary. Hiding the cubic term
Principle
requires αkθkL∞ to be small.
Long time
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α , continued
Peter
Constantin
p |h|
intro
|δh u| ≤ ρDh + C kθkL∞
SQG ρ
Nonlinear
Maximum
with ρ ≥ 4|h| but otherwise arbitrary. Hiding the cubic term
Principle
requires αkθkL∞ to be small.
Long time
behavior This is a new proof of regularity, using the nonlinear maximum
principle and obtaining directly (without iterations) the De
Giorgi improvement from L∞ to C α for small enough α.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α , continued
Peter
Constantin
p |h|
intro
|δh u| ≤ ρDh + C kθkL∞
SQG ρ
Nonlinear
Maximum
with ρ ≥ 4|h| but otherwise arbitrary. Hiding the cubic term
Principle
requires αkθkL∞ to be small.
Long time
behavior This is a new proof of regularity, using the nonlinear maximum
principle and obtaining directly (without iterations) the De
Giorgi improvement from L∞ to C α for small enough α.
Once the uniform C α bound is obtained, it is possible to obtain
uniform bounds for higher regularity, in particular
Z T +τ
−1
T kS(t)θ0 k2H 1 dt ≤ C
τ

and backward uniqueness (injectivity of S(t)).

 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations Ideas of Proofs: C α , continued
Peter
Constantin
p |h|
intro
|δh u| ≤ ρDh + C kθkL∞
SQG ρ
Nonlinear
Maximum
with ρ ≥ 4|h| but otherwise arbitrary. Hiding the cubic term
Principle
requires αkθkL∞ to be small.
Long time
behavior This is a new proof of regularity, using the nonlinear maximum
principle and obtaining directly (without iterations) the De
Giorgi improvement from L∞ to C α for small enough α.
Once the uniform C α bound is obtained, it is possible to obtain
uniform bounds for higher regularity, in particular
Z T +τ
−1
T kS(t)θ0 k2H 1 dt ≤ C
τ

and backward uniqueness (injectivity of S(t)). These are used

then to prove existence of the universal attractor and its finite
dimensionality.
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Conclusions
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle (max ∇f )1+s
(Λs ∇f )| max ∇f ≥
Long time kf ksL∞
behavior
 Nonlocal
Evolution
Equations

Peter
Constantin

intro Conclusions
SQG

Nonlinear
Maximum
Principle (max ∇f )1+s
(Λs ∇f )| max ∇f ≥
Long time kf ksL∞
behavior

• Global regularity for forced critical SQG

• Absence of anomalous dissipation for viscous forced
critical SQG
• Finite dimensional compact attractor in periodic case.