1. (a) Describe why variation is important in natural selection.

[6]

(b) Describe the role of natural selection in evolution. [8]

(c) Explain, using named examples, how mutation can affect phenotype. [7]

2. (a) Outline the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis. [12]

(b) Describe the ways by which gene mutations can occur. [8]

3. (a) Outline the need for energy in living organisms using named examples. [8]

(b) Explain the different energy values of carbohydrate, lipid and protein as

respiratory substrates. [6]

(c) Explain the roles of water to living organisms. [6]

4. (a) Describe how heart action is initiated. [6]

(b) Discuss the long term consequences of exercise on the cardiovascular system. [8]

(c) Outline the advantages of a double circulatory system to mammals. [4]

5. (a) Describe the main structural features of an artery. [6]

(b) Explain how the structure of the capillaries is related to their functions. [6]

(c) Relate the structure of the xylem to its function. [8]

6. (a) Outline the Calvin cycle. [6]

(b) Explain the production of ATP and reduced NADP by the photoactivation of

chlorophyll. [8]

(c) Discuss the ethical implications of genetic engineering. [6]

7. (a) Describe the fluid-mosaic model of a plasma membrane. [6]

(b) Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibition. [8]

(c) Describe the molecular structure of glycogen. [6]